ACS Publications. Most Trusted. Most Cited. Most Read
Non-Severinghaus Potentiometric Dissolved CO2 Sensor with Improved Characteristics
More

OR SEARCH CITATIONS

My Activity
Publications

Figure 1Loading Img
Download Hi-Res ImageDownload to MS-PowerPointCite This:Anal. Chem. 2013, 85, 3, 1332-1336
  • Open Access
Technical Note

Non-Severinghaus Potentiometric Dissolved CO2 Sensor with Improved Characteristics
Click to copy article linkArticle link copied!

View Author Information
Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
*E-mail: [email protected]
Open PDFSupporting Information (1)

Analytical Chemistry

Cite this: Anal. Chem. 2013, 85, 3, 1332–1336
Click to copy citationCitation copied!
https://doi.org/10.1021/ac303534v
Published January 10, 2013

Copyright © 2013 American Chemical Society. This publication is licensed under these Terms of Use.

Request reuse permissions

Abstract

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!
High Resolution Image
Download MS PowerPoint Slide

A new type of carbon dioxide sensor comprising a pH glass electrode measured against a carbonate-selective membrane electrode based on a tweezer type carbonate ionophore is presented here for the first time. No cumbersome liquid junction based reference element is utilized in this measurement. The sensor shows an expected Nernstian divalent response slope to dissolved CO2 over a wide range covering the routine environmental and physiological PCO2 levels. Unlike the conventional Severinghaus CO2 probe for which the response is substantially delayed to up to 10 min due to diffusion of carbon dioxide into the internal compartment, the ion-selective CO2 sensor proposed here shows a response time (t95%) of 5 s. When used together with a traditional reference electrode, the sensor system is confirmed to also monitor sample pH and carbonate along with carbon dioxide. A selectivity analysis suggests that Cl– does not interfere even at high concentrations, allowing one to explore this type of sensor probe for use in seawater or undiluted blood samples. The CO2 probe has been used in an aquarium to monitor the CO2 levels caused by the diurnal cycles caused by the metabolism of the aquatic plants and shows stable and reproducible results.

Copyright © 2013 American Chemical Society

Subjects

what are subjects

The importance of dissolved carbon dioxide sensing cannot be overemphasized because of the key roles it plays in the clinical, biological, environmental, and eco-biological sciences. Carbon dioxide is a poorly reactive molecule, and for this reason, receptors based on the direct molecular recognition for carbon dioxide are rarely reported. Recently, measuring methods based on infrared and nondispersive infrared spectroscopy, photoacoustic effect, surface plasmon resonance, and thermal conductivity have been increasingly being explored. (1-5) Carbonate selective membrane electrodes have been used in commercial clinical analyzers to measure the total CO2 levels of blood via adjustment of the samples to high pH (8.5 to 9.5). (6) At the same time, the conventional and widely used carbon dioxide sensors in blood gas analyzers and in environmental monitoring are still based on the Severinghaus principle. (7-9)
The Severinghaus CO2 probe was first conceived by Richard Stow in 1954 and further improved by Dr. John W. Severinghaus. (7) In 1958, it was applied to the first blood gas analysis system for the measurement of carbon dioxide partial pressure in blood. (10) Today, the Severinghaus CO2 probe is relatively inexpensive and easy to handle. Specifically, it utilizes a pH electrode in contact with a thin layer of bicarbonate solution that is separated from the sample by a gas permeable membrane such as rubber or Teflon. CO2 dissolved in the sample is able to diffuse through the membrane into the inner NaHCO3 solution where it is allowed to change the pH until CO2 partition equilibrium is established. The resulting pH value of the bicarbonate solution is then recorded and related to dissolved CO2 levels in the sample. Oceanographic CO2 measurements are typically done in the same manner but sometimes make use of a stream of dissolved pH indicator dye to report on the internal pH change in a highly reproducible fashion. (11)
Despite its wide use, some key drawbacks of the Severinghaus CO2 probe are still very difficult to overcome. In general, the use of the Severinghaus CO2 probe has been confined to the studies of media with high carbon dioxide concentration. Because it works on the basis of spontaneous diffusion and the establishment of bulk phase equilibrium between the internal compartment and the sample, the response time of the Severinghaus CO2 probe is typically 1 min or longer. This response time increases with higher inner NaHCO3 levels. (10, 12) This slow response of the Severinghaus CO2 probe has been characterized by numerical simulations and is therefore well understood. (13, 14) It is not really an adequate tool when rapid real time variations of CO2 need to be monitored, as in the depth profiling of aquatic systems or the rapid analysis of clinical blood samples.
The sensitivity of the Severinghaus CO2 probe also decreases as the carbon dioxide partial pressure drops, requiring a careful calibration in order to work at low CO2 levels. (10) Moreover, while it prevents interference from ionic solutes, the gas permeable membrane allows the penetration of other volatile acids such as H2S and HCl in their neutral form that can potentially cause interference. (12, 15-17) The analysis of total carbon balance near the sediment–water interface may be affected by the presence of H2S, resulting in an experimental bias. (18, 19)
Carrier based ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) have evolved in the past years to become a well-established routine analysis technique in clinical laboratories, process control, and environmental analysis. (20, 21) Note that many interference problems mentioned above can be avoided using a carbonate-selective electrode at the backside of a Severinghaus type CO2 probe, rather than a pH electrode, as established by Meyerhoff. (22)
We postulate here based on thermodynamic considerations (23) that a pH electrode measured directly against a carbonate electrode without the use of a traditional reference electrode gives a direct measurement of free dissolved CO2 levels. This strategy has recently been explored in some analogy for the optical detection of CO2 and has earlier been applied for the potentiometric detection of dissolved H2S. (24, 25) Any earlier attempts to develop a CO2 probe based on this attractive principle would have required a highly selective carbonate responsive membrane electrode, which was not available at the time. More recently, a new class of carbonate selective ionophore based on a molecular tweezer architecture was reported by the groups of Nam and Cha for the realization of highly selective carbonate selective ISEs. (26, 27) The optical carbon dioxide sensor mentioned above made use of this very ionophore. (24) We report here on an attractive potentiometric carbon dioxide sensing probe that does not require a gas permeable membrane and offers improved sensing characteristics for a wide range of potential applications.

Experimental Section

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

Reagents

Poly(vinyl-chloride) (PVC, high molecular weight), bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DOA), N,N-dioctyl-3α,12α-bis(4-trifluoroacetylbenzoyloxy)-5β-cholan-24-amide (carbonate ionophore VII), tridodecylmethylammonium chloride (TDMACl), 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (Tris), and tetrahydrofuran (THF) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Carbon dioxide (5.0 vol % in nitrogen) and nitrogen gas (99.9 vol %) were purchased from PenGas in Switzerland. Aqueous solutions were prepared by dissolving the appropriate salts in Milli-Q purified water. All solvents and reagents used were analytically pure unless otherwise specified.

Apparatus

The glass pH electrode with combined Ag/AgCl reference (Ecotrode Plus) and the double junction Ag/AgCl reference electrode were purchased from Metrohm AG in Switzerland. CO2 and N2 gas were mixed in a gas mixing chamber with a magnetic stirring bar, and the gas mixture was subsequently bubbled into the sample compartment with a specially designed sealed cap. The commercial Severinghaus CO2 probe was purchased from Lazar Research Laboratories, Inc., US. Potential responses of the electrodes were measured with an EMF-16 precision electrochemistry EMF interface from Lawson Laboratories Inc. The aquarium was prepared by planting 3 specimens of Egeria densa (E. densa) in 10 L of fresh water.

