Polymer-Based Organic Batteries
- Simon Muench
- ,
- Andreas Wild
- ,
- Christian Friebe
- ,
- Bernhard Häupler
- ,
- Tobias Janoschka
- , and
- Ulrich S. Schubert
Abstract

The storage of electric energy is of ever growing importance for our modern, technology-based society, and novel battery systems are in the focus of research. The substitution of conventional metals as redox-active material by organic materials offers a promising alternative for the next generation of rechargeable batteries since these organic batteries are excelling in charging speed and cycling stability. This review provides a comprehensive overview of these systems and discusses the numerous classes of organic, polymer-based active materials as well as auxiliary components of the battery, like additives or electrolytes. Moreover, a definition of important cell characteristics and an introduction to selected characterization techniques is provided, completed by the discussion of potential socio-economic impacts.
Cited By
This article is cited by 878 publications.
- Johann O. E. Sosoe, Cédric Malveau, Thierry Maris, Radu Iftimie, James D. Wuest. Refreshing the Legacy of Rudolf Nietzki: Benzene-1,2,4,5-tetramine and Related Compounds. The Journal of Organic Chemistry 2023, 88
(23)
, 16302-16314. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.joc.3c01793
- Toshihiro Hiejima, Junpei Kaneko. Effects of Shear Stress on Antiferromagnetic Interactions within Nitroxide Dimers in Spin-Labeled Polypeptides and Their Conformational Analyses. Macromolecules 2023, Article ASAP.
- Sandeep Das, Souvik Manna, Biswarup Pathak. Unlocking the Potential of Dual-Ion Batteries: Identifying Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cathodes and Intercalating Salt Combinations through Machine Learning. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2023, 15
(47)
, 54520-54529. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.3c13179
- Chaekyung Kim, Sang Mun Jeong, Jae-Kwang Kim. Ionic-Liquid-Supported Organic-Radical-Impregnated Porous Carbon Nanofiber Electrode for High-Performance Organic Radical Batteries. ACS Applied Energy Materials 2023, Article ASAP.
- Kyung Sun Park, Xuyi Luo, Justin J. Kwok, Azzaya Khasbaatar, Jianguo Mei, Ying Diao. Subtle Molecular Changes Largely Modulate Chiral Helical Assemblies of Achiral Conjugated Polymers by Tuning Solution-State Aggregation. ACS Central Science 2023, 9
(11)
, 2096-2107. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.3c00775
- Hong Xu, Jiaoyi Ning, Zunbin Duan, Bin Deng, Dinghui Chen, Manyu Liu, Hongyang Li, Yulu Cai, Yaowu He, Hong Meng. Cyclotriphosphonitrile-Based Electroactive Flame-Retardant Polymers for Electrochromic/Supercapacitor Devices. ACS Applied Polymer Materials 2023, 5
(11)
, 9594-9606. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.3c02043
- Zifeng Chen, Zhuanping Wang, Jixing Yang, Yunhua Xu. In Situ Electropolymerization in Mesoporous Carbon: A Universal Method for Improving the Electrochemical Performance of Polymer Electrode Materials. ACS Applied Energy Materials 2023, Article ASAP.
- Johann O. E. Sosoe, Thierry Maris, James D. Wuest. Strongly Hydrogen-Bonded Networks Formed by Sulfate and Bisulfate Salts of Benzenetetramines. Crystal Growth & Design 2023, Article ASAP.
- Shuang Liu, Song Jin, Taoli Jiang, Muhammad Sajid, Jingwen Xu, Kai Zhang, Yanpeng Fan, Qia Peng, Xinhua Zheng, Zehui Xie, Zaichun Liu, Zhengxin Zhu, Xiaoyang Wang, Qingshun Nian, Jinghao Chen, Ke Li, Chunyue Shen, Wei Chen. Aqueous Organic Hydrogen Gas Proton Batteries with Ultrahigh-Rate and Ultralow-Temperature Performance. Nano Letters 2023, 23
(20)
, 9664-9671. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01304
- Marcel E. Baumert, Victoria Le, Po-Hua Su, Yosuke Akae, Dominic Bresser, Patrick Théato, Max M. Hansmann. From Squaric Acid Amides (SQAs) to Quinoxaline-Based SQAs─Evolution of a Redox-Active Cathode Material for Organic Polymer Batteries. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2023, 145
(42)
, 23334-23345. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.3c09153
- Alessandro Innocenti, Isaac Álvarez Moisés, Olivera Lužanin, Jan Bitenc, Jean-François Gohy, Stefano Passerini. Practical Cell Design for PTMA-Based Organic Batteries: an Experimental and Modeling Study. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2023, Article ASAP.
