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Vol. 303, Issue 3, 1273-1282, December 2002

Nitric Oxide-Donating Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Inhibit the Growth of Various Cultured Human Cancer Cells: Evidence of a Tissue Type-Independent Effect

Khosrow Kashfi , Yassir Ryann, Leon L. Qiao, Jennie L. Williams , Jie Chen, Piero del Soldato, Frank Traganos and Basil Rigas

American Health Foundation, Valhalla, New York (K.K., J.L.W., J.C., B.R.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, City University of New York Medical School, New York, New York (K.K.); Sarah C. Upham Division of Gastroenterology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York (Y.R., J.L.W., P.d.S., B.R.); University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa (L.L.Q.); and Brader Cancer Research Institute, Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York (F.T.)

The novel nitric oxide (NO)-donating nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NO-NSAIDs), which are safer than their NSAID counterparts, inhibit the growth of colon cancer cells with far greater potency than traditional NSAIDs. We examined whether NO-NSAIDs inhibit the growth of cancer cells arising from other human tissues. Human pancreatic, colon, prostate, lung, and tongue cancer cell lines were treated with NO-aspirin, -sulindac, -ibuprofen, and -indomethacin or their traditional counterparts. We determined IC50 values, cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, cyclooxygenase (COX) protein levels, and morphological changes (light and electron microscopy). All NO-NSAIDs inhibited the growth of all cancer cell lines studied. The potency of NO-NSAIDs was 11- to 6000-fold greater than that of their counterparts (except for the effect of sulindac on lung cancer cells). NO-aspirin was consistently the most potent NO-NSAID in all cell lines tested (except for the lung cancer cell line), sometimes in excess of 100-fold over the other three NO-NSAIDs. NO-NSAIDs inhibited cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, and altered cell cycle phase distribution (G2/M to G0/G1 block). All altered cellular morphology, whereas NO-aspirin induced nuclear disintegration ("atypical" cells) established by electron microscopy. NO-aspirin showed similar effects on two pancreatic cancer cell lines, BxPC-3 (expresses COX) and MIA PaCa-2 (no COX expression), suggesting a COX-independent effect. NO-NSAIDs showed a tissue-type-independent effect. Their pleiotropic effects involve cell renewal, cell death, and cell cycle phase transitions. These results raise the possibility that NO-NSAIDs possess chemopreventive and/or chemotherapeutic activity against a wide variety of human cancers.


0022-3565/02/3033-1273$07.00/0
THE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS
Copyright © 2002 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics



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