Membrane and Measurements

The carbonate-selective membranes were prepared by dissolving the mixture composed of 8.3 mg of carbonate ionophore VII, 60 mg of PVC, 2 mg of TDMACl, and 100 μL of DOA in 2 mL of THF. The cocktail solution was then poured into a glass ring (22 mm in diameter) placed on a slide glass and dried overnight at room temperature under a dust-free environment. Small disks were punched from the cast films and mounted in Ostec electrode bodies (Ostec, Sargans, Switzerland).
The calibration was done in 10–4 M NaHCO3 solution equilibrated with different partial pressures of CO2. The selectivity and response time of the sensor were characterized in 0.1 M, pH 8.0 Tris–H2SO4 buffer solutions. For the experiments shown in Figure 3, PCO2 was kept at 5% while different amounts of NaHCO3 were added to the solution and the potential response was monitored.
To evaluate the influence of sample pH to the sensor response (Figure 3), the ion-selective electrodes were placed into 0.01 M NaHCO3 solution equilibrated with 0.05 atm CO2 partial pressure. Aliquots of HCl were added to reduce the sample pH. After each addition step, the sample was allowed to re-equilibrate to the same CO2 partial pressure (PCO2 = 0.05 atm) and the sensor response was recorded.
For the CO2 measurement in the aquarium, the water solution containing 3 E. densa specimens was prepared and maintained at the same condition for the plants to stabilize before the electrodes were deployed. A 10 W incandescent light bulb was placed 10 cm above the water surface. The light was alternatively kept on for 16 h and off for 8 h while the electrodes were immersed in the aquarium and the sensor response was recorded.

Results and Discussion

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!
The sensor principle is presented in Scheme 1. The pH of the sample solution is monitored against a carbonate selective electrode. No potentially cumbersome liquid junction based reference element is required. The difference of potentials between the pH electrode and the carbonate-selective ISE is directly related to the dissolved CO2 and the partial pressure of CO2 in the atmosphere, which is at equilibrium with the sample solution.

Scheme 1

Scheme 1. Representation of the Ion-Selective CO2 Sensor and Its Working Principle
High Resolution Image
Download MS PowerPoint Slide
According to established dissociation equilibria, dissolved CO2 activity is coupled to carbonate and hydrogen ion activity through the acid dissociation equilibria as follows:(1)where Ka1 and Ka2 are the two acid dissociation constants for dissolved CO2. Note that dissolved CO2 is understood as the sum of carbonic acid and free carbon dioxide, the concentration ratio of which is constant at equilibrium. As ion-selective electrodes are established to respond to single ion activities, an electrochemical cell comprising a pH glass electrode and a carbonate-selective electrode responds to dissolved carbon dioxide quite naturally, without extra-thermodynamic assumptions:(2)where K and K′ are constants that vary with the inner solution composition of the electrodes. The constants are related through eq 1.
The CO2 response of the new gas sensing probe is shown in Figure 1. According to eq 2, a Nernstian slope for a divalent ion is expected for carbon dioxide, which was indeed observed. The calibration was performed with three different electrodes, and the mean values are plotted in Figure 1. As can be seen, the sensor is able to measure PCO2 at levels as low as 30 ppm (3 × 10–5 atm), which is sufficient for routine environmental CO2 measurements (180–300 ppm). (28, 29) The sensor response to even lower PCO2 could not be evaluated due to the difficulty in sample preparation at very low PCO2. For the Severinghaus CO2 probe, since it measures pH indirectly, a Nernstian slope is observed above 0.001 atm. Note that, at low PCO2 levels, the sensitivity becomes lower and a deviation from the ideal Nernstian response is observed. This sensitivity loss at low PCO2 region is due to deteriorating buffer capacity of the HCO3–/CO2 couple as already reported by Severinghaus. (10)

Figure 1

Figure 1. Calibration curves of the sensor responses to CO2 in a 10–4 M hydrogen carbonate solution, the gas phase above 10–4 M hydrogen carbonate solution, and dry CO2 + N2 gas mixture with different levels of PCO2. The term Pθ on the x-axis is the partial pressure under standard conditions (1 atm). Shown structure is that of the tweezer-type carbonate ionophore used in the carbonate-selective membrane.

High Resolution Image
Download MS PowerPoint Slide
As shown in Figure 2, even at quite high PCO2 levels, it takes at least 5 min for the signal of the Severinghaus CO2 probe to stabilize. The lower the PCO2 value, the slower it gets. Previous numerical simulations have fully characterized this diffusion controlled process. (13, 14) The lagging behind in the response is not desired when real time monitoring of PCO2 is needed. Signal drifting will accumulate during the long equilibrating process and contribute also in part to the deviation from the ideal behavior of the Severinghaus CO2 probe shown in Figure 1.

Figure 2

Figure 2. Comparison of response time between the Severinghaus CO2 probe (SH) and the ion-selective CO2 sensor (PCO2) in 0.1 M, pH 8.0 Tris–H2SO4 buffer solution equilibrated with different CO2 partial pressures: (A) 0.0004 atm; (B) 0.0066 atm; (C) 0.0655 atm.

High Resolution Image
Download MS PowerPoint Slide
The normal mean PCO2 in arterial blood is in the range of 35–45 mmHg (0.046–0.059 atm), and a slow response time is currently tolerated for lack of a more performing sensor principle. (30) However, at lower PCO2, the diffusion of CO2 from the sample through the gas permeable membrane of the Severinghaus probe into the inner HCO3 containing solution becomes even slower and may become untolerable for practical use. Direct detection by potentiometry without the overlay of a diffusion membrane is orders of magnitude faster and may reach the tens of millisecond time scale with optimized fluidic control. (31) In batch mode, a time scale on the order of seconds is typical, which is attributed to the equilibration of the Nernst layer with the bulk solution. As shown in Figure 2 for the proposed ion-selective CO2 sensor, the potential indeed stabilizes typically within 5 s (t95%) upon change of different PCO2 values. The response time for the experiment of stepping from high PCO2 to low PCO2 conditions is shown in Figure S1 (see Supporting Information). The response in this direction is also fast, with t95% <10 s.
At high PCO2 values, the diffusion of CO2 from the sample into the inner solution might cause signal drift if the inner solution is not well buffered in carbonate, but this was not observed here. Carbon dioxide partitioning from the membrane into the sample may also result in potential drifts at very low values of PCO2. While these effects may be mainly relevant under rather specialized measurement conditions, they could be minimized by moving to an all solid state electrode design. (32)
The combination of a pH electrode, a carbonate-selective electrode, and a reference electrode allows one to monitor pH, PCO2, and carbonate concentration at the same time. Note that the measurements of pH and carbonate activity are, despite their acceptance in practice, thermodynamically less defined than the direct monitoring of PCO2 with the proposed methodology.
As shown in Figure S2, Supporting Information, when the sample solution was equilibrated after each NaHCO3 addition step with 5% CO2 (vol % in N2), the amount of dissolved CO2 is controlled by Henry’s law and thus does not change. This means that the PCO2 response from the sensor should remain the same. However, the level of dissociation of CO2 to the carbonate species depends on the alkalinity of the solution. Therefore, when the NaHCO3 concentration is increased gradually, an increase in pH is expected along with the increase of carbonate activity. All this information may now be obtained from a single experiment as shown in Figure S2, Supporting Information. Each addition of NaHCO3 is followed by the decrease in potential of the pH and carbonate-selective electrode, indicating the increase of pH and carbonate concentration. However, the observed PCO2 value, which is obtained from the difference of the two mentioned potentials, is confirmed to remain the same after the solution is brought to equilibrium with the atmosphere. Note that there is a spike of PCO2 immediately after each addition of NaHCO3. After equilibrating with the atmosphere (the equilibration time varies with the volume and effectiveness of stirring the solution), the signals come back to the same level. The ion-selective CO2 sensor is able to monitor these real time changes of the PCO2 re-equilibration process. In contrast, since the response time of the Severinghaus CO2 probe is on the order of many minutes and therefore longer than the equilibration time of the solution, it cannot access this kinetic information.
The selectivity of the ion-selective CO2 sensor is mainly limited by the selectivity of the carbonate-selective electrode, since the pH electrode is highly selective to hydrogen ions. The carbonate-selective electrode has been carefully characterized earlier by other groups. (26, 27) Here, the selectivity was revaluated under the same experimental conditions used in the previous reports (see Supporting Information). (26) As shown in Figure S3 and in agreement with previous work, interference from Cl– remains highly suppressed, suggesting that the sensor may potentially work in unmodified seawater samples as well as blood samples where Cl– is abundant. In addition, the interference of HS– has been studied here for the first time. Hydrogen sulfide is a common component of the coastal environment generated by bacterial metabolism. (33, 34) Sulfide is found under anaerobic conditions such as the sediment covered with or inundated by seawater. When CO2 levels in these environments need to be determined, H2S will cause interference to the traditional Severinghaus CO2 probe because it is able to diffuse through the gas permeable membrane as a neutral species as well and change the pH of the inner NaHCO3 in analogy to CO2. At neutral pH, sulfides exist mainly in the form of HS– and H2S. From Figure S3, Supporting Information, it is clear that HS– is suppressed by 3.5 orders of magnitude. The hydrogen sulfide levels are reported to be at a maximum of 100 μmol per liter. (35, 36) On the basis of these results, one may reason that HS– will not cause interference to the ion-selective CO2 sensor in such environments.
The carbonate-selective electrode is intrinsically responsive to carbonate activity in the sample. As the solution pH is lowered to below the pKa1 of CO2, free carbonate will become an ever smaller fraction of total carbonate in the sample and one expects a critical pH at which other ions such as chloride will start to effectively interfere. In Figure 3, the sample solution was equilibrated at every point with 0.05 atm CO2 while the pH of the sample was continuously lowered with HCl. The ideal PCO2 sensor response should be the same at all points as indicated by the broken line. The PCO2 detection limit is reached at pH values of around 4.8, below which value this probe is no longer recommended for determination of PCO2.

