Ingestion of Fecal Bacteria along Multiple Pathways by Young Children in Rural Bangladesh Participating in a Cluster-Randomized Trial of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Interventions (WASH Benefits)Click to copy article linkArticle link copied!
- Laura H. Kwong*Laura H. Kwong*Email: [email protected]Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United StatesMore by Laura H. Kwong
- Ayse ErcumenAyse ErcumenDepartment of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United StatesMore by Ayse Ercumen
- Amy J. PickeringAmy J. PickeringDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United StatesMore by Amy J. Pickering
- Joanne E. ArsenaultJoanne E. ArsenaultProgram in International Community Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United StatesMore by Joanne E. Arsenault
- Mahfuza IslamMahfuza IslamInternational Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka 1000, BangladeshMore by Mahfuza Islam
- Sarker M ParvezSarker M ParvezInternational Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka 1000, BangladeshMore by Sarker M Parvez
- Leanne UnicombLeanne UnicombInternational Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka 1000, BangladeshMore by Leanne Unicomb
- Mahbubur RahmanMahbubur RahmanInternational Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka 1000, BangladeshMore by Mahbubur Rahman
- Jennifer DavisJennifer DavisWoods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United StatesDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United StatesMore by Jennifer Davis
- Stephen P. LubyStephen P. LubyWoods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United StatesMore by Stephen P. Luby
Abstract
Quantifying the contribution of individual exposure pathways to a child’s total ingestion of fecal matter could help prioritize interventions to reduce environmental enteropathy and diarrhea. This study used data on fecal contamination of drinking water, food, soil, hands, and objects and second-by-second data on children’s contacts with these environmental reservoirs in rural Bangladesh to assess the relative contribution of different pathways to children’s ingestion of fecal indicator bacteria and if ingestion decreased with the water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions implemented in the WASH Benefits Trial. Our model estimated that rural Bangladeshi children <36 months old consume 3.6–4.9 log10 most probable number E. coli/day. Among children <6 months, placing objects in the mouth accounted for 60% of E. coli ingested. For children 6–35 months old, mouthing their own hands, direct soil ingestion, and ingestion of contaminated food were the primary pathways of E. coli ingestion. The amount of E. coli ingested by children and the predominant pathways of E. coli ingestion were unchanged by the water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions. These results highlight contaminated soil, children’s hands, food, and objects as primary pathways of E. coli ingestion and emphasize the value of intervening along these pathways.
Introduction
Methods
Modeled Pathways
Model Overview
Parameters
Frequency of Hand-to-mouth (HM.x) and Object-to-Mouth Contacts (OMc,i)
Frequency and Quantity of Direct Soil (SMc,i, SWDI) and Fecal Matter (FMc,i, FWDI) Ingestion
Food Consumption (Fc,i)
Water Consumption (Wc,i)
E. coli Contamination of Water (ECwater,c,i), Hands (EChand,c,i, EChand,m,i), Food (ECfood,c,i), Objects (ECobj), and Soil (ECsoil)
E. coli Per Gram Feces (ECfeces) and Feces Moisture Content (FMC)
Other Parameters
Relative Contribution and Sensitivity Analyses
Results
Discussion
Supporting Information
The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.0c02606.
Modeled log10 E. coli MPN ingestion/day among children in the WASH Benefits Bangladesh control and WSH arms (Table S1). Modeled fecal bacteria ingestion by young children in rural Bangladesh (Figure S1) (PDF)
Terms & Conditions
Most electronic Supporting Information files are available without a subscription to ACS Web Editions. Such files may be downloaded by article for research use (if there is a public use license linked to the relevant article, that license may permit other uses). Permission may be obtained from ACS for other uses through requests via the RightsLink permission system: http://pubs.acs.org/page/copyright/permissions.html.
Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge the WASH Benefits – Bangladesh study families who participated in the exposure assessment and provided environmental samples. This material is based upon work supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPPGD759), World Bank, Stanford Wood’s Institute for the Environment Goldman Graduate Fellowship and the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under Grant No. DGE-114747. Any opinion, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
References
This article references 69 other publications.
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- 6Null, C.; Stewart, C. P.; Pickering, A. J.; Dentz, H. N.; Arnold, B. F.; Arnold, C. D.; Benjamin-Chung, J.; Clasen, T.; Dewey, K. G.; Fernald, L. C. H.; Hubbard, A. E.; Kariger, P.; Lin, A.; Luby, S. P.; Mertens, A.; Njenga, S. M.; Nyambane, G.; Ram, P. K.; Colford, J. M. Effects of Water Quality, Sanitation, Handwashing, and Nutritional Interventions on Diarrhoea and Child Growth in Rural Kenya: A Cluster-Randomised Controlled Trial. Lancet Glob. Health 2018, 6 (3), e316-e329 DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30005-6Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 7Clasen, T.; Boisson, S.; Routray, P.; Torondel, B.; Bell, M.; Cumming, O.; Ensink, J.; Freeman, M.; Jenkins, M.; Odagiri, M.; Ray, S.; Sinha, A.; Suar, M.; Schmidt, W.-P. Effectiveness of a Rural Sanitation Programme on Diarrhoea, Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection, and Child Malnutrition in Odisha, India: A Cluster-Randomised Trial. Lancet Glob. Health 2014, 2 (11), e645 DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70307-9Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 8Ercumen, A.; Mertens, A.; Arnold, B. F.; Benjamin-Chung, J.; Hubbard, A. E.; Ahmed, M. A.; Kabir, M. H.; Rahman Khalil, Md. M.; Kumar, A.; Rahman, Md. S.; Parvez, S. M.; Unicomb, L.; Rahman, M.; Ram, P. K.; Clasen, T.; Luby, S. P.; Colford, J. M. Effects of Single and Combined Water, Sanitation and Handwashing Interventions on Fecal Contamination in the Domestic Environment: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial in Rural Bangladesh. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2018, 52 (21), 12078– 12088, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05153Google Scholar8https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhslyrsL3P&md5=fb0a6d85d2bec4cd99416f636a48c94aEffects of Single and Combined Water, Sanitation and Handwashing Interventions on Fecal Contamination in the Domestic Environment: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial in Rural BangladeshErcumen, Ayse; Mertens, Andrew; Arnold, Benjamin F.; Benjamin-Chung, Jade; Hubbard, Alan E.; Ahmed, Mir Alvee; Kabir, Mir Himayet; Rahman Khalil, Md. Masudur; Kumar, Ashish; Rahman, Md. Sajjadur; Parvez, Sarker Masud; Unicomb, Leanne; Rahman, Mahbubur; Ram, Pavani K.; Clasen, Thomas; Luby, Stephen P.; Colford, John M.Environmental Science & Technology (2018), 52 (21), 12078-12088CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions have varying effectiveness in reducing fecal contamination in the domestic environment; delivering them in combination could yield synergies. We conducted environmental assessments within a randomized controlled trial in Bangladesh that implemented single and combined water treatment, sanitation, handwashing (WSH) and nutrition interventions (WASH Benefits, NCT01590095). After one and two years of intervention, we quantified fecal indicator bacteria in samples of drinking water (from source or storage), child hands, children's food and sentinel objects. In households receiving single water treatment interventions, Escherichia coli prevalence in stored drinking water was reduced by 50% and concn. by 1-log. E. coli prevalence in food was reduced by 30% and concn. by 0.5-log in households receiving single water treatment and handwashing interventions. Combined WSH did not reduce fecal contamination more effectively than its components. Interventions did not reduce E. coli in groundwater, on child hands and on objects. These findings suggest that WSH improvements reduced contamination along the direct transmission pathways of stored water and food but not along indirect upstream pathways. Our findings support implementing water treatment and handwashing to reduce fecal exposure through water and food but provide no evidence that combining interventions further reduces exposure.
- 9Ercumen, A.; Pickering, A. J.; Kwong, L. H.; Mertens, A.; Arnold, B. F.; Benjamin-Chung, J.; Hubbard, A. E.; Alam, M.; Sen, D.; Islam, S.; Rahman, Md. Z.; Kullmann, C.; Chase, C.; Ahmed, R.; Parvez, S. M.; Unicomb, L.; Rahman, M.; Ram, P. K.; Clasen, T.; Luby, S. P.; Colford, J. M. Do Sanitation Improvements Reduce Fecal Contamination of Water, Hands, Food, Soil, and Flies? Evidence from a Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial in Rural Bangladesh. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2018, 52 (21), 12089– 12097, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02988Google Scholar9https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhslyrsLzE&md5=5f2a55aff7ba650d4aa41f7ae63d10eaDo Sanitation Improvements Reduce Fecal Contamination of Water, Hands, Food, Soil, and Flies? Evidence from a Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial in Rural BangladeshErcumen, Ayse; Pickering, Amy J.; Kwong, Laura H.; Mertens, Andrew; Arnold, Benjamin F.; Benjamin-Chung, Jade; Hubbard, Alan E.; Alam, Mahfuja; Sen, Debashis; Islam, Sharmin; Rahman, Md. Zahidur; Kullmann, Craig; Chase, Claire; Ahmed, Rokeya; Parvez, Sarker Masud; Unicomb, Leanne; Rahman, Mahbubur; Ram, Pavani K.; Clasen, Thomas; Luby, Stephen P.; Colford, John M.Environmental Science & Technology (2018), 52 (21), 12089-12097CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)Sanitation improvements have had limited effectiveness in reducing the spread of fecal pathogens into the environment. We conducted environmental measurements within a randomized controlled trial in Bangladesh that implemented individual and combined water treatment, sanitation, handwashing (WSH) and nutrition interventions (WASH Benefits, NCT01590095). Following approx. 4 mo of intervention, we enrolled households in the trial's control, sanitation and combined WSH arms to assess whether sanitation improvements, alone and coupled with water treatment and handwashing, reduce fecal contamination in the domestic environment. We quantified fecal indicator bacteria in samples of drinking and ambient waters, child hands, food given to young children, courtyard soil and flies. In the WSH arm, Escherichia coli prevalence in stored drinking water was reduced by 62% (prevalence ratio = 0.38 (0.32, 0.44)) and E. coli concn. by 1-log (Δlog10 = -0.88 (-1.01, -0.75)). The interventions did not reduce E. coli along other sampled pathways. Ambient contamination remained high among intervention households. Potential reasons include noncommunity-level sanitation coverage, child open defecation, animal fecal sources, or naturalized E. coli in the environment. Future studies should explore potential threshold effects of different levels of community sanitation coverage on environmental contamination.
- 10Sclar, G. D.; Penakalapati, G.; Amato, H. K.; Garn, J. V.; Alexander, K.; Freeman, M. C.; Boisson, S.; Medlicott, K. O.; Clasen, T. Assessing the Impact of Sanitation on Indicators of Fecal Exposure along Principal Transmission Pathways: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2016, 219 (8), 709– 723, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.09.021Google Scholar10https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC2svnsV2msg%253D%253D&md5=d83234f567a9b3dd8fd237cf40957fb9Assessing the impact of sanitation on indicators of fecal exposure along principal transmission pathways: A systematic reviewSclar Gloria D; Penakalapati Gauthami; Amato Heather K; Garn Joshua V; Alexander Kelly; Freeman Matthew C; Boisson Sophie; Medlicott Kate O; Clasen ThomasInternational journal of hygiene and environmental health (2016), 219 (8), 709-723 ISSN:.OBJECTIVE: Fecal-oral transmission of enteric and other pathogens due to poor sanitation is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in low- or middle-income settings. Few studies have investigated the impact of sanitation on indicators of transmission, a prerequisite to achieving health gains. This review attempts to summarize the literature to date. METHODS: We searched leading databases to identify studies that address the effect of sanitation on various transmission pathways including fecal pathogens or indicator bacteria in drinking water, hand contamination, sentinel toys, food, household and latrine surfaces and soil, as well as flies and observations of human feces. This also included studies that assessed the impact of fecal contamination of water supplies based on distance from sanitation facilities. We identified 29 studies that met the review's eligibility criteria. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Overall, the studies found little to no effect from sanitation interventions on these transmission pathways. There was no evidence of effects on water quality (source or household), hand or sentinel toy contamination, food contamination, or contamination of surfaces or soil. There is some evidence that sanitation was associated with reductions in flies and a small effect on observations of feces (Risk Difference -0.03, 95%CI -0.06 to 0.01). Studies show an inverse relationship between the distance of a water supply from a latrine and level of fecal contamination of such water supply. Future evaluations of sanitation interventions should include assessments of effects along transmission pathways in order to better understand the circumstances under which interventions may be effective at preventing disease.
- 11Bauza, V.; Guest, J. S. The Effect of Young Children’s Faeces Disposal Practices on Child Growth: Evidence from 34 Countries. Trop. Med. Int. Health 2017, 22 (10), 1233– 1248, DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12930Google Scholar11https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC1cjotVWgtg%253D%253D&md5=5637d346f53e2d6ed2ab3dbaa9f6e451The effect of young children's faeces disposal practices on child growth: evidence from 34 countriesBauza Valerie; Guest Jeremy STropical medicine & international health : TM & IH (2017), 22 (10), 1233-1248 ISSN:.OBJECTIVE: To characterize the relationship between child faeces disposal and child growth in low- and middle-income countries. METHODS: We analysed caregiver responses and anthropometric data from Demographic and Health Surveys (2005-2014) for 202 614 children under five and 82 949 children under two to examine the association between child faeces disposal and child growth. RESULTS: Child faeces disposal in an improved toilet was associated with reduced stunting for children under five [adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) = 0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.89-0.92] and a 0.12 increase in height-for-age z-score (HAZ; 95% CI: 0.10-0.15) among all households. Among households with improved sanitation access, practicing improved child faeces disposal was still associated with a decrease in stunting (aPR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.91-0.96) and a 0.09 increase in HAZ (95% CI: 0.06-0.13). Improved child faeces disposal was also associated with reductions in underweight and wasting, and an increase in weight-for-age z-score (WAZ), but not an increase in weight-for-height z-score (WHZ). Community coverage level of improved child faeces disposal was also associated with stunting, with 75-100% coverage associated with the greatest reduction in stunting. Child faeces disposal in an unimproved toilet was associated with reductions in underweight and wasting, but not stunting. CONCLUSIONS: Improved child faeces disposal practices could achieve greater reductions in child undernutrition than improving toilet access alone. Additionally, the common classification of child faeces disposal as 'safe' regardless of the type of toilet used for disposal may underestimate the benefits of disposal in an improved toilet and overestimate the benefits of disposal in an unimproved toilet.
- 12Bauza, V.; Byrne, D. M.; Trimmer, J. T.; Lardizabal, A.; Atiim, P.; Asigbee, M. A. K.; Guest, J. S. Child Soil Ingestion in Rural Ghana: Frequency, Caregiver Perceptions, Relationship with Household Floor Material, and Associations with Child Diarrhoea. Trop. Med. Int. Health 2018, 23, 558, DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13050Google Scholar12https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC1MngvFOkug%253D%253D&md5=13dbc74974a805f44ca88e669b598633Child soil ingestion in rural Ghana - frequency, caregiver perceptions, relationship with household floor material and associations with child diarrhoeaBauza Valerie; Byrne Diana M; Trimmer John T; Lardizabal Amanda; Guest Jeremy S; Atiim Philip; Asigbee Mawuli A KTropical medicine & international health : TM & IH (2018), 23 (5), 558-569 ISSN:.OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this work were to evaluate (i) the prevalence and frequency of caregiver-reported soil ingestion by children, (ii) whether household flooring material in the bedroom (earth vs. concrete) affected caregiver-reported soil ingestion, (iii) whether caregiver-reported soil ingestion was associated with caregiver-reported diarrhoea and (iv) caregivers' perceptions of their children ingesting soil. METHODS: We conducted 309 household surveys in northern Ghana, including 529 children under five (249 children aged 6-36 months), and measured faecal contamination in soil from 31 households. RESULTS: Among all children, 15% were reported to have directly ingested soil in the past week, including 28% of children aged 6-36 months. Among children reported to have ingested soil, the median frequency was 14 times in the past week, and the median amount of soil ingested each time was half a handful. There was no association between household floor material and whether the caregiver observed a child directly ingesting soil. After adjusting for household floor material and other potential confounding variables, caregiver-reported soil ingestion was associated with caregiver-reported diarrhoea for children under five [adjusted odds ratio (adj. OR) = 3.13, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.76-3.55] and children aged 6-36 months (adj. OR = 2.61, 95% CI 2.01-3.39). Approximately 83% of caregivers whose children ingested soil reported they thought it was unsafe and were more likely to report stopping their child from ingesting soil, but these responses did not affect the quantity of soil ingested. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest direct soil ingestion is associated with diarrhoea independent of household floor material, and separate interventions may be necessary to prevent exploratory soil ingestion.
- 13George, C. M.; Oldja, L.; Lee, G. O.; Biswas, S.; Perin, J.; Lee, G. O.; Kosek, M.; Sack, R. B.; Ahmed, S.; Haque, R.; Parvin, T.; Azmi, I. J.; Bhuyian, S. I.; Talukder, K. A.; Mohammad, S.; Faruque, A. G. Geophagy Is Associated with Environmental Enteropathy and Stunting in Children in Rural Bangladesh. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2015, 92 (6), 1117– 1124, DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0672Google Scholar13https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC2MjotlKgsQ%253D%253D&md5=cb2d0663ddbd7e485fef94763c54e7a1Geophagy is associated with environmental enteropathy and stunting in children in rural BangladeshGeorge Christine Marie; Oldja Lauren; Biswas Shwapon; Perin Jamie; Lee Gwenyth O; Kosek Margaret; Sack R Bradley; Ahmed Shahnawaz; Haque Rashidul; Parvin Tahmina; Azmi Ishrat J; Bhuyian Sazzadul Islam; Talukder Kaisar A; Mohammad Shahnaij; Faruque Abu GThe American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene (2015), 92 (6), 1117-24 ISSN:.There is a growing body of literature indicating an association between stunting and environmental enteropathy (EE), a disorder thought to be caused by repeated exposures to enteric pathogens. To investigate the relationship between exposure to enteric pathogens through geophagy, consumption of soil, EE, and stunting, we conducted a prospective cohort study of 216 children under 5 years of age in rural Bangladesh. Geophagy was assessed at baseline using 5 hour structured observation and caregiver reports. Stool was analyzed for fecal markers of intestinal inflammation: alpha-1-antitrypsin, myeloperoxidase, neopterin (all three combined to form an EE disease activity score), and calprotectin. Eighteen percent of children had observed geophagy events by structured observation and 28% had caregiver reported events in the past week. Nearly all households had Escherichia coli (97%) in soil, and 14% had diarrheagenic E. coli. Children with caregiver-reported geophagy had significantly higher EE scores (0.72 point difference, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.01, 1.42) and calprotectin concentrations (237.38 μg/g, 95% CI: 12.77, 462.00). Furthermore, at the 9-month follow-up the odds of being stunted (height-for-age z-score < -2) was double for children with caregiver-reported geophagy (odds ratio [OR]: 2.27, 95% CI: 1.14, 4.51). These findings suggest that geophagy in young children may be an important unrecognized risk factor for EE and stunting.
- 14Perin, J.; Thomas, A.; Oldja, L.; Ahmed, S.; Parvin, T.; Bhuyian, S. I.; Sarker, B.; Biswas, S. K.; Faruque, A. S. G.; Sack, R. B.; George, C. M. Geophagy Is Associated with Growth Faltering in Children in Rural Bangladesh. J. Pediatr. 2016, 178, 34– 39, DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.06.077Google Scholar14https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC2s3otFOmug%253D%253D&md5=2e7717cabf2d0bb65e2207fa976f8c98Geophagy Is Associated with Growth Faltering in Children in Rural BangladeshPerin Jamie; Thomas Alvin; Oldja Lauren; Sack R Bradley; George Christine M; Ahmed Shahnawaz; Parvin Tahmina; Bhuyian Sazzadul Islam; Sarker Bidduth; Faruque Abu S G; Biswas Shwapon KThe Journal of pediatrics (2016), 178 (), 34-39.e1 ISSN:.OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between geophagy (mouthing of dirt, sand, clay, or mud) and growth faltering in young children. STUDY DESIGN: We examined linear growth as height and weight standardized by age and sex, and weight standardized by height, in a cohort of children aged 6-36 months in rural Mirzapur, Bangladesh. We determined geophagy behavior at baseline through caregiver report. Anthropometric measurements were assessed at baseline and at a 1-year follow-up. RESULTS: We found that among children not stunted at baseline, those with caregiver-reported geophagy at baseline grew less over 1 year compared with their peers, with a difference in the change of standardized height for age and sex of -0.31 (95% CI, -0.61 to -0.01). CONCLUSION: These findings show that caregiver-reported geophagy was associated with growth faltering in a pediatric population in rural Bangladesh. Future studies are needed to learn more about this exposure pathway and its relevance to child growth.
- 15Zambrano, L. D.; Levy, K.; Menezes, N. P.; Freeman, M. C. Human Diarrhea Infections Associated with Domestic Animal Husbandry: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2014, 108 (6), 313– 325, DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/tru056Google Scholar15https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC2cjhtVOltg%253D%253D&md5=58dbe1a46cf55475910c5151326c0522Human diarrhea infections associated with domestic animal husbandry: a systematic review and meta-analysisZambrano Laura D; Levy Karen; Menezes Neia P; Freeman Matthew CTransactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (2014), 108 (6), 313-25 ISSN:.Domestic animal husbandry, a common practice globally, can lead to zoonotic transmission of enteric pathogens. However, this risk has received little attention to date. This systematic review and meta-analysis examines the evidence for an association between domestic exposure to food-producing animals and cases of human diarrhea and specific enteric infections. We performed a systematic review of available literature to examine domestic livestock and poultry as risk factors for diarrhea and applied pre-determined quality criteria. Where possible, we carried out meta-analysis of specific animal-pathogen pairs. We found consistent evidence of a positive association between exposure to domestic food-producing animals and diarrheal illness across a range of animal exposures and enteric pathogens. Out of 29 studies included in the review, 20 (69.0%) reported a positive association between domestic animal exposure and diarrhea. Domestic exposure to poultry revealed a substantial association with human campylobacteriosis (OR 2.73, 95% CI 1.90-3.93). Our results suggest that domestic poultry and livestock exposures are associated with diarrheal illness in humans. Failure to ascertain the microbial cause of disease may mask this effect. Exposure to domestic animals should be considered a risk factor for human diarrheal illness and additional studies may identify potential mitigation strategies to address this risk.
- 16Vujcic, J.; Ram, P. K.; Hussain, F.; Unicomb, L.; Gope, P. S.; Abedin, J.; Mahmud, Z. H.; Sirajul Islam, M.; Luby, S. P. Toys and Toilets: Cross-Sectional Study Using Children’s Toys to Evaluate Environmental Faecal Contamination in Rural Bangladeshi Households with Different Sanitation Facilities and Practices. Trop. Med. Int. Health 2014, 19 (5), 528– 536, DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12292Google Scholar16https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC2crlsVOhsg%253D%253D&md5=281bafb029b2d9fdd6dbf09c25d00a95Toys and toilets: cross-sectional study using children's toys to evaluate environmental faecal contamination in rural Bangladeshi households with different sanitation facilities and practicesVujcic Jelena; Ram Pavani K; Hussain Faruqe; Unicomb Leanne; Gope Partha Sarathi; Abedin Jaynal; Mahmud Zahid Hayat; Islam M Sirajul; Luby Stephen PTropical medicine & international health : TM & IH (2014), 19 (5), 528-36 ISSN:.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate household faecal contamination using children's toys among 100 rural Bangladeshi households categorised as 'cleaner' (toilet that reliably separates faeces from the environment and no human faeces in/around living space) or 'less clean' (no toilet or toilet that does not reliably separate faeces from the environment and human faeces in/around living space). METHODS: We distributed toy balls to each household and rinsed each study toy and a toy already owned by the household in 200 ml of Ringer's solution. We enumerated faecal coliforms and faecal streptococci from each rinse using membrane filtration methods. RESULTS: Study toys from 39 cleaner households had lower mean faecal coliform contamination than toys from 61 less clean households (2.4 log10 colony-forming units (CFU)/200 ml vs. 3.2 log10 CFU/200 ml, P = 0.03). However, wealth measures explained a portion of this relationship. Repeat measures were moderately variable [coefficient of variation (CV) = 6.5 between two toys in the household at the same time, CV = 37.6 between toys in the household at two different times 3-4 days apart]. Too few households owned a non-porous toy to compare groups without risk of bias. CONCLUSION: In rural Bangladesh, improved sanitation facilities and practices were associated with less environmental contamination. Whether this association is independent of household wealth and whether the difference in contamination improves child health merit further study. The variation found was typical for measures of environmental contamination, and requires large sample sizes to ascertain differences between groups with statistical significance.
