Spatial Two-Photon Fluorescence Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy for Controlling Molecular Transport in Microfluidic Structures
Abstract
The increasing availability of microfluidic systems of various geometries and materials for the downscaling of chemical or biochemical processes raises a strong demand for adequate techniques to precisely determine flow parameters and to control fluid and particle manipulation. Of all readout parameters, fluorescence analysis of the fluid or suspended particles is particularly attractive, as it can be employed without mechanical interference and with a sensitivity high enough to detect single molecules in aqueous environments. In this study, we present the determination of flow parameters, such as velocity and direction, in microstructured channels by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), a method based on single molecule spectroscopy carried out in confocal optical setups. Different modes of FCS, such as auto- and dual-beam cross-correlation techniques by one- and two-photon excitation, are discussed. Known advantages of two-photon excitation, such as highly restricted detection volumes and low scattering background, are shown to be particularly valuable for measurements in tiny channel systems. Although conventional autocorrelation is sufficient for describing the velocity of single molecules, dual-beam cross-correlation allows the separation of isotropic and anisotropic dynamics, for example, to monitor flow directions or to discriminate against photophysical effects that could be mistaken for mobility parameters. It can be shown that time-gated two-photon excitation in the dual-beam mode significantly lowers the undesired cross-talk between the two measurement volumes. Finally, some applications, such as the calibration of microfluidic sorting units and flow profiling, are demonstrated.
*
Corresponding author. Tel: +49-551-201-1165. Fax: +49-551-201-1435. E-mail: [email protected].
Cited By
This article is cited by 105 publications.
- Wenqian Wang, Yuanqing Ma, Simone Bonaccorsi, Vu Thanh Cong, Elvis Pandžić, Zhengmin Yang, Jesse Goyette, Fabio Lisi, Richard D. Tilley, Katharina Gaus, J. Justin Gooding. Investigating Spatial Heterogeneity of Nanoparticles Movement in Live Cells with Pair-Correlation Microscopy and Phasor Analysis. Analytical Chemistry 2021, 93
(8)
, 3803-3812. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04285
- Chao-Chen Lin, Michael Bachmann, Simon Bachler, Koushik Venkatesan, Petra S. Dittrich. Tunable Membrane Potential Reconstituted in Giant Vesicles Promotes Permeation of Cationic Peptides at Nanomolar Concentrations. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2018, 10
(49)
, 41909-41916. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b12217
- Claudia Hackl, Reinhild Beyreiss, David Geissler, Stefan Jezierski, and Detlev Belder . Rapid Prototyping of Electrochromatography Chips for Improved Two-Photon Excited Fluorescence Detection. Analytical Chemistry 2014, 86
(8)
, 3773-3779. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac500793e
- Marco Brucale, Benjamin Schuler, and Bruno Samorì . Single-Molecule Studies of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins. Chemical Reviews 2014, 114
(6)
, 3281-3317. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr400297g
- Reinhild Beyreiss, David Geißler, Stefan Ohla, Stefan Nagl, Tjorben Nils Posch, and Detlev Belder . Label-Free Fluorescence Detection of Aromatic Compounds in Chip Electrophoresis Applying Two-Photon Excitation and Time-Correlated Single-Photon Counting. Analytical Chemistry 2013, 85
(17)
, 8150-8157. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac4010937
- Marco Travagliati, Salvatore Girardo, Dario Pisignano, Fabio Beltram, and Marco Cecchini . Easy Monitoring of Velocity Fields in Microfluidic Devices Using Spatiotemporal Image Correlation Spectroscopy. Analytical Chemistry 2013, 85
(17)
, 8080-8084. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac4019796
- Luigi Sanguigno, Ilaria De Santo, Filippo Causa, and Paolo Netti. A Closed Form for Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy Experiments in Submicrometer Structures. Analytical Chemistry 2010, 82
(23)
, 9663-9670. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac102084m
- Jaemyeong Jung,, Rachelle Ihly,, Eric Scott,, Ming Yu, and, Alan Van Orden. Probing the Complete Folding Trajectory of a DNA Hairpin Using Dual Beam Fluorescence Fluctuation Spectroscopy. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2008, 112
(1)
, 127-133. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp076248t
- Joshua B. Edel,, Pedro Lahoud,, Anthony E. G. Cass, and, Andrew J. deMello. Discrimination between Single Escherichia coli Cells Using Time-Resolved Confocal Spectroscopy. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2007, 111
(5)
, 1129-1134. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp066267n
- Byoungsok Jung,, Yonggang Zhu, and, Juan G. Santiago. Detection of 100 aM Fluorophores Using a High-Sensitivity On-Chip CE System and Transient Isotachophoresis. Analytical Chemistry 2007, 79
(1)
, 345-349. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac060949p
- Hye Yoon Park,, Xiangyun Qiu,, Elizabeth Rhoades,, Jonas Korlach,, Lisa W. Kwok,, Warren R. Zipfel,, Watt W. Webb, and, Lois Pollack. Achieving Uniform Mixing in a Microfluidic Device: Hydrodynamic Focusing Prior to Mixing. Analytical Chemistry 2006, 78
(13)
, 4465-4473. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac060572n
- Balakrishnan Kannan,, Jia Yi Har,, Ping Liu,, Ichiro Maruyama,, Jeak Ling Ding, and, Thorsten Wohland. Electron Multiplying Charge-Coupled Device Camera Based Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy. Analytical Chemistry 2006, 78
(10)
, 3444-3451. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac0600959
- Jaemyeong Jung and, Alan Van Orden. A Three-State Mechanism for DNA Hairpin Folding Characterized by Multiparameter Fluorescence Fluctuation Spectroscopy. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2006, 128
(4)
, 1240-1249. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0560736
- Jaemyeong Jung and, Alan Van Orden. Folding and Unfolding Kinetics of DNA Hairpins in Flowing Solution by Multiparameter Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2005, 109
(8)
, 3648-3657. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0453515
- Aleeta M. Powe,, Kristin A. Fletcher,, Nadia N. St. Luce,, Mark Lowry,, Sharon Neal,, Matthew E. McCarroll,, Philip B. Oldham,, Linda B. McGown, and, Isiah M. Warner. Molecular Fluorescence, Phosphorescence, and Chemiluminescence Spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry 2004, 76
(16)
, 4614-4634. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac040095d
- Torsten Vilkner,, Dirk Janasek, and, Andreas Manz. Micro Total Analysis Systems. Recent Developments. Analytical Chemistry 2004, 76
(12)
, 3373-3386. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac040063q
- Keir Fogarty and, Alan Van Orden. Two-Beam Fluorescence Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy for Simultaneous Analysis of Positive and Negative Ions in Continuous-Flow Capillary Electrophoresis. Analytical Chemistry 2003, 75
(23)
, 6634-6641. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac035022t
- Petra S. Dittrich and, Petra Schwille. An Integrated Microfluidic System for Reaction, High-Sensitivity Detection, and Sorting of Fluorescent Cells and Particles. Analytical Chemistry 2003, 75
(21)
, 5767-5774. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac034568c
- Jason L. Pittman,, Charles S. Henry, and, S. Douglass Gilman. Experimental Studies of Electroosmotic Flow Dynamics in Microfabricated Devices during Current Monitoring Experiments. Analytical Chemistry 2003, 75
(3)
, 361-370. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac026132n
- Daniel Y. K. Aik, Thorsten Wohland. Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy in Space and Time. 2022, 233-273. https://doi.org/10.1007/4243_2022_36
- Michael L. Dawes, Christian Soeller, Steffen Scholpp. Studying molecular interactions in the intact organism: fluorescence correlation spectroscopy in the living zebrafish embryo. Histochemistry and Cell Biology 2020, 154
(5)
, 507-519. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00418-020-01930-5
- Olivier Français, Morgan Madec, Norbert Dumas, Denis Funfschilling, Wilfried Uhring. Basics of Micro/Nano Fluidics and Biology. 2020, 7-87. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6549-2_2
- Maddalena Collini, Fabrizio Radaelli, Laura Sironi, Nicolo G. Ceffa, Laura D’Alfonso, Margaux Bouzin, Giuseppe Chirico. Adaptive optics microspectrometer for cross-correlation measurement of microfluidic flows. Journal of Biomedical Optics 2019, 24
(02)
, 1. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.24.2.025004
- Morteza Heidarinejad, Hideki Nakamura, Takafumi Inoue. Stimulation-induced changes in diffusion and structure of calmodulin and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II proteins in neurons. Neuroscience Research 2018, 136 , 13-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2018.01.003
- Petra Schwille. There and back again: from the origin of life to single molecules. European Biophysics Journal 2018, 47
(4)
, 493-498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00249-018-1295-1
- Namita Shokeen, Christopher Issa, Ashis Mukhopadhyay. Comparison of nanoparticle diffusion using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and differential dynamic microscopy within concentrated polymer solutions. Applied Physics Letters 2017, 111
(26)
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5016062
- Valerica Raicu, William F. Schmidt. Advanced Microscopy Techniques. 2017, 39-75. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60174-8_3
- Svenja Lippok, Matthias Radtke, Tobias Obser, Lars Kleemeier, Reinhard Schneppenheim, Ulrich Budde, Roland R. Netz, Joachim O. Rädler. Shear-Induced Unfolding and Enzymatic Cleavage of Full-Length VWF Multimers. Biophysical Journal 2016, 110
(3)
, 545-554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2015.12.023
- Dominik Wöll. Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy Studies of Polymer Systems. 2016, 255-297. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26788-3_8
- Nantana Nuchtavorn, Worapot Suntornsuk, Susan M. Lunte, Leena Suntornsuk. Recent applications of microchip electrophoresis to biomedical analysis. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 2015, 113 , 72-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2015.03.002
- Matteo Iannacone. Hepatic effector CD8+ T-cell dynamics. Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2015, 12
(3)
, 269-272. https://doi.org/10.1038/cmi.2014.78
- , , Nicolo' G. Ceffa, Paolo Pozzi, Margaux Bouzin, Cassia A. Marquezin, Laura Sironi, Laura D'Alfonso, Maddalena Collini, Giuseppe Chirico. Fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy for time dependent flows: a numerical investigation. 2015, 93200R. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2077088
- Petru Ghenuche, Juan de Torres, Patrick Ferrand, Jérôme Wenger. Multi-focus parallel detection of fluorescent molecules at picomolar concentration with photonic nanojets arrays. Applied Physics Letters 2014, 105
(13)
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4896852
- Chaoqing Dong, Jicun Ren. Coupling of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy with capillary and microchannel analytical systems and its applications. ELECTROPHORESIS 2014, 35
(16)
, 2267-2278. https://doi.org/10.1002/elps.201300648
- Paolo Pozzi, Laura Sironi, Laura D’Alfonso, Margaux Bouzin, Maddalena Collini, Giuseppe Chirico, Piersandro Pallavicini, Franco Cotelli, Efrem A. Foglia. Electron multiplying charge-coupled device-based fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy for blood velocimetry on zebrafish embryos. Journal of Biomedical Optics 2014, 19
(6)
, 067007. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.19.6.067007
- Nirmalya Bag, Thorsten Wohland. Imaging Fluorescence Fluctuation Spectroscopy: New Tools for Quantitative Bioimaging. Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 2014, 65
(1)
, 225-248. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physchem-040513-103641
- G. Majer, J. P. Melchior. Characterization of the fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) standard Rhodamine 6G and calibration of its diffusion coefficient in aqueous solutions. The Journal of Chemical Physics 2014, 140
(9)