Figure 3

Figure 3. Response of the ion-selective CO2 sensor as a function of pH at a constant PCO2 of 0.05 atm. Solid lines for CO32– and PCO2 are fitted with the modified Nicolsky-Eisenman equation (20) with a logarithmic selectivity coefficient for CO32– over Cl– of −6.2. The broken line indicates the ideal behavior of the sensor.

High Resolution Image
Download MS PowerPoint Slide
As an early example, we demonstrated that the ion-selective CO2 sensor could be used to monitor the metabolic cycles of aquatic plants. The aquarium contained specimens of E. densa planted in sand. Light was alternatively switched on for 16 h and off for 8 h. As shown in Figure S4, Supporting Information, when the light was on, the photosynthesis process of the plants consumed carbon dioxide and thus decreased the CO2 concentration in the aquarium. When light was switched off, the plants started to produce CO2 because of cellular respiration and resulted in an increase in CO2 concentration. The ups and downs in CO2 response were observed both for the Severinghaus CO2 probe and the ion-selective CO2 sensor. The ion-selective CO2 sensor showed a dissolved CO2 concentration of 85.3 ± 0.8 mmol/L toward the end of the night and 58.2 ± 0.7 mmol/L toward the end of the day. In contrast, the Severinghaus CO2 probe gave the dissolved CO2 concentration as 87.1 ± 17.1 mmol/L toward the end of the night and 60.8 ± 2.0 mmol/L toward the end of the day. While the dissolved CO2 concentration is difficult to quantify independently owing to the dynamic and spatially distributed nature of the experiment, the ion-selective CO2 sensor gave more stable and reproducible results since a stronger drift of the signals was observed for the Severinghaus CO2 probe. Nevertheless, the CO2 concentrations from the two sensors were close to each other and confirmed the ability of the sensor for such an application.
In conclusion, a potentiometric method of the use of pH and carbonate selective electrodes to measure carbon dioxide in solution and in its equilibrated atmosphere was introduced. The sensor showed the expected Nernstian response for a divalent ion with a detection limit sufficiently low for most environmental and clinical applications of interest. The response was orders of magnitude faster than for the conventional Severinghaus CO2 probe and allowed us to trace CO2 changes in real time. Further, the combined electrodes may also provide information about pH and carbonate while CO2 was measured, in which case the use of a reference electrode becomes necessary.

Supporting Information

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

Additional information as noted in text. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.

Terms & Conditions

Most electronic Supporting Information files are available without a subscription to ACS Web Editions. Such files may be downloaded by article for research use (if there is a public use license linked to the relevant article, that license may permit other uses). Permission may be obtained from ACS for other uses through requests via the RightsLink permission system: http://pubs.acs.org/page/copyright/permissions.html.

Author Information

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!
  • Corresponding Author
    • Eric Bakker - Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland;  Email: [email protected]
  • Author
    • Xiaojiang Xie - Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
  • Notes
    The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Acknowledgment

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

The authors thank the Swiss National Science Foundation for financial support of this research.

References

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

This article references 36 other publications.

