The General Form of the Gibbs-Duhem Equation for Multiphase/Multicomponent Systems and Its Application to Solid-State Activity Measurements

Mark Sacchetti
Research and Development, Glaxo Wellcome Inc., 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
J. Chem. Educ., 2001, 78 (2), p 260
DOI: 10.1021/ed078p260
Publication Date (Web): February 1, 2001
History, Education, and Documentation

Abstract

The general form of the Gibbs-Duhem equation is derived for multiphase/multicomponent thermodynamic systems. The result illustrates that the form of the equation is invariant with respect to the number of phases present in the material. Therefore, calculation of activities or activity coefficients is possible using the same form of equation as has been applied to single-phase systems. The general form of the equation is applied to two organic solids, crystalline albuterol sulfate and amorphous poly(vinyl pyrrolidone). Physical chemistry instructors may find the derivation of the general form of the Gibbs-Duhem equation and its application to pharmaceutical materials a useful exercise for students.

Keywords (Audience):

Upper-Division Undergraduate

Keywords (Domain):

Physical Chemistry

Keywords (Subject):

Drugs / Pharmaceuticals
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History

  • Received: August 03, 2009

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