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Vol. 303, Issue 3, 1273-1282, December 2002
American Health Foundation, Valhalla, New York (K.K., J.L.W., J.C.,
B.R.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, City University of
New York Medical School, New York, New York (K.K.); Sarah C. Upham
Division of Gastroenterology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New
York (Y.R., J.L.W., P.d.S., B.R.); University of Iowa Hospitals and
Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa (L.L.Q.); and Brader Cancer Research
Institute, Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla,
New York (F.T.)
The novel nitric oxide (NO)-donating nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs (NO-NSAIDs), which are safer than their NSAID counterparts, inhibit the growth of colon cancer cells with far greater potency than
traditional NSAIDs. We examined whether NO-NSAIDs inhibit the growth of
cancer cells arising from other human tissues. Human pancreatic, colon,
prostate, lung, and tongue cancer cell lines were treated with
NO-aspirin, -sulindac, -ibuprofen, and -indomethacin or their
traditional counterparts. We determined IC50 values, cell
proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, cyclooxygenase (COX) protein
levels, and morphological changes (light and electron microscopy). All
NO-NSAIDs inhibited the growth of all cancer cell lines studied. The
potency of NO-NSAIDs was 11- to 6000-fold greater than that of their
counterparts (except for the effect of sulindac on lung cancer cells).
NO-aspirin was consistently the most potent NO-NSAID in all cell lines
tested (except for the lung cancer cell line), sometimes in excess of
100-fold over the other three NO-NSAIDs. NO-NSAIDs inhibited cell
proliferation, induced apoptosis, and altered cell cycle phase
distribution (G2/M to G0/G1 block).
All altered cellular morphology, whereas NO-aspirin induced nuclear
disintegration ("atypical" cells) established by electron
microscopy. NO-aspirin showed similar effects on two pancreatic cancer
cell lines, BxPC-3 (expresses COX) and MIA PaCa-2 (no COX expression),
suggesting a COX-independent effect. NO-NSAIDs showed a
tissue-type-independent effect. Their pleiotropic effects involve cell
renewal, cell death, and cell cycle phase transitions. These results
raise the possibility that NO-NSAIDs possess chemopreventive and/or
chemotherapeutic activity against a wide variety of human cancers.
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