- Linfeng Zhong, Yang Zhang, Jing Li, Long Fang, Cong Liu, Xiaotong Wang, Zishou Zhang, Dingshan Yu. Unveiling the Role of Charge Dilution and Anionic Chemistry in Enabling High-Rate p-Type Polymer Cathodes for Dual-Ion Batteries. ACS Nano 2023, 17
(18)
, 18190-18199. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c05077
- Yeonsu Choi, Kiyoon Min, Nara Han, Giyoong Tae, Dong-Yu Kim. Novel Application of NIR-I-Absorbing Quinoidal Conjugated Polymer as a Photothermal Therapeutic Agent. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2023, 15
(33)
, 39117-39126. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.3c06807
- Jaehwan Kim, Yogita Shirke, Phillip J. Milner. Flexible Backbone Effects on the Redox Properties of Perylenediimide-Based Polymers. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2023, Article ASAP.
- Jin-Ye Zhang, Li-Li Wang, Xiao-Qing Zhu. Characteristic Activity Parameters of Electron Donors and Electron Acceptors. ACS Physical Chemistry Au 2023, 3
(4)
, 358-373. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphyschemau.3c00001
- Austin D. Ready, Ahamed Irshad, Anna Kallistova, Moises Carrillo, Milan Gembicky, Ram Seshadri, Sri Narayan, Alexander M. Spokoyny. Electrochemical Cycling of Redox-Active Boron Cluster-Based Materials in the Solid State. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2023, 145
(26)
, 14345-14353. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.3c03065
- Shangxu Jiang, Yihui Xie, Yuan Xie, Li-Juan Yu, Xiaoqing Yan, Fu-Gang Zhao, Chanaka J. Mudugamuwa, Michelle L. Coote, Zhongfan Jia, Kai Zhang. Lewis Acid-Induced Reversible Disproportionation of TEMPO Enables Aqueous Aluminum Radical Batteries. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2023, 145
(26)
, 14519-14528. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.3c04203
- Li Ding, Zi-Di Yu, Xiao-Ye Wang, Ze-Fan Yao, Yang Lu, Chi-Yuan Yang, Jie-Yu Wang, Jian Pei. Polymer Semiconductors: Synthesis, Processing, and Applications. Chemical Reviews 2023, 123
(12)
, 7421-7497. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00696
- Sattwick Haldar, Andreas Schneemann, Stefan Kaskel. Covalent Organic Frameworks as Model Materials for Fundamental and Mechanistic Understanding of Organic Battery Design Principles. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2023, 145
(25)
, 13494-13513. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.3c01131
- Zhen Chen, Yan Wang, Miao Wang, Fubao Yong, Wentao Luo, Min Zhao, Faquan Yu. Synergy and Symbiosis Analysis of Capacity-Contributing Polypyrrole and Carbon-Coated Lithium Iron Phosphate Nanostructures for High-Performance Cathode Materials. ACS Applied Nano Materials 2023, 6
(9)
, 7465-7476. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.3c00628
- Fengqiang Sun, Hao Jiang, Haoyu Wang, Yueheng Zhong, Yiman Xu, Yi Xing, Muhuo Yu, Liang-Wen Feng, Zheng Tang, Jun Liu, Hengda Sun, Hongzhi Wang, Gang Wang, Meifang Zhu. Soft Fiber Electronics Based on Semiconducting Polymer. Chemical Reviews 2023, 123
(8)
, 4693-4763. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00720
- Pengfei Sang, Qiliang Chen, Dan-Yang Wang, Wei Guo, Yongzhu Fu. Organosulfur Materials for Rechargeable Batteries: Structure, Mechanism, and Application. Chemical Reviews 2023, 123
(4)
, 1262-1326. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00739
- Qi Lu, Mingqiang Ding, Anqi Zhou, Pengzhi Guo, Qian Wang, Daoxian Li, Jianjian Liang, Junhong Liang, Jianfeng Li, Hanyoung Woo, Yangjun Xia. Novel Alcohol-Soluble Nitroxide Radical Conjugated Polymer for Cathode Modifier of Efficient Organic Solar Cells with Enhanced Stability. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2023, 15
(7)
, 9773-9783. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c22042
- Xiao Xiao, Zhiyang Zheng, Xiongwei Zhong, Runhua Gao, Zhihong Piao, Miaolun Jiao, Guangmin Zhou. Rational Design of Flexible Zn-Based Batteries for Wearable Electronic Devices. ACS Nano 2023, 17
(3)
, 1764-1802. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.2c09509
