Structural Changes in Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) I Mutant Proteins Affecting Binding Kinetic Rates to IGF Binding Protein 1 and IGF-I Receptor

Ligand binding properties of five single amino acid substituted variants (V11A, D12A, Q15A, Q15E, and F16A) of human insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) were analyzed with respect to their binding affinities and binding kinetics to recombinant IGF binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1) and a soluble form of the IGF type I receptor (sIGF-I^R), respectively. Side chains of the substituted residues are all predicted to be the most surface exposed in the α-helical portion of the B-region of the IGF-I molecule. The IGF-I variants were produced as fusion proteins to a IgG(Fc) binding protein domain, Z. Ligand binding kinetic rates were determined using BIAcore biosensor interaction analysis technology. All IGF-I variants showed altered binding affinities to both IGFBP-1 and sIGF-I^R. Secondary structure content of the IGF-I variants was estimated using far-UV circular dichroism spectroscopy, followed by variable selection secondary structure calculations. The amount of calculated α-helicity is reduced for all the mutants, most predominantly for IGF-I(V11A) and IGF-I(F16A) proteins. Surprisingly, most of the effects of reduced binding affinities to both target proteins are attributed to lowered on-rates of binding, and these are correlated with the amount of α-helicity in each IGF-I variant. In addition, in some of the IGF-I variants, lowered off-rates of binding are observed. From the results, we propose that IGF-I is unusually sensitive to structural changes by surface amino acid substitutions in the B-region of the molecule. Therefore, biochemical or biological properties of amino acid substituted variants of IGF-I cannot be used in a straightforward way to dissect the direct involvement in binding of individual amino acid residues since structural changes may be involved.