- 17Kwong, L. H.; Ercumen, A.; Pickering, A. J.; Unicomb, L.; Davis, J.; Luby, S. P. Hand- and Object-Mouthing of Rural Bangladeshi Children 3–18 Months Old. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13 (6), 563, DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13060563Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 18Gruber, J. S.; Ercumen, A.; Colford, J. M. Coliform Bacteria as Indicators of Diarrheal Risk in Household Drinking Water: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2014, 9 (9), e107429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107429Google Scholar18https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhslSiurjP&md5=a29224137d979a793c97cd08db8912a2Coliform bacteria as indicators of diarrheal risk in household drinking water: systematic review and meta-analysisGruber, Joshua S.; Ercumen, Ayse; Colford, John M.PLoS One (2014), 9 (9), e107429/1-e107429/14, 14 pp.CODEN: POLNCL; ISSN:1932-6203. (Public Library of Science)Background: Current guidelines recommend the use of Escherichia coli (EC) or thermotolerant ("fecal") coliforms (FC) as indicators of fecal contamination in drinking water. Despite their broad use as measures of water quality, there remains limited evidence for an assocn. between EC or FC and diarrheal illness: a previous review found no evidence for a link between diarrhea and these indicators in household drinking water. Objectives: We conducted a systematic review and meta-anal. to update the results of the previous review with newly available evidence, to explore differences between EC and FC indicators, and to assess the quality of available evidence. Methods: We searched major databases using broad terms for household water quality and diarrhea. We extd. study characteristics and relative risks (RR) from relevant studies. We pooled RRs using random effects models with inverse variance weighting, and used std. methods to evaluate heterogeneity and publication bias. Results: We identified 20 relevant studies; 14 studies provided extractable results for meta-anal. When combining all studies, we found no assocn. between EC or FC and diarrhea (RR 1.26 [95% CI: 0.98, 1.63]). When analyzing EC and FC sep., we found evidence for an assocn. between diarrhea and EC (RR: 1.54 [95% CI: 1.37, 1.74]) but not FC (RR: 1.07 [95% CI: 0.79, 1.45]). Across all studies, we identified several elements of study design and reporting (e.g., timing of outcome and exposure measurement, accounting for correlated outcomes) that could be improved upon in future studies that evaluate the assocn. between drinking water contamination and health. Conclusions: Our findings, based on a review of the published literature, suggest that these two coliform groups have different assocns. with diarrhea in household drinking water. Our results support the use of EC as a fecal indicator in household drinking water.
- 19Pickering, A. J.; Ercumen, A.; Arnold, B. F.; Kwong, L. H.; Parvez, S. M.; Alam, M.; Sen, D.; Islam, S.; Kullmann, C.; Chase, C.; Ahmed, R.; Unicomb, L.; Colford, J. M.; Luby, S. P. Fecal Indicator Bacteria along Multiple Environmental Transmission Pathways (Water, Hands, Food, Soil, Flies) and Subsequent Child Diarrhea in Rural Bangladesh. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2018, 52 (14), 7928– 7936, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00928Google Scholar19https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhtFeqsrrM&md5=d2c3cf143a327fe0ace91356af41ef49Fecal Indicator Bacteria along Multiple Environmental Transmission Pathways (Water, Hands, Food, Soil, Flies) and Subsequent Child Diarrhea in Rural BangladeshPickering, Amy J.; Ercumen, Ayse; Arnold, Benjamin F.; Kwong, Laura H.; Parvez, Sarker Masud; Alam, Mahfuja; Sen, Debashis; Islam, Sharmin; Kullmann, Craig; Chase, Claire; Ahmed, Rokeya; Unicomb, Leanne; Colford, John M.; Luby, Stephen P.Environmental Science & Technology (2018), 52 (14), 7928-7936CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)Enteric pathogens can be transmitted through multiple environmental pathways, yet little is known about the relative contribution of each pathway to diarrhea risk among children. We aimed to identify fecal transmission pathways in the household environment assocd. with prospectively measured child diarrhea in rural Bangladesh. We measured the presence and levels of Escherichia coli in tube wells, stored drinking water, pond water, child hand rinses, courtyard soil, flies, and food in 1843 households. Gastrointestinal symptoms among children ages 0-60 mo were recorded concurrently at the time of environmental sample collection and again a median of 6 days later. Incident diarrhea (3 or more loose stools in a 24-h period) was pos. assocd. with the concn. of E. coli on child hands measured on the first visit (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.23, 95% CI 1.06, 1.43 for a log10 increase), while other pathways were not assocd. In cross-sectional anal., there were no assocns. between concurrently measured environmental contamination and diarrhea. Our findings suggest higher levels of E. coli on child hands are strongly assocd. with subsequent diarrheal illness rates among children in rural Bangladesh.
- 20Goddard, F.; Pickering, A. J.; Ercumen, A.; Brown, J.; Chang, H.; Clasen, T. Fecal Contamination of the Environment and Child Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Using Individual Participant Data. Lancet Planet. Health 2020, 4, e405, DOI: 10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30195-9Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 21Wang, Y.; Moe, C. L.; Null, C.; Raj, S. J.; Baker, K. K.; Robb, K. A.; Yakubu, H.; Ampofo, J. A.; Wellington, N.; Freeman, M. C.; Armah, G.; Reese, H. E.; Peprah, D.; Teunis, P. F. M. Multipathway Quantitative Assessment of Exposure to Fecal Contamination for Young Children in Low-Income Urban Environments in Accra, Ghana: The Sanipath Analytical Approach. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2017, 97 (4), 1009– 1019, DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0408Google Scholar21https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC1M7gs1ahuw%253D%253D&md5=bec5a96bddf73418ff7984f43cb54959Multipathway Quantitative Assessment of Exposure to Fecal Contamination for Young Children in Low-Income Urban Environments in Accra, Ghana: The SaniPath Analytical ApproachWang Yuke; Moe Christine L; Null Clair; Raj Suraja J; Baker Kelly K; Robb Katharine A; Yakubu Habib; Freeman Matthew C; Reese Heather E; Peprah Dorothy; Teunis Peter F M; Ampofo Joseph A; Wellington Nii; Armah George; Teunis Peter F MThe American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene (2017), 97 (4), 1009-1019 ISSN:.Lack of adequate sanitation results in fecal contamination of the environment and poses a risk of disease transmission via multiple exposure pathways. To better understand how eight different sources contribute to overall exposure to fecal contamination, we quantified exposure through multiple pathways for children under 5 years old in four high-density, low-income, urban neighborhoods in Accra, Ghana. We collected more than 500 hours of structured observation of behaviors of 156 children, 800 household surveys, and 1,855 environmental samples. Data were analyzed using Bayesian models, estimating the environmental and behavioral factors associated with exposure to fecal contamination. These estimates were applied in exposure models simulating sequences of behaviors and transfers of fecal indicators. This approach allows us to identify the contribution of any sources of fecal contamination in the environment to child exposure and use dynamic fecal microbe transfer networks to track fecal indicators from the environment to oral ingestion. The contributions of different sources to exposure were categorized into four types (high/low by dose and frequency), as a basis for ranking pathways by the potential to reduce exposure. Although we observed variation in estimated exposure (10(8)-10(16) CFU/day for Escherichia coli) between different age groups and neighborhoods, the greatest contribution was consistently from food (contributing > 99.9% to total exposure). Hands played a pivotal role in fecal microbe transfer, linking environmental sources to oral ingestion. The fecal microbe transfer network constructed here provides a systematic approach to study the complex interaction between contaminated environment and human behavior on exposure to fecal contamination.
- 22Mattioli, M. C. M.; Davis, J.; Boehm, A. B. Hand-to-Mouth Contacts Result in Greater Ingestion of Feces than Dietary Water Consumption in Tanzania: A Quantitative Fecal Exposure Assessment Model. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49 (3), 1912– 1920, DOI: 10.1021/es505555fGoogle Scholar22https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXivFSltA%253D%253D&md5=889c6ccb2806c5df85a244c5fc353023Hand-to-Mouth Contacts Result in Greater Ingestion of Feces than Dietary Water Consumption in Tanzania: A Quantitative Fecal Exposure Assessment ModelMattioli, Mia Catharine M.; Davis, Jennifer; Boehm, Alexandria B.Environmental Science & Technology (2015), 49 (3), 1912-1920CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)Diarrheal diseases kill 1800 children under the age of 5 die each day, and nearly half of these deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa. Contaminated drinking water and hands are 2 important environmental transmission routes of diarrhea-causing pathogens to young children in low-income countries. The objective is to evaluate the relative contribution of these 2 major exposure pathways in a low-income country setting. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to model the amt. of human feces ingested by children under 5 yr old from exposure via hand-to-mouth contacts and stored drinking water ingestion in Bagamoyo, Tanzania. Child specific exposure data were obtained from the US EPA 2011 Exposure Factors Handbook, and fecal contamination was estd. using hand rinse and stored water fecal indicator bacteria concns. from over 1200 Tanzanian households. The model outcome is a distribution of a child's daily dose of feces via each exposure route. The model shows that Tanzanian children ingest a significantly greater amt. of feces each day from hand-to-mouth contacts than from drinking water, which may help elucidate why interventions focused on water without also addressing hygiene often see little to no effect on reported incidence of diarrhea.
- 23Kwong, L. H.; Ercumen, A.; Pickering, A. J.; Unicomb, L.; Davis, J.; Luby, S. P. Age-Related Changes to Environmental Exposure: Variation in the Frequency That Young Children Place Hands and Objects in Their Mouths. J. Exposure Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 2020, 30, 205– 216, DOI: 10.1038/s41370-019-0115-8Google Scholar23https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB3cjpvFSksw%253D%253D&md5=f1cc8b7d91ac0b69572fb19343d9d425Age-related changes to environmental exposure: variation in the frequency that young children place hands and objects in their mouthsKwong Laura H; Davis Jennifer; Ercumen Ayse; Ercumen Ayse; Pickering Amy J; Unicomb Leanne; Davis Jennifer; Luby Stephen PJournal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology (2020), 30 (1), 205-216 ISSN:.Children are exposed to environmental contaminants through direct ingestion of water, food, soil, and feces, and through indirect ingestion owing to mouthing hands and objects. We quantified ingestion among 30 rural Bangladeshi children < 4 years old, recording every item touched or mouthed during 6-hour video observations that occurred annually for 3 years. We calculated the frequency and duration of mouthing and the prevalence of mouth contacts with soil and feces. We compared the mouthing frequency distributions to those from US children to evaluate the appropriateness of applying the US data to the Bangladeshi context. Median hand-mouthing frequency was 43-72 times/h and object-mouthing frequency 17-34 times/h among the five age groups assessed. For half of the observations, > 75% of all hand mouthing was associated with eating. The frequency of indoor hand mouthing not related to eating was similar to the frequency of all indoor hand mouthing among children in the United States. Object-mouthing frequency was higher among Bangladeshi children compared with US children. There was low intra-child correlation of mouthing frequencies over our longitudinal visits. Our results suggest that children's hand- and object-mouthing vary by geography and culture and that future exposure assessments can be cross-sectional if the goal is to estimate population-level distributions of mouthing frequencies. Of all observations, a child consumed soil in 23% and feces in 1%.
- 24Wagner, E. G.; Lanoix, J. N. Excreta Disposal for Rural Areas and Small Communities; Monograph Series 39; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 1958.Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 25Luby, S. P.; Rahman, M.; Arnold, B. F.; Unicomb, L.; Ashraf, S.; Winch, P. J.; Stewart, C. P.; Begum, F.; Ercumen, A.; Ram, P. K.; Das, K. K.; Abedin, J.; Clasen, T. F.; Dewey, K. G.; Fernald, L. C.; Null, C.; Ahmed, T.; Bill, F.; Foundation, M. G. Effects of Water Quality, Sanitation, Handwashing, and Nutritional Interventions on Diarrhoea and Child Growth in Rural Bangladesh: A Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial. Lancet Glob. Health 2018, No. 617. e302 DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30490-4 .Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 26Kwong, L. H.; Ercumen, A.; Pickering, A. J.; Unicomb, L.; Davis, J.; Leckie, J. O.; Luby, S. P. Soil Ingestion among Young Children in Rural Bangladesh. J. Exposure Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 2019, xx (xx), xx DOI: 10.1038/s41370-019-0177-7Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 27U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Guidance on Selecting Age Groups for Monitoring and Assessing Childhood Exposures to Environmental Contaminants; EPA/630/P-03/003F; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Washington D.C., 2005.Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 28Julian, T. R.; Bustos, C.; Kwong, L. H.; Badilla, A. D.; Lee, J.; Bischel, H. N.; Canales, R. A. Quantifying Human-Environment Interactions Using Videography in the Context of Infectious Disease Transmission. Geospatial Health 2018, 631, DOI: 10.4081/gh.2018.631Google Scholar28https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC1MfksVSqtA%253D%253D&md5=109c33845ef12c03b984ebf15a4164b6Quantifying human-environment interactions using videography in the context of infectious disease transmissionJulian Timothy R; Bustos Carla; Kwong Laura H; Badilla Alejandro D; Lee Julia; Bischel Heather N; Canales Robert AGeospatial health (2018), 13 (1), 631 ISSN:.Quantitative data on human-environment interactions are needed to fully understand infectious disease transmission processes and conduct accurate risk assessments. Interaction events occur during an individual's movement through, and contact with, the environment, and can be quantified using diverse methodologies. Methods that utilize videography, coupled with specialized software, can provide a permanent record of events, collect detailed interactions in high resolution, be reviewed for accuracy, capture events difficult to observe in real-time, and gather multiple concurrent phenomena. In the accompanying video, the use of specialized software to capture humanenvironment interactions for human exposure and disease transmission is highlighted. Use of videography, combined with specialized software, allows for the collection of accurate quantitative representations of human-environment interactions in high resolution. Two specialized programs include the Virtual Timing Device for the Personal Computer, which collects sequential microlevel activity time series of contact events and interactions, and LiveTrak, which is optimized to facilitate annotation of events in real-time. Opportunities to annotate behaviors at high resolution using these tools are promising, permitting detailed records that can be summarized to gain information on infectious disease transmission and incorporated into more complex models of human exposure and risk.
- 29Galland, B. C.; Taylor, B. J.; Elder, D. E.; Herbison, P. Normal Sleep Patterns in Infants and Children: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies. Sleep Med. Rev. 2012, 16 (3), 213– 222, DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2011.06.001Google Scholar29https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC38zkvFyqsQ%253D%253D&md5=4ee58832efcebbb6db3f8a1ddb1e0d66Normal sleep patterns in infants and children: a systematic review of observational studiesGalland Barbara C; Taylor Barry J; Elder Dawn E; Herbison PeterSleep medicine reviews (2012), 16 (3), 213-22 ISSN:.This is a systematic review of the scientific literature with regard to normal sleep patterns in infants and children (0-12 years). The review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Mean and variability data for sleep duration, number of night wakings, sleep latency, longest sleep period overnight, and number of daytime naps were extracted from questionnaire or diary data from 34 eligible studies. Meta-analysis was conducted within age-bands and categories. In addition, fractional polynomial regression models were used to estimate best-fit equations for the sleep variables in relation to age. Reference values (means) and ranges (±1.96 SD) for sleep duration (hours) were: infant, 12.8 (9.7-15.9); toddler/preschool, 11.9 (9.9-13.8); and child, 9.2 (7.6-10.8). The best-fit (R(2)=0.89) equation for hours over the 0-12 year age range was 10.49-5.56×[(age/10) 0.5-0.71]. Meta-regression showed predominantly Asian countries had significantly shorter sleep (1h less over the 0-12 year range) compared to studies from Caucasian/non-Asian countries. Night waking data provided 4 age-bands up to 2 years ranging from 0 to 3.4 wakes per night for infants (0-2 months), to 0-2.5 per night (1-2 year-olds). Sleep latency data were sparse but estimated to be stable across 0-6 years. Because the main data analysis combined data from different countries and cultures, the reference values should be considered as global norms.
- 30Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics and UNICEF Bangladesh. Bangladesh Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2012–2013, Progotir Pathey: Final Report; Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2014.Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 31Saha, K. K.; Frongillo, E.; Alam, D. S.; Arifeen, S. E.; Persson, L. A.; Rasmussen, K. M. Household Food Security Is Associated with Infant Feeding Practices in Rural Bangladesh. J. Nutr. 2008, 138, 1383– 1390, DOI: 10.1093/jn/138.7.1383Google Scholar31https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1cXnsVOltbc%253D&md5=b6888661964f868b50420a451033bed6Household food security is associated with infant feeding practices in rural BangladeshSaha, Kuntal K.; Frongillo, Edward A.; Alam, Dewan S.; Arifeen, Shams E.; Persson, Lars Ake; Rasmussen, Kathleen M.Journal of Nutrition (2008), 138 (7), 1383-1390CODEN: JONUAI; ISSN:0022-3166. (American Society for Nutrition)Although household food security (HHFS) has been shown to affect diet, nutrition, and health of adults and also learning in children, no study has examd. assocns. with infant feeding practices (IFP). We studied 1343 infants born between May 2002 and Dec. 2003 in the Maternal and Infant Nutrition Intervention in Matlab study to investigate the effect of HHFS on IFP in rural Bangladesh. We measured HHFS using a previously developed 11-item scale. Cumulative and current infant feeding scales were created from monthly infant feeding data for the age groups of 1-3, 1-6, 1-9, and 1-12 mo based on comparison to infant feeding recommendations. We used lagged, dynamic, and difference longitudinal regression models adjusting for various infant and maternal variables to examine the assocn. between HHFS and changes in IFP, and Cox proportional hazards models to examine the influence of HHFS on the duration of breast-feeding and the time of introduction of complementary foods. Better HHFS status was assocd. with poor IFP during 3-6 mo but was assocd. with better IFP during 6-9 and 9-12 mo of age. Although better HHFS was not assocd. with the time of introduction of complementary foods, it was assocd. with the type of complementary foods given to the infants. Intervention programs to support proper IFP should target mothers in food-secure households when their babies are 3-6 mo old and also mothers in food-insecure households during the 2nd half of infancy. Our results provide strong evidence that HHFS influences IFP in rural Bangladesh.
- 32Butte, N. F.; Wong, W. W.; Hopkinson, J. M.; Heinz, C. J.; Mehta, N. R.; Smith, E. O. Energy Requirements Derived from Total Energy Expenditure and Energy Deposition during the First 2 y of Life. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2000, 72 (72), 1558– 1569, DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/72.6.1558Google Scholar32https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD3cXosl2mt7k%253D&md5=bec6bc35bd6499d0eb5c58909efdbb2cEnergy requirements derived from total energy expenditure and energy deposition during the first 2 year of lifeButte, Nancy F.; Wong, William W.; Hopkinson, Judy M.; Heinz, Carolyn J.; Mehta, Nitesh R.; Smith, E. O'BrianAmerican Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2000), 72 (6), 1558-1569CODEN: AJCNAC; ISSN:0002-9165. (American Society for Clinical Nutrition)The objectives of this study were to define energy requirements during the first 2 y of life on the basis of total energy expenditure (TEE) and energy deposition, to test effects of sex, age, and feeding mode on energy requirements, and to det. phys. activity. TEE, sleeping metabolic rate, anthropometry, and body compn. were measured in 76 infants. TEE was measured with doubly labeled water, sleeping metabolic rate with respiratory calorimetry, and body compn. with a multicomponent model. Total energy requirements were 2.23, 2.59, 2.97, 3.38, 3.72, and 4.15 MJ/d at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 mo, resp. Energy deposition (in MJ/d) decreased significantly over time (P = 0.001) and was lower in breast-fed than in formula-fed infants (P = 0.01). Energy requirements were ≈80% of current recommendations. Energy requirements differed by age (P = 0.001), feeding group (P = 0.03), and sex (P = 0.03). Adjusted for wt. or fat-free mass and fat mass, energy requirements still differed by feeding group but not by age or sex. Temperament and motor development did not affect TEE. The TEE and energy-deposition data of these healthy, thriving children provide strong evidence that current recommendations for energy intake in the first 2 y of life should be revised.
- 33Arsenault, J. E.; Yakes, E. A.; Hossain, M. B.; Islam, M. M.; Ahmed, T.; Hotz, C.; Lewis, B.; Rahman, A. S.; Jamil, K. M.; Brown, K. H. The Current High Prevalence of Dietary Zinc Inadequacy among Children and Women in Rural Bangladesh Could Be Substantially Ameliorated by Zinc Biofortification of Rice. J. Nutr. 2010, 140 (9), 1683– 1690, DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.123059Google Scholar33https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXhtFajurbK&md5=49bfbfecd9d4a99611b7a4151ed2ffacThe current high prevalence of dietary zinc inadequacy among children and women in rural Bangladesh could be substantially ameliorated by zinc biofortification of riceArsenault, Joanne E.; Yakes, Elizabeth A.; Hossain, Mohammad B.; Islam, M. Munirul; Ahmed, Tahmeed; Hotz, Christine; Lewis, Bess; Rahman, Ahmed Shafiqur; Jamil, Kazi M.; Brown, Kenneth H.Journal of Nutrition (2010), 140 (9), 1683-1690CODEN: JONUAI; ISSN:0022-3166. (American Society for Nutrition)Rural Bangladeshi populations have a high risk of zinc deficiency due to their consumption of a predominantly rice-based diet with few animal-source foods. Breeding rice for higher zinc content would offer a sustainable approach to increase the population's zinc intakes. The objectives of the study were to quantify usual rice and zinc intakes in young children and their adult female primary caregivers and to simulate the potential impact of zinc-biofortified rice on their zinc intakes. We measured dietary intake in a representative sample of 480 children (ages 24-48 mo) and their female caregivers residing in 2 rural districts of northern Bangladesh. Dietary intakes were estd. by 12-h weighed records and 12-h recall in homes on 2 nonconsecutive days. Serum zinc concns. were detd. in a subsample of children. The median (25th, 75th percentile) rice intakes of children and female caregivers were 134 (99, 172) and 420 (365, 476) g raw wt./d, resp. The median zinc intakes were 2.5 (2.1, 2.9) and 5.4 (4.8, 6.1) mg/d in children and women, resp. Twenty-four percent of children had low serum zinc concns. (<9.9 μmol/L) after adjusting for elevated acute phase proteins. Rice was the main source of zinc intake, providing 49 and 69% of dietary zinc to children and women, resp. The prevalence of inadequate zinc intakes was high in both the children (22%) and women (73-100%). Simulated increases in rice zinc content to levels currently achievable through selective breeding decreased the estd. prevalence of inadequacy to 9% in children and 20-85% in women, depending on the assumptions used to est. absorption. Rural Bangladeshi children and women have inadequate intakes of zinc. Zinc biofortification of rice has the potential to markedly improve the zinc adequacy of their diets.
