Asp-99 Donates a Hydrogen Bond Not to Tyr-14 but to the Steroid Directly in the Catalytic Mechanism of Δ⁵-3-Ketosteroid Isomerase from Pseudomonas putida Biotype B^†

Δ⁵-3-ketosteroid isomerase (KSI) catalyzes the allylic isomerization of Δ⁵-3-ketosteroids at a rate approaching the diffusion limit by an intramolecular transfer of a proton. Despite the extensive studies on the catalytic mechanism, it still remains controversial whether the catalytic residue Asp-99 donates a hydrogen bond to the steroid or to Tyr-14. To clarify the role of Asp-99 in the catalysis, two single mutants of D99E and D99L and three double mutants of Y14F/D99E, Y14F/D99N, and Y14F/D99L have been prepared by site-directed mutagenesis. The D99E mutant whose side chain at position 99 is longer by an additional methylene group exhibits nearly the same k_cat as the wild-type while the D99L mutant exhibits ca. 125-fold lower k_cat than that of the wild-type. The mutations made at positions 14 and 99 exert synergistic or partially additive effect on k_cat in the double mutants, which is inconsistent with the mechanism based on the hydrogen-bonded catalytic diad, Asp-99 COOH···Tyr-14 OH···C3−O of the steroid. The crystal structure of D99E/D38N complexed with equilenin, an intermediate analogue, at 1.9 Å resolution reveals that the distance between Tyr-14 Oη and Glu-99 Oε is ca. 4.2 Å, which is beyond the range for a hydrogen bond, and that the distance between Glu-99 Oε and C3−O of the steroid is maintained to be ca. 2.4 Å, short enough for a hydrogen bond to be formed. Taken together, these results strongly support the idea that Asp-99 contributes to the catalysis by donating a hydrogen bond directly to the intermediate.