Building a Toolbox for the Analysis and Prediction of Ligand and Catalyst Effects in Organometallic CatalysisClick to copy article linkArticle link copied!
- Derek J. DurandDerek J. DurandSchool of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.More by Derek J. Durand
- Natalie Fey*Natalie Fey*Email: [email protected]School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.More by Natalie Fey
Abstract

Conspectus
Computers have become closely involved with most aspects of modern life, and these developments are tracked in the chemical sciences. Recent years have seen the integration of computing across chemical research, made possible by investment in equipment, software development, improved networking between researchers, and rapid growth in the application of predictive approaches to chemistry, but also a change of attitude rooted in the successes of computational chemistry—it is now entirely possible to complete research projects where computation and synthesis are cooperative and integrated, and work in synergy to achieve better insights and improved results. It remains our ambition to put computational prediction before experiment, and we have been working toward developing the key ingredients and workflows to achieve this.
The ability to precisely tune selectivity along with high catalyst activity make organometallic catalysts using transition metal (TM) centers ideal for high-value-added transformations, and this can make them appealing for industrial applications. However, mechanistic variations of TM-catalyzed reactions across the vast chemical space of different catalysts and substrates are not fully explored, and such an exploration is not feasible with current resources. This can lead to complete synthetic failures when new substrates are used, but more commonly we see outcomes that require further optimization, such as incomplete conversion, insufficient selectivity, or the appearance of unwanted side products. These processes consume time and resources, but the insights and data generated are usually not tied to a broader predictive workflow where experiments test hypotheses quantitatively, reducing their impact.
These failures suggest at least a partial deviation of the reaction pathway from that hypothesized, hinting at quite complex mechanistic manifolds for organometallic catalysts that are affected by the combination of input variables. Mechanistic deviation is most likely when challenging multifunctional substrates are being used, and the quest for so-called privileged catalysts is quickly replaced by a need to screen catalyst libraries until a new “best” match between the catalyst and substrate can be identified and the reaction conditions can be optimized. As a community we remain confined to broad interpretations of the substrate scope of new catalysts and focus on small changes based on idealized catalytic cycles rather than working toward a “big data” view of organometallic homogeneous catalysis with routine use of predictive models and transparent data sharing.
Databases of DFT-calculated steric and electronic descriptors can be built for such catalysts, and we summarize here how these can be used in the mapping, interpretation, and prediction of catalyst properties and reactivities. Our motivation is to make these databases useful as tools for synthetic chemists so that they challenge and validate quantitative computational approaches. In this Account, we demonstrate their application to different aspects of catalyst design and discovery and their integration with computational mechanistic studies and thus describe the progress of our journey toward truly predictive models in homogeneous organometallic catalysis.
Cited By
Smart citations by scite.ai include citation statements extracted from the full text of the citing article. The number of the statements may be higher than the number of citations provided by ACS Publications if one paper cites another multiple times or lower if scite has not yet processed some of the citing articles.
This article is cited by 51 publications.
- Daniel B. K. Chu, David A. González-Narváez, Ralf Meyer, Aditya Nandy, Heather J. Kulik. Ligand Many-Body Expansion as a General Approach for Accelerating Transition Metal Complex Discovery. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 2024, 64
(24)
, 9397-9412. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jcim.4c01728
- Xin-Tian Xie, Zheng-Xin Yang, Dongxiao Chen, Yun-Fei Shi, Pei-Lin Kang, Sicong Ma, Ye-Fei Li, Cheng Shang, Zhi-Pan Liu. LASP to the Future of Atomic Simulation: Intelligence and Automation. Precision Chemistry 2024, 2
(12)
, 612-627. https://doi.org/10.1021/prechem.4c00060
- Jonas B. Ekeli, Marco Foscato, Christian O. Blanco, Giovanni Occhipinti, Deryn E. Fogg, Vidar R. Jensen. Enabling Automation of de Novo Catalyst Design: An Experimentally Validated, Multifactor Design Metric for Olefin Metathesis. ACS Catalysis 2024, 14
