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Chemical Reactions in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

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Chien M. Wai , Fred Hunt , Min Ji and Xiaoyuan Chen

University of Idaho, Department of Chemistry, Moscow, ID 83844-2343

J. Chem. Educ., 1998, 75 (12), p 1641

DOI: 10.1021/ed075p1641

Publication Date (Web): December 1, 1998

Section:

History, Education, and Documentation

Abstract

Utilizing supercritical fluids as environmentally benign solvents for chemical synthesis is one of the new approaches in the "greening" of chemistry. Carbon dioxide is the most widely used gas for supercritical fluid studies because of its moderate critical constants, nontoxic nature, and availability in pure form. One unique property of supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO₂) is its high solubility for fluorinated compounds. Thus sc-CO₂ can be used to replace Freons that are conventionally used as solvents for synthesis of perfluoro-polymers. Another property of sc-CO₂ is its miscibility with gases such as H₂. Heterogeneous reactions involving these gases may become homogeneous reactions in sc-CO₂. Reactions in sc-CO₂ may offer several advantages including controlling phase behavior and products, increasing speed of reactions, and obtaining specific reaction channels. This paper describes the following nine types of chemical reactions reported in the literature utilizing sc-CO₂ as a solvent to illustrate the unique properties of the supercritical fluid reaction systems: (i) hydrogenation and hydroformylation, (ii) synthesis of organometallic compounds, (iii) metal chelation and extraction, (iv) preparation of inorganic nanoparticles, (v) stereo-selectivity of lipase-catalyzed reactions, (vi) asymmetric catalytic hydrogenation, (vii) polymerization, (viii) Diels-Alder reaction, and (ix) free radical reactions.

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Keywords (Audience):

Upper-Division Undergraduate

Keywords (Domain):

Organic Chemistry

Keywords (Subject):

Carbon

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Citing Articles

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This article has been cited by 5 ACS Journal articles (5 most recent appear below).

Measuring P–V–T Phase Behavior with a Variable Volume View Cell
Markus M. Hoffmann and Jason D. Salter
Journal of Chemical Education2004 81 (3), 411
- Measuring P–V–T Phase Behavior with a Variable Volume View Cell
  Markus M. Hoffmann and Jason D. Salter
  Journal of Chemical Education2004 81 (3), 411
  An experiment for the undergraduate physical chemistry laboratory is presented. Isotherms are measured on the pressure–volume–temperature (P–V–T ) surface of a pure fluid, such as carbon dioxide. A variable volume view cell is made from a modified ...
  Abstract | Hi-Res PDF | PDF w/ Links
A Classroom Exercise Aimed at the Development of an Intuitive Understanding of P–V–T Phase Behavior of Fluids
Markus M. Hoffmann
Journal of Chemical Education2004 81 (3), 376
- A Classroom Exercise Aimed at the Development of an Intuitive Understanding of P–V–T Phase Behavior of Fluids
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  Journal of Chemical Education2004 81 (3), 376
  A classroom exercise for upper-level undergraduate physical chemistry instruction is presented that aims at the development of an intuitive understanding of P–V–T phase behavior of fluids. The classroom activity involves a group exercise over several ...
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Water-in-CO₂ Microemulsions as Nanoreactors for Synthesizing CdS and ZnS Nanoparticles in Supercritical CO₂
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Nano Letters2002 2 (7), 721-724
- Water-in-CO₂ Microemulsions as Nanoreactors for Synthesizing CdS and ZnS Nanoparticles in Supercritical CO₂
  Hiroyuki Ohde, Mariko Ohde, Franklin Bailey, Hakwon Kim, and Chien M. Wai
  Nano Letters2002 2 (7), 721-724
  Semiconductor nanopaparticles of CdS and ZnS were synthesized by mixing two water-in-CO2 microemulsions with one containing S2- ions and the other containing Cd2+ or Zn2+ ions in the water core. Nanoparticle formation was monitored in situ by measuring ...
  Abstract | Full Text HTML | Hi-Res PDF
Synthesis of Silver and Copper Nanoparticles in a Water-in-Supercritical-Carbon Dioxide Microemulsion
Hiroyuki Ohde, Fred Hunt, and Chien M. Wai
Chemistry of Materials2001 13 (11), 4130-4135
- Synthesis of Silver and Copper Nanoparticles in a Water-in-Supercritical-Carbon Dioxide Microemulsion
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  Chemistry of Materials2001 13 (11), 4130-4135
  Nanometer-sized silver and copper metal particles can be synthesized by chemical reduction of Ag+ and Cu2+ ions dissolved in the water core of a water in supercritical fluid carbon dioxide microemulsion. Sodium cyanoborohydride and N,N,N,N-tetramethyl-p-...
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Voltammetric Measurement in Supercritical CO₂ Utilizing a Water-in-CO₂ Microemulsion
Hiroyuki Ohde, Fred Hunt, Sorin Kihara, and Chien M. Wai
Analytical Chemistry2000 72 (19), 4738-4741
- Voltammetric Measurement in Supercritical CO₂ Utilizing a Water-in-CO₂ Microemulsion
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  Analytical Chemistry2000 72 (19), 4738-4741
  A novel method for voltammetric measurement in supercritical CO2 is described. In this method a water-in-supercritical CO2 microemulsion is utilized to raise the conductivity of the fluid phase. Well-defined voltammograms for the redox reactions of ...
  Abstract | Full Text HTML | Hi-Res PDF

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Chemical Reactions in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide