Small Angle X-ray Scattering for Nanoparticle Research
Abstract

X-ray scattering is a structural characterization tool that has impacted diverse fields of study. It is unique in its ability to examine materials in real time and under realistic sample environments, enabling researchers to understand morphology at nanometer and angstrom length scales using complementary small and wide angle X-ray scattering (SAXS, WAXS), respectively. Herein, we focus on the use of SAXS to examine nanoscale particulate systems. We provide a theoretical foundation for X-ray scattering, considering both form factor and structure factor, as well as the use of correlation functions, which may be used to determine a particle’s size, size distribution, shape, and organization into hierarchical structures. The theory is expanded upon with contemporary use cases. Both transmission and reflection (grazing incidence) geometries are addressed, as well as the combination of SAXS with other X-ray and non-X-ray characterization tools. We conclude with an examination of several key areas of research where X-ray scattering has played a pivotal role, including in situ nanoparticle synthesis, nanoparticle assembly, and operando studies of catalysts and energy storage materials. Throughout this review we highlight the unique capabilities of X-ray scattering for structural characterization of materials in their native environment.
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- Yu Jin Kim, Peijun Guo, Richard D. Schaller. Aqueous Carbon Quantum Dot-Embedded PC60-PC61BM Nanospheres for Ecological Fluorescent Printing: Contrasting Fluorescence Resonance Energy-Transfer Signals between Watermelon-like and Random Morphologies. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 2019, 10 (21) , 6525-6535. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02426
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- Yu Jin Kim, Troy D. Loeffler, Zhaowei Chen, Subramanian K. R. S. Sankaranarayanan. Promoting Noncovalent Intermolecular Interactions Using a C60 Core Particle in Aqueous PC60s-Covered Colloids for Ultraefficient Photoinduced Particle Activity. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2019, 11 (42) , 38798-38807. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b14240
- Kurinji Krishnamoorthy, Sumit Kewalramani, Ali Ehlen, Liane M. Moreau, Chad A. Mirkin, Monica Olvera de la Cruz, Michael J. Bedzyk. Enzymatic Degradation of DNA Probed by In Situ X-ray Scattering. ACS Nano 2019, 13 (10) , 11382-11391. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b04752
- M. Reza Andalibi, Alexander Wokaun, Paul Bowen, Andrea Testino. Kinetics and Mechanism of Metal Nanoparticle Growth via Optical Extinction Spectroscopy and Computational Modeling: The Curious Case of Colloidal Gold. ACS Nano 2019, 13 (10) , 11510-11521. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b04981
- Deepthi Priyanka Damera, Sravani Kaja, Leela Sai Lokesh Janardhanam, Sk Alim, Venkata Vamsi Krishna Venuganti, Amit Nag. Synthesis, Detailed Characterization, and Dual Drug Delivery Application of BSA Loaded Aquasomes. ACS Applied Bio Materials 2019, 2 (10) , 4471-4484. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.9b00635
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- Silvia Pujals, Lorenzo Albertazzi. Super-resolution Microscopy for Nanomedicine Research. ACS Nano 2019, 13 (9) , 9707-9712. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b05289
- Nicolo Castro, Cécile Bouet, Sandrine Ithurria, Nicolas Lequeux, Doru Constantin, Pierre Levitz, Diego Pontoni, Benjamin Abécassis. Insights into the Formation Mechanism of CdSe Nanoplatelets Using in Situ X-ray Scattering. Nano Letters 2019, 19 (9) , 6466-6474. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02687
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- Samson Y. Lai, Kenneth D. Knudsen, Benjamin T. Sejersted, Asbjørn Ulvestad, Jan Petter Mæhlen, Alexey Y. Koposov. Silicon Nanoparticle Ensembles for Lithium-Ion Batteries Elucidated by Small-Angle Neutron Scattering. ACS Applied Energy Materials 2019, 2 (5) , 3220-3227. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.9b00071
- Vladislav Kamysbayev, Vishwas Srivastava, Nicholas B. Ludwig, Olaf J. Borkiewicz, Hao Zhang, Jan Ilavsky, Byeongdu Lee, Karena W. Chapman, Suriyanarayanan Vaikuntanathan, Dmitri V. Talapin. Nanocrystals in Molten Salts and Ionic Liquids: Experimental Observation of Ionic Correlations Extending beyond the Debye Length. ACS Nano 2019, 13 (5) , 5760-5770. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b01292
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