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Ras Conformational Ensembles, Allostery, and Signaling

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† Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Universities E-Institute for Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
‡ Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
§ §Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and ∥Department of Computer Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, 34450 Sariyer Istanbul, Turkey
⊥ Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Sackler Institute of Molecular Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
*R.N.: phone, 1-301-846-5579; e-mail, [email protected]
*J.Z.: e-mail, [email protected]
Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2016, 116, 11, 6607–6665
Publication Date (Web):January 27, 2016
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00542
Copyright © 2016 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    Ras proteins are classical members of small GTPases that function as molecular switches by alternating between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound states. Ras activation is regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors that catalyze the exchange of GDP by GTP, and inactivation is terminated by GTPase-activating proteins that accelerate the intrinsic GTP hydrolysis rate by orders of magnitude. In this review, we focus on data that have accumulated over the past few years pertaining to the conformational ensembles and the allosteric regulation of Ras proteins and their interpretation from our conformational landscape standpoint. The Ras ensemble embodies all states, including the ligand-bound conformations, the activated (or inactivated) allosteric modulated states, post-translationally modified states, mutational states, transition states, and nonfunctional states serving as a reservoir for emerging functions. The ensemble is shifted by distinct mutational events, cofactors, post-translational modifications, and different membrane compositions. A better understanding of Ras biology can contribute to therapeutic strategies.

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