- 34Kimmons, J. E.; Dewey, K. G.; Haque, E.; Chakraborty, J.; Osendarp, S. J. M.; Brown, K. H. Low Nutrient Intakes among Infants in Rural Bangladesh Are Attributable to Low Intake and Micronutrient Density of Complementary Foods. J. Nutr. 2005, 135 (3), 444– 451, DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.3.444Google Scholar34https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2MXit12ntrw%253D&md5=340611add569668662fe0f930c84c89dLow nutrient intakes among infants in rural Bangladesh are attributable to low intake and micronutrient density of complementary foodsKimmons, Joel E.; Dewey, Kathryn G.; Haque, Emdadul; Chakraborty, J.; Osendarp, Saskia J. M.; Brown, Kenneth H.Journal of Nutrition (2005), 135 (3), 444-451CODEN: JONUAI; ISSN:0022-3166. (American Society for Nutritional Sciences)We assessed the adequacy of nutrient intakes in 135 rural Bangladeshi breast-fed infants 6-12 mo old and examd. the nutritional trade-offs due to possible displacement of breast milk by complementary foods. Observers completed 12-h daytime measurements of breast milk and complementary food intakes; data for the previous 12 h were obtained from maternal recall, yielding ests. of total 24-h intakes. On av., infants were mildly wasted (mean wt.-for-length Z-score = -0.92±0.88) and moderately stunted (mean length-for-age Z-score = -1.49±0.96). The total energy intakes at 6-8 and 9-12 mo were 88 and 86% of abs. energy requirements (kJ/day), 106 and 105% of requirements per kg body wt., and 97 and 94% of requirements per kg median wt.-for-length, resp. Breast milk contributed 78% of energy intake at 6-8 mo and 75% at 9-12 mo. Mean meal frequency and energy d. of complementary foods were generally consistent with recommendations, but only small amts. of food were offered. Only 72% of the food energy offered was consumed. The total energy intake pos. correlated with meal frequency, quantity consumed per meal, and energy intake from breast milk, but not with energy d. of complementary foods. Energy intake from complementary foods was inversely related to energy intake from breast milk. The diets fell short of recommended intakes for numerous vitamins and minerals. Thus, although greater intakes of complementary foods were assocd. with higher total energy intake, micronutrient intakes remained low due to low micronutrient d. in complementary foods consumed and partial displacement of breast milk.
- 35Hossain, M. A.; Rahman, M. M.; Murrill, M.; Das, B.; Roy, B.; Dey, S.; Maity, D.; Chakraborti, D. Water Consumption Patterns and Factors Contributing to Water Consumption in Arsenic Affected Population of Rural West Bengal, India. Sci. Total Environ. 2013, 0, 1217– 1224, DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.057Google Scholar35https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhtl2qurbP&md5=8063f8bf6ac85723676f465f7e4e362cWater consumption patterns and factors contributing to water consumption in arsenic affected population of rural West Bengal, IndiaHossain, M. Amir; Rahman, Mohammad Mahmudur; Murrill, Matthew; Das, Bhaskar; Roy, Bimol; Dey, Shankar; Maity, Debasish; Chakraborti, DipankarScience of the Total Environment (2013), 463-464 (), 1217-1224CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)A direct water intake study was conducted for 1 yr, involving 423 individuals from 2 As affected villages of West Bengal, India. Av. direct water intake per person and per unit body wt. was 3.12±1.17 L/day and 78.07±47.08 mL/Kg-day (±SD), resp. Av. direct water intakes for adult males, adult females and children (age <15 yr) were 3.95, 3.03 and 2.14 L/day, resp. Significant sex differentials were obsd. for ages 16-55 yr. For all participants, a sharp increase in water intake ≤15 yr of age was obsd. followed by a plateau at a higher intake level. Significant monthly, seasonal, regional, and occupational variability was also obsd. Another study involving 413 subjects detd. the amt. of indirect water intake. Av. indirect water intake per person was 1.80±0.64 L/day; for adult males, adult females and children, intake was 2.15, 1.81, and 1.10 L/day, resp. Av. total (direct + indirect) water intake was 4.92 L/person-day; for adult males, adult females and children, total intake was 6.10, 4.84, and 3.24 L/person-day, resp. The overall contribution of indirect water intake to total water consumption was 36.6% for all participants. This study addnl. elucidated several factors that contribute to variable water intake, which can lead to better risk characterization of subpopulations and water contaminant ingestion. The study reveals that the water intake rates in the 3 studied populations in West Bengal are greater than the assumed water intake rates utilized by the WHO in the establishment of drinking water quality guidelines; therefore, these assumed intake values may be inappropriate for the study population as well as similar ones.
- 36Schriewer, A.; Odagiri, M.; Wuertz, S.; Misra, P. R.; Panigrahi, P.; Clasen, T.; Jenkins, M. W. Human and Animal Fecal Contamination of Community Water Sources, Stored Drinking Water and Hands in Rural India Measured with Validated Microbial Source Tracking Assays. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2015, 93 (3), 509– 516, DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0824Google Scholar36https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC28%252FgsVGmug%253D%253D&md5=e475c26557bf795f09a9f5c92c70ce4eHuman and Animal Fecal Contamination of Community Water Sources, Stored Drinking Water and Hands in Rural India Measured with Validated Microbial Source Tracking AssaysSchriewer Alexander; Odagiri Mitsunori; Wuertz Stefan; Misra Pravas R; Panigrahi Pinaki; Clasen Thomas; Jenkins Marion WThe American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene (2015), 93 (3), 509-516 ISSN:.We examined pathways of exposure to fecal contamination of human and animal origin in 24 villages in Odisha, India. In a cross-sectional study during the monsoon season, fecal exposure via community water sources (N = 123) and in the home (N = 137) was assessed using human- and nonhuman-associated Bacteroidales microbial source tracking (MST) markers and fecal coliforms (FCs). Detection rates and marker concentrations were examined to pinpoint pathways of human fecal exposure in the public and domestic domains of disease transmission in study communities. Human fecal markers were detected much more frequently in the domestic domain (45% of households) than in public domain sources (8% of ponds; 4% of groundwater drinking sources). Animal fecal markers were widely detected in both domains (74% of ponds, 96% of households, 10% of groundwater drinking sources), indicating ubiquitous risks of exposure to animal feces and zoonotic pathogens. This study confirms an often suggested contamination link from hands to stored water in the home in developing countries separately for mothers' and children's hands and both human and animal fecal contamination. In contrast to MST markers, FCs provided a poor metric to assess risks of exposure to fecal contamination of human origin in this rural setting.
- 37Harris, A. R.; Pickering, A. J.; Harris, M.; Doza, S.; Islam, M. S.; Unicomb, L.; Luby, S.; Davis, J.; Boehm, A. B. Ruminants Contribute Fecal Contamination to the Urban Household Environment in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2016, 50 (9), 4642– 4649, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b06282Google Scholar37https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XlsFSmt7s%253D&md5=c0d36f579b6e5da8e22adfafb54dda2dRuminants Contribute Fecal Contamination to the Urban Household Environment in Dhaka, BangladeshHarris, Angela R.; Pickering, Amy J.; Harris, Michael; Doza, Solaiman; Islam, M. Sirajul; Unicomb, Leanne; Luby, Stephen; Davis, Jennifer; Boehm, Alexandria B.Environmental Science & Technology (2016), 50 (9), 4642-4649CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)In Dhaka, Bangladesh, the sensitivity and specificity of three human, three ruminant, and one avian source-assocd. QPCR microbial source tracking assays were evaluated using fecal samples collected on site. Ruminant-assocd. assays performed well, whereas the avian and human assays exhibited unacceptable cross-reactions with feces from other hosts. Subsequently, child hand rinses (n = 44) and floor sponge samples (n = 44) from low-income-households in Dhaka were assayed for fecal indicator bacteria (enterococci, Bacteroidales, and Escherichia coli) and a ruminant-assocd. bacterial target (BacR). Mean enterococci concns. were of 100 most probable no. (MPN)/2 hands and 1000 MPN/225 cm2 floor. Mean concns. of Bacteroidales were 106 copies/2 hands and 105 copies/225 cm2 floor. E. coli were detected in a quarter of hand rinse and floor samples. BacR was detected in 18% of hand rinse and 27% of floor samples. Results suggest that effective household fecal management should account not only for human sources of contamination but also for animal sources. The poor performance of the human-assocd. assays in the study area calls into the question the feasibility of developing a human-assocd. marker in urban slum environments, where domestic animals are exposed to human feces that have been disposed in pits and open drains.
- 38Boehm, A. B.; Wang, D.; Ercumen, A.; Shea, M.; Harris, A. R.; Shanks, O. C.; Kelty, C.; Ahmed, A.; Mahmud, Z. H.; Arnold, B. F.; Chase, C.; Kullmann, C.; Colford, J. M.; Luby, S. P.; Pickering, A. J. Occurrence of Host-Associated Fecal Markers on Child Hands, Household Soil, and Drinking Water in Rural Bangladeshi Households. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 2016, 3 (11), 393– 398, DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00382Google Scholar38https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28Xhs1yksr7J&md5=69f47a1afc48a9bd4b7735727b6d8c41Occurrence of Host-Associated Fecal Markers on Child Hands, Household Soil, and Drinking Water in Rural Bangladeshi HouseholdsBoehm, Alexandria B.; Wang, Dan; Ercumen, Ayse; Shea, Meghan; Harris, Angela R.; Shanks, Orin C.; Kelty, Catherine; Ahmed, Alvee; Mahmud, Zahid Hayat; Arnold, Benjamin F.; Chase, Claire; Kullmann, Craig; Colford, John M.; Luby, Stephen P.; Pickering, Amy J.Environmental Science & Technology Letters (2016), 3 (11), 393-398CODEN: ESTLCU; ISSN:2328-8930. (American Chemical Society)We evaluated whether provision and promotion of improved sanitation hardware (toilets and child feces management tools) reduced rotavirus and human fecal contamination of drinking water, child hands, and soil among rural Bangladeshi compds. enrolled in a cluster-randomized trial. We also measured host-assocd. genetic markers of ruminant and avian feces. We found evidence of widespread ruminant and avian fecal contamination in the compd. environment; non-human fecal marker occurrence scaled with animal ownership. Strategies for controlling non-human fecal waste should be considered when designing interventions to reduce exposure to fecal contamination in low-income settings. Detection of a human-assocd. fecal marker and rotavirus was rare and unchanged by provision and promotion of improved sanitation to intervention compds. The sanitation intervention reduced ruminant fecal contamination in drinking water and general (non-host specific) fecal contamination in soil but overall had limited effects on reducing fecal contamination in the household environment.
- 39van der Hoeven-Hangoor, E.; Paton, N.; Van de Linde, I.; Verstegen, M.; Hendriks, W. Moisture Content in Broiler Excreta Is Influenced by Excreta Nutrient Contents. J. Anim. Sci. 2013, 91 (12), 5705– 5713, DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6573Google Scholar39https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhvFOrtbbF&md5=4d568a5b8e4054056a0e70804f2752ebMoisture content in broiler excreta is influenced by excreta nutrient contentsvan der Hoeven-Hangoor, E.; Paton, N. D.; van de Linde, I. B.; Verstegen, M. W. A.; Hendriks, W. H.Journal of Animal Science (Champaign, IL, United States) (2013), 91 (12), 5705-5713CODEN: JANSAG; ISSN:0021-8812. (American Society of Animal Science)High litter moisture content, often referred to as wet litter, is a major problem in poultry prodn. Wet litter is often related to poor management, diseases, and digestive problems. In this expt., the objective was to study the relationship between nutrient content and the moisture content of the excreta of broilers. A dataset contg. 351 observations was built and contained the nutrient contents data including moisture content of excreta samples collected in 8 different broiler feeding trials. A biol. based model approach was used to create a model with 10 and another one with 14 variables that may explain the excreta moisture level response. Subsequently, these models were compared with a statistical model that was built automatically and adjusted only if this improved the biol. model. The R2 of the 10 variable model was 0.54, in which Zn content and the interaction of NDF × K and Ca × P content were neg. assocd. with excreta moisture. Sodium, P, and Ca content and the interaction between content of NDF × Na were pos. assocd. with excreta moisture. The R2 of the 14 variable model was 0.58, in which Zn and K content and the interaction of NDF × protein and Ca × P content were neg. assocd. with excreta moisture, and Na, protein, P, and Ca content and the interactions in contents of NDF × Na, NDF × Zn, and K × Cu were pos. assocd. with excreta moisture content. In conclusion, the models confirmed the effect of Na, protein, P, and Ca on excreta moisture content. Furthermore, hitherto unknown nutrient interactions that contribute to excreta moisture level were identified. As excreta levels of most nutrients can be manipulated by adjusting dietary nutrient levels, dietary formulation can be adjusted with the findings of this anal. to change levels of excreted nutrients and, consequently, also moisture output.
- 40Geldreich, E. E.; Bordner, R. H.; Huff, C. B.; Clark, H. F.; Kabler, P. W. Type Distribution of Coliform Bacteria in the Feces of Warm-Blooded Animals. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 1962, 34 (3), 295– 301Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 41Himathongkham, S.; Bahari, S.; Riemann, H.; Cliver, D. Survival of Escherichia Coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium in Cow Manure and Cow Manure Slurry. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1999, 178 (2), 251– 257, DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb08684.xGoogle Scholar41https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaK1MXls12jtrc%253D&md5=47ceb81adcb09a76dc213d1de42cd8a7Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium in cow manure and cow manure slurryHimathongkham, S.; Bahari, S.; Riemann, H.; Cliver, D.FEMS Microbiology Letters (1999), 178 (2), 251-257CODEN: FMLED7; ISSN:0378-1097. (Elsevier Science B.V.)An exponential linear destruction was obsd. for Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium in cattle manure and manure slurry stored at 4, 20 or 37°C. The resulting decimal redn. times ranged from 6 days to 3 wk in manure and from 2 days to 5 wk in manure slurry. The main effects of time as well as temp. were pronounced with the most rapid destruction at 37°C. The ammonia concn. in manure increased slightly during storage but did not exceed 0.1%. pH values in the deeper layers of manure remained const. except at 37°C when the pH increased by 1 unit in 60 days. In the surface layers of manure, pH increased by 1.5-2 units, the oxidn.-redn. potential of the manure declined rapidly to values below -200 mV. These changes do not seem to be reflected in changing rates of bacterial destruction. The obsd. order of destruction makes it possible to predict storage conditions (temp. and time) that will lead to a predetd. level of redn. of the two pathogens.
- 42Garg, V.; Yadav, Y.; Sheoran, A.; Chand, S.; Kaushik, P. Livestock Excreta Management through Vermicomposting Using an Epigeic Earthworm Eisenia Foetida. Environmentalist 2006, 26 (4), 269– 276, DOI: 10.1007/s10669-006-8641-zGoogle ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 43Wolf, J.; Hunter, P. R.; Freeman, M. C.; Cumming, O.; Clasen, T.; Bartram, J.; Higgins, J. P. T.; Johnston, R.; Medlicott, K.; Boisson, S.; Prüss-Ustün, A. Impact of Drinking Water, Sanitation and Handwashing with Soap on Childhood Diarrhoeal Disease: Updated Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression. Trop. Med. Int. Health 2018, 23 (5), 508– 525, DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13051Google Scholar43https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC1MngvFOmuw%253D%253D&md5=266374aa474ed1cd9adce359c8173528Impact of drinking water, sanitation and handwashing with soap on childhood diarrhoeal disease: updated meta-analysis and meta-regressionWolf Jennyfer; Johnston Richard; Medlicott Kate; Boisson Sophie; Pruss-Ustun Annette; Hunter Paul R; Hunter Paul R; Freeman Matthew C; Clasen Thomas; Cumming Oliver; Bartram Jamie; Higgins Julian P TTropical medicine & international health : TM & IH (2018), 23 (5), 508-525 ISSN:.OBJECTIVES: Safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene are protective against diarrhoeal disease; a leading cause of child mortality. The main objective was an updated assessment of the impact of unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) on childhood diarrhoeal disease. METHODS: We undertook a systematic review of articles published between 1970 and February 2016. Study results were combined and analysed using meta-analysis and meta-regression. RESULTS: A total of 135 studies met the inclusion criteria. Several water, sanitation and hygiene interventions were associated with lower risk of diarrhoeal morbidity. Point-of-use filter interventions with safe storage reduced diarrhoea risk by 61% (RR = 0.39; 95% CI: 0.32, 0.48); piped water to premises of higher quality and continuous availability by 75% and 36% (RR = 0.25 (0.09, 0.67) and 0.64 (0.42, 0.98)), respectively compared to a baseline of unimproved drinking water; sanitation interventions by 25% (RR = 0.75 (0.63, 0.88)) with evidence for greater reductions when high sanitation coverage is reached; and interventions promoting handwashing with soap by 30% (RR = 0.70 (0.64, 0.77)) vs. no intervention. Results of the analysis of sanitation and hygiene interventions are sensitive to certain differences in study methods and conditions. Correcting for non-blinding would reduce the associations with diarrhoea to some extent. CONCLUSIONS: Although evidence is limited, results suggest that household connections of water supply and higher levels of community coverage for sanitation appear particularly impactful which is in line with targets of the Sustainable Development Goals.
- 44Parvez, S. M.; Azad, R.; Rahman, M.; Unicomb, L.; Ram, P. K.; Naser, A. M.; Stewart, C. P.; Jannat, K.; Rahman, M. J.; Leontsini, E.; Winch, P. J.; Luby, S. P. Achieving Optimal Technology and Behavioral Uptake of Single and Combined Interventions of Water, Sanitation Hygiene and Nutrition, in an Efficacy Trial (WASH Benefits) in Rural Bangladesh. Trials 2018, 19, 2710, DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-2710-8Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 45Meschke, J. S.; Sobsey, M. D. Comparative Reduction of Norwalk Virus, Poliovirus Type 1, F+ RNA Coliphage MS2 and Escherichia Coli in Miniature Soil Columns. Water Sci. Technol. 2003, 47 (3), 85– 90, DOI: 10.2166/wst.2003.0168Google Scholar45https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BD3s7isVOmtA%253D%253D&md5=369de239e5dbd2265ebd46c1e635066dComparative reduction of Norwalk virus, poliovirus type 1, F+ RNA coliphage MS2 and Escherichia coli in miniature soil columnsMeschke J S; Sobsey M DWater science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research (2003), 47 (3), 85-90 ISSN:0273-1223.Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs) are important agents of waterborne illness and have been linked to several groundwater-related outbreaks. The presence of human enteric viruses, in particular the presence of NLVs, is difficult to detect in the environment. Consequently, surrogate organisms are typically used as indicators of viruses from faecal contamination. Whether traditional bacterial indicators are reliable indicators for viral pathogens remains uncertain. Few studies have directly compared mobility and reduction of bacterial indicators (e.g. coliforms, Escherichia coli) and other surrogate indicators (coliphages) with pathogenic human viruses in soil systems. In this study the mobility and comparative reduction of the prototype NLV, Norwalk Virus (NV), was compared to poliovirus 1 (PV1), a bacterial indicator (E coli, EC) and a viral indicator (coliphage MS2) through miniature soil columns. Replicate, 10 cm deep, miniature columns were prepared using three soils representing a range of soil textures (sand, organic muck, and clay). Columns were initially conditioned, then incubated at 10-14 degrees C, dosed twice weekly for 8 weeks with one column pore volume of virus-seeded groundwater per dose, followed by 8 weeks of dosing with one column pore volume per dose of unseeded, simulated rainwater. Columns were allowed to drain after each dosing until an effluent volume equivalent to an applied dose was collected. Column effluents and doses were assayed for all viruses and EC. Rapid mobility with minimal reduction was observed for all organisms in the sand. Similar reductions were observed in organic muck for most organisms but NV showed a greater reduction. No organisms were shown to pass through the clay columns. Elution of viruses, in particular PV1, from the columns was gradual. After cessation of microbe dosing, E. coli was less detectable than viruses in column effluents and, therefore, unreliable as a virus indicator.
- 46Fuhrmeister, E. R.; Ercumen, A.; Pickering, A. J.; Jeanis, K. M.; Crider, Y.; Ahmed, M.; Brown, S.; Alam, M.; Sen, D.; Islam, S.; Kabir, M. H.; Islam, M.; Rahman, M.; Kwong, L. H.; Arnold, B. F.; Luby, S. P.; Colford, J. M.; Nelson, K. L. Effect of Sanitation Improvements on Pathogens and Microbial Source Tracking Markers in the Rural Bangladeshi Household Environment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2020, 54, 4316, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04835Google Scholar46https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXkvVCku7w%253D&md5=4cd80d7e329d2638c5185ee992aecf73Effect of Sanitation Improvements on Pathogens and Microbial Source Tracking Markers in the Rural Bangladeshi Household EnvironmentFuhrmeister, Erica R.; Ercumen, Ayse; Pickering, Amy J.; Jeanis, Kaitlyn M.; Crider, Yoshika; Ahmed, Mahaa; Brown, Sara; Alam, Mahfuja; Sen, Debashis; Islam, Sharmin; Kabir, Mir Himayet; Islam, Mahfuza; Rahman, Mahbubur; Kwong, Laura H.; Arnold, Benjamin F.; Luby, Stephen P.; Colford, John M.; Nelson, Kara L.Environmental Science & Technology (2020), 54 (7), 4316-4326CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)Diarrheal illnesses from enteric pathogens are a leading cause of death in children under five in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Sanitation is one way to reduce the spread of enteric pathogens in the environment; however, few studies have investigated the effectiveness of sanitation in rural LMICs in reducing pathogens in the environment. In this study, we measured the impact of a sanitation intervention (dual-pit latrines, sani-scoops, child potties delivered as part of a randomized control trial, WASH Benefits) in rural Bangladeshi household compds. by assessing prevalence ratios, differences, and changes in the concn. of pathogen genes and host-specific fecal markers. We found no difference in the prevalence of pathogenic Escherichia coli, norovirus, or Giardia genes in the domestic environment in the sanitation and control arms. The prevalence of the human fecal marker was lower on child hands and the concn. of animal fecal marker was lower on mother hands in the sanitation arm in adjusted models, but these assocns. were not significant after correcting for multiple comparisons. In the subset of households with ≥10 individuals per compd., the prevalence of enterotoxigenic E. coli genes on child hands was lower in the sanitation arm. Incomplete removal of child and animal feces or the compd. (vs. community-wide) scale of intervention could explain the limited impacts of improved sanitation.