- Christina Cong, Jaehwan Kim, Cara N. Gannett, Héctor D. Abruña, Phillip J. Milner. Unexpected Direct Synthesis of Tunable Redox-Active Benzil-Linked Polymers via the Benzoin Reaction. ACS Applied Polymer Materials 2023, 5
(1)
, 1056-1066. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.2c02047
- Zhen Chen, Fubao Yong, Yan Wang, Min Zhao, Faquan Yu. Developing a p-Toluenesulfonic Acid Monohydrate-Assisted Electrodeposition Method To Synthesize an Additive-Free Polypyrrole Cathode for High-Rate Stability and High Gravimetric/Volumetric Capacity Li-Ion Batteries. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2023, 11
(1)
, 144-154. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c04966
- Adrian Saal, Lada Elbinger, Kristin Schreyer, Xhesilda Fataj, Christian Friebe, Ulrich S. Schubert. Structural Improvement of the Blatter Radical for High-Current Organic Batteries. ACS Applied Energy Materials 2022, 5
(12)
, 15019-15028. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c02559
- Sébastien Néron, Mathieu Morency, Cédric Malveau, Thierry Maris, Radu Iftimie, James D. Wuest. Diphenoquinhydrones and Related Hydrogen-Bonded Charge-Transfer Complexes. The Journal of Organic Chemistry 2022, 87
(23)
, 15796-15805. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.joc.2c01805
- Zhengxin Zhu, Taoli Jiang, Mohsin Ali, Yahan Meng, Yang Jin, Yi Cui, Wei Chen. Rechargeable Batteries for Grid Scale Energy Storage. Chemical Reviews 2022, 122
(22)
, 16610-16751. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00289
- Sen Zhang, Fangfang Xing, Ling Chen, Xiujuan Wang, Xiaoming He. Tuning the Azo Location in Conjugated Polymers Toward High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries. Chemistry of Materials 2022, 34
(20)
, 9031-9041. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c01497
- Myeong Hwan Lee, Giyun Kwon, Hyuntae Lim, Jihyeon Kim, Sung Joo Kim, Sechan Lee, Hyungsub Kim, Donggun Eum, Jun-Hyuk Song, Hyeokjun Park, Won Mo Seong, YounJoon Jung, Kisuk Kang. High-Energy and Long-Lasting Organic Electrode for a Rechargeable Aqueous Battery. ACS Energy Letters 2022, 7
(10)
, 3637-3645. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.2c01535
- Lian-Wei Luo, Wenyan Ma, Peihua Dong, Xiuhua Huang, Chao Yan, Changzhi Han, Peiyun Zheng, Chong Zhang, Jia-Xing Jiang. Synthetic Control of Electronic Property and Porosity in Anthraquinone-Based Conjugated Polymer Cathodes for High-Rate and Long-Cycle-Life Na–Organic Batteries. ACS Nano 2022, 16
(9)
, 14590-14599. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.2c05090
- Shivakumar P, Manjunatha Kumara K S, Shubhankar Kumar Bose, Nagaraju D H. Advances in Zinc and Magnesium Battery Polymer Cathode Materials. ACS Applied Energy Materials 2022, 5
(9)
, 10331-10358. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c01555
- Alicia M. Battaglia, Paniz Pahlavanlu, Eloi Grignon, So Young An, Dwight S. Seferos. High Active Material Loading in Organic Electrodes Enabled by a Multifunctional Binder. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2022, 14
(37)
, 42298-42307. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.2c10070
- Anqi Wang, Rui Tan, Charlotte Breakwell, Xiaochu Wei, Zhiyu Fan, Chunchun Ye, Richard Malpass-Evans, Tao Liu, Martijn A. Zwijnenburg, Kim E. Jelfs, Neil B. McKeown, Jun Chen, Qilei Song. Solution-Processable Redox-Active Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity for Electrochemical Energy Storage. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2022, 144
(37)
, 17198-17208. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.2c07575
- Zexin Jin, Qian Cheng, Si Tong Bao, Ruiwen Zhang, Austin M. Evans, Fay Ng, Yunyao Xu, Michael L. Steigerwald, Ann E. McDermott, Yuan Yang, Colin Nuckolls. Iterative Synthesis of Contorted Macromolecular Ladders for Fast-Charging and Long-Life Lithium Batteries. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2022, 144
(30)
, 13973-13980. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.2c06527
- Takumi Komura, Kosuke Sakano, Yasuhiko Igarashi, Hiromichi Numazawa, Hiroaki Imai, Yuya Oaki. A Capacity-Prediction Model for Exploration of Organic Anodes: Discovery of 5-Formylsalicylic Acid as a High-Performance Anode Active Material. ACS Applied Energy Materials 2022, 5
