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Thermodynamic Analysis for the Controllability of Elements in the Recycling Process of Metals

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Kenichi Nakajima*† ,

^† Research Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan

Osamu Takeda‡, Takahiro Miki‡, Kazuyo Matsubae‡, and Tetsuya Nagasaka‡

^‡ Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan

Environ. Sci. Technol., 2011, 45 (11), pp 4929–4936

DOI: 10.1021/es104231n

Publication Date (Web): May 11, 2011

*Phone: +81-29-854-2744. E-mail: nakajima.kenichi@nies.go.jp.

Abstract

This study presents the results of chemical thermodynamic analysis on the distribution of elements in the smelting process of metallic materials to examine the controllability of impurities in the pyrometallurgical technique. The results of the present work can give an answer against the frequently given question; “Which impurity element can be removable in metallurgical process?” or “How far can the impurity level be controlled?”. The proposed method was applied to estimate the distribution of 29 elements for a copper converter and 26 elements for a steel-making process and shows the distribution tendency of elements among the gas, slag, and metal phases as well as clarifying which metals can be recovered or removed from secondary resources in metallurgical processes. The effects of temperature, oxygen partial pressure, and slag composition on the distribution ratio of elements were also evaluated, and the removal limit or controllability of impurity in these two processes was presented. This study results in thermodynamic features of various elements in the pyrometallurgical process and also shows, even by varying process parameters such as temperature and oxygen partial pressure, no drastic improvement of removal efficiency should be expected, except for lead and tin in copper.

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