(22)
, 16731-16747. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.4c06212
- Alexandre A. Schoepfer, Ruben Laplaza, Matthew D. Wodrich, Jerome Waser, Clemence Corminboeuf. Reaction-Agnostic Featurization of Bidentate Ligands for Bayesian Ridge Regression of Enantioselectivity. ACS Catalysis 2024, 14
(12)
, 9302-9312. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.4c02452
- H. Ray Kelly, Sanil Sreekumar, Vidhyadhar Manee, Abbigayle E. Cuomo, Timothy R. Newhouse, Victor S. Batista, Frederic Buono. Ligand-Based Principal Component Analysis Followed by Ridge Regression: Application to an Asymmetric Negishi Reaction. ACS Catalysis 2024, 14
(7)
, 5027-5038. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.3c06230
- Jingru Lu, David C. Leitch. Organopalladium Catalysis as a Proving Ground for Data-Rich Approaches to Reaction Development and Quantitative Predictions. ACS Catalysis 2023, 13
(24)
, 15691-15707. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.3c03864
- Haofan Yang, Yu Che, Andrew I. Cooper, Linjiang Chen, Xiaobo Li. Machine Learning Accelerated Exploration of Ternary Organic Heterojunction Photocatalysts for Sacrificial Hydrogen Evolution. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2023, 145
(49)
, 27038-27044. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.3c10586
- Shu-Sen Chen, Zack Meyer, Brendan Jensen, Alex Kraus, Allison Lambert, Daniel H. Ess. ReaLigands: A Ligand Library Cultivated from Experiment and Intended for Molecular Computational Catalyst Design. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 2023, 63
(23)
, 7412-7422. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jcim.3c01310
- Michael P. Maloney, Brock A. Stenfors, Paul Helquist, Per-Ola Norrby, Olaf Wiest. Interplay of Computation and Experiment in Enantioselective Catalysis: Rationalization, Prediction, and─Correction?. ACS Catalysis 2023, 13
(21)
, 14285-14299. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.3c03921
- Jun He, Jie Zhang, Yunhe Li, Yan-bo Han, Mengyang Li, Xiang Zhao. Insights into Synergistic Effects of Counterion and Ligand on Diastereoselectivity Switch in Gold-Catalyzed Post-Ugi Ipso-Cyclization. ACS Omega 2023, 8
(25)
, 22637-22645. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c01279
- Wataru Matsuoka, Yu Harabuchi, Satoshi Maeda. Virtual Ligand Strategy in Transition Metal Catalysis Toward Highly Efficient Elucidation of Reaction Mechanisms and Computational Catalyst Design. ACS Catalysis 2023, 13
(8)
, 5697-5711. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.3c00576
- Jordan J. Dotson, Lucy van Dijk, Jacob C. Timmerman, Samantha Grosslight, Richard C. Walroth, Francis Gosselin, Kurt Püntener, Kyle A. Mack, Matthew S. Sigman. Data-Driven Multi-Objective Optimization Tactics for Catalytic Asymmetric Reactions Using Bisphosphine Ligands. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2023, 145
(1)
, 110-121. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.2c08513
- Zahra Balzade, Farhad Sharif, Seyed Reza Ghaffarian Anbaran. Tailor-Made Functional Polyolefins of Complex Architectures: Recent Advances, Applications, and Prospects. Macromolecules 2022, 55
(16)
, 6938-6972. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00594
- Taylor A. Thane, Elizabeth R. Jarvo. Ligand-Based Control of Nickel Catalysts: Switching Chemoselectivity from One-Electron to Two-Electron Pathways in Competing Reactions of 4-Halotetrahydropyrans. Organic Letters 2022, 24
(28)
, 5003-5008. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01335
- Danilo M. Lustosa, Anat Milo. Mechanistic Inference from Statistical Models at Different Data-Size Regimes. ACS Catalysis 2022, 12
(13)
, 7886-7906. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.2c01741
- Yajuan Shi, Jiang Wang, Qiang Wang, Qingzhu Jia, Fangyou Yan, Zheng-Hong Luo, Yin-Ning Zhou. Supervised Machine Learning Algorithms for Predicting Rate Constants of Ozone Reaction with Micropollutants. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2022, 61
(24)
, 8359-8367. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04697
- Ryan C. Cammarota, Wenbin Liu, John Bacsa, Huw M. L. Davies, Matthew S. Sigman. Mechanistically Guided Workflow for Relating Complex Reactive Site Topologies to Catalyst Performance in C–H Functionalization Reactions. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2022, 144
(4)
, 1881-1898. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.1c12198
- Tobias Gensch, Gabriel dos Passos Gomes, Pascal Friederich, Ellyn Peters, Théophile Gaudin, Robert Pollice, Kjell Jorner, AkshatKumar Nigam, Michael Lindner-D’Addario, Matthew S. Sigman, Alán Aspuru-Guzik. A Comprehensive Discovery Platform for Organophosphorus Ligands for Catalysis. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2022, 144
(3)
, 1205-1217. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.1c09718