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4867096
- Stephane Broillet, Akihiro Sato, Stefan Geissbuehler, Christophe Pache, Arno Bouwens, Theo Lasser, Marcel Leutenegger. Optical coherence correlation spectroscopy (OCCS). Optics Express 2014, 22
(1)
, 782. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.22.000782
- B. Wunderlich, D. Nettels, B. Schuler. Taylor dispersion and the position-to-time conversion in microfluidic mixing devices. Lab Chip 2014, 14
(1)
, 219-228. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3LC51002F
- Dominik Wöll. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy in polymer science. RSC Advances 2013, 4
(5)
, 2447-2465. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3RA44909B
- Bengt Wunderlich, Daniel Nettels, Stephan Benke, Jennifer Clark, Sascha Weidner, Hagen Hofmann, Shawn H Pfeil, Benjamin Schuler. Microfluidic mixer designed for performing single-molecule kinetics with confocal detection on timescales from milliseconds to minutes. Nature Protocols 2013, 8
(8)
, 1459-1474. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2013.082
- Jason D. Fowlkes, C. Patrick Collier. Single-molecule mobility in confined and crowded femtolitre chambers. Lab on a Chip 2013, 13
(5)
, 877. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2lc40907k
- Kaloian Koynov, Hans-Jürgen Butt. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy in colloid and interface science. Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science 2012, 17
(6)
, 377-387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cocis.2012.09.003
- Klaus Mathwig, Dileep Mampallil, Shuo Kang, Serge G. Lemay. Electrical Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy: Measuring Picoliter-per-Minute Flows in Nanochannels. Physical Review Letters 2012, 109
(11)
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.118302
- Nirmalya Bag, Jagadish Sankaran, Alexandra Paul, Rachel S. Kraut, Thorsten Wohland. Calibration and Limits of Camera‐Based Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy: A Supported Lipid Bilayer Study. ChemPhysChem 2012, 13
(11)
, 2784-2794. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.201200032
- Sungmin Hong, Pei-Hsiang Tsou, Chao-Kai Chou, Hirohito Yamaguchi, Chin B. Su, Mien-Chie Hung, Jun Kameoka. Microfluidic three-dimensional hydrodynamic flow focusing for the rapid protein concentration analysis. Biomicrofluidics 2012, 6
(2)
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4730332
- R. Schmitz, S. Yordanov, H. J. Butt, K. Koynov, B. Dünweg. Studying flow close to an interface by total internal reflection fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy: Quantitative data analysis. Physical Review E 2011, 84
(6)
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.84.066306
- Doogie Oh, Alexandra Zidovska, Yangqing Xu, Daniel J. Needleman. Development of Time-Integrated Multipoint Moment Analysis for Spatially Resolved Fluctuation Spectroscopy with High Time Resolution. Biophysical Journal 2011, 101
(6)
, 1546-1554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2011.08.013
- I. V. Perevoshchikova, E. A. Kotova, Y. N. Antonenko. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy in biology, chemistry, and medicine. Biochemistry (Moscow) 2011, 76
(5)
, 497-516. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297911050014
- Silvia Carlotto, Ilaria Fortunati, Camilla Ferrante, Petra Schwille, Antonino Polimeno. Time correlated fluorescence characterization of an asymmetrically focused flow in a microfluidic device. Microfluidics and Nanofluidics 2011, 10
(3)
, 551-561. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10404-010-0689-x
- Yong Hwee Foo, Vladimir Korzh, Thorsten Wohland. Fluorescence Correlation and Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy Using Fluorescent Proteins for Measurements of Biomolecular Processes in Living Organisms. 2011, 213-248. https://doi.org/10.1007/4243_2011_16
- Nancy L. Thompson, Punya Navaratnarajah, Xiang Wang. Total Internal Reflection with Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy. 2011, 345-380. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9672-5_13
