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Design of Polyamine-Grafted Starches for Nucleotide Analogue Delivery: In Vitro Evaluation of the Anticancer Activity

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    Design of Polyamine-Grafted Starches for Nucleotide Analogue Delivery: In Vitro Evaluation of the Anticancer Activity
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    † Drug Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
    ‡ INSERM U1066 Micro & Nanomed Biomimetique, 4 rue Larrey, 49933 Angers, France
    § Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
    *E-mail: [email protected]
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    Bioconjugate Chemistry

    Cite this: Bioconjugate Chem. 2016, 27, 10, 2431–2440
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00396
    Published September 15, 2016
    Copyright © 2016 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    Nucleotide analogues are a therapeutic class that is very promising and currently used in clinics, notably against viral infectious diseases and cancer. However, their therapeutic potential is often restricted by a poor stability in vivo, the induction of severe side effects, and limited passive intracellular diffusion due to their hydrophilicity. Polysaccharide-based polymers (e.g., starch) have considerable advantages, including a lack of toxicity and the absence of antigenicity. The aim of this study was to develop new cationic starches able to form complexes with nucleotide analogues, thus protecting them and increasing their cell uptake. At the same time, the material should demonstrate good biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity. Different polyamines, (TREN, TEPA, and spermine) were grafted to starch to evaluate the impact of side-chain properties. The resulting cationic starch derivatives were characterized (e.g., degree of modification) and compared in their ability to form polyplexes with ATP as a model nucleotide. Among the tested candidates, the formulation of starch–TEPA and ATP with an N/P ratio of 2 led to nanoparticles with a size of 429 nm, a PdI of 0.054, and a ζ potential of −9 mV. MTT and LDH assays on A549 cell line showed low toxicity for this polymer. Confocal microscopy study proved that the cell internalization was an incubation-time- and energy-dependent process. Most important, starch–TEPA complexed with ddGTP showed significant biological activity on A549 cancer cells compared to that of plain ddGTP at the same concentration.

    Copyright © 2016 American Chemical Society

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    The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00396.

    • Figures showing GPC chromatograms of starch–TREN, starch–TEPA, and starch–spermine; 1H NMR spectra of oxidized starches used and of starch–spermine, starch–TREN, and starch–TEPA; stability of nanoparticles in water and analyzed at room temperature; IR spectra and 1H NMR spectra of starch–TEPA–FITC and starch–TEPA; picture of starch–TEPA–FITC/ATP polyplexes in water; and confocal microscopy images after 1, 4, and 8 h of incubation of A549 cells with TEPA–starch–FITC/ATP polyplexes. (PDF)

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    This article is cited by 11 publications.

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    Bioconjugate Chemistry

    Cite this: Bioconjugate Chem. 2016, 27, 10, 2431–2440
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00396
    Published September 15, 2016
    Copyright © 2016 American Chemical Society
    Request reuse permissions

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