- Daniel Zell, Cian Kingston, Janis Jermaks, Sleight R. Smith, Natalie Seeger, Jana Wassmer, Lauren E. Sirois, Chong Han, Haiming Zhang, Matthew S. Sigman, Francis Gosselin. Stereoconvergent and -divergent Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Alkenes by Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2021, 143
(45)
, 19078-19090. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.1c08399
- Giovanna Scalli Tâmega, Mateus Oliveira Costa, Ariel de Araujo Pereira, Marco Antonio Barbosa Ferreira. Data Science Guiding Analysis of Organic Reaction Mechanism and Prediction. The Chemical Record 2024, 24
(12)
https://doi.org/10.1002/tcr.202400148
- Miguel Steiner, Markus Reiher. A human-machine interface for automatic exploration of chemical reaction networks. Nature Communications 2024, 15
(1)
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-47997-9
- Sicong Ma, Yanwei Cao, Yun-Fei Shi, Cheng Shang, Lin He, Zhi-Pan Liu. Data-driven discovery of active phosphine ligand space for cross-coupling reactions. Chemical Science 2024, 15
(33)
, 13359-13368. https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SC02327G
- Stuart C. Smith, Christopher S. Horbaczewskyj, Theo F. N. Tanner, Jacob J. Walder, Ian J. S. Fairlamb. Automated approaches, reaction parameterisation, and data science in organometallic chemistry and catalysis: towards improving synthetic chemistry and accelerating mechanistic understanding. Digital Discovery 2024, 3
(8)
, 1467-1495. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3DD00249G
- Mario Villares, Carla M. Saunders, Natalie Fey. Comparison of dimensionality reduction techniques for the visualisation of chemical space in organometallic catalysis. Artificial Intelligence Chemistry 2024, 2
(1)
, 100055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aichem.2024.100055
- Lucía Morán-González, Feliu Maseras. Hidden descriptors: Using statistical treatments to generate better descriptor sets. Artificial Intelligence Chemistry 2024, 2
(1)
, 100061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aichem.2024.100061
- Yuya Tsutsui, Issei Yanaka, Kazuhiro Takeda, Masaru Kondo, Shinobu Takizawa, Ryosuke Kojima, Akihito Konishi, Makoto Yasuda. Selective recognition between aromatics and aliphatics by cage-shaped borates supported by a machine learning approach. Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 2024, 22
(21)
, 4283-4291. https://doi.org/10.1039/D4OB00408F
- Samuel Mace, Yingjian Xu, Bao N. Nguyen. Automated Transition Metal Catalysts Discovery and Optimisation with AI and Machine Learning. ChemCatChem 2024, 16
(10)
https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.202301475
- Luxuan Guo, Jeremy N. Harvey. Kinetic modelling of cobalt-catalyzed propene hydroformylation: a combined
ab initio
and experimental fitting protocol. Catalysis Science & Technology 2024, 14
(4)
, 961-972. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3CY01625K
- Jolene P. Reid. Computational Catalyst Design with Data–Driven Tools – General Approaches and Applications. 2024, 519-539. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821978-2.00009-X
- Marco Foscato, Jonas B. Ekeli, Marcello Costamagna, David Grellscheid, Vidar R. Jensen. Evolutionary Algorithms and Workflows for De Novo Catalyst Design. 2024, 540-561. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821978-2.00028-3
- Yunfan Yue, Tian Ma, Hexiang Qi, Yaqi Zhao, Xiaofan Shi, Yanhui Tang, Min Pu, Ming Lei. The theoretical design of manganese catalysts with a Si–N–Si–C–Si–C six-membered ring core-based bowl-shaped quadridentate ligand for the hydrogenation of CO/CN bonds. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2023, 25
(40)
, 27829-27835. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3CP03217E
- Kangbao Zhong, Shihan Liu, Xiaoqian He, Hao Ni, Wei Lai, Wenting Gong, Chunhui Shan, Zhuang Zhao, Yu Lan, Ruopeng Bai. Oxidative cyclopalladation triggers the hydroalkylation of alkynes. Chinese Chemical Letters 2023, 34
(10)
, 108339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108339
- Zhiqiang Yang, Benjamin J. Dennis-Smither, Corneliu Buda, Amie Easey, Fiona Jackson, Gregory A. Price, Neil Sainty, Xingzhi Tan, Zhuoran Xu, Glenn J. Sunley. Aromatic aldehydes as tuneable and ppm level potent promoters for zeolite catalysed methanol dehydration to DME. Catalysis Science & Technology 2023, 13
(12)
, 3590-3605. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3CY00105A
- Challenger Mishra, Niklas von Wolff, Abhinav Tripathi, Claire N. Brodie, Neil D. Lawrence, Aditya Ravuri, Éric Brémond, Annika Preiss, Amit Kumar. Predicting ruthenium catalysed hydrogenation of esters using machine learning. Digital Discovery 2023, 2
(3)
, 819-827. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3DD00029J
- Lorenzo Marchi, Simone Fantuzzi, Andrea Cingolani, Alessandro Messori, Rita Mazzoni, Stefano Zacchini, Marina Cocchi, Luca Rigamonti. A proficient multivariate approach for iron(