(7)
, 8990-8998. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c01472
- Sébastien Néron, Mathieu Morency, Liguo Chen, Thierry Maris, Dominic Rochefort, Radu Iftimie, James D. Wuest. Diphenoquinones Redux. The Journal of Organic Chemistry 2022, 87
(12)
, 7673-7695. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.joc.2c00260
- Surya Sekhar Manna, Biswarup Pathak. Pyrrolidinium-Based Organic Cation (BMP)-Intercalated Organic (Coronene) Anode for High-Voltage Dual-Ion Batteries: A Comparative Study with Graphite. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2022, 126
(22)
, 9264-9274. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c01724
- Hui Gao, Alex R. Neale, Qiang Zhu, Mounib Bahri, Xue Wang, Haofan Yang, Yongjie Xu, Rob Clowes, Nigel D. Browning, Marc A. Little, Laurence J. Hardwick, Andrew I. Cooper. A Pyrene-4,5,9,10-Tetraone-Based Covalent Organic Framework Delivers High Specific Capacity as a Li-Ion Positive Electrode. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2022, 144
(21)
, 9434-9442. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.2c02196
- Gordon Pace, Oscar Nordness, Kareem Asham, Raphaële J. Clément, Rachel A. Segalman. Impact of Side Chain Chemistry on Lithium Transport in Mixed Ion–Electron-Conducting Polymers. Chemistry of Materials 2022, 34
(10)
, 4672-4681. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c00592
- Yiwei Zheng, Haoqing Ji, Jie Liu, Zhenkang Wang, Jinqiu Zhou, Tao Qian, Chenglin Yan. Surpassing the Redox Potential Limit of Organic Cathode Materials via Extended p−π Conjugation of Dioxin. Nano Letters 2022, 22
(8)
, 3473-3479. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00965
- Rupesh Rohan, Miao-Ken Hung, Yi-Fei Yang, Chia-Wei Hsu, Cheng-Kuang Yeh, Yu-Lung Chang, Jyh-Tsung Lee. Enhancement of the High-Rate Performance of an Organic Radical Thin-Film Battery by Decreasing the Grafting Density of Polymer Brushes. ACS Applied Polymer Materials 2022, 4
(4)
, 2365-2372. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.1c01473
- Ava Rajh, Iztok Arčon, Klemen Bučar, Matjaž Žitnik, Marko Petric, Alen Vizintin, Jan Bitenc, Urban Košir, Robert Dominko, Hlynur Gretarsson, Martin Sundermann, Matjaž Kavčič. Characterization of Electrochemical Processes in Metal–Organic Batteries by X-ray Raman Spectroscopy. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2022, 126
(12)
, 5435-5442. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c10622
- Pascal Acker, Jan S. Wössner, Gauthier Desmaizieres, Birgit Esser. Conjugated Copolymer Design in Phenothiazine-Based Battery Materials Enables High Mass Loading Electrodes. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2022, 10
(10)
, 3236-3244. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c07564
- Kosuke Sakano, Yasuhiko Igarashi, Hiroaki Imai, Shuntaro Miyakawa, Takaya Saito, Yoshiki Takayanagi, Koji Nishiyama, Yuya Oaki. Performance Predictors for Organic Cathodes of Lithium-Ion Battery. ACS Applied Energy Materials 2022, 5
(2)
, 2074-2082. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.1c03612
- Erik Schröter, Christian Stolze, Adrian Saal, Kristin Schreyer, Martin D. Hager, Ulrich S. Schubert. All-Organic Redox Targeting with a Single Redox Moiety: Combining Organic Radical Batteries and Organic Redox Flow Batteries. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2022, 14
(5)
, 6638-6648. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c21122
- Qiliang Huang, Yunling Wu, Xinnan Mao, Xuan Zhao, Mochun Zhang, Sijia Di, Jialing Wu, Wei Huang, Lu Wang, Yanguang Li. Dimensionally Stable Polyimide Frameworks Enabling Long-Life Electrochemical Alkali-Ion Storage. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2022, 14
(1)
, 826-833. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c19302
- Bin Liu, Chun Wai Tang, Fu Kit Sheong, Guochen Jia, Tianshou Zhao. Artificial Bipolar Redox-Active Molecule for Symmetric Nonaqueous Redox Flow Batteries. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2022, 10
(1)
, 613-621. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c07190