  1. 1
    Herman, P.; Murtaza, Z.; Lakowicz, J. Anal. Biochem. 1999, 272, 87
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  2. 2
    Burke, C. S.; Markey, A.; Nooney, R. I.; Byrne, P.; McDonagh, C. Sens. Actuators, B 2006, 119, 288
    Google Scholar
    2
    Development of an optical sensor probe for the detection of dissolved carbon dioxide
    Burke, Conor S.; Markey, Adam; Nooney, Robert I.; Byrne, Patrick; McDonagh, Colette
    Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical (2006), 119 (1), 288-294CODEN: SABCEB; ISSN:0925-4005. (Elsevier B.V.)
    A robust, low-cost optical probe for the detection of dissolved CO2 was developed. The design centers on the use of a custom-designed polymer optical element (POE), which obviates the need for optical fibers, thereby improving probe stability and rendering it more suitable for use outside a lab. environment. The probe employs LED excitation of a luminescent sensor membrane and signal detection is provided by a Si pin photodiode. The phase-based sensing technique of dual luminophore referencing (DLR) was employed in conjunction with a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) sensor membrane to yield the sensor response. The membrane was doped with the fluorescent indicator, hydroxypyrenetrisulfonic acid (HPTS) along with a ref. luminophore as SiO2 microparticles, doped with the fluorescent Ru complex, Ru(dpp)32+. A limit of detection of ∼7 μM of dissolved CO2 was achieved, demonstrating the promising potential of this generic sensor probe configuration.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD28XptlGjsbY%253D&md5=d09e5f53a32b2c6b41a7ceef8aa2dc7c
  3. 3
    Plata, M.; Hernando, J.; Zougagh, M.; Contento, A.; Villasenor, M.; Sanchezrojas, J.; Rios, A. Sens. Actuators, B 2008, 134, 245
    Google Scholar
    3
    Characterization and analytical validation of a microcantilever-based sensor for the determination of total carbonate in soil samples
    Plata, M. R.; Hernando, J.; Zougagh, M.; Contento, A. M.; Villasenor, M. J.; Sanchez-Rojas, J. L.; Rios, A.
    Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical (2008), B134 (1), 245-251CODEN: SABCEB; ISSN:0925-4005. (Elsevier B.V.)
    A microcantilever device has been used as a miniaturized sensor for the detn. of total carbonate in soil samples. The method is based on the selective generation of CO2 (g) from samples and the measure of the pressure effect on the microcantilever sensor located in a closed system. The exptl. set-up uses a manifold including the sample reaction minichamber and a dedicated flow-cell designed and built for housing the microcantilever. The response of this sensor was electronically and anal. characterized by using conductance signals. The anal. performance of the sensor was compared to that provided by the conventional quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), demonstrating advantages in terms of sensitivity, linear range of response and resoln. After the optimization of the method, it was validated for its use for direct detn. of carbonate in soil samples. The method allowed the detn. of carbonate in the 3-75 mg range, with a precision of 1.7%, expressed as relative std. deviation. It was applied to the anal. of different soil samples, obtaining results in agreement with those produced by the official method.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1cXhtVejsr3L&md5=0b753684ae1b976689d00dfc99253ce7
  4. 4
    Abderrahim, H.; Berrebia, M.; Hamou, A.; Kherief, H.; Zanoun, Y.; Zenata, K. J. Mater. Environ. Sci. 2011, 2, 94
    Google Scholar
    4
    Measure of carbon dioxide using a gas sensor of a semiconductor type based on tin dioxide (SnO2)
    Abderrahim, H.; Berrebia, M.; Hamou, A.; Kherief, H.; Zanoun, Y.; Zenata, K.
    Journal of Materials and Environmental Science (2011), 2 (2), 94-103CODEN: JMESCN; ISSN:2028-2508. (Mohammed Premier University, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry & Environment)
    To analyze and predict recent and future climate change on a global scale exchange processes of greenhouse gases-primarily carbon dioxide (CO2)-over various ecosystems are of rising interest. Monitoring the chem. compn. of the atm., esp. CO2, which is considered one of the main greenhouse gases, is a continuous in specialized measuring stations scattered in different places over the planet. The system proposed in this work measures carbon dioxide using a gas sensor of a semiconductor type based on tin dioxide (SnO2) and is mainly a process of understanding the air quality to meet in one hand to a goal of miniaturization, low cost and portability, and it is a portable desktop instrument which measures carbon monoxide concn. in air, within range of 0-1200 ppm and a resoln. of 1 ppm. The LCD can display outputs concn. immediately in ppm in real time, every one hour, every three hours or every six hours. On the other hand to carry out either punctual measures in different places or to det. the temporal variations of a fixed site the concn. of carbon dioxide. This system offers two options for display: the first on an LCD display and the second via microcomputer via a RS232 link. Considering the importance of temp., its measurement is therefore incorporated into the measurement entity.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXlsVahtb8%253D&md5=5ace68ef0627f7df8f4b0ffed5d31058
  5. 5
    Lang, T.; Hirsch, T.; Fenzl, C.; Brandl, F.; Wolfbeis, O. S. Anal. Chem. 2012, 84, 9085
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  6. 6
    Shin, J. H.; Sakong, D. S.; Nam, H.; Cha, G. S. Anal. Chem. 1996, 68, 221
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  7. 7
    Severinghaus, J. W. J. Appl. Physiol. 2004, 97, 1599
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  8. 8
    Gambino, S. R. Clin. Chem. 1960, 7, 236
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  9. 9
    Burnett, R. W.; Noonan, D. C. Clin. Chem. 1974, 20, 1499
    Google Scholar
    9
    Calculations and correction factors used in determination of blood pH and blood gases
    Burnett R W; Noonan D C
    Clinical chemistry (1974), 20 (12), 1499-506 ISSN:0009-9147.
    There is no expanded citation for this reference.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADyaE2M%252Fjsl2jtw%253D%253D&md5=3767d4fc4a79a49b9c94af0e68a09e36
  10. 10
    Severinghaus, J. W.; Bradley, A. F. J. Appl. Physiol. 1958, 13, 515
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  11. 11
    Wang, Z. A.; Liu, X.; Byrne, R. H.; Wanninkhof, R.; Bernstein, R. E.; Kaltenbacher, E. A.; Patten, J. Anal. Chim. Acta 2007, 596, 23
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  12. 12
    Suzuki, H.; Arakawa, H.; Sasaki, S.; Karube, I. Anal. Chem. 1999, 71, 1737
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  13. 13
    Schoot, B. V. d.; Bergveld, P. Anal. Chim. Acta 1985, 166, 93
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  14. 14
    Samukawa, T.; Ohta, K.; Onitsuka, M.; Ito, Y.; Motohashi, R. Anal. Chim. Acta 1995, 316, 83
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  15. 15
    Guilbault, G. G.; Shu, F. R. Anal. Chem. 1972, 44, 2161
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  16. 16
    Morf, W. E.; Mostert, I. A.; Simon, W. Anal. Chem. 1985, 57, 1122
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  17. 17
    Lopez, M. E. Anal. Chem. 1984, 56, 2360
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  18. 18
    DeVries, C. R.; Wang, F. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 792
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  19. 19
    Clement, R. E.; Yang, P. W. Anal. Chem. 2001, 73, 2761
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  20. 20
    Bakker, E.; Bühlmann, P.; Pretsch, E. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 3083
    Google Scholar
    20
    Carrier-Based Ion-Selective Electrodes and Bulk Optodes. 1. General Characteristics
    Bakker, Eric; Buehlmann, Philippe; Pretsch, Ernoe
    Chemical Reviews (Washington, D. C.) (1997), 97 (8), 3083-3132CODEN: CHREAY; ISSN:0009-2665. (American Chemical Society)
    A review, with 322 refs., is given on the relation of the response of carrier-based ion-selective electrodes and bulk optodes.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaK2sXnsFSiu74%253D&md5=8719f01e08a2f5172d4aa95586fa5242
  21. 21
    Bakker, E.; Pretsch, E. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed 2009, 46, 5660
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  22. 22
    Hyoung, S. Y.; Geun, S. C.; Meyerhoff, M. E. Anal. Chim. Acta 1990, 273, 115
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  23. 23
    Butler, J. N. Carbon Dioxide Equilibria and Their Applications; Addison-Wesley: Reading, MA, 1982.
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  24. 24
    Xie, X.; Pawlak, M.; Tercier-Waeber, M.-L.; Bakker, E. Anal. Chem. 2012, 84, 3163
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  25. 25
    Gulens, J.; Herrington, H. D.; Thorpe, J. W.; Mainprize, G.; Cooke, M. G.; Bello, P. D.; Macdougall, S. Anal. Chim. Acta 1982, 138, 55
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  26. 26
    Choi, Y. S.; Lvova, L.; Shin, J. H.; Oh, S. H.; Lee, C. S.; Kim, B. H.; Cha, G. S.; Nam, H. Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 2435
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  27. 27
    Jin Lee, H.; Yoon, I. J.; Yoo, C. L.; Pyun, H.-J.; Cha, G. S.; Nam, H. Anal. Chem. 2000, 72, 4694
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  28. 28
    Cawley, G. C. Energy Fuels 2011, 25, 5503
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  29. 29
    Zeebe, R. E. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2012, 40, 141
    Google Scholar
    29
    History of seawater carbonate chemistry, atmospheric CO2, and ocean acidification
    Zeebe, Richard E.
    Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences (2012), 40 (), 141-165CODEN: AREPCI; ISSN:0084-6597. (Annual Reviews Inc.)
    A review. Humans are continuing to add vast amts. of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atm. through fossil fuel burning and other activities. A large fraction of the CO2 is taken up by the oceans in a process that lowers ocean pH and carbonate mineral satn. state. This effect has potentially serious consequences for marine life, which are, however, difficult to predict. One approach to address the issue is to study the geol. record, which may provide clues about what the future holds for ocean chem. and marine organisms. This article reviews basic controls on ocean carbonate chem. on different timescales and examines past ocean chem. changes and ocean acidification events during various geol. eras. The results allow evaluation of the current anthropogenic perturbation in the context of Earth's history. It appears that the ocean acidification event that humans are expected to cause is unprecedented in the geol. past, for which sufficiently well-preserved records are available.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XovFSlsbk%253D&md5=56f1207fd19a2d0e81bca30e292abf84
  30. 30
    Weil, M. H.; Rackow, E. C.; Trevino, R.; Grundler, W.; Falk, J. L.; Griffel, M. I. N. Engl. J. Med. 1986, 315, 153
    Google Scholar
    30
    Difference in acid-base state between venous and arterial blood during cardiopulmonary resuscitation
    Weil M H; Rackow E C; Trevino R; Grundler W; Falk J L; Griffel M I
    The New England journal of medicine (1986), 315 (3), 153-6 ISSN:0028-4793.
    We investigated the acid-base condition of arterial and mixed venous blood during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in 16 critically ill patients who had arterial and pulmonary arterial catheters in place at the time of cardiac arrest. During cardiopulmonary resuscitation, the arterial blood pH averaged 7.41, whereas the average mixed venous blood pH was 7.15 (P less than 0.001). The mean arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) was 32 mm Hg, whereas the mixed venous PCO2 was 74 mm Hg (P less than 0.001). In a subgroup of 13 patients in whom blood gases were measured before, as well as during, cardiac arrest, arterial pH, PCO2, and bicarbonate were not significantly changed during arrest. However, mixed venous blood demonstrated striking decreases in pH (P less than 0.001) and increases in PCO2 (P less than 0.004). We conclude that mixed venous blood most accurately reflects the acid-base state during cardiopulmonary resuscitation, especially the rapid increase in PCO2. Arterial blood does not reflect the marked reduction in mixed venous (and therefore tissue) pH, and thus arterial blood gases may fail as appropriate guides for acid-base management in this emergency.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADyaL283lslejtg%253D%253D&md5=6d54990ad3ba4109e2efb91006a2c2c1
  31. 31
    Huser, M.; Gehrig, P. M.; Morf, W. E.; Simon, W. Anal. Chem. 1991, 63, 1380
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  32. 32
    Song, F.; Ha, J.; Park, B.; Kwak, T. H.; Kim, I. T.; Nam, H.; Cha, G. S. Talanta 2002, 57, 263
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  33. 33
    Christensen, J. K.; Hoyer, B.; Kryger, L.; Pind, N.; Kong, L. S. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 1605
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  34. 34
    Brouwer, H. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 182
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  35. 35
    Phillips, B. M.; Anderson, B. S.; Hunt, J. W. Mar. Environ. Res. 1997, 44, 117
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  36. 36
    Black, K. D.; Kiemer, M. C. B.; Ezzi, I. A. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 1996, 12, 15
    Google Scholar
    36
    The relationships between hydrodynamics, the concentration of hydrogen sulfide produced by polluted sediments and fish health at several marine cage farms in Scotland and Ireland
    Black, K. D.; Kiemer, M. C. B.; Ezzi, I. A.
    Journal of Applied Ichthyology (1996), 12 (1), 15-20CODEN: JAICEF; ISSN:0175-8659. (Blackwell)
    Waste products from marine cage salmon farming can cause org. enrichment of the benthos in the immediate area of the farm with potentially deleterious consequences to fish health. The relations between benthic enrichment and hydrodynamic parameters such as mean current speed, max. current speed and incidence of low currents were examd. Benthic impact was assessed on the basis of SCUBA diver observation and measurements of H2S in the water immediately (within 30 cm) overlying the sediment at slack water. Other factors such as max. site biomass and the age of the site were also considered. At 7 of the 8 salmon farms studied there was a good correlation between mean current speed (r = -0.877) and incidence of low currents (r = 0.943) with log mean H2S site was thought to be due to a combination of high levels of terrigenous org. input to the site and overfeeding. The relation between fish growth and mortality with H2S concn. was also examd. Good correlation between both fish growth (r = -0.819) and cumulative percentage mortality (r = 0.941), and log mean H2S concn. were found when the data from one exceptional site were excluded.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaK28XjtlWqtLw%253D&md5=06431a300c10469eb2a88671b47506a0

