Investigation of N-Substituted Morpholine Structures in an Amphiphilic PDMS-Based Antifouling and Fouling-Release CoatingClick to copy article linkArticle link copied!
- Amanda K. LeonardiAmanda K. LeonardiDepartment of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United StatesMore by Amanda K. Leonardi
- Riddhiman MedhiRiddhiman MedhiDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United StatesMore by Riddhiman Medhi
- Aria ZhangAria ZhangDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United StatesMore by Aria Zhang
- Nilay DüzenNilay DüzenDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United StatesMore by Nilay Düzen
- John A. FinlayJohn A. FinlaySchool of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K.More by John A. Finlay
- Jessica L. ClarkeJessica L. ClarkeSchool of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K.More by Jessica L. Clarke
- Anthony S. ClareAnthony S. ClareSchool of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K.More by Anthony S. Clare
- Christopher K. Ober*Christopher K. Ober*Email: [email protected]Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United StatesMore by Christopher K. Ober
Abstract
Biofouling is a major disruptive process affecting the fuel efficiency and durability of maritime vessel coatings. Previous research has shown that amphiphilic coatings consisting of a siloxane backbone functionalized with hydrophilic moieties are effective marine antifouling and fouling-release materials. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) has been the primary hydrophilic component used in such systems. Recently, the morpholine group has emerged as a promising compact alternative in antifouling membranes but is yet to be studied against marine foulants. In this work, the use of morpholine moieties to generate amphiphilicity in a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-based antifouling and fouling-release coating was explored. Two separate coating sets were investigated. The first set examined the incorporation of an N-substituted morpholine amine, and while these coatings showed promising fouling-release properties for Ulva linza, they had unusually high settlement of spores compared to controls. Based on those results, a second set of materials was synthesized using an N-substituted morpholine amide to probe the source of the high settlement and was found to significantly improve antifouling performance. Both coating sets included PEG controls with varying lengths to compare the viability of the morpholine structures as alternative hydrophilic groups. Surfaces were evaluated through a combination of bubble contact angle goniometry, profilometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and marine bioassays against two soft fouling species, U. linza and Navicula incerta, known to have different adhesion characteristics.
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