- 47Platts-Mills, J. A.; Liu, J.; Rogawski, E. T.; Kabir, F.; Lertsethtakarn, P.; Siguas, M.; Khan, S. S.; Praharaj, I.; Murei, A.; Nshama, R.; Mujaga, B.; Havt, A.; Maciel, I. A.; McMurry, T. L.; Operario, D. J.; Taniuchi, M.; Gratz, J.; Stroup, S. E.; Roberts, J. H.; Kalam, A.; Aziz, F.; Qureshi, S.; Islam, M. O.; Sakpaisal, P.; Silapong, S.; Yori, P. P.; Rajendiran, R.; Benny, B.; McGrath, M.; McCormick, B. J. J.; Seidman, J. C.; Lang, D.; Gottlieb, M.; Guerrant, R. L.; Lima, A. A. M.; Leite, J. P.; Samie, A.; Bessong, P. O.; Page, N.; Bodhidatta, L.; Mason, C.; Shrestha, S.; Kiwelu, I.; Mduma, E. R.; Iqbal, N. T.; Bhutta, Z. A.; Ahmed, T.; Haque, R.; Kang, G.; Kosek, M. N.; Houpt, E. R.; Acosta, A. M.; Rios de Burga, R.; Chavez, C. B.; Flores, J. T.; Olotegui, M. P.; Pinedo, S. R.; Trigoso, D. R.; Vasquez, A. O.; Ahmed, I.; Alam, D.; Ali, A.; Rasheed, M.; Soofi, S.; Turab, A.; Yousafzai, A.; Zaidi, A. K.; Shrestha, B.; Rayamajhi, B. B.; Strand, T.; Ammu, G.; Babji, S.; Bose, A.; George, A. T.; Hariraju, D.; Jennifer, M. S.; John, S.; Kaki, S.; Karunakaran, P.; Koshy, B.; Lazarus, R. P.; Muliyil, J.; Ragasudha, P.; Raghava, M. V.; Raju, S.; Ramachandran, A.; Ramadas, R.; Ramanujam, K.; Rose, A.; Roshan, R.; Sharma, S. L.; Sundaram, S.; Thomas, R. J.; Pan, W. K.; Ambikapathi, R.; Carreon, J. D.; Doan, V.; Hoest, C.; Knobler, S.; Miller, M. A.; Psaki, S.; Rasmussen, Z.; Richard, S. A.; Tountas, K. H.; Svensen, E.; Amour, C.; Bayyo, E.; Mvungi, R.; Pascal, J.; Yarrot, L.; Barrett, L.; Dillingham, R.; Petri, W. A.; Scharf, R.; Ahmed, A. S.; Alam, M. A.; Haque, U.; Hossain, M. I.; Islam, M.; Mahfuz, M.; Mondal, D.; Nahar, B.; Tofail, F.; Chandyo, R. K.; Shrestha, P. S.; Shrestha, R.; Ulak, M.; Bauck, A.; Black, R.; Caulfield, L.; Checkley, W.; Lee, G.; Schulze, K.; Scott, S.; Murray-Kolb, L. E.; Ross, A. C.; Schaefer, B.; Simons, S.; Pendergast, L.; Abreu, C. B.; Costa, H.; Di Moura, A.; Filho, J. Q.; Leite, Á. M.; Lima, N. L.; Lima, I. F.; Maciel, B. L.; Medeiros, P. H.; Moraes, M.; Mota, F. S.; Oriá, R. B.; Quetz, J.; Soares, A. M.; Mota, R. M.; Patil, C. L.; Mahopo, C.; Maphula, A.; Nyathi, E. Use of Quantitative Molecular Diagnostic Methods to Assess the Aetiology, Burden, and Clinical Characteristics of Diarrhoea in Children in Low-Resource Settings: A Reanalysis of the MAL-ED Cohort Study. Lancet Glob. Health 2018, 6 (12), e1309 DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30349-8Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 48Grembi, J. A; Lin, A.; Karim, M. A.; Islam, M. O.; Miah, R.; Arnold, B. F; McQuade, E. T R.; Ali, S.; Rahman, M. Z.; Hussain, Z.; Shoab, A. K; Famida, S. L; Hossen, M. S.; Mutsuddi, P.; Rahman, M.; Unicomb, L.; Haque, R.; Taniuchi, M.; Liu, J.; Platts-Mills, J. A; Holmes, S. P; Stewart, C. P; Benjamin-Chung, J.; Colford, J. M; Houpt, E. R; Luby, S. P Effect of Water, Sanitation, Handwashing and Nutrition Interventions on Enteropathogens in Children 14 Months Old: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial in Rural Bangladesh. J. Infect. Dis. 2020, 549, DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa549Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 49Lin, A.; Ercumen, A.; Benjamin-Chung, J.; Arnold, B. F.; Das, S.; Haque, R.; Ashraf, S.; Parvez, S. M.; Unicomb, L.; Rahman, M.; Hubbard, A. E.; Stewart, C. P.; Colford, J. M.; Luby, S. P. Effects of Water, Sanitation, Handwashing, and Nutritional Interventions on Child Enteric Protozoan Infections in Rural Bangladesh: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2018, 320, DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy320Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 50Bauza, V.; Ocharo, R. M.; Nguyen, T. H.; Guest, J. S. Soil Ingestion Is Associated with Child Diarrhea in an Urban Slum of Nairobi, Kenya. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2017, 96 (3), 569– 575, DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0543Google Scholar50https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC1c7mtlGhsw%253D%253D&md5=e00b17e0013cd744e618e19402eb8a2aSoil Ingestion is Associated with Child Diarrhea in an Urban Slum of Nairobi, KenyaBauza Valerie; Nguyen Thanh H; Guest Jeremy S; Ocharo R MThe American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene (2017), 96 (3), 569-575 ISSN:.Diarrhea is a leading cause of mortality in children under 5 years of age. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 54 children aged 3 months to 5 years old in Kibera, an urban slum in Nairobi, Kenya, to assess the relationship between caregiver-reported soil ingestion and child diarrhea. Diarrhea was significantly associated with soil ingestion (adjusted odds ratio = 9.9, 95% confidence interval = 2.1-47.5). Soil samples from locations near each household were also collected and analyzed for Escherichia coli and a human-associated Bacteroides fecal marker (HF183). Escherichia coli was detected in 100% of soil samples (mean 5.5 log colony forming units E. coli per gram of dry soil) and the Bacteroides fecal marker HF183 was detected in 93% of soil samples. These findings suggest that soil ingestion may be an important transmission pathway for diarrheal disease in urban slum settings.
- 51Cattaneo, M. D.; Galiani, S.; Gertler, P. J.; Martinez, S.; Titiunik, R. Housing, Health, and Happiness. Am. Econ. J. Econ. Policy 2009, 1 (1), 75– 105, DOI: 10.1257/pol.1.1.75Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 52Reid, B.; Orgle, J.; Roy, K.; Pongolani, C.; Chileshe, M.; Stoltzfus, R. Characterizing Potential Risks of Fecal-Oral Microbial Transmission for Infants and Young Children in Rural Zambia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2018, 98 (3), 816– 823, DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0124Google Scholar52https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC1MvnvVSltA%253D%253D&md5=49687f427c1d3f3f5616ab2ddd088c31Characterizing Potential Risks of Fecal-Oral Microbial Transmission for Infants and Young Children in Rural ZambiaReid Brie; Orgle Jennifer; Roy Khrist; Pongolani Catherine; Chileshe Modesta; Stoltzfus RebeccaThe American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene (2018), 98 (3), 816-823 ISSN:.Undernourished children in low-income contexts often suffer from environmental enteric disorder-damage to the intestines probably caused by chronic exposure to bacterial pathogens from feces. We aimed to identify strategies for reducing infants and young children's (IYC) exposure to human and animal feces in rural farming families by conducting direct observation of 30 caregiver-infant dyads for 143 hours and recording water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH)-related behaviors to identify possible pathways of fecal-oral transmission of bacteria among IYC in rural Zambia. In addition to mouthing visibly dirty hands, toys, sibling's body parts, and food, 14 IYC actively ingested 6.1 ± 2.5 (mean ± standard deviation [SD]) pieces of soil and stones and one ingested animal feces 6.0 ± 0 times in the span of 5 hours. Ninety-three percent (21 of 30) of mothers reported observing the index-child eating soil and 17% (5 of 30) of mothers reported observing the index-child eating chicken feces. Adult and child handwashing was uncommon, and even though 70% (28 of 30) of households had access to a latrine, human feces were found in 67% of homestead yards. Most animals present in the household were un-corralled, and the highest observable counts of feces came from chickens, pigs, and cattle. To protect IYC in low-income communities from the exploratory ingestion of feces and soil, Baby WASH interventions will need to interrupt fecal-oral microbial transmission vectors specific to IYC with a focus on feasibility, caregiver practices, and local perceptions of risk.
- 53Islam, M. A.; Ahmed, T.; Faruque, A. S. G.; Rahman, S.; Das, S. K.; Ahmed, D.; Fattori, V.; Clarke, R.; Endtz, H. P.; Cravioto, A. Microbiological Quality of Complementary Foods and Its Association with Diarrhoeal Morbidity and Nutritional Status of Bangladeshi Children. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2012, 66 (11), 1242– 1246, DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2012.94Google Scholar53https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC38fgslGhsA%253D%253D&md5=fbb72c0391c362038ac4b91b06fe51caMicrobiological quality of complementary foods and its association with diarrhoeal morbidity and nutritional status of Bangladeshi childrenIslam M A; Ahmed T; Faruque A S G; Rahman S; Das S K; Ahmed D; Fattori V; Clarke R; Endtz H P; Cravioto AEuropean journal of clinical nutrition (2012), 66 (11), 1242-6 ISSN:.BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: To examine the bacteriological quality of complementary foods (CF) and to correlate the results with diarrhoeal morbidity and nutritional status of Bangladeshi children aged 6-24 months. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 212 CF samples were tested, of which 72 were collected immediately before the first time of feeding (≤ 1 h of food preparation) and 140 were collected at second/third time of feeding from 140 households located in urban and rural areas of Bangladesh. Anthropometry, food frequency data and demographic information of the children were collected. RESULTS: Of the first time feeding samples, 3% from each of urban and rural areas were found to be contaminated with faecal coliforms (FC) at ≥ 100 CFU/g. E. coli was isolated from 11% and 6% of samples, and B. cereus from 8% and 6% of samples from urban and rural areas, respectively. In contrast, 33% of the second/third time feeding samples from urban areas and 19% from rural areas were contaminated with FC at ≥ 100 CFU/g (P<0.05). E. coli was isolated from 40% and 39% of samples, and B. cereus from 33% and 26% of samples from urban and rural areas, respectively. Significantly high numbers of wasted rural children had CF with a high aerobic plate count, which was also significantly associated with diarrhoeal morbidity in children. CONCLUSIONS: Around 40% of CF samples were contaminated with E. coli, which was mainly attributable to food preparation practices. Consumption of contaminated CF appeared to be associated with a higher frequency of diarrhoea and malnutrition in children.
- 54Islam, M. S.; Mahmud, Z. H.; Gope, P. S.; Zaman, R. U.; Hossain, Z.; Islam, M. S.; Mondal, D.; Sharker, M. A. Y.; Islam, K.; Jahan, H.; Bhuiya, A.; Endtz, H. P.; Cravioto, A.; Curtis, V.; Toure, O.; Cairncross, S. Hygiene Intervention Reduces Contamination of Weaning Food in Bangladesh. Trop. Med. Int. Health 2012, 18 (3), 250– 258, DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12051Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 55Taulo, S.; Wetlesen, A.; Abrahamsen, R. K.; Narvhus, J. A.; Mkakosya, R. Quantification and Variability of Escherichia Coli and Staphylococcus Aureus Cross-Contamination during Serving and Consumption of Cooked Thick Porridge in Lungwena Rural Households, Malawi. Food Control 2009, 20 (12), 1158– 1166, DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.03.009Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 56Lindeberg, Y. L.; Egedal, K.; Hossain, Z. Z.; Phelps, M.; Tulsiani, S.; Farhana, I.; Begum, A.; Jensen, P. K. M. Can Escherichia Coli Fly? The Role of Flies as Transmitters of E. coli to Food in an Urban Slum in Bangladesh. Trop. Med. Int. Health 2018, 23 (1), 2– 9, DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13003Google Scholar56https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC1M7psFyqsQ%253D%253D&md5=6614e971bad10b698faa4091337f6ee8Can Escherichia coli fly? The role of flies as transmitters of E. coli to food in an urban slum in BangladeshLindeberg Yrja Lisa; Egedal Karen; Hossain Zenat Zebin; Phelps Matthew; Tulsiani Suhella; Jensen Peter Kjaer Mackie; Farhana Israt; Begum AnowaraTropical medicine & international health : TM & IH (2018), 23 (1), 2-9 ISSN:.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the transmission of faecal bacteria by flies to food under natural settings. METHODS: Over a period of 2 months, paired (exposed and non-exposed) containers with cooked rice were placed on the ground in kitchen areas in an urban slum area in Dhaka, Bangladesh, and the numbers of flies landing on the exposed rice were counted. Following exposure, the surface of the rice was microbiologically and molecularly analysed for the presence of Escherichia coli and genes of diarrhoeagenic E. coli and Shigella strains. RESULTS: Rice was at greater risk (P < 0·001) of being contaminated with E. coli if flies landed on the rice than if no flies landed on the rice (odds ratio 5·4 (P < 0·001, 95% CI: 2·5-11·7). Mean contamination in exposed rice samples (n = 60) was 3·1 × 103 CFU/g (95% CI: 2·2 × 103-4·0 × 103). Furthermore, for approximately half of the observed fly landings, the average CFU per fly landing was >0·6 × 103 CFU. Genes of diarrhoeagenic E. coli and Shigella species were detected in 39 of 60 (65%) of exposed rice samples. Two fly species were identified: the common housefly (Musca domestica) and the oriental latrine fly (Chrysomya megacephala). CONCLUSION: Flies may transmit large quantities of E. coli to food under field settings. The findings highlight the importance of implementing control measures to minimise exposure of food to flies to ensure food safety. Fly control measures should be considered for the prevention of diarrhoeal diseases caused by E. coli.
- 57Parvez, S. M.; Kwong, L.; Rahman, M. J.; Ercumen, A.; Pickering, A. J.; Ghosh, P. K; Rahman, M. Z.; Das, K. K.; Luby, S. P.; Unicomb, L. E. coli Contamination of Complementary Foods and Associations with Domestic Hygiene in Rural Bangladesh. Trop. Med. Int. Health 2017, 22 (5), 547– 557, DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12849Google Scholar57https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC1c3jsVejsw%253D%253D&md5=26e956ca0e8ca69b33a0bbf1a90acb10Escherichia coli contamination of child complementary foods and association with domestic hygiene in rural BangladeshParvez Sarker Masud; Rahman Musarrat Jabeen; Ghosh Probir K; Rahman Md Zahidur; Das Kishor Kumar; Unicomb Leanne; Kwong Laura; Pickering Amy J; Luby Stephen P; Ercumen AyseTropical medicine & international health : TM & IH (2017), 22 (5), 547-557 ISSN:.OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency and concentration of Escherichia coli in child complementary food and its association with domestic hygiene practices in rural Bangladesh. METHOD: A total of 608 households with children <2 years were enrolled. We collected stored complementary food samples, performed spot checks on domestic hygiene and measured ambient temperature in the food storage area. Food samples were analysed using the IDEXX most probable number (MPN) method with Colilert-18 media to enumerate E. coli. We calculated adjusted prevalence ratios (APR) to assess the relationship between E. coli and domestic hygiene practices using modified Poisson regression, adjusting for clustering and confounders. RESULT: Fifty-eight percentage of stored complementary food was contaminated with E. coli, and high levels of contamination (≥100 MPN/dry g food) were found in 12% of samples. High levels of food contamination were more prevalent in compounds where the food was stored uncovered (APR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.2-3.2), transferred from the storage pot to the serving dish using hands (APR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.3-3.2) or stored for >4 h (APR: 2.5, 95% CI: 1.5, 4.2), in compounds where water was unavailable in the food preparation area (APR: 2.6, 95% CI: 1.6, 4.2), where ≥1 fly was captured in the food preparation area (APR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.0, 2.6), or where the ambient temperature was high (>25-40 °C) in the food storage area (APR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.5, 4.4). CONCLUSION: Interventions to keep stored food covered and ensure water availability in the food preparation area would be expected to reduce faecal contamination of complementary foods.
- 58Luby, S. P.; Halder, A. K.; Huda, T.; Unicomb, L.; Johnston, R. B. The Effect of Handwashing at Recommended Times with Water Alone and with Soap on Child Diarrhea in Rural Bangladesh: An Observational Study. PLoS Med. 2011, 8 (6), e1001052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001052Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 59Doza, S.; Jabeen Rahman, M.; Islam, M. A.; Kwong, L. H.; Unicomb, L.; Ercumen, A.; Pickering, A. J.; Parvez, S. M.; Naser, A. M.; Ashraf, S.; Das, K. K.; Luby, S. P. Prevalence and Association of Escherichia Coli and Diarrheagenic Escherichia Coli in Stored Foods for Young Children and Flies Caught in the Same Households in Rural Bangladesh. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2018, 98 (4), 1031– 1038, DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0408Google Scholar59https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXitlKntrbE&md5=d209eac8bebda918238162266a230788Prevalence and association of Escherichia coli and diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in stored foods for young children and flies caught in the same households in rural BangladeshDoza, Solaiman; Rahman, Musarrat Jabeen; Islam, Mohammad Aminul; Kwong, Laura H.; Unicomb, Leanne; Ercumen, Ayse; Pickering, Amy J.; Parvez, Sarker Masud; Abu Mohd, Naser; Ashraf, Sania; Das, Kishor Kumar; Luby, Stephen P.American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (2018), 98 (4), 1031-1038CODEN: AJTHAB; ISSN:1476-1645. (American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene)Consumption of contaminated stored food can cause childhood diarrhea. Flies carry enteropathogens, although their contribution to food contamination remains unclear. We investigated the role of flies in contaminating stored food by collecting food and flies from the same households in rural Bangladesh. We selected 182 households with children ≤ 24 mo old that had stored foods for later feeding at room temp. for ≥ 3 h. We collected food samples and captured flies with fly tapes hung by the kitchen. We used the IDEXX Quanti-Tray System (Colilert-18 media; IDEXX Labs., Inc., Westbrook, ME) to enumerate Escherichia coli with the most probable no. (MPN) method. Escherichia coli-pos. IDEXX wells were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction for pathogenic E. coli genes (eae, ial, bfp, ipaH, st, lt, aat, aaiC, stx1, and stx2 ). Escherichia coli was detected in 61% (111/182) of food samples, with a mean of 1.1 log10MPN/dry g. Fifteen samples (8%) contained pathogenic E. coli; seven (4%) had enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) genes (eaeand/or bfp); and 10 (5%) had enteroaggregative E. coli genes (aat and/or aaiC). Of flies captured in 68 (37%) households, E. coli was detected in 41 (60%, mean 2.9 log10 MPN/fly), and one fly (1%) had an EPEC gene (eae). For paired fly-food samples, each log10 MPN E. coli increase in flies was assocd. with a 0.31 log10 MPN E. coli increase in stored food (95% confidence interval: 0.07, 0.55). In rural Bangladesh, flies possibly a likely route for fecal contamination of stored food. Controlling fly populations may reduce contamination of food stored for young children.
- 60Pickering, A. J.; Julian, T. R.; Marks, S. J.; Mattioli, M. C.; Boehm, A. B.; Schwab, K. J.; Davis, J. Fecal Contamination and Diarrheal Pathogens on Surfaces and in Soils among Tanzanian Households with and without Improved Sanitation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46 (11), 5736– 5743, DOI: 10.1021/es300022cGoogle Scholar60https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38Xmt1ersrc%253D&md5=45e88f1271e4fca480706fa09ff4e21bFecal Contamination and Diarrheal Pathogens on Surfaces and in Soils among Tanzanian Households with and without Improved SanitationPickering, Amy J.; Julian, Timothy R.; Marks, Sara J.; Mattioli, Mia C.; Boehm, Alexandria B.; Schwab, Kellogg J.; Davis, JenniferEnvironmental Science & Technology (2012), 46 (11), 5736-5743CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)Little is known about the extent or pattern of environmental fecal contamination among households using low-cost, on-site sanitation facilities, or what role environmental contamination plays in the transmission of diarrheal disease. A microbial survey of fecal contamination and selected diarrheal pathogens in soil (n = 200), surface (n = 120), and produce samples (n = 24) was conducted in peri-urban Bagamoyo, Tanzania, among 20 households using private pit latrines. All samples were analyzed for E. coli and enterococci. A subset was analyzed for enterovirus, rotavirus, norovirus GI, norovirus GII, diarrheagenic E. coli, and general and human-specific Bacteroidales fecal markers using mol. methods. Soil collected from the house floor had significantly higher concns. of E. coli and enterococci than soil collected from the latrine floor. There was no significant difference in fecal indicator bacteria levels between households using pit latrines with a concrete slab (improved sanitation) vs. those without a slab. These findings imply that the presence of a concrete slab does not affect the level of fecal contamination in the household environment in this setting. Human Bacteroidales, pathogenic E. coli, enterovirus, and rotavirus genes were detected in soil samples, suggesting that soil should be given more attention as a transmission pathway of diarrheal illness in low-income countries.
- 61Byappanahalli, M.; Fujioka, R. Evidence That Tropical Soil Environment Can Support the Growth of Escherichia Coli. Water Sci. Technol. 1998, 38 (12), 171– 174, DOI: 10.2166/wst.1998.0533Google Scholar61https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaK1MXhtVeku7w%253D&md5=b5ad978a67c9e04da3035a739bcd03efEvidence that tropical soil environment can support the growth of Escherichia coliByappanahalli, M. N.; Fujioka, R. S.Water Science and Technology (1998), 38 (12), 171-174CODEN: WSTED4; ISSN:0273-1223. (Elsevier Science Ltd.)Concns. of fecal coliforms and E. coli in environmental waters have historically been used to establish recreational water quality stds. When these bacteria are used as indexes of water quality, it is assumed that there are no significant environmental sources of these bacteria which are unrelated to direct fecal contamination. However, we have reported that in tropical island environments such as in Hawaii, these fecal indicators are consistently found at high concns. in all streams and the source of these fecal bacteria is the soil. To become so well established in soil we hypothesized that these fecal bacteria must have the ability to multiply in the natural soil environment at ambient temp. (23-25°). Three lines of evidence support this hypothesis: (1) E. coli was shown to grow on 10% soil ext. agar, (2) populations of fecal coliforms and E. coli from sewage were shown to immediately increase by ∼3 logs when simple nutrients (glucose and salts) were added to natural soil and (3) fecal coliforms and E. coli increased by 2 logs within 24 h when a minimal amt. of sewage was added to cobalt-irradiated soil. These results indicate that tropical soil environments provide sufficient means to support the growth of fecal coliforms and E. coli. However, under natural soil conditions, indigenous soil microorganisms are much more efficient in obtaining nutrients and we hypothesize that fecal bacteria grow sporadically in response to available nutrients.
- 62Fuhrmeister, E. R.; Ercumen, A.; Pickering, A. J.; Jeanis, K. M.; Ahmed, M.; Brown, S.; Arnold, B. F.; Hubbard, A. E.; Alam, M.; Sen, D.; Islam, S.; Kabir, M. H.; Kwong, L. H.; Islam, M.; Unicomb, L.; Rahman, M.; Boehm, A. B.; Luby, S. P.; Colford, J. M.; Nelson, K. L. Predictors of Enteric Pathogens in the Domestic Environment from Human and Animal Sources in Rural Bangladesh. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019, 53 (17), 10023– 10033, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b07192Google Scholar62https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhsVGntbjJ&md5=ef845297bb37a5975b0986d810e6f102Predictors of Enteric Pathogens in the Domestic Environment from Human and Animal Sources in Rural BangladeshFuhrmeister, Erica R.; Ercumen, Ayse; Pickering, Amy J.; Jeanis, Kaitlyn M.; Ahmed, Mahaa; Brown, Sara; Arnold, Benjamin F.; Hubbard, Alan E.; Alam, Mahfuja; Sen, Debashis; Islam, Sharmin; Kabir, Mir Himayet; Kwong, Laura H.; Islam, Mahfuza; Unicomb, Leanne; Rahman, Mahbubur; Boehm, Alexandria B.; Luby, Stephen P.; Colford, John M.; Nelson, Kara L.Environmental Science & Technology (2019), 53 (17), 10023-10033CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)Fecal indicator organisms are measured to indicate the presence of fecal pollution, yet the assocn. between indicators and pathogens varies by context. The goal of this study was to empirically evaluate the relationships between indicator Escherichia coli, microbial source tracking markers, select enteric pathogen genes, and potential sources of enteric pathogens in 600 rural Bangladeshi households. We measured indicators and pathogen genes in stored drinking water, soil, and on mother and child hands. Addnl., survey and observational data on sanitation and domestic hygiene practices were collected. Log10 concns. of indicator E. coli were pos. assocd. with the prevalence of pathogenic E. coli genes in all sample types. Given the current need to rely on indicators to assess fecal contamination in the field, it is significant that in this study context indicator E. coli concns., measured by IDEXX Colilert-18, provided quant. information on the presence of pathogenic E. coli in different sample types. There were no significant assocns. between the human fecal marker (HumM2) and human-specific pathogens in any environmental sample type. There was an increase in the prevalence of Giardia lamblia genes, any E. coli virulence gene, and the specific E. coli virulence genes stx1/2 with every log10 increase in the concn. of the animal fecal marker (BacCow) on mothers' hands. Thus, domestic animals were important contributors to enteric pathogens in these households.