- Md Alim Uddin, Haojie Yu, Li Wang, Bilal Ul Amin, Sahid Mehmood, Ruixue Liang, Fazal Haq, Jian Hu, Jinming Xu. Dynamics in Controllable Stimuli-Responsive Self-Assembly of Polymer Vesicles with Stable Radical Functionality. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2021, 13
(51)
, 61693-61706. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c21760
- Zhi Zhang, Yifeng Zhou, Pengpeng Chen, Shaohua Zeng, Wangyan Nie, Ying Xu. Investigation of Capacity Increase in Schiff-Base Networks as the Organic Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries. ACS Applied Energy Materials 2021, 4
(11)
, 12882-12891. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.1c02569
- Roman R. Kapaev, Alexander F. Shestakov, Sergey G. Vasil’ev, Keith J. Stevenson. Conjugated Ladder-Type Polymer with Hexaazatriphenylene Units as a Cathode Material for Lithium, Sodium, and Potassium Batteries. ACS Applied Energy Materials 2021, 4
(10)
, 10423-10427. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.1c01970
- Shangqian Xu, Jiechun Liang, Yunduo Yu, Rulin Liu, Yao Xu, Xi Zhu, Yu Zhao. Machine Learning-Assisted Discovery of High-Voltage Organic Materials for Rechargeable Batteries. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2021, 125
(39)
, 21352-21358. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c06821
- Kang Chen, Shihang Zhao, Jie Sun, Jiachao Zhou, Yingchao Wang, Kai Tao, Xunwen Xiao, Lei Han. Enhanced Capacitance Performance by Coupling 2D Conductive Metal–Organic Frameworks and Conducting Polymers for Hybrid Supercapacitors. ACS Applied Energy Materials 2021, 4
(9)
, 9534-9541. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.1c01694
- Farshid Shahrokhi, Maryam F. Abdollahi, Yuming Zhao. A Comparative Study of Redox-Active Dithiafulvenyl-Functionalized 1,3,6,8-Tetraphenylpyrene Derivatives. The Journal of Organic Chemistry 2021, 86
(18)
, 12723-12736. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.joc.1c01260
- Lihong Zhao, Alae Eddine Lakraychi, Zhaoyang Chen, Yanliang Liang, Yan Yao. Roadmap of Solid-State Lithium-Organic Batteries toward 500 Wh kg–1. ACS Energy Letters 2021, 6
(9)
, 3287-3306. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c01368
- Yong Lu, Yichao Cai, Qiu Zhang, Jun Chen. Structure–Performance Relationships of Covalent Organic Framework Electrode Materials in Metal-Ion Batteries. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 2021, 12
(33)
, 8061-8071. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02004
- Fabian Otteny, Verena Perner, Christopher Einholz, Gauthier Desmaizieres, Erik Schleicher, Martin Kolek, Peter Bieker, Martin Winter, Birgit Esser. Bridging the Gap between Small Molecular π-Interactions and Their Effect on Phenothiazine-Based Redox Polymers in Organic Batteries. ACS Applied Energy Materials 2021, 4
(8)
, 7622-7631. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.1c00917
- Débora Ruiz-Martínez, Teresa Lana-Villarreal, Roberto Gómez. Liquid Ammoniates as Efficient Electrolytes for Room-Temperature Rechargeable Sodium-Metal Batteries Based on an Organic Cathode. ACS Applied Energy Materials 2021, 4
(7)
, 6806-6814. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.1c00913
- Kouki Oka, Saki Murao, Miho Kataoka, Hiroyuki Nishide, Kenichi Oyaizu. Hydrophilic Anthraquinone-Substituted Polymer: Its Environmentally Friendly Preparation and Efficient Charge/Proton-Storage Capability for Polymer–Air Secondary Batteries. Macromolecules 2021, 54
(10)
, 4854-4859. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00865
- Roman R. Kapaev, Alexey G. Scherbakov, Alexander F. Shestakov, Keith J. Stevenson, Pavel A. Troshin. m-Phenylenediamine as a Building Block for Polyimide Battery Cathode Materials. ACS Applied Energy Materials 2021, 4
(5)
, 4465-4472. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.1c00092
- Daniil A. Lukyanov, Anatoliy A. Vereshchagin, Anastasiya V. Soloviova, Olga V. Grigorova, Petr S. Vlasov, Oleg V. Levin. Sulfonated Polycatechol Immobilized in a Conductive Polymer for Enhanced Energy Storage. ACS Applied Energy Materials 2021, 4
(5)