Cited By

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!
Citation Statements
Explore this article's citation statements on scite.ai
powered by  Scite

This article is cited by 47 publications.

  1. Zhibo Liao, Tianjia Jiang, Wei Qin. Electrochemical Sensing System for Rapid In Situ Monitoring of Oceanic pCO2. ACS Earth and Space Chemistry 2023, 7 (11) , 2182-2189. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00047
  2. Esmaeil Heydari-Bafrooei, Ali A. Ensafi, Mohaddeseh Afshari, Mohammad Dinari, Vahid Ghafarinia. Mediator-Free Self-Powered Bioassay for Wide-Range Detection of Dissolved Carbon Dioxide. Analytical Chemistry 2022, 94 (46) , 16033-16041. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03021
  3. Seong-Soo Lee, Mirkomil Sharipov, Won June Kim, Yong-Ill Lee. Turn Off–On Fluorescent CO2 Gas Detection Based on Amine-Functionalized Imidazole-Based Poly(ionic liquid). ACS Omega 2022, 7 (44) , 40485-40492. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c05695
  4. Deby Fapyane, Dmitriy Berillo, Jean-Louis Marty, Niels Peter Revsbech. Urea Biosensor Based on a CO2 Microsensor. ACS Omega 2020, 5 (42) , 27582-27590. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c04146
  5. Elena Zdrachek, Eric Bakker. From Molecular and Emulsified Ion Sensors to Membrane Electrodes: Molecular and Mechanistic Sensor Design. Accounts of Chemical Research 2019, 52 (5) , 1400-1408. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00056
  6. Rohini Athavale, Nadezda Pankratova, Christian Dinkel, Eric Bakker, Bernhard Wehrli, Andreas Brand. Fast Potentiometric CO2 Sensor for High-Resolution in Situ Measurements in Fresh Water Systems. Environmental Science & Technology 2018, 52 (19) , 11259-11266. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02969
  7. Maria Cuartero, Nadezda Pankratova, Thomas Cherubini, Gaston A. Crespo, Francesco Massa, Fabio Confalonieri, Eric Bakker. In Situ Detection of Species Relevant to the Carbon Cycle in Seawater with Submersible Potentiometric Probes. Environmental Science & Technology Letters 2017, 4 (10) , 410-415. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.7b00388
  8. Robert J. Soto, Jackson R. Hall, Micah D. Brown, James B. Taylor, and Mark H. Schoenfisch . In Vivo Chemical Sensors: Role of Biocompatibility on Performance and Utility. Analytical Chemistry 2017, 89 (1) , 276-299. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04251
  9. Sutida Jansod, Majid Ghahraman Afshar, Gastón A. Crespo, and Eric Bakker . Alkalinization of Thin Layer Samples with a Selective Proton Sink Membrane Electrode for Detecting Carbonate by Carbonate-Selective Electrodes. Analytical Chemistry 2016, 88 (7) , 3444-3448. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00346
  10. Eric Bakker . Electroanalysis with Membrane Electrodes and Liquid–Liquid Interfaces. Analytical Chemistry 2016, 88 (1) , 395-413. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04034
  11. Dajing Yuan, Alexandre H. C. Anthis, Majid Ghahraman Afshar, Nadezda Pankratova, Maria Cuartero, Gastón A. Crespo, and Eric Bakker . All-Solid-State Potentiometric Sensors with a Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Inner Transducing Layer for Anion Detection in Environmental Samples. Analytical Chemistry 2015, 87 (17) , 8640-8645. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01941
  12. Kuan Huang, Nicolas Cassar, Bror Jonsson, Wei-jun Cai, and Michael L. Bender . An Ultrahigh Precision, High-Frequency Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Analyzer Based on Dual Isotope Dilution and Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy. Environmental Science & Technology 2015, 49 (14) , 8602-8610. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b01036
  13. Ajeet Kaushik, Rajesh Kumar, Sunil K. Arya, Madhavan Nair, B. D. Malhotra, and Shekhar Bhansali . Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Nanocomposite-Based Gas Sensors for Environmental Monitoring. Chemical Reviews 2015, 115 (11) , 4571-4606. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr400659h
  14. Zdeňka Jarolímová, Gastón A. Crespo, Xiaojiang Xie, Majid Ghahraman Afshar, Marcin Pawlak, and Eric Bakker . Chronopotentiometric Carbonate Detection with All-Solid-State Ionophore-Based Electrodes. Analytical Chemistry 2014, 86 (13) , 6307-6314. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac5004163
  15. Zhaohui Aleck Wang, Sophie N. Chu, and Katherine A. Hoering . High-Frequency Spectrophotometric Measurements of Total Dissolved Inorganic Carbon in Seawater. Environmental Science & Technology 2013, 47 (14) , 7840-7847. https://doi.org/10.1021/es400567k
  16. Kesi Xiong, Haitao Liu, Fanglin Du, Long Li, Yi Qian. Direct potentiometric bicarbonate/carbon dioxide sensing based on polymeric membranes doped with selective meso -bisubstituted calix[4]pyrrole ionophores. Analytical Methods 2024, 16 (30) , 5223-5230. https://doi.org/10.1039/D4AY00405A
  17. Donghyun Kim, Ki‐Seob Hwang, Won‐Gun Koh, Jun‐Young Lee. Fine‐Tunable CO 2 Colorimetric Sensors and CO 2 Level Indicator Meter with Horizontal Linear Gauge via Inter‐Chain Spacers. Advanced Materials Technologies 2024, 9 (9) https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202302147
  18. Stefanny N. Toala, Zhentao Sun, Yanfeng Yue, Stephen F. Gonski, Wei-Jun Cai. Recent developments in ionophore-based potentiometric electrochemical sensors for oceanic carbonate detection. Sensors & Diagnostics 2024, 3 (4) , 599-622. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3SD00232B
  19. Yupu Zhang, Xinfeng Du, Jingying Zhai, Xiaojiang Xie. A Tunable Colorimetric Carbon Dioxide Sensor Based on Ion‐Exchanger‐ and Chromoionophore‐Doped Hydrogel. Analysis & Sensing 2023, 3 (6) https://doi.org/10.1002/anse.202300002
  20. Regina Belugina, Elena Puchkova, Ekaterina Yuskina, Arsen Khalatov, Vladimir Podberezskiy, Sergey Savinov, Andrey Legin, Vitaly Panchuk, Dmitry Kirsanov. Getting rid of reference electrode in potentiometric multisensor measurements. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 2023, 393 , 134269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2023.134269
  21. Nikolai Yu. Tiuftiakov, Kye J. Robinson, Eric Bakker. Solvatochromic coextraction‐based optical carbonate nanosensors. Electroanalysis 2023, 35 (6) https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.202200507
  22. Yubin Su, Yao Lin, Yuanyuan Li, Tian Ren, Yurong Deng, Chengbin Zheng. A high-throughput atomic emission analyzer for simultaneous field detection of dissolved inorganic and organic carbon in seawater and lake water. Analytica Chimica Acta 2023, 1261 , 341184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2023.341184
  23. M.B. Malarvili, Teo Aik Howe, Santheraleka Ramanathan, Mushikiwabeza Alexie, Om Prakash Singh. Design of carbon dioxide sensor for capnography. 2023, 131-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85747-5.00004-8
  24. Yan Cao, Zahra Rostami, Roya Ahmadi, Seyedeh Bahareh Azimi, Mohsen Mohammad Raei Nayini, Mohammad Javed Ansari, Maryam Derakhshandeh. RETRACTED: Study the role of MgONTs on adsorption and detection of carbon dioxide: First-principles density calculations. Computational and Theoretical Chemistry 2022, 1208 , 113572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113572