- 63Taniuchi, M.; Sobuz, S. U.; Begum, S.; Platts-Mills, J. A.; Liu, J.; Yang, Z.; Wang, X.-Q.; Petri, W. A.; Haque, R.; Houpt, E. R. Etiology of Diarrhea in Bangladeshi Infants in the First Year of Life Analyzed Using Molecular Methods. J. Infect. Dis. 2013, 208 (11), 1794– 1802, DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit507Google Scholar63https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC3sboslyrsA%253D%253D&md5=abd9d790c592761172fffd2539ea6555Etiology of diarrhea in Bangladeshi infants in the first year of life analyzed using molecular methodsTaniuchi Mami; Sobuz Shihab U; Begum Sharmin; Platts-Mills James A; Liu Jie; Yang Zhengyu; Wang Xin-Qun; Petri William A Jr; Haque Rashidul; Houpt Eric RThe Journal of infectious diseases (2013), 208 (11), 1794-802 ISSN:.BACKGROUND: Diarrhea causes enormous morbidity and mortality in developing countries, yet the relative importance of multiple potential enteropathogens has been difficult to ascertain. METHODS: We performed a longitudinal cohort study from birth to 1 year of age in 147 infants in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Using multiplex polymerase chain reaction, we analyzed 420 episodes of diarrhea and 1385 monthly surveillance stool specimens for 32 enteropathogen gene targets. For each infant we examined enteropathogen quantities over time to ascribe each positive target as a probable or less-likely contributor to diarrhea. RESULTS: Multiple enteropathogens were detected by the first month of life. Diarrhea was associated with a state of overall pathogen excess (mean number of enteropathogen gene targets (± SE), 5.6 ± 0.1 vs 4.3 ± 0.1 in surveillance stool specimens; P < .05). After a longitudinal, quantitative approach was applied to filter out less-likely contributors, each diarrheal episode still had an average of 3.3 probable or dominant targets. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, enteropathogenic E. coli, rotavirus, and Entamoeba histolytica were the most frequent probable contributors to diarrhea. Rotavirus was enriched in moderate to severe diarrheal episodes. CONCLUSIONS: In this community-based study diarrhea seemed to be a multipathogen event and a state of enteropathogen excess above a high carriage baseline.
- 64Mellefont, L. A.; McMeekin, T. A.; Ross, T. Performance Evaluation of a Model Describing the Effects of Temperature, Water Activity, PH and Lactic Acid Concentration on the Growth of Escherichia Coli. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2003, 82 (1), 45– 58, DOI: 10.1016/S0168-1605(02)00253-2Google Scholar64https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD38Xpslags7g%253D&md5=42f154d70cade0119101bedf77ed16f1Performance evaluation of a model describing the effects of temperature, water activity, pH and lactic acid concentration on the growth of Escherichia coliMellefont, L. A.; McMeekin, T. A.; Ross, T.International Journal of Food Microbiology (2003), 82 (1), 45-58CODEN: IJFMDD; ISSN:0168-1605. (Elsevier Science Ltd.)A square root-type model for Escherichia coli growth in response to temp., water activity, pH and lactic acid was developed by Ross et al. [Int. J. Food Microbiol. (2002). ]. Predicted generation times from the model were compared to the literature data using bias and accuracy factors, graphical comparisons and plots of residuals for data obtained from both liq. growth media and foods. The model predicted well for 1025 growth rate ests. reported in the literature after poor quality or unrepresentative data (n=215) was excluded, with a bias factor of 0.92, and an accuracy factor of 1.29. In a detailed comparison to two other predictive modes for E. coli growth, Pathogen Modeling Program (PMP) and Food MicroModel (FMM), the new model generally performed better. The new model consistently gave better predictions than the other models at generation times ≤5 h. Inclusion of the lactic acid term in the model is proposed to account for the consistently good performance of the model for comparisons to growth in meat, a parameter that is not explicitly included in the other models considered in the comparisons.
- 65Topp, E.; Welsh, M.; Tien, Y.-C.; Dang, A.; Lazarovits, G.; Conn, K.; Zhu, H. Strain-Dependent Variability in Growth and Survival of Escherichia Coli in Agricultural Soil. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 2003, 44 (3), 303– 308, DOI: 10.1016/S0168-6496(03)00055-2Google Scholar65https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD3sXjs1Ckur0%253D&md5=e8f44294c786a5322c0ed030a161b5f0Strain-dependent variability in growth and survival of Escherichia coli in agricultural soilTopp, Edward; Welsh, Martha; Tien, Yuan-Ching; Dang, Angela; Lazarovits, George; Conn, Kenneth; Zhu, HongFEMS Microbiology Ecology (2003), 44 (3), 303-308CODEN: FMECEZ; ISSN:0168-6496. (Elsevier Science B.V.)This study investigated strain-dependent variability in Escherichia coli survival in soil, and strain-dependent responses to variations in some soil conditions. Collections of E. coli were isolated from swine manure slurry, and from manured soil following 6 days of incubation in the lab. The bacteria were fingerprinted by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR). During the course of the incubation the compn. of the E. coli community changed dramatically suggesting that E. coli phylotypes, distinguishable by ERIC-PCR fingerprinting, varied significantly in their ability to survive in soil under these conditions. A representative isolate from one ERIC group which increased in abundance in soil (designated strain C279) and one which decreased (designated strain C278) were chosen for comparison. These strains persisted comparatively when inoculated into loam soil. However, when added into a loam soil or a sandy soil supplemented with 10% (vol./vol.) swine manure slurry, strain C279 increased in abundance 10-fold, whereas strain C278 did not. At 4°C, or in a clay loam soil, manure slurry did not support the growth of strain C279. These results indicate that the community compn. of E. coli populations in manured soils can be very dynamic, and that strains able to proliferate in manured soils can have a selective advantage.
- 66Medema, G. J.; Bahar, M.; Schets, F. M. Survival of Cryptosporidium Parvum, Escherichia Coli, Faecal Enterococci, and Clostridium Perfringens in River Water: Influence of Temperature and Autochthonous Microorganisms. Water Sci. Technol. 1997, 35 (11–12), 249– 252, DOI: 10.2166/wst.1997.0742Google Scholar66https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaK2sXmt1Kls7c%253D&md5=3e89d6d8bbc8ecb7cef6489f9387a96aSurvival of Cryptosporidium parvum, Escherichia coli, fecal Enterococci and Clostridium perfringens in river water: influence of temperature and autochthonous microorganismsMedema, G. J.; Bahar, M.; Schets, F. M.Water Science and Technology (1997), 35 (11-12, Health-Related Water Microbiology 1996), 249-252CODEN: WSTED4; ISSN:0273-1223. (Elsevier)Oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum can survive for several months in surface water, one of the main factors detg. their success in environmental transmission and thus their health hazard via water. Several factors in the environment, e.g. temp., presence of predators and exo-enzymes will probably influence oocyst survival. The high persistence of oocysts may also limit the value of traditional fecal indicator bacteria. The aim of this study was to det. the rate at which C parvum oocysts, E. coli, fecal enterococci and C perfringens spores die in surface water and the influence of temp. and the presence of autochthonous (micro)organisms on the die-off rate. Microcosms with autoclaved river water were inoculated with the organisms. Microcosms with untreated river water were inoculated with concd. primary effluent contg. the bacteria and with C parvum oocysts. Microcosms were incubated at 5° or 15° at 100 rpm. Viability of oocysts was monitored by in vitro excystation and dye-exclusion; viability of the bacteria was detd. on appropriate selective media. When pseudo first-order die-off kinetics were assumed, the die-off rate of oocysts at 5°C was 0.010 log10/day and at 15°, 0.006-0.024 log10/day. These rates underestimate die-off since oocyst disintegration was not accounted for. Incubation in autoclaved or untreated water did influence the die-off rate of oocysts at 15°C but not at 5°C. The die-off rate of E. coli and enterococci was faster in the non-sterile river water than in autoclaved water at both temps. At 15°C, E coli (and possibly E. faecium) even multiplied in autoclaved water. In untreated river water, the die-off of E. coli and enterococci was approx. 10x faster than die-off of oocysts but die-off rates of C perfringens were lower than those of oocysts. As for oocysts, die-off of the bacteria and spores was faster at 15° than at 5°. Oocysts are very persistent in river water: the time required for a 10x redn. in viability being 40-16 day at 15° and 100 day at 5°. Biol./biochem. activity influenced oocyst survival at 15° and survival of both vegetative bacteria at 5 and 15°. The rapid die-off of E. coli and enterococci makes them less suitable as indicators of oocyst presence in water. As C. perfringens survived longer in untreated river water than oocysts, it may prove useful as an indicator of the presence of C. parvum.
- 67Raman, A. S.; Gehrig, J. L.; Venkatesh, S.; Chang, H.-W.; Hibberd, M. C.; Subramanian, S.; Kang, G.; Bessong, P. O.; Lima, A. A. M.; Kosek, M. N.; Petri, W. A.; Rodionov, D. A.; Arzamasov, A. A.; Leyn, S. A.; Osterman, A. L.; Huq, S.; Mostafa, I.; Islam, M.; Mahfuz, M.; Haque, R.; Ahmed, T.; Barratt, M. J.; Gordon, J. I. A Sparse Covarying Unit That Describes Healthy and Impaired Human Gut Microbiota Development. Science 2019, 365 (6449), eaau4735 DOI: 10.1126/science.aau4735Google ScholarThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 68Glynn, J.; Bradley, D. The Relationship between Infecting Dose and Severity of Disease in Reported Outbreaks of Salmonella Infections. Epidemiol. Infect. 1992, 109, 371– 388, DOI: 10.1017/S0950268800050366Google Scholar68https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADyaK3s7gs1WisQ%253D%253D&md5=44790d12b958684e4abf1389a85e68e0The relationship between infecting dose and severity of disease in reported outbreaks of Salmonella infectionsGlynn J R; Bradley D JEpidemiology and infection (1992), 109 (3), 371-88 ISSN:0950-2688.The relationship between size of the infecting dose and severity of the resulting disease has been investigated for salmonella infections by reanalysis of data within epidemics for 32 outbreaks, and comparing data between outbreaks for 68 typhoid epidemics and 49 food-poisoning outbreaks due to salmonellas. Attack rate, incubation period, amount of infected food consumed and type of vehicle are used as proxy measures of infecting dose, while case fatality rates for typhoid and case hospitalization rates for food poisoning salmonellas were used to assess severity. Limitations of the data are discussed. Both unweighted and logit analysis models are used. There is no evidence for a dose-severity relationship for Salmonella typhi, but evidence of a correlation between dose and severity is available from within-epidemic or between-epidemic analysis, or both, for Salmonella typhimurium, S. enteritidis, S. infantis, S. newport, and S. thompson. The presence of such a relationship affects the way in which control interventions should be assessed.
- 69Ercumen, A.; Pickering, A. J.; Kwong, L. H.; Arnold, B. F.; Parvez, S. M.; Alam, M.; Sen, D.; Islam, S.; Kullmann, C.; Chase, C.; Ahmed, R.; Unicomb, L.; Luby, S. P.; Colford, J. M. Animal Feces Contribute to Domestic Fecal Contamination: Evidence from E. coli Measured in Water, Hands, Food, Flies, and Soil in Bangladesh. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51 (15), 8725– 8734, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01710Google Scholar69https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhtFemsbvL&md5=fc806a339e7ca8d2d689b1d13673471aAnimal Feces Contribute to Domestic Fecal Contamination: Evidence from E. coli Measured in Water, Hands, Food, Flies, and Soil in BangladeshErcumen, Ayse; Pickering, Amy J.; Kwong, Laura H.; Arnold, Benjamin F.; Parvez, Sarker Masud; Alam, Mahfuja; Sen, Debashis; Islam, Sharmin; Kullmann, Craig; Chase, Claire; Ahmed, Rokeya; Unicomb, Leanne; Luby, Stephen P.; Colford, John M.Environmental Science & Technology (2017), 51 (15), 8725-8734CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)Fecal-oral pathogens are transmitted through complex, environmentally mediated pathways. Sanitation interventions that isolate human feces from the environment may reduce transmission but have shown limited impact on environmental contamination. We conducted a study in rural Bangladesh to (1) quantify domestic fecal contamination in settings with high on-site sanitation coverage; (2) det. how domestic animals affect fecal contamination; and (3) assess how each environmental pathway affects others. We collected water, hand rinse, food, soil, and fly samples from 608 households. We analyzed samples with IDEXX Quantitray for the most probable no. (MPN) of E. coli. We detected E. coli in source water (25%), stored water (77%), child hands (43%), food (58%), flies (50%), ponds (97%), and soil (95%). Soil had >120,000 mean MPN E. coli per g. In compds. with vs without animals, E. coli was higher by 0.54 log10 in soil, 0.40 log10 in stored water and 0.61 log10 in food (p < 0.05). E. coli in stored water and food increased with increasing E. coli in soil, ponds, source water and hands. We provide empirical evidence of fecal transmission in the domestic environment despite on-site sanitation. Animal feces contribute to fecal contamination, and fecal indicator bacteria do not strictly indicate human fecal contamination when animals are present.
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- 1Korpe, P. S.; Petri, W. A. Environmental Enteropathy: Critical Implications of a Poorly Understood Condition. Trends Mol. Med. 2012, 18 (6), 328– 336, DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2012.04.0071https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC38nmsFSmsw%253D%253D&md5=4a2d9e4bdb5958991e39e0aba1fb9c73Environmental enteropathy: critical implications of a poorly understood conditionKorpe Poonum S; Petri William A JrTrends in molecular medicine (2012), 18 (6), 328-36 ISSN:.Environmental enteropathy (also called tropical enteropathy) is a subclinical condition caused by constant fecal-oral contamination and resulting in blunting of intestinal villi and intestinal inflammation. Although these histological changes were discovered decades ago, the clinical impact of environmental enteropathy is just starting to be recognized. The failure of nutritional interventions and oral vaccines in the developing world may be attributed to environmental enteropathy, as the intestinal absorptive and immunologic functions are significantly deranged. Here we review the existing literature and examine potential mechanisms of pathogenesis for this poorly understood condition.
- 2Troeger, C.; Forouzanfar, M.; Rao, P. C; Khalil, I.; Brown, A.; Reiner, R. C; Fullman, N.; Thompson, R. L; Abajobir, A.; Ahmed, M.; Alemayohu, M. A.; Alvis-Guzman, N.; Amare, A. T; Antonio, C. A.; Asayesh, H.; Avokpaho, E.; Awasthi, A.; Bacha, U.; Barac, A.; Betsue, B. D.; Beyene, A. S.; Boneya, D. J.; Malta, D. C.; Dandona, L.; Dandona, R.; Dubey, M.; Eshrati, B.; Fitchett, J. R A; Gebrehiwot, T. T.; Hailu, G. B.; Horino, M.; Hotez, P. J; Jibat, T.; Jonas, J. B; Kasaeian, A.; Kissoon, N.; Kotloff, K.; Koyanagi, A.; Kumar, G A.; Rai, R. K.; Lal, A.; El Razek, H. M. A.; Mengistie, M. A.; Moe, C.; Patton, G.; Platts-Mills, J. A; Qorbani, M.; Ram, U.; Roba, H. S.; Sanabria, J.; Sartorius, B.; Sawhney, M.; Shigematsu, M.; Sreeramareddy, C.; Swaminathan, S.; Tedla, B. A.; Jagiellonian, R. T.-M.; Ukwaja, K.; Werdecker, A.; Widdowson, M.-A.; Yonemoto, N.; El Sayed Zaki, M.; Lim, S. S; Naghavi, M.; Vos, T.; Hay, S. I; Murray, C. J L; Mokdad, A. H Estimates of Global, Regional, and National Morbidity, Mortality, and Aetiologies of Diarrhoeal Diseases: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2017, 17 (9), 909– 948, DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30276-1There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 3Alderman, H.; Hoddinott, J.; Kinsey, B. Long Term Consequences of Early Childhood Malnutrition. Oxf. Econ. Pap. 2006, 58 (3), 450– 474, DOI: 10.1093/oep/gpl008There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 4Berkman, D. S.; Lescano, A. G.; Gillman, R. H.; Lopez, S. L.; Black, M. M. Effects of Stunting, Diarrhoeal Disease, and Parasitic Infection. Lancet 2002, 359 (9306), 564– 571, DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07744-94https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BD387jtVCitQ%253D%253D&md5=8593a1e987b5911d0de3e15440da1398Effects of stunting, diarrhoeal disease, and parasitic infection during infancy on cognition in late childhood: a follow-up studyBerkman Douglas S; Lescano Andres G; Gilman Robert H; Lopez Sonia L; Black Maureen MLancet (London, England) (2002), 359 (9306), 564-71 ISSN:0140-6736.BACKGROUND: Chronic malnutrition during infancy, marked by stunting, has been associated with poor cognitive function. We assessed the effect of stunting, diarrhoeal disease, and parasitic infections during infancy on cognitive function in late childhood. METHODS: We followed up from birth to 2 years, a cohort of 239 Peruvian children for anthropometrics, stool samples, and diarrhoeal status. At 9 years of age, we assessed cognitive function in 143 (69%) with the full-scale intelligence quotient of the Wechsler intelligence scale for children-revised (WISC-R). Findings All findings were adjusted for socioeconomic status and schooling; in addition, findings related to diarrhoea prevalence, Giardia lamblia, and Cryptosporidium parvum were adjusted for severe stunting. During the first 2 years of life, 46 (32%) of 143 children were stunted. Children with severe stunting in the second year of life scored 10 points lower on the WISC-R test (95% CI 2.4--17.5) than children without severe stunting. Children with more than one episode of G lamblia per year scored 4.1 points (0.2--8.0) lower than children with one episode or fewer per year. Neither diarrhoea prevalence nor Cparvum infection was associated with WISC-R scores. INTERPRETATION: Malnutrition in early childhood, indexed by stunting, and potentially G lamblia, are associated with poor cognitive function at age 9 years. If the observed associations are causal, then intervention programmes designed to prevent malnutrition and G lamblia early in life could lead to significant improvement in cognitive function of children in similar lower-income communities throughout the less-developed world.
- 5Cairncross, S.; Hunt, C.; Boisson, S.; Bostoen, K.; Curtis, V.; Fung, I. C. H.; Schmidt, W. P. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for the Prevention of Diarrhoea. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2010, 39, i193, DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyq035There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 6Null, C.; Stewart, C. P.; Pickering, A. J.; Dentz, H. N.; Arnold, B. F.; Arnold, C. D.; Benjamin-Chung, J.; Clasen, T.; Dewey, K. G.; Fernald, L. C. H.; Hubbard, A. E.; Kariger, P.; Lin, A.; Luby, S. P.; Mertens, A.; Njenga, S. M.; Nyambane, G.; Ram, P. K.; Colford, J. M. Effects of Water Quality, Sanitation, Handwashing, and Nutritional Interventions on Diarrhoea and Child Growth in Rural Kenya: A Cluster-Randomised Controlled Trial. Lancet Glob. Health 2018, 6 (3), e316-e329 DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30005-6There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 7Clasen, T.; Boisson, S.; Routray, P.; Torondel, B.; Bell, M.; Cumming, O.; Ensink, J.; Freeman, M.; Jenkins, M.; Odagiri, M.; Ray, S.; Sinha, A.; Suar, M.; Schmidt, W.-P. Effectiveness of a Rural Sanitation Programme on Diarrhoea, Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection, and Child Malnutrition in Odisha, India: A Cluster-Randomised Trial. Lancet Glob. Health 2014, 2 (11), e645 DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70307-9There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 8Ercumen, A.; Mertens, A.; Arnold, B. F.; Benjamin-Chung, J.; Hubbard, A. E.; Ahmed, M. A.; Kabir, M. H.; Rahman Khalil, Md. M.; Kumar, A.; Rahman, Md. S.; Parvez, S. M.; Unicomb, L.; Rahman, M.; Ram, P. K.; Clasen, T.; Luby, S. P.; Colford, J. M. Effects of Single and Combined Water, Sanitation and Handwashing Interventions on Fecal Contamination in the Domestic Environment: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial in Rural Bangladesh. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2018, 52 (21), 12078– 12088, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b051538https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhslyrsL3P&md5=fb0a6d85d2bec4cd99416f636a48c94aEffects of Single and Combined Water, Sanitation and Handwashing Interventions on Fecal Contamination in the Domestic Environment: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial in Rural BangladeshErcumen, Ayse; Mertens, Andrew; Arnold, Benjamin F.; Benjamin-Chung, Jade; Hubbard, Alan E.; Ahmed, Mir Alvee; Kabir, Mir Himayet; Rahman Khalil, Md. Masudur; Kumar, Ashish; Rahman, Md. Sajjadur; Parvez, Sarker Masud; Unicomb, Leanne; Rahman, Mahbubur; Ram, Pavani K.; Clasen, Thomas; Luby, Stephen P.; Colford, John M.Environmental Science & Technology (2018), 52 (21), 12078-12088CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions have varying effectiveness in reducing fecal contamination in the domestic environment; delivering them in combination could yield synergies. We conducted environmental assessments within a randomized controlled trial in Bangladesh that implemented single and combined water treatment, sanitation, handwashing (WSH) and nutrition interventions (WASH Benefits, NCT01590095). After one and two years of intervention, we quantified fecal indicator bacteria in samples of drinking water (from source or storage), child hands, children's food and sentinel objects. In households receiving single water treatment interventions, Escherichia coli prevalence in stored drinking water was reduced by 50% and concn. by 1-log. E. coli prevalence in food was reduced by 30% and concn. by 0.5-log in households receiving single water treatment and handwashing interventions. Combined WSH did not reduce fecal contamination more effectively than its components. Interventions did not reduce E. coli in groundwater, on child hands and on objects. These findings suggest that WSH improvements reduced contamination along the direct transmission pathways of stored water and food but not along indirect upstream pathways. Our findings support implementing water treatment and handwashing to reduce fecal exposure through water and food but provide no evidence that combining interventions further reduces exposure.
- 9Ercumen, A.; Pickering, A. J.; Kwong, L. H.; Mertens, A.; Arnold, B. F.; Benjamin-Chung, J.; Hubbard, A. E.; Alam, M.; Sen, D.; Islam, S.; Rahman, Md. Z.; Kullmann, C.; Chase, C.; Ahmed, R.; Parvez, S. M.; Unicomb, L.; Rahman, M.; Ram, P. K.; Clasen, T.; Luby, S. P.; Colford, J. M. Do Sanitation Improvements Reduce Fecal Contamination of Water, Hands, Food, Soil, and Flies? Evidence from a Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial in Rural Bangladesh. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2018, 52 (21), 12089– 12097, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b029889https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhslyrsLzE&md5=5f2a55aff7ba650d4aa41f7ae63d10eaDo Sanitation Improvements Reduce Fecal Contamination of Water, Hands, Food, Soil, and Flies? Evidence from a Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial in Rural BangladeshErcumen, Ayse; Pickering, Amy J.; Kwong, Laura H.; Mertens, Andrew; Arnold, Benjamin F.; Benjamin-Chung, Jade; Hubbard, Alan E.; Alam, Mahfuja; Sen, Debashis; Islam, Sharmin; Rahman, Md. Zahidur; Kullmann, Craig; Chase, Claire; Ahmed, Rokeya; Parvez, Sarker Masud; Unicomb, Leanne; Rahman, Mahbubur; Ram, Pavani K.; Clasen, Thomas; Luby, Stephen P.; Colford, John M.Environmental Science & Technology (2018), 52 (21), 12089-12097CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)Sanitation improvements have had limited effectiveness in reducing the spread of fecal pathogens into the environment. We conducted environmental measurements within a randomized controlled trial in Bangladesh that implemented individual and combined water treatment, sanitation, handwashing (WSH) and nutrition interventions (WASH Benefits, NCT01590095). Following approx. 4 mo of intervention, we enrolled households in the trial's control, sanitation and combined WSH arms to assess whether sanitation improvements, alone and coupled with water treatment and handwashing, reduce fecal contamination in the domestic environment. We quantified fecal indicator bacteria in samples of drinking and ambient waters, child hands, food given to young children, courtyard soil and flies. In the WSH arm, Escherichia coli prevalence in stored drinking water was reduced by 62% (prevalence ratio = 0.38 (0.32, 0.44)) and E. coli concn. by 1-log (Δlog10 = -0.88 (-1.01, -0.75)). The interventions did not reduce E. coli along other sampled pathways. Ambient contamination remained high among intervention households. Potential reasons include noncommunity-level sanitation coverage, child open defecation, animal fecal sources, or naturalized E. coli in the environment. Future studies should explore potential threshold effects of different levels of community sanitation coverage on environmental contamination.