, 5070-5078. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.1c00639
- Bin Liu, Chun Wai Tang, Haoran Jiang, Guochen Jia, Tianshou Zhao. Carboxyl-Functionalized TEMPO Catholyte Enabling High-Cycling-Stability and High-Energy-Density Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2021, 9
(18)
, 6258-6265. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c08946
- Hualin Ye, Yanguang Li. Review on Multivalent Rechargeable Metal–Organic Batteries. Energy & Fuels 2021, 35
(9)
, 7624-7636. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c00860
- Huan Wang, Rikard Emanuelsson, Christoffer Karlsson, Patric Jannasch, Maria Strømme, Martin Sjödin. Rocking-Chair Proton Batteries with Conducting Redox Polymer Active Materials and Protic Ionic Liquid Electrolytes. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2021, 13
(16)
, 19099-19108. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c01353
- Curt M. Wong, Christo S. Sevov. All-Organic Storage Solids and Redox Shuttles for Redox-Targeting Flow Batteries. ACS Energy Letters 2021, 6
(4)
, 1271-1279. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c00143
- Mohammad K. Shehab, K. Shamara Weeraratne, Tony Huang, Ka Un Lao, Hani M. El-Kaderi. Exceptional Sodium-Ion Storage by an Aza-Covalent Organic Framework for High Energy and Power Density Sodium-Ion Batteries. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2021, 13
(13)
, 15083-15091. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c20915
- Verena Perner, Diddo Diddens, Fabian Otteny, Verena Küpers, Peter Bieker, Birgit Esser, Martin Winter, Martin Kolek. Insights into the Solubility of Poly(vinylphenothiazine) in Carbonate-Based Battery Electrolytes. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2021, 13
(10)
, 12442-12453. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c20012
- John M. Andjaba, Christopher J. Rybak, Zhiyang Wang, Jianheng Ling, Jianguo Mei, Christopher Uyeda. Catalytic Synthesis of Conjugated Azopolymers from Aromatic Diazides. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2021, 143
(10)
, 3975-3982. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.1c00447
- Na Wang, Rongkun Zhou, Huan Li, Zilong Zheng, Weixing Song, Tuo Xin, Mingjun Hu, Jinzhang Liu. New Insights into the Electrochemistry of Carbonyl- and Amino-Containing Polymers for Rechargeable Zinc–Organic Batteries. ACS Energy Letters 2021, 6
(3)
, 1141-1147. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c00139
- Jibin J. Samuel, Varun Kumar Karrothu, Ram Kumar Canjeevaram Balasubramanyam, Aiswarya Abhisek Mohapatra, Chandrasekhar Gangadharappa, Varun Ravi Kankanallu, Satish Patil, Naga Phani B. Aetukuri. Ionic Charge Storage in Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Redox-Active Conjugated Polymers. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2021, 125
(8)
, 4449-4457. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c11635
- Daniel Werner, Dogukan H. Apaydin, Dominik Wielend, Katharina Geistlinger, Wahyu D. Saputri, Ulrich J. Griesser, Emil Dražević, Thomas S. Hofer, Engelbert Portenkirchner. Analysis of the Ordering Effects in Anthraquinone Thin Films and Its Potential Application for Sodium Ion Batteries. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2021, 125
(7)
, 3745-3757. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c10778
- Madison R. Tuttle, Shelby T. Davis, Shiyu Zhang. Synergistic Effect of Hydrogen Bonding and π–π Stacking Enables Long Cycle Life in Organic Electrode Materials. ACS Energy Letters 2021, 6
(2)
, 643-649. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.0c02604
- Christian Strietzel, Kouki Oka, Maria Strømme, Rikard Emanuelsson, Martin Sjödin. An Alternative to Carbon Additives: The Fabrication of Conductive Layers Enabled by Soluble Conducting Polymer Precursors – A Case Study for Organic Batteries. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2021, 13
(4)
, 5349-5356. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c22578
- Danying Xu, Minxia Liang, Shuo Qi, Weiwei Sun, Li-Ping Lv, Fei-Hu Du, Baofeng Wang, Shuangqiang Chen, Yong Wang, Yan Yu. The Progress and Prospect of Tunable Organic Molecules for Organic Lithium-Ion Batteries. ACS Nano 2021, 15
