Web Release Date: September 22,
Effect of Lubricant on the Formation of Heavy-Duty Diesel Exhaust Nanoparticles
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Tampere University of Technology, Aerosol Physics Laboratory, P.O. Box 692 FIN-33101 Tampere, Finland, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece, and VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Engines and Vehicles Research Group, P.O. Box 1000, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland
Received for review March 21, 2005
Revised manuscript received August 19, 2005
Accepted August 22, 2005
Abstract:
The effect of lubricants on nanoparticle formation in heavy-duty diesel exhaust with and without a continuously regenerating diesel particulate filter (CRDPF) is studied. A partial flow sampling system with a particle size distribution measurement starting from 3 nm, approximately, is used. Tests are conducted using four different lubricant formulations, a very low sulfur content fuel, and four steady-state driving modes. A well-documented test procedure was followed for each test. Two different kinds of nanoparticle formation were observed, and both were found to be affected by the lubricant but in different way. Without CRDPF, nanoparticles were observed at low loads. No correlation between lubricant sulfur and these nanoparticles was found. These nanoparticles are suggested to form mainly from hydrocarbons. With CRDPF, installed nanoparticles were formed only at high load. The formation correlated positively with the lubricant (and fuel) sulfur level, suggesting that sulfuric compounds are the main nucleating species in this situation. Storage effects of CRDPF had an effect on nanoparticle concentration as the emissions of nanoparticles decreased over time.
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