- 10Sclar, G. D.; Penakalapati, G.; Amato, H. K.; Garn, J. V.; Alexander, K.; Freeman, M. C.; Boisson, S.; Medlicott, K. O.; Clasen, T. Assessing the Impact of Sanitation on Indicators of Fecal Exposure along Principal Transmission Pathways: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2016, 219 (8), 709– 723, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.09.02110https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC2svnsV2msg%253D%253D&md5=d83234f567a9b3dd8fd237cf40957fb9Assessing the impact of sanitation on indicators of fecal exposure along principal transmission pathways: A systematic reviewSclar Gloria D; Penakalapati Gauthami; Amato Heather K; Garn Joshua V; Alexander Kelly; Freeman Matthew C; Boisson Sophie; Medlicott Kate O; Clasen ThomasInternational journal of hygiene and environmental health (2016), 219 (8), 709-723 ISSN:.OBJECTIVE: Fecal-oral transmission of enteric and other pathogens due to poor sanitation is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in low- or middle-income settings. Few studies have investigated the impact of sanitation on indicators of transmission, a prerequisite to achieving health gains. This review attempts to summarize the literature to date. METHODS: We searched leading databases to identify studies that address the effect of sanitation on various transmission pathways including fecal pathogens or indicator bacteria in drinking water, hand contamination, sentinel toys, food, household and latrine surfaces and soil, as well as flies and observations of human feces. This also included studies that assessed the impact of fecal contamination of water supplies based on distance from sanitation facilities. We identified 29 studies that met the review's eligibility criteria. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Overall, the studies found little to no effect from sanitation interventions on these transmission pathways. There was no evidence of effects on water quality (source or household), hand or sentinel toy contamination, food contamination, or contamination of surfaces or soil. There is some evidence that sanitation was associated with reductions in flies and a small effect on observations of feces (Risk Difference -0.03, 95%CI -0.06 to 0.01). Studies show an inverse relationship between the distance of a water supply from a latrine and level of fecal contamination of such water supply. Future evaluations of sanitation interventions should include assessments of effects along transmission pathways in order to better understand the circumstances under which interventions may be effective at preventing disease.
- 11Bauza, V.; Guest, J. S. The Effect of Young Children’s Faeces Disposal Practices on Child Growth: Evidence from 34 Countries. Trop. Med. Int. Health 2017, 22 (10), 1233– 1248, DOI: 10.1111/tmi.1293011https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC1cjotVWgtg%253D%253D&md5=5637d346f53e2d6ed2ab3dbaa9f6e451The effect of young children's faeces disposal practices on child growth: evidence from 34 countriesBauza Valerie; Guest Jeremy STropical medicine & international health : TM & IH (2017), 22 (10), 1233-1248 ISSN:.OBJECTIVE: To characterize the relationship between child faeces disposal and child growth in low- and middle-income countries. METHODS: We analysed caregiver responses and anthropometric data from Demographic and Health Surveys (2005-2014) for 202 614 children under five and 82 949 children under two to examine the association between child faeces disposal and child growth. RESULTS: Child faeces disposal in an improved toilet was associated with reduced stunting for children under five [adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) = 0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.89-0.92] and a 0.12 increase in height-for-age z-score (HAZ; 95% CI: 0.10-0.15) among all households. Among households with improved sanitation access, practicing improved child faeces disposal was still associated with a decrease in stunting (aPR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.91-0.96) and a 0.09 increase in HAZ (95% CI: 0.06-0.13). Improved child faeces disposal was also associated with reductions in underweight and wasting, and an increase in weight-for-age z-score (WAZ), but not an increase in weight-for-height z-score (WHZ). Community coverage level of improved child faeces disposal was also associated with stunting, with 75-100% coverage associated with the greatest reduction in stunting. Child faeces disposal in an unimproved toilet was associated with reductions in underweight and wasting, but not stunting. CONCLUSIONS: Improved child faeces disposal practices could achieve greater reductions in child undernutrition than improving toilet access alone. Additionally, the common classification of child faeces disposal as 'safe' regardless of the type of toilet used for disposal may underestimate the benefits of disposal in an improved toilet and overestimate the benefits of disposal in an unimproved toilet.
- 12Bauza, V.; Byrne, D. M.; Trimmer, J. T.; Lardizabal, A.; Atiim, P.; Asigbee, M. A. K.; Guest, J. S. Child Soil Ingestion in Rural Ghana: Frequency, Caregiver Perceptions, Relationship with Household Floor Material, and Associations with Child Diarrhoea. Trop. Med. Int. Health 2018, 23, 558, DOI: 10.1111/tmi.1305012https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC1MngvFOkug%253D%253D&md5=13dbc74974a805f44ca88e669b598633Child soil ingestion in rural Ghana - frequency, caregiver perceptions, relationship with household floor material and associations with child diarrhoeaBauza Valerie; Byrne Diana M; Trimmer John T; Lardizabal Amanda; Guest Jeremy S; Atiim Philip; Asigbee Mawuli A KTropical medicine & international health : TM & IH (2018), 23 (5), 558-569 ISSN:.OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this work were to evaluate (i) the prevalence and frequency of caregiver-reported soil ingestion by children, (ii) whether household flooring material in the bedroom (earth vs. concrete) affected caregiver-reported soil ingestion, (iii) whether caregiver-reported soil ingestion was associated with caregiver-reported diarrhoea and (iv) caregivers' perceptions of their children ingesting soil. METHODS: We conducted 309 household surveys in northern Ghana, including 529 children under five (249 children aged 6-36 months), and measured faecal contamination in soil from 31 households. RESULTS: Among all children, 15% were reported to have directly ingested soil in the past week, including 28% of children aged 6-36 months. Among children reported to have ingested soil, the median frequency was 14 times in the past week, and the median amount of soil ingested each time was half a handful. There was no association between household floor material and whether the caregiver observed a child directly ingesting soil. After adjusting for household floor material and other potential confounding variables, caregiver-reported soil ingestion was associated with caregiver-reported diarrhoea for children under five [adjusted odds ratio (adj. OR) = 3.13, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.76-3.55] and children aged 6-36 months (adj. OR = 2.61, 95% CI 2.01-3.39). Approximately 83% of caregivers whose children ingested soil reported they thought it was unsafe and were more likely to report stopping their child from ingesting soil, but these responses did not affect the quantity of soil ingested. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest direct soil ingestion is associated with diarrhoea independent of household floor material, and separate interventions may be necessary to prevent exploratory soil ingestion.
- 13George, C. M.; Oldja, L.; Lee, G. O.; Biswas, S.; Perin, J.; Lee, G. O.; Kosek, M.; Sack, R. B.; Ahmed, S.; Haque, R.; Parvin, T.; Azmi, I. J.; Bhuyian, S. I.; Talukder, K. A.; Mohammad, S.; Faruque, A. G. Geophagy Is Associated with Environmental Enteropathy and Stunting in Children in Rural Bangladesh. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2015, 92 (6), 1117– 1124, DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-067213https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC2MjotlKgsQ%253D%253D&md5=cb2d0663ddbd7e485fef94763c54e7a1Geophagy is associated with environmental enteropathy and stunting in children in rural BangladeshGeorge Christine Marie; Oldja Lauren; Biswas Shwapon; Perin Jamie; Lee Gwenyth O; Kosek Margaret; Sack R Bradley; Ahmed Shahnawaz; Haque Rashidul; Parvin Tahmina; Azmi Ishrat J; Bhuyian Sazzadul Islam; Talukder Kaisar A; Mohammad Shahnaij; Faruque Abu GThe American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene (2015), 92 (6), 1117-24 ISSN:.There is a growing body of literature indicating an association between stunting and environmental enteropathy (EE), a disorder thought to be caused by repeated exposures to enteric pathogens. To investigate the relationship between exposure to enteric pathogens through geophagy, consumption of soil, EE, and stunting, we conducted a prospective cohort study of 216 children under 5 years of age in rural Bangladesh. Geophagy was assessed at baseline using 5 hour structured observation and caregiver reports. Stool was analyzed for fecal markers of intestinal inflammation: alpha-1-antitrypsin, myeloperoxidase, neopterin (all three combined to form an EE disease activity score), and calprotectin. Eighteen percent of children had observed geophagy events by structured observation and 28% had caregiver reported events in the past week. Nearly all households had Escherichia coli (97%) in soil, and 14% had diarrheagenic E. coli. Children with caregiver-reported geophagy had significantly higher EE scores (0.72 point difference, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.01, 1.42) and calprotectin concentrations (237.38 μg/g, 95% CI: 12.77, 462.00). Furthermore, at the 9-month follow-up the odds of being stunted (height-for-age z-score < -2) was double for children with caregiver-reported geophagy (odds ratio [OR]: 2.27, 95% CI: 1.14, 4.51). These findings suggest that geophagy in young children may be an important unrecognized risk factor for EE and stunting.
- 14Perin, J.; Thomas, A.; Oldja, L.; Ahmed, S.; Parvin, T.; Bhuyian, S. I.; Sarker, B.; Biswas, S. K.; Faruque, A. S. G.; Sack, R. B.; George, C. M. Geophagy Is Associated with Growth Faltering in Children in Rural Bangladesh. J. Pediatr. 2016, 178, 34– 39, DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.06.07714https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC2s3otFOmug%253D%253D&md5=2e7717cabf2d0bb65e2207fa976f8c98Geophagy Is Associated with Growth Faltering in Children in Rural BangladeshPerin Jamie; Thomas Alvin; Oldja Lauren; Sack R Bradley; George Christine M; Ahmed Shahnawaz; Parvin Tahmina; Bhuyian Sazzadul Islam; Sarker Bidduth; Faruque Abu S G; Biswas Shwapon KThe Journal of pediatrics (2016), 178 (), 34-39.e1 ISSN:.OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between geophagy (mouthing of dirt, sand, clay, or mud) and growth faltering in young children. STUDY DESIGN: We examined linear growth as height and weight standardized by age and sex, and weight standardized by height, in a cohort of children aged 6-36 months in rural Mirzapur, Bangladesh. We determined geophagy behavior at baseline through caregiver report. Anthropometric measurements were assessed at baseline and at a 1-year follow-up. RESULTS: We found that among children not stunted at baseline, those with caregiver-reported geophagy at baseline grew less over 1 year compared with their peers, with a difference in the change of standardized height for age and sex of -0.31 (95% CI, -0.61 to -0.01). CONCLUSION: These findings show that caregiver-reported geophagy was associated with growth faltering in a pediatric population in rural Bangladesh. Future studies are needed to learn more about this exposure pathway and its relevance to child growth.
- 15Zambrano, L. D.; Levy, K.; Menezes, N. P.; Freeman, M. C. Human Diarrhea Infections Associated with Domestic Animal Husbandry: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2014, 108 (6), 313– 325, DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/tru05615https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC2cjhtVOltg%253D%253D&md5=58dbe1a46cf55475910c5151326c0522Human diarrhea infections associated with domestic animal husbandry: a systematic review and meta-analysisZambrano Laura D; Levy Karen; Menezes Neia P; Freeman Matthew CTransactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (2014), 108 (6), 313-25 ISSN:.Domestic animal husbandry, a common practice globally, can lead to zoonotic transmission of enteric pathogens. However, this risk has received little attention to date. This systematic review and meta-analysis examines the evidence for an association between domestic exposure to food-producing animals and cases of human diarrhea and specific enteric infections. We performed a systematic review of available literature to examine domestic livestock and poultry as risk factors for diarrhea and applied pre-determined quality criteria. Where possible, we carried out meta-analysis of specific animal-pathogen pairs. We found consistent evidence of a positive association between exposure to domestic food-producing animals and diarrheal illness across a range of animal exposures and enteric pathogens. Out of 29 studies included in the review, 20 (69.0%) reported a positive association between domestic animal exposure and diarrhea. Domestic exposure to poultry revealed a substantial association with human campylobacteriosis (OR 2.73, 95% CI 1.90-3.93). Our results suggest that domestic poultry and livestock exposures are associated with diarrheal illness in humans. Failure to ascertain the microbial cause of disease may mask this effect. Exposure to domestic animals should be considered a risk factor for human diarrheal illness and additional studies may identify potential mitigation strategies to address this risk.
- 16Vujcic, J.; Ram, P. K.; Hussain, F.; Unicomb, L.; Gope, P. S.; Abedin, J.; Mahmud, Z. H.; Sirajul Islam, M.; Luby, S. P. Toys and Toilets: Cross-Sectional Study Using Children’s Toys to Evaluate Environmental Faecal Contamination in Rural Bangladeshi Households with Different Sanitation Facilities and Practices. Trop. Med. Int. Health 2014, 19 (5), 528– 536, DOI: 10.1111/tmi.1229216https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC2crlsVOhsg%253D%253D&md5=281bafb029b2d9fdd6dbf09c25d00a95Toys and toilets: cross-sectional study using children's toys to evaluate environmental faecal contamination in rural Bangladeshi households with different sanitation facilities and practicesVujcic Jelena; Ram Pavani K; Hussain Faruqe; Unicomb Leanne; Gope Partha Sarathi; Abedin Jaynal; Mahmud Zahid Hayat; Islam M Sirajul; Luby Stephen PTropical medicine & international health : TM & IH (2014), 19 (5), 528-36 ISSN:.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate household faecal contamination using children's toys among 100 rural Bangladeshi households categorised as 'cleaner' (toilet that reliably separates faeces from the environment and no human faeces in/around living space) or 'less clean' (no toilet or toilet that does not reliably separate faeces from the environment and human faeces in/around living space). METHODS: We distributed toy balls to each household and rinsed each study toy and a toy already owned by the household in 200 ml of Ringer's solution. We enumerated faecal coliforms and faecal streptococci from each rinse using membrane filtration methods. RESULTS: Study toys from 39 cleaner households had lower mean faecal coliform contamination than toys from 61 less clean households (2.4 log10 colony-forming units (CFU)/200 ml vs. 3.2 log10 CFU/200 ml, P = 0.03). However, wealth measures explained a portion of this relationship. Repeat measures were moderately variable [coefficient of variation (CV) = 6.5 between two toys in the household at the same time, CV = 37.6 between toys in the household at two different times 3-4 days apart]. Too few households owned a non-porous toy to compare groups without risk of bias. CONCLUSION: In rural Bangladesh, improved sanitation facilities and practices were associated with less environmental contamination. Whether this association is independent of household wealth and whether the difference in contamination improves child health merit further study. The variation found was typical for measures of environmental contamination, and requires large sample sizes to ascertain differences between groups with statistical significance.
- 17Kwong, L. H.; Ercumen, A.; Pickering, A. J.; Unicomb, L.; Davis, J.; Luby, S. P. Hand- and Object-Mouthing of Rural Bangladeshi Children 3–18 Months Old. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13 (6), 563, DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13060563There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 18Gruber, J. S.; Ercumen, A.; Colford, J. M. Coliform Bacteria as Indicators of Diarrheal Risk in Household Drinking Water: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2014, 9 (9), e107429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.010742918https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhslSiurjP&md5=a29224137d979a793c97cd08db8912a2Coliform bacteria as indicators of diarrheal risk in household drinking water: systematic review and meta-analysisGruber, Joshua S.; Ercumen, Ayse; Colford, John M.PLoS One (2014), 9 (9), e107429/1-e107429/14, 14 pp.CODEN: POLNCL; ISSN:1932-6203. (Public Library of Science)Background: Current guidelines recommend the use of Escherichia coli (EC) or thermotolerant ("fecal") coliforms (FC) as indicators of fecal contamination in drinking water. Despite their broad use as measures of water quality, there remains limited evidence for an assocn. between EC or FC and diarrheal illness: a previous review found no evidence for a link between diarrhea and these indicators in household drinking water. Objectives: We conducted a systematic review and meta-anal. to update the results of the previous review with newly available evidence, to explore differences between EC and FC indicators, and to assess the quality of available evidence. Methods: We searched major databases using broad terms for household water quality and diarrhea. We extd. study characteristics and relative risks (RR) from relevant studies. We pooled RRs using random effects models with inverse variance weighting, and used std. methods to evaluate heterogeneity and publication bias. Results: We identified 20 relevant studies; 14 studies provided extractable results for meta-anal. When combining all studies, we found no assocn. between EC or FC and diarrhea (RR 1.26 [95% CI: 0.98, 1.63]). When analyzing EC and FC sep., we found evidence for an assocn. between diarrhea and EC (RR: 1.54 [95% CI: 1.37, 1.74]) but not FC (RR: 1.07 [95% CI: 0.79, 1.45]). Across all studies, we identified several elements of study design and reporting (e.g., timing of outcome and exposure measurement, accounting for correlated outcomes) that could be improved upon in future studies that evaluate the assocn. between drinking water contamination and health. Conclusions: Our findings, based on a review of the published literature, suggest that these two coliform groups have different assocns. with diarrhea in household drinking water. Our results support the use of EC as a fecal indicator in household drinking water.
- 19Pickering, A. J.; Ercumen, A.; Arnold, B. F.; Kwong, L. H.; Parvez, S. M.; Alam, M.; Sen, D.; Islam, S.; Kullmann, C.; Chase, C.; Ahmed, R.; Unicomb, L.; Colford, J. M.; Luby, S. P. Fecal Indicator Bacteria along Multiple Environmental Transmission Pathways (Water, Hands, Food, Soil, Flies) and Subsequent Child Diarrhea in Rural Bangladesh. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2018, 52 (14), 7928– 7936, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b0092819https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhtFeqsrrM&md5=d2c3cf143a327fe0ace91356af41ef49Fecal Indicator Bacteria along Multiple Environmental Transmission Pathways (Water, Hands, Food, Soil, Flies) and Subsequent Child Diarrhea in Rural BangladeshPickering, Amy J.; Ercumen, Ayse; Arnold, Benjamin F.; Kwong, Laura H.; Parvez, Sarker Masud; Alam, Mahfuja; Sen, Debashis; Islam, Sharmin; Kullmann, Craig; Chase, Claire; Ahmed, Rokeya; Unicomb, Leanne; Colford, John M.; Luby, Stephen P.Environmental Science & Technology (2018), 52 (14), 7928-7936CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)Enteric pathogens can be transmitted through multiple environmental pathways, yet little is known about the relative contribution of each pathway to diarrhea risk among children. We aimed to identify fecal transmission pathways in the household environment assocd. with prospectively measured child diarrhea in rural Bangladesh. We measured the presence and levels of Escherichia coli in tube wells, stored drinking water, pond water, child hand rinses, courtyard soil, flies, and food in 1843 households. Gastrointestinal symptoms among children ages 0-60 mo were recorded concurrently at the time of environmental sample collection and again a median of 6 days later. Incident diarrhea (3 or more loose stools in a 24-h period) was pos. assocd. with the concn. of E. coli on child hands measured on the first visit (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.23, 95% CI 1.06, 1.43 for a log10 increase), while other pathways were not assocd. In cross-sectional anal., there were no assocns. between concurrently measured environmental contamination and diarrhea. Our findings suggest higher levels of E. coli on child hands are strongly assocd. with subsequent diarrheal illness rates among children in rural Bangladesh.
- 20Goddard, F.; Pickering, A. J.; Ercumen, A.; Brown, J.; Chang, H.; Clasen, T. Fecal Contamination of the Environment and Child Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Using Individual Participant Data. Lancet Planet. Health 2020, 4, e405, DOI: 10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30195-9There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 21Wang, Y.; Moe, C. L.; Null, C.; Raj, S. J.; Baker, K. K.; Robb, K. A.; Yakubu, H.; Ampofo, J. A.; Wellington, N.; Freeman, M. C.; Armah, G.; Reese, H. E.; Peprah, D.; Teunis, P. F. M. Multipathway Quantitative Assessment of Exposure to Fecal Contamination for Young Children in Low-Income Urban Environments in Accra, Ghana: The Sanipath Analytical Approach. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2017, 97 (4), 1009– 1019, DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-040821https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC1M7gs1ahuw%253D%253D&md5=bec5a96bddf73418ff7984f43cb54959Multipathway Quantitative Assessment of Exposure to Fecal Contamination for Young Children in Low-Income Urban Environments in Accra, Ghana: The SaniPath Analytical ApproachWang Yuke; Moe Christine L; Null Clair; Raj Suraja J; Baker Kelly K; Robb Katharine A; Yakubu Habib; Freeman Matthew C; Reese Heather E; Peprah Dorothy; Teunis Peter F M; Ampofo Joseph A; Wellington Nii; Armah George; Teunis Peter F MThe American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene (2017), 97 (4), 1009-1019 ISSN:.Lack of adequate sanitation results in fecal contamination of the environment and poses a risk of disease transmission via multiple exposure pathways. To better understand how eight different sources contribute to overall exposure to fecal contamination, we quantified exposure through multiple pathways for children under 5 years old in four high-density, low-income, urban neighborhoods in Accra, Ghana. We collected more than 500 hours of structured observation of behaviors of 156 children, 800 household surveys, and 1,855 environmental samples. Data were analyzed using Bayesian models, estimating the environmental and behavioral factors associated with exposure to fecal contamination. These estimates were applied in exposure models simulating sequences of behaviors and transfers of fecal indicators. This approach allows us to identify the contribution of any sources of fecal contamination in the environment to child exposure and use dynamic fecal microbe transfer networks to track fecal indicators from the environment to oral ingestion. The contributions of different sources to exposure were categorized into four types (high/low by dose and frequency), as a basis for ranking pathways by the potential to reduce exposure. Although we observed variation in estimated exposure (10(8)-10(16) CFU/day for Escherichia coli) between different age groups and neighborhoods, the greatest contribution was consistently from food (contributing > 99.9% to total exposure). Hands played a pivotal role in fecal microbe transfer, linking environmental sources to oral ingestion. The fecal microbe transfer network constructed here provides a systematic approach to study the complex interaction between contaminated environment and human behavior on exposure to fecal contamination.