- Fabian Erdel, Katharina Müller-Ott, Michael Baum, Malte Wachsmuth, Karsten Rippe. Dissecting chromatin interactions in living cells from protein mobility maps. Chromosome Research 2011, 19
(1)
, 99-115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10577-010-9155-6
- M. Collini, L. D’Alfonso, M. Caccia, L. Sironi, M. Panzica, G. Chirico, I. Rivolta, B. Lettiero, G. Miserocchi. In Vitro–In Vivo Fluctuation Spectroscopies. 2011, 165-181. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15175-0_10
- Kateryna Artyushkova, Anthony L. Garcia, Gabriel P. Lõpez. Detecting molecular separation in nano-fluidic channels through velocity analysis of temporal image sequences by multivariate curve resolution. Microfluidics and Nanofluidics 2010, 9
(2-3)
, 447-459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10404-009-0562-y
- Xianke Shi, Thorsten Wohland. Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy. 2010, 6-1-6-34. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420078893-c6
- . 8Chapter Applications to Cellular/Particle Analysis. 2010, 229-264. https://doi.org/10.1201/b15110-12
- Tyler J. Arbour, Jörg Enderlein. Application of dual-focus fluorescence correlation spectroscopy to microfluidic flow-velocity measurement. Lab on a Chip 2010, 10
(10)
, 1286. https://doi.org/10.1039/b924594d
- Stoyan Yordanov, Andreas Best, Hans-Jürgen Butt, Kaloian Koynov. Direct studies of liquid flows near solid surfaces by total internal reflection fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy. Optics Express 2009, 17
(23)
, 21149. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.17.021149
- Jagadish Sankaran, Manoj Manna, Lin Guo, Rachel Kraut, Thorsten Wohland. Diffusion, Transport, and Cell Membrane Organization Investigated by Imaging Fluorescence Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy. Biophysical Journal 2009, 97
(9)
, 2630-2639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2009.08.025
- William K. Ridgeway, Effrosyni Seitaridou, Rob Phillips, James R. Williamson. RNA–protein binding kinetics in an automated microfluidic reactor. Nucleic Acids Research 2009, 37
(21)
, e142-e142. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkp733
- Nancy L. Thompson, Xiang Wang, Punya Navaratnarajah. Total internal reflection with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy: Applications to substrate-supported planar membranes. Journal of Structural Biology 2009, 168
(1)
, 95-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsb.2009.02.013
- Frank Schleifenbaum, Christian Blum, Vinod Subramaniam, Alfred J. Meixner. Single-molecule spectral dynamics at room temperature. Molecular Physics 2009, 107
(18)
, 1923-1942. https://doi.org/10.1080/00268970802635004
- Ke Liu, Yu Tian, Sean M. Burrows, Randall D. Reif, Dimitri Pappas. Mapping vortex-like hydrodynamic flow in microfluidic networks using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Analytica Chimica Acta 2009, 651
(1)
, 85-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2009.08.007
- Ramón Carriles, Dawn N. Schafer, Kraig E. Sheetz, Jeffrey J. Field, Richard Cisek, Virginijus Barzda, Anne W. Sylvester, Jeffrey A. Squier. Invited Review Article: Imaging techniques for harmonic and multiphoton absorption fluorescence microscopy. Review of Scientific Instruments 2009, 80
(8)
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3184828
- Daniel J. Needleman, Yangqing Xu, Timothy J. Mitchison. Pin-Hole Array Correlation Imaging: Highly Parallel Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy. Biophysical Journal 2009, 96
(12)
, 5050-5059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2009.03.023
- . Nano‐High Performance Liquid Chromatography. 2009, 145-166. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470434925.ch6
- Philip R. Nicovich, Robert M. Dickson. Three‐dimensional Flow Mapping in Microfluidic Channels with Widefield Cross‐correlation Microscopy. Israel Journal of Chemistry 2009, 49
(3-4)
, 293-301. https://doi.org/10.1560/IJC.49.3-4.293
- Keir Fogarty, Alan Van Orden. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy for ultrasensitive DNA analysis in continuous flow capillary electrophoresis. Methods 2009, 47
(3)
, 151-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2008.09.010