  25. Maria Cuartero. Electrochemical sensors for in-situ measurement of ions in seawater. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 2021, 334 , 129635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2021.129635
  26. Qinghan Chen, Liu-Pan Yang, Dong-Hao Li, Jingying Zhai, Wei Jiang, Xiaojiang Xie. Potentiometric determination of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine with ion-selective electrodes containing oxatub[4]arenes as the ionophore. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 2021, 326 , 128836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2020.128836
  27. Niels Peter Revsbech, Michael Nielsen, Deby Fapyane. Ion Selective Amperometric Biosensors for Environmental Analysis of Nitrate, Nitrite and Sulfate. Sensors 2020, 20 (15) , 4326. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20154326
  28. J. V. Capella, Alberto Bonastre, Rafael Ors, Miguel Peris. A New Application of Internet of Things and Cloud Services in Analytical Chemistry: Determination of Bicarbonate in Water. Sensors 2019, 19 (24) , 5528. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19245528
  29. Li-Cheng Ho, Lin-Chi Chen. Development of a Potentionmetric CO 2 Sensor Chip Based on the Solid-Contact Ion-Selecitve Electrodes. 2019, 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISOEN.2019.8823235
  30. Xiang Li, Qi Wang. Recent progress of dissolved carbon dioxide measurement technologies based on optical methods. Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 2019, 41 (8) , 2374-2385. https://doi.org/10.1177/0142331218791225
  31. Niels Peter Revsbech, Emilio Garcia-Robledo, Steffen Sveegaard, Mikkel Holmen Andersen, Kurt Vesterager Gothelf, Lars Hauer Larsen. Amperometic microsensor for measurement of gaseous and dissolved CO2. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 2019, 283 , 349-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.12.038
  32. Sylwia Dabrowska, Jan Migdalski, Andrzej Lewenstam. A Breakthrough Application of a Cross-Linked Polystyrene Anion-Exchange Membrane for a Hydrogencarbonate Ion-Selective Electrode. Sensors 2019, 19 (6) , 1268. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19061268
  33. Eva Fritzsche, Christoph Staudinger, Jan P. Fischer, Roland Thar, Hans W. Jannasch, Joshua N. Plant, Marguerite Blum, Gene Massion, Hans Thomas, Jon Hoech, Kenneth S. Johnson, Sergey M. Borisov, Ingo Klimant. A validation and comparison study of new, compact, versatile optodes for oxygen, pH and carbon dioxide in marine environments. Marine Chemistry 2018, 207 , 63-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2018.10.009
  34. Christoph Staudinger, Martin Strobl, Jan P. Fischer, Roland Thar, Torsten Mayr, Daniel Aigner, Bernhard J. Müller, Bernhard Müller, Philipp Lehner, Günter Mistlberger, Eva Fritzsche, Josef Ehgartner, Peter W. Zach, Jennifer S. Clarke, Felix Geißler, André Mutzberg, Jens D. Müller, Eric P. Achterberg, Sergey M. Borisov, Ingo Klimant. A versatile optode system for oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH measurements in seawater with integrated battery and logger. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 2018, 16 (7) , 459-473. https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10260
  35. Xiaomeng Shang, Ganhua Xie, Xiang‐Yu Kong, Zhen Zhang, Yuqi Zhang, Wei Tian, Liping Wen, Lei Jiang. An Artificial CO 2 ‐Driven Ionic Gate Inspired by Olfactory Sensory Neurons in Mosquitoes. Advanced Materials 2017, 29 (3) https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201603884
  36. Sylwia Dabrowska, Jan Migdalski, Andrzej Lewenstam. Direct Potentiometric Determination of Hydrogen Carbonate in Mineral Waters. Electroanalysis 2017, 29 (1) , 140-145. https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.201600551
  37. Andrew Mills, Dilidaer Yusufu. Extruded colour-based plastic film for the measurement of dissolved CO2. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 2016, 237 , 1076-1084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.07.141
  38. Jianqi Sun, Benfei Ye, Guomin Xia, Xiaohong Zhao, Hongming Wang. A colorimetric and fluorescent chemosensor for the highly sensitive detection of CO2 gas: experiment and DFT calculation. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 2016, 233 , 76-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.04.052
  39. Bastiaan van der Weerd, Rudolf Bierl, Frank-Michael Matysik. Trends in Electrochemical Sensing of Blood Gases. 2016, 263-280. https://doi.org/10.1007/11663_2016_1
  40. Shravanti Joshi, Satyanarayana Lanka, Samuel J. Ippolito, Suresh K. Bhargava, Manorama V. Sunkara. {111} faceted Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 octahedra as the reference electrode material in a nanostructured potentiometric CO 2 sensor. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2016, 4 (42) , 16418-16431. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA05013A
  41. Rongning Liang, Lusi Chen, Wei Qin. Potentiometric detection of chemical vapors using molecularly imprinted polymers as receptors. Scientific Reports 2015, 5 (1) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep12462
  42. Ganhua Xie, Kai Xiao, Zhen Zhang, Xiang‐Yu Kong, Qian Liu, Pei Li, Liping Wen, Lei Jiang. A Bioinspired Switchable and Tunable Carbonate‐Activated Nanofluidic Diode Based on a Single Nanochannel. Angewandte Chemie 2015, 127 (46) , 13868-13872. https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201505269
  43. Ganhua Xie, Kai Xiao, Zhen Zhang, Xiang‐Yu Kong, Qian Liu, Pei Li, Liping Wen, Lei Jiang. A Bioinspired Switchable and Tunable Carbonate‐Activated Nanofluidic Diode Based on a Single Nanochannel. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2015, 54 (46) , 13664-13668. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201505269
  44. K N Mikhelson, M A Peshkova. Advances and trends in ionophore-based chemical sensors. Russian Chemical Reviews 2015, 84 (6) , 555-578. https://doi.org/10.1070/RCR4506
  45. Nadezda Pankratova, Gastón A. Crespo, Majid Ghahraman Afshar, Miquel Coll Crespi, Stéphane Jeanneret, Thomas Cherubini, Mary-Lou Tercier-Waeber, Francesco Pomati, Eric Bakker. Potentiometric sensing array for monitoring aquatic systems. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 2015, 17 (5) , 906-914. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5EM00038F
  46. Xin Zhang, Songyi Lee, Yifan Liu, Minji Lee, Jun Yin, Jonathan L. Sessler, Juyoung Yoon. Anion-activated, thermoreversible gelation system for the capture, release and visual monitoring of CO2. Scientific Reports 2014, 4 (1) https://doi.org/10.1038/srep04593
  47. Linhongjia Xiong, Richard G. Compton. Amperometric Gas detection: A Review. International Journal of Electrochemical Science 2014, 9 (12) , 7152-7181. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1452-3981(23)10957-6
Download PDF
Go to Analytical Chemistry
Get e-Alerts
Get e-Alerts

Analytical Chemistry

Cite this: Anal. Chem. 2013, 85, 3, 1332–1336
Click to copy citationCitation copied!
https://doi.org/10.1021/ac303534v
Published January 10, 2013

Copyright © 2013 American Chemical Society. This publication is licensed under these Terms of Use.

