Prediction of the Water Content in Protein Binding Sites

Julien Michel, Julian Tirado-Rives and William L. Jorgensen*
Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven CT-06520
J. Phys. Chem. B, 2009, 113 (40), pp 13337–13346
DOI: 10.1021/jp9047456
Publication Date (Web): September 15, 2009
Copyright © 2009 American Chemical Society
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: William.Jorgensen@yale.edu.

Abstract

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An efficient molecular simulation methodology has been developed to determine the positioning of water molecules in the binding site of a protein or protein−ligand complex. Occupancies and absolute binding free energies of water molecules are computed using a statistical thermodynamics approach. The methodology, referred to as Just Add Water Molecules (JAWS), features “θ-water” molecules that can appear and disappear on a binding-site grid. Key approximations render the technique far more efficient than conventional free energy simulations. Testing of JAWS on five diverse examples (neuraminidase, scytalone dehydratase, major urinary protein 1, β-lactoglobulin, and COX-2) demonstrates its accuracy in locating hydration sites in comparison to results from high-resolution crystal structures. Possible applications include aid in refinement of protein crystal structures, drug lead optimization, setup of docking calculations, and simulations of protein−ligand complexes.

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History

  • Published In Issue October 08, 2009
  • Article ASAPSeptember 15, 2009
  • Received: May 20, 2009
    Revised: July 9, 2009

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