- Mireia Baeza, José Luis Montesinos, Julián Alonso, Jordi Bartrolí. Simple modeling of the physical sample dispersion process in rectangular meso (micro) channels with pressure-driven flows. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2009, 393
(4)
, 1233-1243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-008-2532-8
- Claus B. Müller, Kerstin Weiß, Anastasia Loman, Jörg Enderlein, Walter Richtering. Remote temperature measurements in femto-liter volumes using dual-focus-Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy. Lab on a Chip 2009, 9
(9)
, 1248. https://doi.org/10.1039/b807910b
- Céline Boutin, Rodolphe Jaffiol, Jérôme Plain, Pascal Royer. Surface Modified Single Molecules Free-Diffusion Evidenced by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy. Journal of Fluorescence 2008, 18
(6)
, 1115-1122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-008-0361-y
- Yoann Blancquaert, Jie Gao, Jacques Derouard, Antoine Delon. Spatial fluorescence cross‐correlation spectroscopy by means of a spatial light modulator. Journal of Biophotonics 2008, 1
(5)
, 408-418. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbio.200810007
- Kambiz M. Hamadani, Shimon Weiss. Nonequilibrium Single Molecule Protein Folding in a Coaxial Mixer. Biophysical Journal 2008, 95
(1)
, 352-365. https://doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.107.127431
- Maika Felten, Wolfgang Staroske, Magnus S. Jaeger, Petra Schwille, Claus Duschl. Accumulation and filtering of nanoparticles in microchannels using electrohydrodynamically induced vortical flows. ELECTROPHORESIS 2008, 29
(14)
, 2987-2996. https://doi.org/10.1002/elps.200700844
- Zdeněk Petrášek, Petra Schwille. Photobleaching in Two‐Photon Scanning Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy. ChemPhysChem 2008, 9
(1)
, 147-158. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.200700579
- E. Haustein, P. Schwille. Ultrashort Laser Pulses in Single Molecule Spectroscopy. 2008, 279-309. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73566-3_11
- Alan Van Orden, Jaemyeong Jung. Review fluorescence correlation spectroscopy for probing the kinetics and mechanisms of DNA hairpin formation. Biopolymers 2008, 89
(1)
, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1002/bip.20826
- Gregory T. Roman, Robert T. Kennedy. Fully integrated microfluidic separations systems for biochemical analysis. Journal of Chromatography A 2007, 1168
(1-2)
, 170-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.06.010
- Ling Chin Hwang, Thorsten Wohland. Recent Advances in Fluorescence Cross-correlation Spectroscopy. Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics 2007, 49
(1)
, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12013-007-0042-5
- A W Henkel, P S Dittrich, T W Groemer, E A Lemke, J Klingauf, H W Klafki, P Lewczuk, H Esselmann, P Schwille, J Kornhuber, J Wiltfang. Immune complexes of auto-antibodies against Aβ1-42 peptides patrol cerebrospinal fluid of non-Alzheimer's patients. Molecular Psychiatry 2007, 12
(6)
, 601-610. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001947
- Elke Haustein, Petra Schwille. Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy: Novel Variations of an Established Technique. Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 2007, 36
(1)
, 151-169. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.36.040306.132612
- Zdeněk Petrášek, Madhavi Krishnan, Ingolf Mönch, Petra Schwille. Simultaneous two‐photon fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and lifetime imaging of dye molecules in submicrometer fluidic structures. Microscopy Research and Technique 2007, 70
(5)
, 459-466. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.20428
- Xiaotao Pan, Willy Foo, Wanrong Lim, Marcus H. Y. Fok, Ping Liu, Hanry Yu, Ichiro Maruyama, Thorsten Wohland. Multifunctional fluorescence correlation microscope for intracellular and microfluidic measurements. Review of Scientific Instruments 2007, 78
(5)
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2740053
- Thomas Dertinger, Victor Pacheco, Iris von der Hocht, Rudolf Hartmann, Ingo Gregor, Jörg Enderlein. Two‐Focus Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy: A New Tool for Accurate and Absolute Diffusion Measurements. ChemPhysChem 2007, 8
(3)
, 433-443. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.200600638
- Xiaotao Pan, Hanry Yu, Xianke Shi, Vladimir Korzh, Thorsten Wohland. Characterization of flow direction in microchannels and zebrafish blood vessels by scanning fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Journal of Biomedical Optics 2007, 12
(1)
, 014034. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.2435173
- Johannes Bayer, Joachim O. Rädler. DNA microelectrophoresis using double focus fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. ELECTROPHORESIS 2006, 27
(20)
, 3952-3963. https://doi.org/10.1002/elps.200500947
- Rodolphe Jaffiol, Yoann Blancquaert, Antoine Delon, Jacques Derouard. Spatial fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy. Applied Optics 2006, 45
(6)
, 1225. https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.45.001225
- . Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy. 2006, 797-840. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-46312-4_24
- P.S. Dittrich, S.P. Schäfer, P. Schwille. Characterization of the Photoconversion on Reaction of the Fluorescent Protein Kaede on the Single-Molecule Level. Biophysical Journal 2005, 89
(5)
, 3446-3455. https://doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.105.061713
- Petra S. Dittrich, Andreas Manz. Single-molecule fluorescence detection in microfluidic channels—the Holy Grail in μTAS?. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2005, 382
(8)
, 1771-1782. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-005-3335-9
- Joseph P. Skinner, Yan Chen, Joachim D. Müller. Position-Sensitive Scanning Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy. Biophysical Journal 2005, 89
(2)
, 1288-1301. https://doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.105.060749
- Benedict Hebert, Santiago Costantino, Paul W. Wiseman. Spatiotemporal Image Correlation Spectroscopy (STICS) Theory, Verification, and Application to Protein Velocity Mapping in Living CHO Cells. Biophysical Journal 2005, 88
(5)
, 3601-3614. https://doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.104.054874
- Chuanwu Xi, Lutgarde Raskin, Stephen A. Boppart. Evaluation of Microfluidic Biosensor Development Using Microscopic Analysis of Molecular Beacon Hybridization Kinetics. Biomedical Microdevices 2005, 7
(1)
, 7-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10544-005-6166-8
- Massimiliano Stagi, Petra S. Dittrich, Nadja Frank, Asparouh I. Iliev, Petra Schwille, Harald Neumann. Breakdown of Axonal Synaptic Vesicle Precursor Transport by Microglial Nitric Oxide. The Journal of Neuroscience 2005, 25
(2)
, 352-362. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3887-04.2005
- Paul C. Brister, Kalyan K. Kuricheti, Volker Buschmann, Kenneth D. Weston. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy for flow rate imaging and monitoring—optimization, limitations and artifacts. Lab Chip 2005, 5
(7)
, 785-791. https://doi.org/10.1039/B500129C
- Jurjen Emmelkamp, Floor Wolbers, Helene Andersson, Ralph S. DaCosta, Brian C. Wilson, Istvan Vermes, Albert van den Berg. The potential of autofluorescence for the detection of single living cells for label‐free cell sorting in microfluidic systems. ELECTROPHORESIS 2004, 25
(21-22)
, 3740-3745. https://doi.org/10.1002/elps.200406070
- Yuxiao Wang, Oliver Y.-H. Tai, C. H. Wang, Alex K.-Y. Jen. One-, two-, and three-photon absorption induced fluorescence of a novel chromophore in chloroform solution. The Journal of Chemical Physics 2004, 121
(16)
, 7901-7907. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1791092
- Kalyan K. Kuricheti, Volker Buschmann, Kenneth D. Weston. Application of Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy for Velocity Imaging in Microfluidic Devices. Applied Spectroscopy 2004, 58
(10)
, 1180-1186. https://doi.org/10.1366/0003702042335957
- Beno H. Kunst, Arjen Schots, Antonie J. W. G. Visser. Design of a confocal microfluidic particle sorter using fluorescent photon burst detection. Review of Scientific Instruments 2004, 75
(9)
, 2892-2898. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1781366