Request reuse permissions

Article Views

3991

Altmetric

-

Citations

47
Learn about these metrics

Article Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.

Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.

The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated.

  • Abstract

    High Resolution Image
    Download MS PowerPoint Slide

    Scheme 1

    Scheme 1. Representation of the Ion-Selective CO2 Sensor and Its Working Principle
    High Resolution Image
    Download MS PowerPoint Slide

    Figure 1

    Figure 1. Calibration curves of the sensor responses to CO2 in a 10–4 M hydrogen carbonate solution, the gas phase above 10–4 M hydrogen carbonate solution, and dry CO2 + N2 gas mixture with different levels of PCO2. The term Pθ on the x-axis is the partial pressure under standard conditions (1 atm). Shown structure is that of the tweezer-type carbonate ionophore used in the carbonate-selective membrane.

    High Resolution Image
    Download MS PowerPoint Slide

    Figure 2

    Figure 2. Comparison of response time between the Severinghaus CO2 probe (SH) and the ion-selective CO2 sensor (PCO2) in 0.1 M, pH 8.0 Tris–H2SO4 buffer solution equilibrated with different CO2 partial pressures: (A) 0.0004 atm; (B) 0.0066 atm; (C) 0.0655 atm.

    High Resolution Image
    Download MS PowerPoint Slide

    Figure 3

    Figure 3. Response of the ion-selective CO2 sensor as a function of pH at a constant PCO2 of 0.05 atm. Solid lines for CO32– and PCO2 are fitted with the modified Nicolsky-Eisenman equation (20) with a logarithmic selectivity coefficient for CO32– over Cl– of −6.2. The broken line indicates the ideal behavior of the sensor.

    High Resolution Image
    Download MS PowerPoint Slide

  • References

    This article references 36 other publications.

