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Transport of Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances and the Replacement Compound HFPO-DA through the Atlantic Gateway to the Arctic Ocean—Is the Arctic a Sink or a Source?

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    Contaminants in Aquatic and Terrestrial Environments

    Transport of Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances and the Replacement Compound HFPO-DA through the Atlantic Gateway to the Arctic Ocean—Is the Arctic a Sink or a Source?
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    • Hanna Joerss*
      Hanna Joerss
      Department for Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
      Institute of Inorganic and Applied Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
      *E-mail: [email protected]
      More by Hanna Joerss
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-1779-1940
    • Zhiyong Xie
      Zhiyong Xie
      Department for Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
      More by Zhiyong Xie
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0001-8997-3930
    • Charlotte C. Wagner
      Charlotte C. Wagner
      Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
      More by Charlotte C. Wagner
    • Wilken-Jon von Appen
      Wilken-Jon von Appen
      Section Physical Oceanography of Polar Seas, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
      More by Wilken-Jon von Appen
    • Elsie M. Sunderland
      Elsie M. Sunderland
      Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
      More by Elsie M. Sunderland
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-0386-9548
    • Ralf Ebinghaus
      Ralf Ebinghaus
      Department for Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
      More by Ralf Ebinghaus
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    Environmental Science & Technology

    Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2020, 54, 16, 9958–9967
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c00228
    Published July 29, 2020
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    Abstract

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    The spatial distribution of 29 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in seawater was investigated along a sampling transect from Europe to the Arctic and two transects within Fram Strait, located between Greenland and Svalbard, in the summer of 2018. Hexafluoropropylene oxide-dimer acid (HFPO-DA), a replacement compound for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), was detected in Arctic seawater for the first time. This provides evidence for its long-range transport to remote areas. The total PFAS concentration was significantly enriched in the cold, low-salinity surface water exiting the Arctic compared to warmer, higher-salinity water from the North Atlantic entering the Arctic (260 ± 20 pg/L versus 190 ± 10 pg/L). The higher ratio of perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA) to perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) in outflowing water from the Arctic suggests a higher contribution of atmospheric sources compared to ocean circulation. An east–west cross section of the Fram Strait, which included seven depth profiles, revealed higher PFAS concentrations in the surface water layer than in intermediate waters and a negligible intrusion into deep waters (>1000 m). Mass transport estimates indicated a net inflow of PFASs with ≥8 perfluorinated carbons via the boundary currents and a net outflow of shorter-chain homologues. We hypothesize that this reflects higher contributions from atmospheric sources to the Arctic outflow and a higher retention of the long-chain compounds in melting snow and ice.

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    Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2020, 54, 16, 9958–9967
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