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Article

Infrared Spectroscopy of Cationized Lysine and ε-N-methyllysine in the Gas Phase: Effects of Alkali-Metal Ion Size and Proton Affinity on Zwitterion Stability

Supporting Info

Matthew F. Bush,^† Matthew W. Forbes,^‡ Rebecca A. Jockusch,^‡ Jos Oomens,^§ Nick C. Polfer,^§ Richard J. Saykally,^† and Evan R. Williams*^†

Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada, and FOM Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Edisonbaan 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands

J. Phys. Chem. A, 2007, 111 (32), pp 7753–7760

DOI: 10.1021/jp071902q

Publication Date (Web): July 17, 2007

†

University of California.

‡

University of Toronto.

FOM Institute for Plasma Physics “Rijnhuizen”.

To whom correspondence should be addressed Fax: (510) 642-7714. E-mail: williams@cchem.berkeley.edu.

Abstract

The gas-phase structures of protonated and alkali-metal-cationized lysine (Lys) and ε-N-methyllysine (Lys(Me)) are investigated using infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy utilizing light generated by a free electron laser, in conjunction with ab initio calculations. IRMPD spectra of Lys·Li⁺ and Lys·Na⁺ are similar, but the spectrum for Lys·K⁺ is different, indicating that the structure of lysine in these complexes depends on the metal ion size. The carbonyl stretch of a carboxylic acid group is clearly observed in each of these spectra, indicating that lysine is nonzwitterionic in these complexes. A detailed comparison of these spectra to those calculated for candidate low-energy structures indicates that the bonding motif for the metal ion changes from tricoordinated for Li and Na to dicoordinated for K, clearly revealing the increased importance of hydrogen-bonding relative to metal ion solvation with increasing metal ion size. Spectra for Lys(Me)·M⁺ show that Lys(Me), an analogue of lysine whose side chain contains a secondary amine, is nonzwitterionic with Li and zwitterionic with K and both forms are present for Na. The proton affinity of Lys(Me) is 16 kJ/mol higher than that of Lys; the higher proton affinity of a secondary amine can result in its preferential protonation and stabilization of the zwitterionic form.

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