    1. 1
      Herman, P.; Murtaza, Z.; Lakowicz, J. Anal. Biochem. 1999, 272, 87
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    2. 2
      Burke, C. S.; Markey, A.; Nooney, R. I.; Byrne, P.; McDonagh, C. Sens. Actuators, B 2006, 119, 288
      2
      Development of an optical sensor probe for the detection of dissolved carbon dioxide
      Burke, Conor S.; Markey, Adam; Nooney, Robert I.; Byrne, Patrick; McDonagh, Colette
      Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical (2006), 119 (1), 288-294CODEN: SABCEB; ISSN:0925-4005. (Elsevier B.V.)
      A robust, low-cost optical probe for the detection of dissolved CO2 was developed. The design centers on the use of a custom-designed polymer optical element (POE), which obviates the need for optical fibers, thereby improving probe stability and rendering it more suitable for use outside a lab. environment. The probe employs LED excitation of a luminescent sensor membrane and signal detection is provided by a Si pin photodiode. The phase-based sensing technique of dual luminophore referencing (DLR) was employed in conjunction with a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) sensor membrane to yield the sensor response. The membrane was doped with the fluorescent indicator, hydroxypyrenetrisulfonic acid (HPTS) along with a ref. luminophore as SiO2 microparticles, doped with the fluorescent Ru complex, Ru(dpp)32+. A limit of detection of ∼7 μM of dissolved CO2 was achieved, demonstrating the promising potential of this generic sensor probe configuration.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD28XptlGjsbY%253D&md5=d09e5f53a32b2c6b41a7ceef8aa2dc7c
    3. 3
      Plata, M.; Hernando, J.; Zougagh, M.; Contento, A.; Villasenor, M.; Sanchezrojas, J.; Rios, A. Sens. Actuators, B 2008, 134, 245
      3
      Characterization and analytical validation of a microcantilever-based sensor for the determination of total carbonate in soil samples
      Plata, M. R.; Hernando, J.; Zougagh, M.; Contento, A. M.; Villasenor, M. J.; Sanchez-Rojas, J. L.; Rios, A.
      Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical (2008), B134 (1), 245-251CODEN: SABCEB; ISSN:0925-4005. (Elsevier B.V.)
      A microcantilever device has been used as a miniaturized sensor for the detn. of total carbonate in soil samples. The method is based on the selective generation of CO2 (g) from samples and the measure of the pressure effect on the microcantilever sensor located in a closed system. The exptl. set-up uses a manifold including the sample reaction minichamber and a dedicated flow-cell designed and built for housing the microcantilever. The response of this sensor was electronically and anal. characterized by using conductance signals. The anal. performance of the sensor was compared to that provided by the conventional quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), demonstrating advantages in terms of sensitivity, linear range of response and resoln. After the optimization of the method, it was validated for its use for direct detn. of carbonate in soil samples. The method allowed the detn. of carbonate in the 3-75 mg range, with a precision of 1.7%, expressed as relative std. deviation. It was applied to the anal. of different soil samples, obtaining results in agreement with those produced by the official method.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1cXhtVejsr3L&md5=0b753684ae1b976689d00dfc99253ce7
    4. 4
      Abderrahim, H.; Berrebia, M.; Hamou, A.; Kherief, H.; Zanoun, Y.; Zenata, K. J. Mater. Environ. Sci. 2011, 2, 94
      4
      Measure of carbon dioxide using a gas sensor of a semiconductor type based on tin dioxide (SnO2)
      Abderrahim, H.; Berrebia, M.; Hamou, A.; Kherief, H.; Zanoun, Y.; Zenata, K.
      Journal of Materials and Environmental Science (2011), 2 (2), 94-103CODEN: JMESCN; ISSN:2028-2508. (Mohammed Premier University, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry & Environment)
      To analyze and predict recent and future climate change on a global scale exchange processes of greenhouse gases-primarily carbon dioxide (CO2)-over various ecosystems are of rising interest. Monitoring the chem. compn. of the atm., esp. CO2, which is considered one of the main greenhouse gases, is a continuous in specialized measuring stations scattered in different places over the planet. The system proposed in this work measures carbon dioxide using a gas sensor of a semiconductor type based on tin dioxide (SnO2) and is mainly a process of understanding the air quality to meet in one hand to a goal of miniaturization, low cost and portability, and it is a portable desktop instrument which measures carbon monoxide concn. in air, within range of 0-1200 ppm and a resoln. of 1 ppm. The LCD can display outputs concn. immediately in ppm in real time, every one hour, every three hours or every six hours. On the other hand to carry out either punctual measures in different places or to det. the temporal variations of a fixed site the concn. of carbon dioxide. This system offers two options for display: the first on an LCD display and the second via microcomputer via a RS232 link. Considering the importance of temp., its measurement is therefore incorporated into the measurement entity.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXlsVahtb8%253D&md5=5ace68ef0627f7df8f4b0ffed5d31058
    5. 5
      Lang, T.; Hirsch, T.; Fenzl, C.; Brandl, F.; Wolfbeis, O. S. Anal. Chem. 2012, 84, 9085
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    6. 6
      Shin, J. H.; Sakong, D. S.; Nam, H.; Cha, G. S. Anal. Chem. 1996, 68, 221
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    7. 7
      Severinghaus, J. W. J. Appl. Physiol. 2004, 97, 1599
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    8. 8
      Gambino, S. R. Clin. Chem. 1960, 7, 236
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    9. 9
      Burnett, R. W.; Noonan, D. C. Clin. Chem. 1974, 20, 1499
      9
      Calculations and correction factors used in determination of blood pH and blood gases
      Burnett R W; Noonan D C
      Clinical chemistry (1974), 20 (12), 1499-506 ISSN:0009-9147.
      There is no expanded citation for this reference.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADyaE2M%252Fjsl2jtw%253D%253D&md5=3767d4fc4a79a49b9c94af0e68a09e36
    10. 10
      Severinghaus, J. W.; Bradley, A. F. J. Appl. Physiol. 1958, 13, 515
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    11. 11
      Wang, Z. A.; Liu, X.; Byrne, R. H.; Wanninkhof, R.; Bernstein, R. E.; Kaltenbacher, E. A.; Patten, J. Anal. Chim. Acta 2007, 596, 23
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    12. 12
      Suzuki, H.; Arakawa, H.; Sasaki, S.; Karube, I. Anal. Chem. 1999, 71, 1737
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    13. 13
      Schoot, B. V. d.; Bergveld, P. Anal. Chim. Acta 1985, 166, 93
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    14. 14
      Samukawa, T.; Ohta, K.; Onitsuka, M.; Ito, Y.; Motohashi, R. Anal. Chim. Acta 1995, 316, 83
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    15. 15
      Guilbault, G. G.; Shu, F. R. Anal. Chem. 1972, 44, 2161
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    16. 16
      Morf, W. E.; Mostert, I. A.; Simon, W. Anal. Chem. 1985, 57, 1122
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    17. 17
      Lopez, M. E. Anal. Chem. 1984, 56, 2360
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    18. 18
      DeVries, C. R.; Wang, F. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 792
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    19. 19
      Clement, R. E.; Yang, P. W. Anal. Chem. 2001, 73, 2761
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    20. 20
      Bakker, E.; Bühlmann, P.; Pretsch, E. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 3083
      20
      Carrier-Based Ion-Selective Electrodes and Bulk Optodes. 1. General Characteristics
      Bakker, Eric; Buehlmann, Philippe; Pretsch, Ernoe
      Chemical Reviews (Washington, D. C.) (1997), 97 (8), 3083-3132CODEN: CHREAY; ISSN:0009-2665. (American Chemical Society)
      A review, with 322 refs., is given on the relation of the response of carrier-based ion-selective electrodes and bulk optodes.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaK2sXnsFSiu74%253D&md5=8719f01e08a2f5172d4aa95586fa5242
    21. 21
      Bakker, E.; Pretsch, E. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed 2009, 46, 5660
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    22. 22
      Hyoung, S. Y.; Geun, S. C.; Meyerhoff, M. E. Anal. Chim. Acta 1990, 273, 115
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    23. 23
      Butler, J. N. Carbon Dioxide Equilibria and Their Applications; Addison-Wesley: Reading, MA, 1982.
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    24. 24
      Xie, X.; Pawlak, M.; Tercier-Waeber, M.-L.; Bakker, E. Anal. Chem. 2012, 84, 3163
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    25. 25
      Gulens, J.; Herrington, H. D.; Thorpe, J. W.; Mainprize, G.; Cooke, M. G.; Bello, P. D.; Macdougall, S. Anal. Chim. Acta 1982, 138, 55
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    26. 26
      Choi, Y. S.; Lvova, L.; Shin, J. H.; Oh, S. H.; Lee, C. S.; Kim, B. H.; Cha, G. S.; Nam, H. Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 2435
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    27. 27
      Jin Lee, H.; Yoon, I. J.; Yoo, C. L.; Pyun, H.-J.; Cha, G. S.; Nam, H. Anal. Chem. 2000, 72, 4694
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    28. 28
      Cawley, G. C. Energy Fuels 2011, 25, 5503
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    29. 29
      Zeebe, R. E. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2012, 40, 141
      29
      History of seawater carbonate chemistry, atmospheric CO2, and ocean acidification
      Zeebe, Richard E.
      Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences (2012), 40 (), 141-165CODEN: AREPCI; ISSN:0084-6597. (Annual Reviews Inc.)
      A review. Humans are continuing to add vast amts. of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atm. through fossil fuel burning and other activities. A large fraction of the CO2 is taken up by the oceans in a process that lowers ocean pH and carbonate mineral satn. state. This effect has potentially serious consequences for marine life, which are, however, difficult to predict. One approach to address the issue is to study the geol. record, which may provide clues about what the future holds for ocean chem. and marine organisms. This article reviews basic controls on ocean carbonate chem. on different timescales and examines past ocean chem. changes and ocean acidification events during various geol. eras. The results allow evaluation of the current anthropogenic perturbation in the context of Earth's history. It appears that the ocean acidification event that humans are expected to cause is unprecedented in the geol. past, for which sufficiently well-preserved records are available.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XovFSlsbk%253D&md5=56f1207fd19a2d0e81bca30e292abf84
    30. 30
      Weil, M. H.; Rackow, E. C.; Trevino, R.; Grundler, W.; Falk, J. L.; Griffel, M. I. N. Engl. J. Med. 1986, 315, 153
      30
      Difference in acid-base state between venous and arterial blood during cardiopulmonary resuscitation
      Weil M H; Rackow E C; Trevino R; Grundler W; Falk J L; Griffel M I
      The New England journal of medicine (1986), 315 (3), 153-6 ISSN:0028-4793.
      We investigated the acid-base condition of arterial and mixed venous blood during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in 16 critically ill patients who had arterial and pulmonary arterial catheters in place at the time of cardiac arrest. During cardiopulmonary resuscitation, the arterial blood pH averaged 7.41, whereas the average mixed venous blood pH was 7.15 (P less than 0.001). The mean arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) was 32 mm Hg, whereas the mixed venous PCO2 was 74 mm Hg (P less than 0.001). In a subgroup of 13 patients in whom blood gases were measured before, as well as during, cardiac arrest, arterial pH, PCO2, and bicarbonate were not significantly changed during arrest. However, mixed venous blood demonstrated striking decreases in pH (P less than 0.001) and increases in PCO2 (P less than 0.004). We conclude that mixed venous blood most accurately reflects the acid-base state during cardiopulmonary resuscitation, especially the rapid increase in PCO2. Arterial blood does not reflect the marked reduction in mixed venous (and therefore tissue) pH, and thus arterial blood gases may fail as appropriate guides for acid-base management in this emergency.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADyaL283lslejtg%253D%253D&md5=6d54990ad3ba4109e2efb91006a2c2c1
    31. 31
      Huser, M.; Gehrig, P. M.; Morf, W. E.; Simon, W. Anal. Chem. 1991, 63, 1380
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    32. 32
      Song, F.; Ha, J.; Park, B.; Kwak, T. H.; Kim, I. T.; Nam, H.; Cha, G. S. Talanta 2002, 57, 263
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    33. 33
      Christensen, J. K.; Hoyer, B.; Kryger, L.; Pind, N.; Kong, L. S. J. Chem. Educ. 1998, 75, 1605
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    34. 34
      Brouwer, H. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 182
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    35. 35
      Phillips, B. M.; Anderson, B. S.; Hunt, J. W. Mar. Environ. Res. 1997, 44, 117
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    36. 36
      Black, K. D.; Kiemer, M. C. B.; Ezzi, I. A. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 1996, 12, 15
      36
      The relationships between hydrodynamics, the concentration of hydrogen sulfide produced by polluted sediments and fish health at several marine cage farms in Scotland and Ireland
      Black, K. D.; Kiemer, M. C. B.; Ezzi, I. A.
      Journal of Applied Ichthyology (1996), 12 (1), 15-20CODEN: JAICEF; ISSN:0175-8659. (Blackwell)
      Waste products from marine cage salmon farming can cause org. enrichment of the benthos in the immediate area of the farm with potentially deleterious consequences to fish health. The relations between benthic enrichment and hydrodynamic parameters such as mean current speed, max. current speed and incidence of low currents were examd. Benthic impact was assessed on the basis of SCUBA diver observation and measurements of H2S in the water immediately (within 30 cm) overlying the sediment at slack water. Other factors such as max. site biomass and the age of the site were also considered. At 7 of the 8 salmon farms studied there was a good correlation between mean current speed (r = -0.877) and incidence of low currents (r = 0.943) with log mean H2S site was thought to be due to a combination of high levels of terrigenous org. input to the site and overfeeding. The relation between fish growth and mortality with H2S concn. was also examd. Good correlation between both fish growth (r = -0.819) and cumulative percentage mortality (r = 0.941), and log mean H2S concn. were found when the data from one exceptional site were excluded.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaK28XjtlWqtLw%253D&md5=06431a300c10469eb2a88671b47506a0

  • Supporting Information

    Supporting Information

    Additional information as noted in text. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.


    Terms & Conditions

    Most electronic Supporting Information files are available without a subscription to ACS Web Editions. Such files may be downloaded by article for research use (if there is a public use license linked to the relevant article, that license may permit other uses). Permission may be obtained from ACS for other uses through requests via the RightsLink permission system: http://pubs.acs.org/page/copyright/permissions.html.