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Large-Scale Deployment of Seed Treatments Has Driven Rapid Increase in Use of Neonicotinoid Insecticides and Preemptive Pest Management in U.S. Field Crops

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Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, 101 Merkle Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
*Phone: 814-865-7082; fax: 814-865-3048; e-mail: [email protected]
Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49, 8, 5088–5097
Publication Date (Web):March 20, 2015
https://doi.org/10.1021/es506141g
Copyright © 2015 American Chemical Society

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    Abstract

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    Neonicotinoids are the most widely used class of insecticides worldwide, but patterns of their use in the U.S. are poorly documented, constraining attempts to understand their role in pest management and potential nontarget effects. We synthesized publicly available data to estimate and interpret trends in neonicotinoid use since their introduction in 1994, with a special focus on seed treatments, a major use not captured by the national pesticide-use survey. Neonicotinoid use increased rapidly between 2003 and 2011, as seed-applied products were introduced in field crops, marking an unprecedented shift toward large-scale, preemptive insecticide use: 34–44% of soybeans and 79–100% of maize hectares were treated in 2011. This finding contradicts recent analyses, which concluded that insecticides are used today on fewer maize hectares than a decade or two ago. If current trends continue, neonicotinoid use will increase further through application to more hectares of soybean and other crop species and escalation of per-seed rates. Alternatively, our results, and other recent analyses, suggest that carefully targeted efforts could considerably reduce neonicotinoid use in field crops without yield declines or economic harm to farmers, reducing the potential for pest resistance, nontarget pest outbreaks, environmental contamination, and harm to wildlife, including pollinator species.

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    Available as an online supplement are additional tables (as noted in the text), including a summary of neonicotinoid use rates of some common seed-treatment products, a summary of neonicotinoids and their major agricultural uses, estimates of amounts of neonicotinoids applied, and insecticidal seed treatments that have been available on maize. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

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