- 22Mattioli, M. C. M.; Davis, J.; Boehm, A. B. Hand-to-Mouth Contacts Result in Greater Ingestion of Feces than Dietary Water Consumption in Tanzania: A Quantitative Fecal Exposure Assessment Model. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49 (3), 1912– 1920, DOI: 10.1021/es505555f22https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXivFSltA%253D%253D&md5=889c6ccb2806c5df85a244c5fc353023Hand-to-Mouth Contacts Result in Greater Ingestion of Feces than Dietary Water Consumption in Tanzania: A Quantitative Fecal Exposure Assessment ModelMattioli, Mia Catharine M.; Davis, Jennifer; Boehm, Alexandria B.Environmental Science & Technology (2015), 49 (3), 1912-1920CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)Diarrheal diseases kill 1800 children under the age of 5 die each day, and nearly half of these deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa. Contaminated drinking water and hands are 2 important environmental transmission routes of diarrhea-causing pathogens to young children in low-income countries. The objective is to evaluate the relative contribution of these 2 major exposure pathways in a low-income country setting. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to model the amt. of human feces ingested by children under 5 yr old from exposure via hand-to-mouth contacts and stored drinking water ingestion in Bagamoyo, Tanzania. Child specific exposure data were obtained from the US EPA 2011 Exposure Factors Handbook, and fecal contamination was estd. using hand rinse and stored water fecal indicator bacteria concns. from over 1200 Tanzanian households. The model outcome is a distribution of a child's daily dose of feces via each exposure route. The model shows that Tanzanian children ingest a significantly greater amt. of feces each day from hand-to-mouth contacts than from drinking water, which may help elucidate why interventions focused on water without also addressing hygiene often see little to no effect on reported incidence of diarrhea.
- 23Kwong, L. H.; Ercumen, A.; Pickering, A. J.; Unicomb, L.; Davis, J.; Luby, S. P. Age-Related Changes to Environmental Exposure: Variation in the Frequency That Young Children Place Hands and Objects in Their Mouths. J. Exposure Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 2020, 30, 205– 216, DOI: 10.1038/s41370-019-0115-823https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB3cjpvFSksw%253D%253D&md5=f1cc8b7d91ac0b69572fb19343d9d425Age-related changes to environmental exposure: variation in the frequency that young children place hands and objects in their mouthsKwong Laura H; Davis Jennifer; Ercumen Ayse; Ercumen Ayse; Pickering Amy J; Unicomb Leanne; Davis Jennifer; Luby Stephen PJournal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology (2020), 30 (1), 205-216 ISSN:.Children are exposed to environmental contaminants through direct ingestion of water, food, soil, and feces, and through indirect ingestion owing to mouthing hands and objects. We quantified ingestion among 30 rural Bangladeshi children < 4 years old, recording every item touched or mouthed during 6-hour video observations that occurred annually for 3 years. We calculated the frequency and duration of mouthing and the prevalence of mouth contacts with soil and feces. We compared the mouthing frequency distributions to those from US children to evaluate the appropriateness of applying the US data to the Bangladeshi context. Median hand-mouthing frequency was 43-72 times/h and object-mouthing frequency 17-34 times/h among the five age groups assessed. For half of the observations, > 75% of all hand mouthing was associated with eating. The frequency of indoor hand mouthing not related to eating was similar to the frequency of all indoor hand mouthing among children in the United States. Object-mouthing frequency was higher among Bangladeshi children compared with US children. There was low intra-child correlation of mouthing frequencies over our longitudinal visits. Our results suggest that children's hand- and object-mouthing vary by geography and culture and that future exposure assessments can be cross-sectional if the goal is to estimate population-level distributions of mouthing frequencies. Of all observations, a child consumed soil in 23% and feces in 1%.
- 24Wagner, E. G.; Lanoix, J. N. Excreta Disposal for Rural Areas and Small Communities; Monograph Series 39; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 1958.There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 25Luby, S. P.; Rahman, M.; Arnold, B. F.; Unicomb, L.; Ashraf, S.; Winch, P. J.; Stewart, C. P.; Begum, F.; Ercumen, A.; Ram, P. K.; Das, K. K.; Abedin, J.; Clasen, T. F.; Dewey, K. G.; Fernald, L. C.; Null, C.; Ahmed, T.; Bill, F.; Foundation, M. G. Effects of Water Quality, Sanitation, Handwashing, and Nutritional Interventions on Diarrhoea and Child Growth in Rural Bangladesh: A Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial. Lancet Glob. Health 2018, No. 617. e302 DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30490-4 .There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 26Kwong, L. H.; Ercumen, A.; Pickering, A. J.; Unicomb, L.; Davis, J.; Leckie, J. O.; Luby, S. P. Soil Ingestion among Young Children in Rural Bangladesh. J. Exposure Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 2019, xx (xx), xx DOI: 10.1038/s41370-019-0177-7There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 27U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Guidance on Selecting Age Groups for Monitoring and Assessing Childhood Exposures to Environmental Contaminants; EPA/630/P-03/003F; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Washington D.C., 2005.There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 28Julian, T. R.; Bustos, C.; Kwong, L. H.; Badilla, A. D.; Lee, J.; Bischel, H. N.; Canales, R. A. Quantifying Human-Environment Interactions Using Videography in the Context of Infectious Disease Transmission. Geospatial Health 2018, 631, DOI: 10.4081/gh.2018.63128https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC1MfksVSqtA%253D%253D&md5=109c33845ef12c03b984ebf15a4164b6Quantifying human-environment interactions using videography in the context of infectious disease transmissionJulian Timothy R; Bustos Carla; Kwong Laura H; Badilla Alejandro D; Lee Julia; Bischel Heather N; Canales Robert AGeospatial health (2018), 13 (1), 631 ISSN:.Quantitative data on human-environment interactions are needed to fully understand infectious disease transmission processes and conduct accurate risk assessments. Interaction events occur during an individual's movement through, and contact with, the environment, and can be quantified using diverse methodologies. Methods that utilize videography, coupled with specialized software, can provide a permanent record of events, collect detailed interactions in high resolution, be reviewed for accuracy, capture events difficult to observe in real-time, and gather multiple concurrent phenomena. In the accompanying video, the use of specialized software to capture humanenvironment interactions for human exposure and disease transmission is highlighted. Use of videography, combined with specialized software, allows for the collection of accurate quantitative representations of human-environment interactions in high resolution. Two specialized programs include the Virtual Timing Device for the Personal Computer, which collects sequential microlevel activity time series of contact events and interactions, and LiveTrak, which is optimized to facilitate annotation of events in real-time. Opportunities to annotate behaviors at high resolution using these tools are promising, permitting detailed records that can be summarized to gain information on infectious disease transmission and incorporated into more complex models of human exposure and risk.
- 29Galland, B. C.; Taylor, B. J.; Elder, D. E.; Herbison, P. Normal Sleep Patterns in Infants and Children: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies. Sleep Med. Rev. 2012, 16 (3), 213– 222, DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2011.06.00129https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC38zkvFyqsQ%253D%253D&md5=4ee58832efcebbb6db3f8a1ddb1e0d66Normal sleep patterns in infants and children: a systematic review of observational studiesGalland Barbara C; Taylor Barry J; Elder Dawn E; Herbison PeterSleep medicine reviews (2012), 16 (3), 213-22 ISSN:.This is a systematic review of the scientific literature with regard to normal sleep patterns in infants and children (0-12 years). The review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Mean and variability data for sleep duration, number of night wakings, sleep latency, longest sleep period overnight, and number of daytime naps were extracted from questionnaire or diary data from 34 eligible studies. Meta-analysis was conducted within age-bands and categories. In addition, fractional polynomial regression models were used to estimate best-fit equations for the sleep variables in relation to age. Reference values (means) and ranges (±1.96 SD) for sleep duration (hours) were: infant, 12.8 (9.7-15.9); toddler/preschool, 11.9 (9.9-13.8); and child, 9.2 (7.6-10.8). The best-fit (R(2)=0.89) equation for hours over the 0-12 year age range was 10.49-5.56×[(age/10) 0.5-0.71]. Meta-regression showed predominantly Asian countries had significantly shorter sleep (1h less over the 0-12 year range) compared to studies from Caucasian/non-Asian countries. Night waking data provided 4 age-bands up to 2 years ranging from 0 to 3.4 wakes per night for infants (0-2 months), to 0-2.5 per night (1-2 year-olds). Sleep latency data were sparse but estimated to be stable across 0-6 years. Because the main data analysis combined data from different countries and cultures, the reference values should be considered as global norms.
- 30Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics and UNICEF Bangladesh. Bangladesh Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2012–2013, Progotir Pathey: Final Report; Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2014.There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 31Saha, K. K.; Frongillo, E.; Alam, D. S.; Arifeen, S. E.; Persson, L. A.; Rasmussen, K. M. Household Food Security Is Associated with Infant Feeding Practices in Rural Bangladesh. J. Nutr. 2008, 138, 1383– 1390, DOI: 10.1093/jn/138.7.138331https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1cXnsVOltbc%253D&md5=b6888661964f868b50420a451033bed6Household food security is associated with infant feeding practices in rural BangladeshSaha, Kuntal K.; Frongillo, Edward A.; Alam, Dewan S.; Arifeen, Shams E.; Persson, Lars Ake; Rasmussen, Kathleen M.Journal of Nutrition (2008), 138 (7), 1383-1390CODEN: JONUAI; ISSN:0022-3166. (American Society for Nutrition)Although household food security (HHFS) has been shown to affect diet, nutrition, and health of adults and also learning in children, no study has examd. assocns. with infant feeding practices (IFP). We studied 1343 infants born between May 2002 and Dec. 2003 in the Maternal and Infant Nutrition Intervention in Matlab study to investigate the effect of HHFS on IFP in rural Bangladesh. We measured HHFS using a previously developed 11-item scale. Cumulative and current infant feeding scales were created from monthly infant feeding data for the age groups of 1-3, 1-6, 1-9, and 1-12 mo based on comparison to infant feeding recommendations. We used lagged, dynamic, and difference longitudinal regression models adjusting for various infant and maternal variables to examine the assocn. between HHFS and changes in IFP, and Cox proportional hazards models to examine the influence of HHFS on the duration of breast-feeding and the time of introduction of complementary foods. Better HHFS status was assocd. with poor IFP during 3-6 mo but was assocd. with better IFP during 6-9 and 9-12 mo of age. Although better HHFS was not assocd. with the time of introduction of complementary foods, it was assocd. with the type of complementary foods given to the infants. Intervention programs to support proper IFP should target mothers in food-secure households when their babies are 3-6 mo old and also mothers in food-insecure households during the 2nd half of infancy. Our results provide strong evidence that HHFS influences IFP in rural Bangladesh.
- 32Butte, N. F.; Wong, W. W.; Hopkinson, J. M.; Heinz, C. J.; Mehta, N. R.; Smith, E. O. Energy Requirements Derived from Total Energy Expenditure and Energy Deposition during the First 2 y of Life. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2000, 72 (72), 1558– 1569, DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/72.6.155832https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD3cXosl2mt7k%253D&md5=bec6bc35bd6499d0eb5c58909efdbb2cEnergy requirements derived from total energy expenditure and energy deposition during the first 2 year of lifeButte, Nancy F.; Wong, William W.; Hopkinson, Judy M.; Heinz, Carolyn J.; Mehta, Nitesh R.; Smith, E. O'BrianAmerican Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2000), 72 (6), 1558-1569CODEN: AJCNAC; ISSN:0002-9165. (American Society for Clinical Nutrition)The objectives of this study were to define energy requirements during the first 2 y of life on the basis of total energy expenditure (TEE) and energy deposition, to test effects of sex, age, and feeding mode on energy requirements, and to det. phys. activity. TEE, sleeping metabolic rate, anthropometry, and body compn. were measured in 76 infants. TEE was measured with doubly labeled water, sleeping metabolic rate with respiratory calorimetry, and body compn. with a multicomponent model. Total energy requirements were 2.23, 2.59, 2.97, 3.38, 3.72, and 4.15 MJ/d at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 mo, resp. Energy deposition (in MJ/d) decreased significantly over time (P = 0.001) and was lower in breast-fed than in formula-fed infants (P = 0.01). Energy requirements were ≈80% of current recommendations. Energy requirements differed by age (P = 0.001), feeding group (P = 0.03), and sex (P = 0.03). Adjusted for wt. or fat-free mass and fat mass, energy requirements still differed by feeding group but not by age or sex. Temperament and motor development did not affect TEE. The TEE and energy-deposition data of these healthy, thriving children provide strong evidence that current recommendations for energy intake in the first 2 y of life should be revised.
- 33Arsenault, J. E.; Yakes, E. A.; Hossain, M. B.; Islam, M. M.; Ahmed, T.; Hotz, C.; Lewis, B.; Rahman, A. S.; Jamil, K. M.; Brown, K. H. The Current High Prevalence of Dietary Zinc Inadequacy among Children and Women in Rural Bangladesh Could Be Substantially Ameliorated by Zinc Biofortification of Rice. J. Nutr. 2010, 140 (9), 1683– 1690, DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.12305933https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXhtFajurbK&md5=49bfbfecd9d4a99611b7a4151ed2ffacThe current high prevalence of dietary zinc inadequacy among children and women in rural Bangladesh could be substantially ameliorated by zinc biofortification of riceArsenault, Joanne E.; Yakes, Elizabeth A.; Hossain, Mohammad B.; Islam, M. Munirul; Ahmed, Tahmeed; Hotz, Christine; Lewis, Bess; Rahman, Ahmed Shafiqur; Jamil, Kazi M.; Brown, Kenneth H.Journal of Nutrition (2010), 140 (9), 1683-1690CODEN: JONUAI; ISSN:0022-3166. (American Society for Nutrition)Rural Bangladeshi populations have a high risk of zinc deficiency due to their consumption of a predominantly rice-based diet with few animal-source foods. Breeding rice for higher zinc content would offer a sustainable approach to increase the population's zinc intakes. The objectives of the study were to quantify usual rice and zinc intakes in young children and their adult female primary caregivers and to simulate the potential impact of zinc-biofortified rice on their zinc intakes. We measured dietary intake in a representative sample of 480 children (ages 24-48 mo) and their female caregivers residing in 2 rural districts of northern Bangladesh. Dietary intakes were estd. by 12-h weighed records and 12-h recall in homes on 2 nonconsecutive days. Serum zinc concns. were detd. in a subsample of children. The median (25th, 75th percentile) rice intakes of children and female caregivers were 134 (99, 172) and 420 (365, 476) g raw wt./d, resp. The median zinc intakes were 2.5 (2.1, 2.9) and 5.4 (4.8, 6.1) mg/d in children and women, resp. Twenty-four percent of children had low serum zinc concns. (<9.9 μmol/L) after adjusting for elevated acute phase proteins. Rice was the main source of zinc intake, providing 49 and 69% of dietary zinc to children and women, resp. The prevalence of inadequate zinc intakes was high in both the children (22%) and women (73-100%). Simulated increases in rice zinc content to levels currently achievable through selective breeding decreased the estd. prevalence of inadequacy to 9% in children and 20-85% in women, depending on the assumptions used to est. absorption. Rural Bangladeshi children and women have inadequate intakes of zinc. Zinc biofortification of rice has the potential to markedly improve the zinc adequacy of their diets.
- 34Kimmons, J. E.; Dewey, K. G.; Haque, E.; Chakraborty, J.; Osendarp, S. J. M.; Brown, K. H. Low Nutrient Intakes among Infants in Rural Bangladesh Are Attributable to Low Intake and Micronutrient Density of Complementary Foods. J. Nutr. 2005, 135 (3), 444– 451, DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.3.44434https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2MXit12ntrw%253D&md5=340611add569668662fe0f930c84c89dLow nutrient intakes among infants in rural Bangladesh are attributable to low intake and micronutrient density of complementary foodsKimmons, Joel E.; Dewey, Kathryn G.; Haque, Emdadul; Chakraborty, J.; Osendarp, Saskia J. M.; Brown, Kenneth H.Journal of Nutrition (2005), 135 (3), 444-451CODEN: JONUAI; ISSN:0022-3166. (American Society for Nutritional Sciences)We assessed the adequacy of nutrient intakes in 135 rural Bangladeshi breast-fed infants 6-12 mo old and examd. the nutritional trade-offs due to possible displacement of breast milk by complementary foods. Observers completed 12-h daytime measurements of breast milk and complementary food intakes; data for the previous 12 h were obtained from maternal recall, yielding ests. of total 24-h intakes. On av., infants were mildly wasted (mean wt.-for-length Z-score = -0.92±0.88) and moderately stunted (mean length-for-age Z-score = -1.49±0.96). The total energy intakes at 6-8 and 9-12 mo were 88 and 86% of abs. energy requirements (kJ/day), 106 and 105% of requirements per kg body wt., and 97 and 94% of requirements per kg median wt.-for-length, resp. Breast milk contributed 78% of energy intake at 6-8 mo and 75% at 9-12 mo. Mean meal frequency and energy d. of complementary foods were generally consistent with recommendations, but only small amts. of food were offered. Only 72% of the food energy offered was consumed. The total energy intake pos. correlated with meal frequency, quantity consumed per meal, and energy intake from breast milk, but not with energy d. of complementary foods. Energy intake from complementary foods was inversely related to energy intake from breast milk. The diets fell short of recommended intakes for numerous vitamins and minerals. Thus, although greater intakes of complementary foods were assocd. with higher total energy intake, micronutrient intakes remained low due to low micronutrient d. in complementary foods consumed and partial displacement of breast milk.
- 35Hossain, M. A.; Rahman, M. M.; Murrill, M.; Das, B.; Roy, B.; Dey, S.; Maity, D.; Chakraborti, D. Water Consumption Patterns and Factors Contributing to Water Consumption in Arsenic Affected Population of Rural West Bengal, India. Sci. Total Environ. 2013, 0, 1217– 1224, DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.05735https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhtl2qurbP&md5=8063f8bf6ac85723676f465f7e4e362cWater consumption patterns and factors contributing to water consumption in arsenic affected population of rural West Bengal, IndiaHossain, M. Amir; Rahman, Mohammad Mahmudur; Murrill, Matthew; Das, Bhaskar; Roy, Bimol; Dey, Shankar; Maity, Debasish; Chakraborti, DipankarScience of the Total Environment (2013), 463-464 (), 1217-1224CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)A direct water intake study was conducted for 1 yr, involving 423 individuals from 2 As affected villages of West Bengal, India. Av. direct water intake per person and per unit body wt. was 3.12±1.17 L/day and 78.07±47.08 mL/Kg-day (±SD), resp. Av. direct water intakes for adult males, adult females and children (age <15 yr) were 3.95, 3.03 and 2.14 L/day, resp. Significant sex differentials were obsd. for ages 16-55 yr. For all participants, a sharp increase in water intake ≤15 yr of age was obsd. followed by a plateau at a higher intake level. Significant monthly, seasonal, regional, and occupational variability was also obsd. Another study involving 413 subjects detd. the amt. of indirect water intake. Av. indirect water intake per person was 1.80±0.64 L/day; for adult males, adult females and children, intake was 2.15, 1.81, and 1.10 L/day, resp. Av. total (direct + indirect) water intake was 4.92 L/person-day; for adult males, adult females and children, total intake was 6.10, 4.84, and 3.24 L/person-day, resp. The overall contribution of indirect water intake to total water consumption was 36.6% for all participants. This study addnl. elucidated several factors that contribute to variable water intake, which can lead to better risk characterization of subpopulations and water contaminant ingestion. The study reveals that the water intake rates in the 3 studied populations in West Bengal are greater than the assumed water intake rates utilized by the WHO in the establishment of drinking water quality guidelines; therefore, these assumed intake values may be inappropriate for the study population as well as similar ones.
- 36Schriewer, A.; Odagiri, M.; Wuertz, S.; Misra, P. R.; Panigrahi, P.; Clasen, T.; Jenkins, M. W. Human and Animal Fecal Contamination of Community Water Sources, Stored Drinking Water and Hands in Rural India Measured with Validated Microbial Source Tracking Assays. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2015, 93 (3), 509– 516, DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-082436https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC28%252FgsVGmug%253D%253D&md5=e475c26557bf795f09a9f5c92c70ce4eHuman and Animal Fecal Contamination of Community Water Sources, Stored Drinking Water and Hands in Rural India Measured with Validated Microbial Source Tracking AssaysSchriewer Alexander; Odagiri Mitsunori; Wuertz Stefan; Misra Pravas R; Panigrahi Pinaki; Clasen Thomas; Jenkins Marion WThe American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene (2015), 93 (3), 509-516 ISSN:.We examined pathways of exposure to fecal contamination of human and animal origin in 24 villages in Odisha, India. In a cross-sectional study during the monsoon season, fecal exposure via community water sources (N = 123) and in the home (N = 137) was assessed using human- and nonhuman-associated Bacteroidales microbial source tracking (MST) markers and fecal coliforms (FCs). Detection rates and marker concentrations were examined to pinpoint pathways of human fecal exposure in the public and domestic domains of disease transmission in study communities. Human fecal markers were detected much more frequently in the domestic domain (45% of households) than in public domain sources (8% of ponds; 4% of groundwater drinking sources). Animal fecal markers were widely detected in both domains (74% of ponds, 96% of households, 10% of groundwater drinking sources), indicating ubiquitous risks of exposure to animal feces and zoonotic pathogens. This study confirms an often suggested contamination link from hands to stored water in the home in developing countries separately for mothers' and children's hands and both human and animal fecal contamination. In contrast to MST markers, FCs provided a poor metric to assess risks of exposure to fecal contamination of human origin in this rural setting.
- 37Harris, A. R.; Pickering, A. J.; Harris, M.; Doza, S.; Islam, M. S.; Unicomb, L.; Luby, S.; Davis, J.; Boehm, A. B. Ruminants Contribute Fecal Contamination to the Urban Household Environment in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2016, 50 (9), 4642– 4649, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b0628237https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XlsFSmt7s%253D&md5=c0d36f579b6e5da8e22adfafb54dda2dRuminants Contribute Fecal Contamination to the Urban Household Environment in Dhaka, BangladeshHarris, Angela R.; Pickering, Amy J.; Harris, Michael; Doza, Solaiman; Islam, M. Sirajul; Unicomb, Leanne; Luby, Stephen; Davis, Jennifer; Boehm, Alexandria B.Environmental Science & Technology (2016), 50 (9), 4642-4649CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)In Dhaka, Bangladesh, the sensitivity and specificity of three human, three ruminant, and one avian source-assocd. QPCR microbial source tracking assays were evaluated using fecal samples collected on site. Ruminant-assocd. assays performed well, whereas the avian and human assays exhibited unacceptable cross-reactions with feces from other hosts. Subsequently, child hand rinses (n = 44) and floor sponge samples (n = 44) from low-income-households in Dhaka were assayed for fecal indicator bacteria (enterococci, Bacteroidales, and Escherichia coli) and a ruminant-assocd. bacterial target (BacR). Mean enterococci concns. were of 100 most probable no. (MPN)/2 hands and 1000 MPN/225 cm2 floor. Mean concns. of Bacteroidales were 106 copies/2 hands and 105 copies/225 cm2 floor. E. coli were detected in a quarter of hand rinse and floor samples. BacR was detected in 18% of hand rinse and 27% of floor samples. Results suggest that effective household fecal management should account not only for human sources of contamination but also for animal sources. The poor performance of the human-assocd. assays in the study area calls into the question the feasibility of developing a human-assocd. marker in urban slum environments, where domestic animals are exposed to human feces that have been disposed in pits and open drains.