(1)
, 47-80. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c05896
- Ming-Ming Hu, Huawen Huang, Qiang Gao, Yan Tang, Yuwen Luo, Yuanfu Deng, Lei Zhang. Anthraquinone-Based Covalent Organic Framework Nanosheets with Ordered Porous Structures for Highly Reversible Sodium Storage. Energy & Fuels 2021, 35
(2)
, 1851-1858. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c04165
- Sandeep Das, Preeti Bhauriyal, Biswarup Pathak. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons as Prospective Cathodes for Aluminum Organic Batteries. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2021, 125
(1)
, 49-57. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c07853
- Parisa Shiri, David Neusser, Claudia Malacrida, Sabine Ludwigs, Loren G. Kaake. Mixed Ion-Carrier Diffusion in Poly(3-hexyl thiophene)/Perchlorate Electrochemical Systems. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2021, 125
(1)
, 536-545. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c09527
- Zhenzhen Yang, Tao Wang, Hao Chen, Xian Suo, Phillip Halstenberg, Hailong Lyu, Wei Jiang, Shannon M. Mahurin, Ilja Popovs, Sheng Dai. Surpassing the Organic Cathode Performance for Lithium-Ion Batteries with Robust Fluorinated Covalent Quinazoline Networks. ACS Energy Letters 2021, 6
(1)
, 41-51. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01750
- Kouki Oka, Saki Murao, Kazuki Kobayashi, Hiroyuki Nishide, Kenichi Oyaizu. Charge- and Proton-Storage Capability of Naphthoquinone-Substituted Poly(allylamine) as Electrode-Active Material for Polymer–Air Secondary Batteries. ACS Applied Energy Materials 2020, 3
(12)
, 12019-12024. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.0c02178
- Xiaolu Tian, Yikun Yi, Binren Fang, Pu Yang, Te Wang, Pei Liu, Long Qu, Mingtao Li, Shanqing Zhang. Design Strategies of Safe Electrolytes for Preventing Thermal Runaway in Lithium Ion Batteries. Chemistry of Materials 2020, 32
(23)
, 9821-9848. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c02428
- Yi-Gang Weng, Wen-Yu Yin, Miao Jiang, Jin-Le Hou, Jie Shao, Qin-Yu Zhu, Jie Dai. Tetrathiafulvalene-Based Metal–Organic Framework as a High-Performance Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2020, 12
(47)
, 52615-52623. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c14510
- Anoopkumar V, Bibin John, Mercy TD. Potassium-Ion Batteries: Key to Future Large-Scale Energy Storage?. ACS Applied Energy Materials 2020, 3
(10)
, 9478-9492. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.0c01574
- Wenhao Chen, Xuan Wu, Yunfei Bai, Pengyao Sun, Chenliang Gong, Congshu Huang, Xiaojun Pan, Jincai Wu, Xiaobo Pan. Impact of PSBpin Content on the Electrochemical Properties of PTMA-PSBpin Copolymer Cathodes. ACS Applied Energy Materials 2020, 3
(9)
, 9296-9304. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.0c01647
- Alexandra D. Easley, Lillian M. Vukin, Paraskevi Flouda, Dylan L. Howard, Jose L. Pena, Jodie L. Lutkenhaus. Nitroxide Radical Polymer–Solvent Interactions and Solubility Parameter Determination. Macromolecules 2020, 53
(18)
, 7997-8008. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01739
- Jenna Multia, Juho Heiska, Aida Khayyami, Maarit Karppinen. Electrochemically Active In Situ Crystalline Lithium-Organic Thin Films by ALD/MLD. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2020, 12
(37)
, 41557-41566. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c11822
- Antonio Molina, Nagaraj Patil, Edgar Ventosa, Marta Liras, Jesus Palma, Rebeca Marcilla. Electrode Engineering of Redox-Active Conjugated Microporous Polymers for Ultra-High Areal Capacity Organic Batteries. ACS Energy Letters 2020, 5
(9)
, 2945-2953. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01577
- Mikhail Miroshnikov, Hsin Wang, Naresh Kumar Thangavel, Kiran Mahankali, Sitakanta Satapathy, Keiko Kato, Ganguli Babu, Kizhmuri P. Divya, Leela Mohana Reddy Arava, Pulickel M. Ajayan, George John. Nature-Inspired Purpurin Polymer for Li-Ion Batteries: Mechanistic Insights into Energy Storage via Solid-State NMR and Computational Studies. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2020, 124
