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eRah: A Computational Tool Integrating Spectral Deconvolution and Alignment with Quantification and Identification of Metabolites in GC/MS-Based Metabolomics

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Metabolomics Platform, Department of Electronic Engineering (DEEEA), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43003 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
§ Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, 08950 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
B2SLab, Center for Biomedical Engineering Research (CREB), CIBERBBN, Department of ESAII, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
Cite this: Anal. Chem. 2016, 88, 19, 9821–9829
Publication Date (Web):September 1, 2016
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02927
Copyright © 2016 American Chemical Society
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Abstract

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Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) has been a long-standing approach used for identifying small molecules due to the highly reproducible ionization process of electron impact ionization (EI). However, the use of GC-EI MS in untargeted metabolomics produces large and complex data sets characterized by coeluting compounds and extensive fragmentation of molecular ions caused by the hard electron ionization. In order to identify and extract quantitative information on metabolites across multiple biological samples, integrated computational workflows for data processing are needed. Here we introduce eRah, a free computational tool written in the open language R composed of five core functions: (i) noise filtering and baseline removal of GC/MS chromatograms, (ii) an innovative compound deconvolution process using multivariate analysis techniques based on compound match by local covariance (CMLC) and orthogonal signal deconvolution (OSD), (iii) alignment of mass spectra across samples, (iv) missing compound recovery, and (v) identification of metabolites by spectral library matching using publicly available mass spectra. eRah outputs a table with compound names, matching scores and the integrated area of compounds for each sample. The automated capabilities of eRah are demonstrated by the analysis of GC-time-of-flight (TOF) MS data from plasma samples of adolescents with hyperinsulinaemic androgen excess and healthy controls. The quantitative results of eRah are compared to centWave, the peak-picking algorithm implemented in the widely used XCMS package, MetAlign, and ChromaTOF software. Significantly dysregulated metabolites are further validated using pure standards and targeted analysis by GC-triple quadrupole (QqQ) MS, LC-QqQ, and NMR. eRah is freely available at http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=erah.

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The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02927.

  • Supplementary theory, methods, and table (PDF)

  • From processing of the HIAE experiment, XCMS detected m/z features quantified by area (XLSX)

  • From processing of the HIAE experiment, XCMS detected m/z features quantified by intensity (XLSX)

  • From processing of the HIAE experiment, MetAlign detected m/z features quantified by area (XLSX)

  • eRah provided list of putative identifications with their respective relative concentration (XLSX)

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