Web Release Date: September 6,
Pesticide Measurements from the First National Environmental Health Survey of Child Care Centers Using a Multi-Residue GC/MS Analysis Method
and
National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, MD-E20504, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43201, U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Environmental Medicine Program, Attn: MCHB-TS-EMP, Bldg E-1570 Stark Road, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Maryland 20101-5403, Westat, Inc., 1650 Research Boulevard, Rockville, Maryland 20850, U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, 4330 East West Highway, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, Office of Healthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 451 7th Street, SW, Washington, DC 20410
Received for review April 28, 2006
Revised manuscript received August 1, 2006
Accepted August 4, 2006
Abstract:
The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, in collaboration with the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, characterized the environments of young children (<6 years) by measuring lead, allergens, and pesticides in a randomly selected nationally representative sample of licensed institutional child care centers. Multi-stage sampling with clustering was used to select 168 child care centers in 30 primary sampling units in the United States. Centers were recruited into the study by telephone interviewers. Samples for pesticides, lead, and allergens were collected at multiple locations in each center by field technicians. Field sampling was conducted from July through October 2001. Wipe samples from indoor surfaces (floors, tabletops, desks) and soil samples were collected at the centers and analyzed using a multi-residue GC/MS analysis method. Based on the questionnaire responses, pyrethroids were the most commonly used pesticides among centers applying pesticides. Among the 63% of centers reporting pesticide applications, the number of pesticides used in each center ranged from 1 to 10 and the frequency of use ranged from 1 to 107 times annually. Numerous organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides were detected in the indoor floor wipe samples. Chlorpyrifos (0.004-28 ng/cm2), diazinon (0.002-18 ng/cm2), cis-permethrin (0.004-3 ng/cm2), and trans-permethrin (0.004-7 ng/cm2) were detected in >67% of the centers. Associations exist between residues measured on the floor and other surfaces for several pesticides (p-values range from <0.0001 to 0.002), but to a lesser degree between floor and soil and other surfaces and soil. Regional analyses indicate no differences in mean level of pesticide loading between the four Census regions (0.08 < p < 0.88). Results show that there is the potential for exposure to pesticides in child care centers.
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