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Quantifying Environmental Effects on the Solution and Solid-State Stability of a Phenothiazine Radical Cation

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    Quantifying Environmental Effects on the Solution and Solid-State Stability of a Phenothiazine Radical Cation
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    Chemistry of Materials

    Cite this: Chem. Mater. 2020, 32, 7, 3007–3017
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b05345
    Published February 21, 2020
    Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    Organic radical cations are important intermediates in a wide variety of chemical processes. To date, significant progress has been made to improve the stability of these charged materials for use in electrochemical energy storage applications, especially in redox flow batteries. Here, we report the synthesis and isolation of four radical cation salts of N-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl)phenothiazine (MEEPT), synthesizing MEEPT-X where X is tetrafluoroborate (BF4–), hexafluorophosphate (PF6–), perchlorate (ClO4–), and bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI–), and a comparison of their stability in solution and in the solid state. In the solution, UV–vis spectroscopy and rotating ring-disk electrode voltammetry show similar stability trends with respect to anion identity, with the TFSI– salt being the most stable. In the solid state, these compounds show remarkable stability in air and at elevated temperatures, with the ClO4– salt surviving after being heated at 90 °C overnight in air. The different trends in MEEPT-X stability with X highlight the importance of concentration and the environment on the overall stability.

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    Supporting Information

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    The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b05345.

    • X-ray crystallographic data of MEEPT-BF4(CIF)

    • X-ray crystallographic data of MEEPT-PF6 (CIF)

    • X-ray crystallographic data MEEPT-Cl04 (CIF)

    • X-ray crystallographic data MEEPT-TFSI (CIF)

    • Cyclic voltammograms, rotating ring disk electrode voltammetry, UV–vis, NMR spectra, and mass spectra (PDF)

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    Cite this: Chem. Mater. 2020, 32, 7, 3007–3017
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b05345
    Published February 21, 2020
    Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society
    Request reuse permissions

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