ii
) spin crossover behaviour modelling in the solid state. Dalton Transactions 2023, 52
(22)
, 7684-7694. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3DT00847A
- Ilja Rodstein, Viktoria H. Gessner. Carbanion-functionalized phosphines: New design elements for catalyst development. 2023, 1-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.acat.2023.07.002
- Simone Gallarati, Puck van Gerwen, Ruben Laplaza, Sergi Vela, Alberto Fabrizio, Clemence Corminboeuf. OSCAR: an extensive repository of chemically and functionally diverse organocatalysts. Chemical Science 2022, 13
(46)
, 13782-13794. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2SC04251G
- Maximilian Menche, Philippe Klein, Marko Hermsen, Robert Konrath, Tamal Ghosh, Jedrzej Wysocki, Martin Ernst, A. Stephen K. Hashmi, Ansgar Schäfer, Peter Comba, Thomas Schaub. Ligand Backbone Influence on the Enantioselectivity in the Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Direct Asymmetric Reductive Amination of Ketones with NH
3
/H
2
Using Binaphthyl‐Substituted Phosphines. ChemCatChem 2022, 14
(20)
https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.202200543
- Isaiah O. Betinol, Jolene P. Reid. A predictive and mechanistic statistical modelling workflow for improving decision making in organic synthesis and catalysis. Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 2022, 20
(30)
, 6012-6018. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2OB00272H
- Simone Gallarati, Ruben Laplaza, Clemence Corminboeuf. Harvesting the fragment-based nature of bifunctional organocatalysts to enhance their activity. Organic Chemistry Frontiers 2022, 9
(15)
, 4041-4051. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2QO00550F
- Natalie Fey, Jason M. Lynam. Computational mechanistic study in organometallic catalysis: Why prediction is still a challenge. WIREs Computational Molecular Science 2022, 12
(4)
https://doi.org/10.1002/wcms.1590
- Jingru Lu, Sofia Donnecke, Irina Paci, David C. Leitch. A reactivity model for oxidative addition to palladium enables quantitative predictions for catalytic cross-coupling reactions. Chemical Science 2022, 13
(12)
, 3477-3488. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2SC00174H
- Adarsh V. Kalikadien, Evgeny A. Pidko, Vivek Sinha. ChemSpaX
: exploration of chemical space by automated functionalization of molecular scaffold. Digital Discovery 2022, 1
(1)
, 8-25. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1DD00017A
- Shusen Chen, Taylor Nielson, Elayna Zalit, Bastian Bjerkem Skjelstad, Braden Borough, William J. Hirschi, Spencer Yu, David Balcells, Daniel H. Ess. Automated Construction and Optimization Combined with Machine Learning to Generate Pt(II) Methane C–H Activation Transition States. Topics in Catalysis 2022, 65
(1-4)
, 312-324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-021-01506-0
- Miguel Steiner, Markus Reiher. Autonomous Reaction Network Exploration in Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis. Topics in Catalysis 2022, 65
(1-4)
, 6-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-021-01543-9
- Yunhe Li, Jie Zhang, Xiang Zhao, Youliang Wang. Exploring the chemistry of E/Z configuration in gold-catalyzed domino cyclization: Insights on the stereoselectivity. Molecular Catalysis 2022, 519 , 112154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112154
- Croix J. Laconsay, Dean J. Tantillo. Melding of Experiment and Theory Illuminates Mechanisms of Metal-Catalyzed Rearrangements: Computational Approaches and Caveats. Synthesis 2021, 53
(20)
, 3639-3652. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1720451
- Stepan Popov, Herbert Plenio. Determination of Stereoelectronic Properties of NHC Ligands
via
Ion Pairing and Fluorescence Spectroscopy. European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 2021, 2021
(36)
, 3708-3718. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejic.202100510
- Anthony J. Schaefer, Victoria M. Ingman, Steven E. Wheeler. SEQCROW
: A
ChimeraX
bundle to facilitate quantum chemical applications to complex molecular systems. Journal of Computational Chemistry 2021, 42
(24)
, 1750-1754. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcc.26700
- Ademola Soyemi, Tibor Szilvási. Trends in computational molecular catalyst design. Dalton Transactions 2021, 50
(30)
, 10325-10339. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1DT01754C
- Agustí Lledós. Computational Organometallic Catalysis: Where We Are, Where We Are Going. European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 2021, 2021
(26)
, 2547-2555. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejic.202100330
Article Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.
Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.
The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated.