 Figure 3. Any carbon in a structure can have four general kinds of bonds. A change at each carbon is just a simple exchange of one bond type for another; this change is designated by the two letters for the bond made and for the bond lost. The four general kinds of bonds are skeletal bonds to other carbons (R),  -bonds to
adjacent carbons ( ), bonds to heteroatoms that are electronegative
(Z), and bonds to heteroatoms that are electropositive (H). These bonds
are referred to as  ,
, z, and h, respectively. Changes in
oxidation state are given in parentheses.
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