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Discovery of the Development Candidate N-tert-Butyl Nodulisporamide: A Safe and Efficacious Once Monthly Oral Agent for the Control of Fleas and Ticks on Companion Animals^†

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Peter T. Meinke*, Steven L. Colletti, Michael H. Fisher, Matthew J. Wyvratt, Thomas L. Shih^‡, Michelle B. Ayer, Chunshi Li, Julie Lim, Dong Ok, Steve Salva, Lynn M. Warmke, Michelle Zakson, Bruce F. Michael, Pierre deMontigny, Dan A. Ostlind, David Fink, Marlene Drag, Dennis M. Schmatz and Wesley L. Shoop^§

Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900

J. Med. Chem., 2009, 52 (11), pp 3505–3515

DOI: 10.1021/jm801334v

Publication Date (Web): May 15, 2009

†

This manuscript is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Michael H. Fisher (1926−2005).

, * To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone: +1-732-594-3966. Fax: +1-732-594-9556. E-mail: peter_meinke@merck.com., ‡

Current address: J-Star Research, Inc., 3001 Hadley Road No. 1, South Plainfield, NJ 07080.

, §

Current address: DuPont Stine-Haskell Research Center, 1090 Elkton Road, Newark, Delaware 19711.

Abstract

Nodulisporic acid A (1) is a structurally complex fungal metabolite that exhibits systemic efficacy against fleas via modulation of an invertebrate specific glutamate-gated ion channel. In order to identify a nodulisporamide suitable for monthly oral dosing in dogs, a library of 335 nodulisporamides was examined in an artificial flea feeding system for intrinsic systemic potency as well as in a mouse/bedbug assay for systemic efficacy and safety. A cohort of 66 nodulisporamides were selected for evaluation in a dog/flea model; pharmacokinetic analysis correlated plasma levels with flea efficacy. These efforts resulted in the identification of the development candidate N-tert-butyl nodulisporamide (3) as a potent and efficacious once monthly oral agent for the control of fleas and ticks on dogs and cats which was directly compared to the topical agents fipronil and imidacloprid, with favorable results obtained. Multidose studies over 3 months confirmed the in vivo ectoparasiticidal efficacy and established that 3 lacked overt mammalian toxicity. Tissue distribution studies in mice using [¹⁴C]-labeled 3 indicate that adipose beds serve as ligand depots, contributing to the long terminal half-lives of these compounds.

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History

Published In Issue June 11, 2009
Article ASAPMay 15, 2009
Received: October 22, 2008

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Article

Discovery of the Development Candidate N-tert-Butyl Nodulisporamide: A Safe and Efficacious Once Monthly Oral Agent for the Control of Fleas and Ticks on Companion Animals^†