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Rapid Production of Micro- and Nanoplastics by Fragmentation of Expanded Polystyrene Exposed to Sunlight

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Download Hi-Res ImageDownload to MS-PowerPointCite This:Environ. Sci. Technol. 2020, 54, 18, 11191-11200
    Contaminants in Aquatic and Terrestrial Environments

    Rapid Production of Micro- and Nanoplastics by Fragmentation of Expanded Polystyrene Exposed to Sunlight
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    • Young Kyoung Song
      Young Kyoung Song
      Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje-shi 53201, South Korea
      More by Young Kyoung Song
    • Sang Hee Hong
      Sang Hee Hong
      Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje-shi 53201, South Korea
      University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, South Korea
      More by Sang Hee Hong
    • Soeun Eo
      Soeun Eo
      Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje-shi 53201, South Korea
      University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, South Korea
      More by Soeun Eo
    • Gi Myung Han
      Gi Myung Han
      Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje-shi 53201, South Korea
      More by Gi Myung Han
    • Won Joon Shim*
      Won Joon Shim
      Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje-shi 53201, South Korea
      University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, South Korea
      *Email: [email protected]. Tel: +82-55-639-8671. Fax: +82-639-8689. Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje-shi 53201, South Korea.
      More by Won Joon Shim
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-9591-8564
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    Environmental Science & Technology

    Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2020, 54, 18, 11191–11200
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c02288
    Published August 12, 2020
    Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    Expanded polystyrene (EPS) is a common plastic marine debris found in oceans worldwide. The unique “foamed” structure of EPS, which is composed of thin layers, is more vulnerable to fragmentation than bulk plastics. However, the production rate of micro- and nanoplastics by the fragmentation of EPS following sunlight exposure remains largely unknown. Here, we determined the fragmentation rate and weight loss of EPS in an outdoor weathering experiment that ran for 24 months. It took only 1 month for the weight of an EPS box to decline by 5% due to photodegradation, and approximately 6.7 × 107 micro- and nanoparticles/cm2 could be produced at a latitude of 34 °N. These results indicate that macro EPS debris can continually produce a massive number of particles within a relatively short exposure duration. The findings provide useful information to inform policymakers how rapidly to remove “likely fragmented” plastic litter from the environment.

    Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society

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    Supporting Information

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    The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.0c02288.

    • Materials and methods: analysis of additive chemicals in EPS, UV/vis absorbance, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), weathering of rigid PS via UV irradiation, statistical analysis; tables for exact sunlight exposure times (Table S1), additives chemicals in expanded polystyrene (EPS, Table S2), mean ζ-potential of nanosized EPS particles in a solution (Table S3), abundance of nanoparticles produced from EPS and rigid PS (Table S4), established parameters used in pyrolysis–GS–MS (Table S5); figures displaying the EPS samples placed on a roof for the outdoor-exposure experiment (Figure S1), UV–visible absorbance spectrum (Figure S2), EPS nanoparticles qualitatively confirmed using pyrolysis–GC–MS (Figure S3), size distribution and abundances of the micro- and nanosized EPS particles produced (Figure S4), and images of an EPS surface and EPS particle thickness (Figure S5) (PDF)

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    Cited By

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    This article is cited by 163 publications.

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    Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2020, 54, 18, 11191–11200
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