(33)
, 17939-17948. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c04642
- Kan Hatakeyama-Sato, Momoka Umeki, Toshiki Tezuka, Kenichi Oyaizu. Charge-Transfer Complexes for Solid-State Li+ Conduction. ACS Applied Electronic Materials 2020, 2
(7)
, 2211-2217. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaelm.0c00393
- Michael Ruby Raj, Ramalinga Viswanathan Mangalaraja, Gibaek Lee, David Contreras, Karim Zaghib, M. V. Reddy. Large π-Conjugated Condensed Perylene-Based Aromatic Polyimide as Organic Cathode for Lithium-Ion Batteries. ACS Applied Energy Materials 2020, 3
(7)
, 6511-6524. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.0c00729
- Fergus J.M. Rogers, Benjamin B. Noble, Michelle L. Coote. Computational Optimization of Alkoxyamine-based Electrochemical Methylation. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A 2020, 124
(29)
, 6104-6110. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.0c05169
- Tomooki Hosaka, Kei Kubota, A. Shahul Hameed, Shinichi Komaba. Research Development on K-Ion Batteries. Chemical Reviews 2020, 120
(14)
, 6358-6466. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00463
- Philippe Poizot, Joël Gaubicher, Stéven Renault, Lionel Dubois, Yanliang Liang, Yan Yao. Opportunities and Challenges for Organic Electrodes in Electrochemical Energy Storage. Chemical Reviews 2020, 120
(14)
, 6490-6557. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00482
- Young-hun Shin, Hartmut Komber, Davide Caiola, Marco Cassinelli, Hengda Sun, Dominik Stegerer, Marcel Schreiter, Kilian Horatz, Franziska Lissel, Xuechen Jiao, Christopher R. McNeill, Simone Cimò, Chiara Bertarelli, Simone Fabiano, Mario Caironi, Michael Sommer. Synthesis and Aggregation Behavior of a Glycolated Naphthalene Diimide Bithiophene Copolymer for Application in Low-Level n-Doped Organic Thermoelectrics. Macromolecules 2020, 53
(13)
, 5158-5168. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00657
- Yu-Ting Kao, Shivaraj B. Patil, Chi-Yao An, Shao-Ku Huang, Jou-Chun Lin, Tien-Sheng Lee, Yi-Cheng Lee, Hung-Lung Chou, Chun-Wei Chen, Yuan Jay Chang, Ying-Huang Lai, Di-Yan Wang. A Quinone-Based Electrode for High-Performance Rechargeable Aluminum-Ion Batteries with a Low-Cost AlCl3/Urea Ionic Liquid Electrolyte. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2020, 12
(23)
, 25853-25860. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c04640
- Rahul Suresh, Vijayakumar Subramaniam. Quantum Chemical Support on the Two-Dimensional Assembly of Porphyrin Rings in the Application of Energy-Storage Devices. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2020, 124
(18)
, 9712-9723. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c00670
- Daniel Werner, Christoph Griesser, David Stock, Ulrich J. Griesser, Julia Kunze-Liebhäuser, Engelbert Portenkirchner. Substantially Improved Na-Ion Storage Capability by Nanostructured Organic–Inorganic Polyaniline-TiO2 Composite Electrodes. ACS Applied Energy Materials 2020, 3
(4)
, 3477-3487. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.9b02541
- Junaiz Rehmen, Thushan Pathirana, Laura Garcia-Quintana, Robert Kerr, Patrick C. Howlett, Kamil Zuber, Cristina Pozo-Gonzalo, Drew R. Evans. Structuring PEDOT Hollow Nanosphere Electrodes for High Specific Energy Li-Metal|Polymer Thin-Film Batteries. ACS Applied Nano Materials 2020, 3
(4)
, 3820-3828. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.0c00538
- Yunfei Zu, Ye Xu, Lijiao Ma, Qian Kang, Huifeng Yao, Jianhui Hou. Carbonyl Bridge-Based p−π Conjugated Polymers as High-Performance Electrodes of Organic Lithium-Ion Batteries. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2020, 12
(16)
, 18457-18464. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b23438
- Sanjoy Mondal, Takefumi Yoshida, Subrata Maji, Katsuhiko Ariga, Masayoshi Higuchi. Transparent Supercapacitor Display with Redox-Active Metallo-Supramolecular Polymer Films. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2020, 12
(14)
, 16342-16349. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b23123