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Clickable Norbornene-Based Zirconium Carboxylate Polyhedra
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    Clickable Norbornene-Based Zirconium Carboxylate Polyhedra
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    Chemistry of Materials

    Cite this: Chem. Mater. 2023, 35, 4, 1651–1658
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c03252
    Published February 13, 2023
    Copyright © 2023 American Chemical Society

    Abstract

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    A common way to modify the properties of metal–organic polyhedra (MOPs) is to install pendant functionalities on the organic bridging ligands. These groups can then participate in coupling reactions to further decorate a given architecture. Via exploitation of click chemistry, it is possible to access a diverse library of MOPs that share a common core, which can reduce both synthetic complexity and cost. Herein, we report the formation of a reactive norbornene-based MOP through a one-pot tandem coordination-driven self-assembly/Diels–Alder reaction between fumaric acid and zirconocene dichloride (Cp2ZrCl2). The generality of this tandem process was illustrated by the subsequent synthesis of a norbornene-based Zr cluster formed from maleic acid and Cp2ZrCl2. We demonstrate post-assembly modification of this cage using versatile thiol–ene click chemistry, resulting in the formation of either individual functionalized MOPs or cross-linked polymer/MOP hybrid composites. The physical properties of these composites can be controlled by the addition of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate as a co-monomer, allowing for the synthesis of free-standing, flexible films at MOP loadings of 30–60% (w/w). These results demonstrate the effectiveness of thiol–ene click chemistry as a method of MOP functionalization, expanding the toolbox for the synthesis of new advanced materials.

    Copyright © 2023 American Chemical Society

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    Supporting Information

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    The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c03252.

    • 1H NMR and FTIR spectra, HRMS data, crystallographic details, swelling/sol–gel analysis details, and nitrogen adsorption measurements (PDF)

    • Crystallographic data for [Zr-mal]Cl (CIF)

    • Crystallographic data for corrected [ZrMOP-nor]Cl2 from a previous report (CIF)

    • Crystallographic data for [ZrMOP-nor]Cl2 collected at 293 K (CIF)

    • Crystallographic data for [ZrMOP-nor]Cl2 collected at 90 K from reaction at 60°C (CIF)

    • Crystallographic data for [ZrMOP-nor]Cl2 collected at 90 K from reaction at room temperature (CIF)

    • Crystallographic data for [ZrMOP-stil]Cl2 (CIF)

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    This article is cited by 11 publications.

    1. Heshali K. Welgama, Anish Avasthi, Timothy R. Cook. Metal–Organic Polyhedra and Metal–Organic Frameworks: Understanding How Discrete Versus Extended Structure Impacts Surface Areas and Pore Size Distributions. Chemistry of Materials 2024, 36 (9) , 4185-4195. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c03020
    2. Meghan G. Sullivan, Heshali K. Welgama, Matthew R. Crawley, Alan E. Friedman, Timothy R. Cook. Phase-Pure Zirconium Metal–Organic Polyhedra Enabled by a Ligand Substitution Strategy. Chemistry of Materials 2024, 36 (1) , 567-574. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c02775
    3. Gen Li, Zelin Du, Chao Wu, Yawei Liu, Yan Xu, Roy Lavendomme, Shihang Liang, En-Qing Gao, Dawei Zhang. Charge-transfer complexation of coordination cages for enhanced photochromism and photocatalysis. Nature Communications 2025, 16 (1) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-55893-z
    4. Valiyakath Abdul Rinshad, Prajoy Kumar Mitra, Sailendra Pradhan, Yapamanu Adithya Lakshmanna, Partha Sarathi Mukherjee. Modulation of Photoluminescence of BODIHY Dye Using Water‐Soluble Coordination Cages With Different Shapes. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2025, 146 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202505772
    5. Valiyakath Abdul Rinshad, Prajoy Kumar Mitra, Sailendra Pradhan, Yapamanu Adithya Lakshmanna, Partha Sarathi Mukherjee. Modulation of Photoluminescence of BODIHY Dye Using Water‐Soluble Coordination Cages With Different Shapes. Angewandte Chemie 2025, 146 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.202505772
    6. Shunfu Du, Jinxiao Lyu, Zhenfeng Yu, Kongzhao Su, Wenjing Wang, Xuanjun Zhang, Daqiang Yuan. Improving the Cellular Internalization of Zr(IV) Nanocages by Tuning Hydrophilicity and Lipophilicity. Angewandte Chemie 2025, 137 (7) https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.202419602
    7. Shunfu Du, Jinxiao Lyu, Zhenfeng Yu, Kongzhao Su, Wenjing Wang, Xuanjun Zhang, Daqiang Yuan. Improving the Cellular Internalization of Zr(IV) Nanocages by Tuning Hydrophilicity and Lipophilicity. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2025, 64 (7) https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202419602
    8. Merissa N. Morey, Christine M. Montone, Michael R. Dworzak, Glenn P. A. Yap, Eric D. Bloch. Tunable synthesis of heteroleptic zirconium-based porous coordination cages. Chemical Science 2025, 16 (2) , 816-823. https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SC06023G
    9. Jiamin Li, Zhaoyi Liu, Jinjin Liu, Xue Liu, Yang Luo, Jiajie Liang, Zhenjie Zhang. Humidity‐Induced Self‐Oscillating and Self‐Healing Hypercrosslinked Metal–Organic Polyhedra Membranes. Advanced Science 2024, 11 (20) https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202307376
    10. Shuolei Ding, Chuanqi Zhang, Jianhang Yin, Tao Zhao, Pengli Zhu, Rong Sun, Ning Wang. Construction of 2D layered metal‐organic frameworks based on the norbornene‐derived ligand with fascinating magnetic and luminescent properties. ChemistrySelect 2023, 8 (45) https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.202303231
    11. Laura Hernández‐López, Cornelia von Baeckmann, Jordi Martínez‐Esaín, Alba Cortés‐Martínez, Jordi Faraudo, Caterina Caules, Teodor Parella, Daniel Maspoch, Arnau Carné‐Sánchez. (Bio)Functionalisation of Metal–Organic Polyhedra by Using Click Chemistry. Chemistry – A European Journal 2023, 29 (60) https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202301945

    Chemistry of Materials

    Cite this: Chem. Mater. 2023, 35, 4, 1651–1658
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c03252
    Published February 13, 2023
    Copyright © 2023 American Chemical Society

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