- 38Boehm, A. B.; Wang, D.; Ercumen, A.; Shea, M.; Harris, A. R.; Shanks, O. C.; Kelty, C.; Ahmed, A.; Mahmud, Z. H.; Arnold, B. F.; Chase, C.; Kullmann, C.; Colford, J. M.; Luby, S. P.; Pickering, A. J. Occurrence of Host-Associated Fecal Markers on Child Hands, Household Soil, and Drinking Water in Rural Bangladeshi Households. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 2016, 3 (11), 393– 398, DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.6b0038238https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28Xhs1yksr7J&md5=69f47a1afc48a9bd4b7735727b6d8c41Occurrence of Host-Associated Fecal Markers on Child Hands, Household Soil, and Drinking Water in Rural Bangladeshi HouseholdsBoehm, Alexandria B.; Wang, Dan; Ercumen, Ayse; Shea, Meghan; Harris, Angela R.; Shanks, Orin C.; Kelty, Catherine; Ahmed, Alvee; Mahmud, Zahid Hayat; Arnold, Benjamin F.; Chase, Claire; Kullmann, Craig; Colford, John M.; Luby, Stephen P.; Pickering, Amy J.Environmental Science & Technology Letters (2016), 3 (11), 393-398CODEN: ESTLCU; ISSN:2328-8930. (American Chemical Society)We evaluated whether provision and promotion of improved sanitation hardware (toilets and child feces management tools) reduced rotavirus and human fecal contamination of drinking water, child hands, and soil among rural Bangladeshi compds. enrolled in a cluster-randomized trial. We also measured host-assocd. genetic markers of ruminant and avian feces. We found evidence of widespread ruminant and avian fecal contamination in the compd. environment; non-human fecal marker occurrence scaled with animal ownership. Strategies for controlling non-human fecal waste should be considered when designing interventions to reduce exposure to fecal contamination in low-income settings. Detection of a human-assocd. fecal marker and rotavirus was rare and unchanged by provision and promotion of improved sanitation to intervention compds. The sanitation intervention reduced ruminant fecal contamination in drinking water and general (non-host specific) fecal contamination in soil but overall had limited effects on reducing fecal contamination in the household environment.
- 39van der Hoeven-Hangoor, E.; Paton, N.; Van de Linde, I.; Verstegen, M.; Hendriks, W. Moisture Content in Broiler Excreta Is Influenced by Excreta Nutrient Contents. J. Anim. Sci. 2013, 91 (12), 5705– 5713, DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-657339https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhvFOrtbbF&md5=4d568a5b8e4054056a0e70804f2752ebMoisture content in broiler excreta is influenced by excreta nutrient contentsvan der Hoeven-Hangoor, E.; Paton, N. D.; van de Linde, I. B.; Verstegen, M. W. A.; Hendriks, W. H.Journal of Animal Science (Champaign, IL, United States) (2013), 91 (12), 5705-5713CODEN: JANSAG; ISSN:0021-8812. (American Society of Animal Science)High litter moisture content, often referred to as wet litter, is a major problem in poultry prodn. Wet litter is often related to poor management, diseases, and digestive problems. In this expt., the objective was to study the relationship between nutrient content and the moisture content of the excreta of broilers. A dataset contg. 351 observations was built and contained the nutrient contents data including moisture content of excreta samples collected in 8 different broiler feeding trials. A biol. based model approach was used to create a model with 10 and another one with 14 variables that may explain the excreta moisture level response. Subsequently, these models were compared with a statistical model that was built automatically and adjusted only if this improved the biol. model. The R2 of the 10 variable model was 0.54, in which Zn content and the interaction of NDF × K and Ca × P content were neg. assocd. with excreta moisture. Sodium, P, and Ca content and the interaction between content of NDF × Na were pos. assocd. with excreta moisture. The R2 of the 14 variable model was 0.58, in which Zn and K content and the interaction of NDF × protein and Ca × P content were neg. assocd. with excreta moisture, and Na, protein, P, and Ca content and the interactions in contents of NDF × Na, NDF × Zn, and K × Cu were pos. assocd. with excreta moisture content. In conclusion, the models confirmed the effect of Na, protein, P, and Ca on excreta moisture content. Furthermore, hitherto unknown nutrient interactions that contribute to excreta moisture level were identified. As excreta levels of most nutrients can be manipulated by adjusting dietary nutrient levels, dietary formulation can be adjusted with the findings of this anal. to change levels of excreted nutrients and, consequently, also moisture output.
- 40Geldreich, E. E.; Bordner, R. H.; Huff, C. B.; Clark, H. F.; Kabler, P. W. Type Distribution of Coliform Bacteria in the Feces of Warm-Blooded Animals. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 1962, 34 (3), 295– 301There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 41Himathongkham, S.; Bahari, S.; Riemann, H.; Cliver, D. Survival of Escherichia Coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium in Cow Manure and Cow Manure Slurry. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1999, 178 (2), 251– 257, DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb08684.x41https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaK1MXls12jtrc%253D&md5=47ceb81adcb09a76dc213d1de42cd8a7Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium in cow manure and cow manure slurryHimathongkham, S.; Bahari, S.; Riemann, H.; Cliver, D.FEMS Microbiology Letters (1999), 178 (2), 251-257CODEN: FMLED7; ISSN:0378-1097. (Elsevier Science B.V.)An exponential linear destruction was obsd. for Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium in cattle manure and manure slurry stored at 4, 20 or 37°C. The resulting decimal redn. times ranged from 6 days to 3 wk in manure and from 2 days to 5 wk in manure slurry. The main effects of time as well as temp. were pronounced with the most rapid destruction at 37°C. The ammonia concn. in manure increased slightly during storage but did not exceed 0.1%. pH values in the deeper layers of manure remained const. except at 37°C when the pH increased by 1 unit in 60 days. In the surface layers of manure, pH increased by 1.5-2 units, the oxidn.-redn. potential of the manure declined rapidly to values below -200 mV. These changes do not seem to be reflected in changing rates of bacterial destruction. The obsd. order of destruction makes it possible to predict storage conditions (temp. and time) that will lead to a predetd. level of redn. of the two pathogens.
- 42Garg, V.; Yadav, Y.; Sheoran, A.; Chand, S.; Kaushik, P. Livestock Excreta Management through Vermicomposting Using an Epigeic Earthworm Eisenia Foetida. Environmentalist 2006, 26 (4), 269– 276, DOI: 10.1007/s10669-006-8641-zThere is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 43Wolf, J.; Hunter, P. R.; Freeman, M. C.; Cumming, O.; Clasen, T.; Bartram, J.; Higgins, J. P. T.; Johnston, R.; Medlicott, K.; Boisson, S.; Prüss-Ustün, A. Impact of Drinking Water, Sanitation and Handwashing with Soap on Childhood Diarrhoeal Disease: Updated Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression. Trop. Med. Int. Health 2018, 23 (5), 508– 525, DOI: 10.1111/tmi.1305143https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC1MngvFOmuw%253D%253D&md5=266374aa474ed1cd9adce359c8173528Impact of drinking water, sanitation and handwashing with soap on childhood diarrhoeal disease: updated meta-analysis and meta-regressionWolf Jennyfer; Johnston Richard; Medlicott Kate; Boisson Sophie; Pruss-Ustun Annette; Hunter Paul R; Hunter Paul R; Freeman Matthew C; Clasen Thomas; Cumming Oliver; Bartram Jamie; Higgins Julian P TTropical medicine & international health : TM & IH (2018), 23 (5), 508-525 ISSN:.OBJECTIVES: Safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene are protective against diarrhoeal disease; a leading cause of child mortality. The main objective was an updated assessment of the impact of unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) on childhood diarrhoeal disease. METHODS: We undertook a systematic review of articles published between 1970 and February 2016. Study results were combined and analysed using meta-analysis and meta-regression. RESULTS: A total of 135 studies met the inclusion criteria. Several water, sanitation and hygiene interventions were associated with lower risk of diarrhoeal morbidity. Point-of-use filter interventions with safe storage reduced diarrhoea risk by 61% (RR = 0.39; 95% CI: 0.32, 0.48); piped water to premises of higher quality and continuous availability by 75% and 36% (RR = 0.25 (0.09, 0.67) and 0.64 (0.42, 0.98)), respectively compared to a baseline of unimproved drinking water; sanitation interventions by 25% (RR = 0.75 (0.63, 0.88)) with evidence for greater reductions when high sanitation coverage is reached; and interventions promoting handwashing with soap by 30% (RR = 0.70 (0.64, 0.77)) vs. no intervention. Results of the analysis of sanitation and hygiene interventions are sensitive to certain differences in study methods and conditions. Correcting for non-blinding would reduce the associations with diarrhoea to some extent. CONCLUSIONS: Although evidence is limited, results suggest that household connections of water supply and higher levels of community coverage for sanitation appear particularly impactful which is in line with targets of the Sustainable Development Goals.
- 44Parvez, S. M.; Azad, R.; Rahman, M.; Unicomb, L.; Ram, P. K.; Naser, A. M.; Stewart, C. P.; Jannat, K.; Rahman, M. J.; Leontsini, E.; Winch, P. J.; Luby, S. P. Achieving Optimal Technology and Behavioral Uptake of Single and Combined Interventions of Water, Sanitation Hygiene and Nutrition, in an Efficacy Trial (WASH Benefits) in Rural Bangladesh. Trials 2018, 19, 2710, DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-2710-8There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 45Meschke, J. S.; Sobsey, M. D. Comparative Reduction of Norwalk Virus, Poliovirus Type 1, F+ RNA Coliphage MS2 and Escherichia Coli in Miniature Soil Columns. Water Sci. Technol. 2003, 47 (3), 85– 90, DOI: 10.2166/wst.2003.016845https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BD3s7isVOmtA%253D%253D&md5=369de239e5dbd2265ebd46c1e635066dComparative reduction of Norwalk virus, poliovirus type 1, F+ RNA coliphage MS2 and Escherichia coli in miniature soil columnsMeschke J S; Sobsey M DWater science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research (2003), 47 (3), 85-90 ISSN:0273-1223.Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs) are important agents of waterborne illness and have been linked to several groundwater-related outbreaks. The presence of human enteric viruses, in particular the presence of NLVs, is difficult to detect in the environment. Consequently, surrogate organisms are typically used as indicators of viruses from faecal contamination. Whether traditional bacterial indicators are reliable indicators for viral pathogens remains uncertain. Few studies have directly compared mobility and reduction of bacterial indicators (e.g. coliforms, Escherichia coli) and other surrogate indicators (coliphages) with pathogenic human viruses in soil systems. In this study the mobility and comparative reduction of the prototype NLV, Norwalk Virus (NV), was compared to poliovirus 1 (PV1), a bacterial indicator (E coli, EC) and a viral indicator (coliphage MS2) through miniature soil columns. Replicate, 10 cm deep, miniature columns were prepared using three soils representing a range of soil textures (sand, organic muck, and clay). Columns were initially conditioned, then incubated at 10-14 degrees C, dosed twice weekly for 8 weeks with one column pore volume of virus-seeded groundwater per dose, followed by 8 weeks of dosing with one column pore volume per dose of unseeded, simulated rainwater. Columns were allowed to drain after each dosing until an effluent volume equivalent to an applied dose was collected. Column effluents and doses were assayed for all viruses and EC. Rapid mobility with minimal reduction was observed for all organisms in the sand. Similar reductions were observed in organic muck for most organisms but NV showed a greater reduction. No organisms were shown to pass through the clay columns. Elution of viruses, in particular PV1, from the columns was gradual. After cessation of microbe dosing, E. coli was less detectable than viruses in column effluents and, therefore, unreliable as a virus indicator.
- 46Fuhrmeister, E. R.; Ercumen, A.; Pickering, A. J.; Jeanis, K. M.; Crider, Y.; Ahmed, M.; Brown, S.; Alam, M.; Sen, D.; Islam, S.; Kabir, M. H.; Islam, M.; Rahman, M.; Kwong, L. H.; Arnold, B. F.; Luby, S. P.; Colford, J. M.; Nelson, K. L. Effect of Sanitation Improvements on Pathogens and Microbial Source Tracking Markers in the Rural Bangladeshi Household Environment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2020, 54, 4316, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b0483546https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXkvVCku7w%253D&md5=4cd80d7e329d2638c5185ee992aecf73Effect of Sanitation Improvements on Pathogens and Microbial Source Tracking Markers in the Rural Bangladeshi Household EnvironmentFuhrmeister, Erica R.; Ercumen, Ayse; Pickering, Amy J.; Jeanis, Kaitlyn M.; Crider, Yoshika; Ahmed, Mahaa; Brown, Sara; Alam, Mahfuja; Sen, Debashis; Islam, Sharmin; Kabir, Mir Himayet; Islam, Mahfuza; Rahman, Mahbubur; Kwong, Laura H.; Arnold, Benjamin F.; Luby, Stephen P.; Colford, John M.; Nelson, Kara L.Environmental Science & Technology (2020), 54 (7), 4316-4326CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)Diarrheal illnesses from enteric pathogens are a leading cause of death in children under five in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Sanitation is one way to reduce the spread of enteric pathogens in the environment; however, few studies have investigated the effectiveness of sanitation in rural LMICs in reducing pathogens in the environment. In this study, we measured the impact of a sanitation intervention (dual-pit latrines, sani-scoops, child potties delivered as part of a randomized control trial, WASH Benefits) in rural Bangladeshi household compds. by assessing prevalence ratios, differences, and changes in the concn. of pathogen genes and host-specific fecal markers. We found no difference in the prevalence of pathogenic Escherichia coli, norovirus, or Giardia genes in the domestic environment in the sanitation and control arms. The prevalence of the human fecal marker was lower on child hands and the concn. of animal fecal marker was lower on mother hands in the sanitation arm in adjusted models, but these assocns. were not significant after correcting for multiple comparisons. In the subset of households with ≥10 individuals per compd., the prevalence of enterotoxigenic E. coli genes on child hands was lower in the sanitation arm. Incomplete removal of child and animal feces or the compd. (vs. community-wide) scale of intervention could explain the limited impacts of improved sanitation.
- 47Platts-Mills, J. A.; Liu, J.; Rogawski, E. T.; Kabir, F.; Lertsethtakarn, P.; Siguas, M.; Khan, S. S.; Praharaj, I.; Murei, A.; Nshama, R.; Mujaga, B.; Havt, A.; Maciel, I. A.; McMurry, T. L.; Operario, D. J.; Taniuchi, M.; Gratz, J.; Stroup, S. E.; Roberts, J. H.; Kalam, A.; Aziz, F.; Qureshi, S.; Islam, M. O.; Sakpaisal, P.; Silapong, S.; Yori, P. P.; Rajendiran, R.; Benny, B.; McGrath, M.; McCormick, B. J. J.; Seidman, J. C.; Lang, D.; Gottlieb, M.; Guerrant, R. L.; Lima, A. A. M.; Leite, J. P.; Samie, A.; Bessong, P. O.; Page, N.; Bodhidatta, L.; Mason, C.; Shrestha, S.; Kiwelu, I.; Mduma, E. R.; Iqbal, N. T.; Bhutta, Z. A.; Ahmed, T.; Haque, R.; Kang, G.; Kosek, M. N.; Houpt, E. R.; Acosta, A. M.; Rios de Burga, R.; Chavez, C. B.; Flores, J. T.; Olotegui, M. P.; Pinedo, S. R.; Trigoso, D. R.; Vasquez, A. O.; Ahmed, I.; Alam, D.; Ali, A.; Rasheed, M.; Soofi, S.; Turab, A.; Yousafzai, A.; Zaidi, A. K.; Shrestha, B.; Rayamajhi, B. B.; Strand, T.; Ammu, G.; Babji, S.; Bose, A.; George, A. T.; Hariraju, D.; Jennifer, M. S.; John, S.; Kaki, S.; Karunakaran, P.; Koshy, B.; Lazarus, R. P.; Muliyil, J.; Ragasudha, P.; Raghava, M. V.; Raju, S.; Ramachandran, A.; Ramadas, R.; Ramanujam, K.; Rose, A.; Roshan, R.; Sharma, S. L.; Sundaram, S.; Thomas, R. J.; Pan, W. K.; Ambikapathi, R.; Carreon, J. D.; Doan, V.; Hoest, C.; Knobler, S.; Miller, M. A.; Psaki, S.; Rasmussen, Z.; Richard, S. A.; Tountas, K. H.; Svensen, E.; Amour, C.; Bayyo, E.; Mvungi, R.; Pascal, J.; Yarrot, L.; Barrett, L.; Dillingham, R.; Petri, W. A.; Scharf, R.; Ahmed, A. S.; Alam, M. A.; Haque, U.; Hossain, M. I.; Islam, M.; Mahfuz, M.; Mondal, D.; Nahar, B.; Tofail, F.; Chandyo, R. K.; Shrestha, P. S.; Shrestha, R.; Ulak, M.; Bauck, A.; Black, R.; Caulfield, L.; Checkley, W.; Lee, G.; Schulze, K.; Scott, S.; Murray-Kolb, L. E.; Ross, A. C.; Schaefer, B.; Simons, S.; Pendergast, L.; Abreu, C. B.; Costa, H.; Di Moura, A.; Filho, J. Q.; Leite, Á. M.; Lima, N. L.; Lima, I. F.; Maciel, B. L.; Medeiros, P. H.; Moraes, M.; Mota, F. S.; Oriá, R. B.; Quetz, J.; Soares, A. M.; Mota, R. M.; Patil, C. L.; Mahopo, C.; Maphula, A.; Nyathi, E. Use of Quantitative Molecular Diagnostic Methods to Assess the Aetiology, Burden, and Clinical Characteristics of Diarrhoea in Children in Low-Resource Settings: A Reanalysis of the MAL-ED Cohort Study. Lancet Glob. Health 2018, 6 (12), e1309 DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30349-8There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 48Grembi, J. A; Lin, A.; Karim, M. A.; Islam, M. O.; Miah, R.; Arnold, B. F; McQuade, E. T R.; Ali, S.; Rahman, M. Z.; Hussain, Z.; Shoab, A. K; Famida, S. L; Hossen, M. S.; Mutsuddi, P.; Rahman, M.; Unicomb, L.; Haque, R.; Taniuchi, M.; Liu, J.; Platts-Mills, J. A; Holmes, S. P; Stewart, C. P; Benjamin-Chung, J.; Colford, J. M; Houpt, E. R; Luby, S. P Effect of Water, Sanitation, Handwashing and Nutrition Interventions on Enteropathogens in Children 14 Months Old: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial in Rural Bangladesh. J. Infect. Dis. 2020, 549, DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa549There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 49Lin, A.; Ercumen, A.; Benjamin-Chung, J.; Arnold, B. F.; Das, S.; Haque, R.; Ashraf, S.; Parvez, S. M.; Unicomb, L.; Rahman, M.; Hubbard, A. E.; Stewart, C. P.; Colford, J. M.; Luby, S. P. Effects of Water, Sanitation, Handwashing, and Nutritional Interventions on Child Enteric Protozoan Infections in Rural Bangladesh: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2018, 320, DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy320There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 50Bauza, V.; Ocharo, R. M.; Nguyen, T. H.; Guest, J. S. Soil Ingestion Is Associated with Child Diarrhea in an Urban Slum of Nairobi, Kenya. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2017, 96 (3), 569– 575, DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-054350https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC1c7mtlGhsw%253D%253D&md5=e00b17e0013cd744e618e19402eb8a2aSoil Ingestion is Associated with Child Diarrhea in an Urban Slum of Nairobi, KenyaBauza Valerie; Nguyen Thanh H; Guest Jeremy S; Ocharo R MThe American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene (2017), 96 (3), 569-575 ISSN:.Diarrhea is a leading cause of mortality in children under 5 years of age. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 54 children aged 3 months to 5 years old in Kibera, an urban slum in Nairobi, Kenya, to assess the relationship between caregiver-reported soil ingestion and child diarrhea. Diarrhea was significantly associated with soil ingestion (adjusted odds ratio = 9.9, 95% confidence interval = 2.1-47.5). Soil samples from locations near each household were also collected and analyzed for Escherichia coli and a human-associated Bacteroides fecal marker (HF183). Escherichia coli was detected in 100% of soil samples (mean 5.5 log colony forming units E. coli per gram of dry soil) and the Bacteroides fecal marker HF183 was detected in 93% of soil samples. These findings suggest that soil ingestion may be an important transmission pathway for diarrheal disease in urban slum settings.
- 51Cattaneo, M. D.; Galiani, S.; Gertler, P. J.; Martinez, S.; Titiunik, R. Housing, Health, and Happiness. Am. Econ. J. Econ. Policy 2009, 1 (1), 75– 105, DOI: 10.1257/pol.1.1.75There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 52Reid, B.; Orgle, J.; Roy, K.; Pongolani, C.; Chileshe, M.; Stoltzfus, R. Characterizing Potential Risks of Fecal-Oral Microbial Transmission for Infants and Young Children in Rural Zambia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2018, 98 (3), 816– 823, DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-012452https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC1MvnvVSltA%253D%253D&md5=49687f427c1d3f3f5616ab2ddd088c31Characterizing Potential Risks of Fecal-Oral Microbial Transmission for Infants and Young Children in Rural ZambiaReid Brie; Orgle Jennifer; Roy Khrist; Pongolani Catherine; Chileshe Modesta; Stoltzfus RebeccaThe American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene (2018), 98 (3), 816-823 ISSN:.Undernourished children in low-income contexts often suffer from environmental enteric disorder-damage to the intestines probably caused by chronic exposure to bacterial pathogens from feces. We aimed to identify strategies for reducing infants and young children's (IYC) exposure to human and animal feces in rural farming families by conducting direct observation of 30 caregiver-infant dyads for 143 hours and recording water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH)-related behaviors to identify possible pathways of fecal-oral transmission of bacteria among IYC in rural Zambia. In addition to mouthing visibly dirty hands, toys, sibling's body parts, and food, 14 IYC actively ingested 6.1 ± 2.5 (mean ± standard deviation [SD]) pieces of soil and stones and one ingested animal feces 6.0 ± 0 times in the span of 5 hours. Ninety-three percent (21 of 30) of mothers reported observing the index-child eating soil and 17% (5 of 30) of mothers reported observing the index-child eating chicken feces. Adult and child handwashing was uncommon, and even though 70% (28 of 30) of households had access to a latrine, human feces were found in 67% of homestead yards. Most animals present in the household were un-corralled, and the highest observable counts of feces came from chickens, pigs, and cattle. To protect IYC in low-income communities from the exploratory ingestion of feces and soil, Baby WASH interventions will need to interrupt fecal-oral microbial transmission vectors specific to IYC with a focus on feasibility, caregiver practices, and local perceptions of risk.
- 53Islam, M. A.; Ahmed, T.; Faruque, A. S. G.; Rahman, S.; Das, S. K.; Ahmed, D.; Fattori, V.; Clarke, R.; Endtz, H. P.; Cravioto, A. Microbiological Quality of Complementary Foods and Its Association with Diarrhoeal Morbidity and Nutritional Status of Bangladeshi Children. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2012, 66 (11), 1242– 1246, DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2012.9453https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC38fgslGhsA%253D%253D&md5=fbb72c0391c362038ac4b91b06fe51caMicrobiological quality of complementary foods and its association with diarrhoeal morbidity and nutritional status of Bangladeshi childrenIslam M A; Ahmed T; Faruque A S G; Rahman S; Das S K; Ahmed D; Fattori V; Clarke R; Endtz H P; Cravioto AEuropean journal of clinical nutrition (2012), 66 (11), 1242-6 ISSN:.BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: To examine the bacteriological quality of complementary foods (CF) and to correlate the results with diarrhoeal morbidity and nutritional status of Bangladeshi children aged 6-24 months. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 212 CF samples were tested, of which 72 were collected immediately before the first time of feeding (≤ 1 h of food preparation) and 140 were collected at second/third time of feeding from 140 households located in urban and rural areas of Bangladesh. Anthropometry, food frequency data and demographic information of the children were collected. RESULTS: Of the first time feeding samples, 3% from each of urban and rural areas were found to be contaminated with faecal coliforms (FC) at ≥ 100 CFU/g. E. coli was isolated from 11% and 6% of samples, and B. cereus from 8% and 6% of samples from urban and rural areas, respectively. In contrast, 33% of the second/third time feeding samples from urban areas and 19% from rural areas were contaminated with FC at ≥ 100 CFU/g (P<0.05). E. coli was isolated from 40% and 39% of samples, and B. cereus from 33% and 26% of samples from urban and rural areas, respectively. Significantly high numbers of wasted rural children had CF with a high aerobic plate count, which was also significantly associated with diarrhoeal morbidity in children. CONCLUSIONS: Around 40% of CF samples were contaminated with E. coli, which was mainly attributable to food preparation practices. Consumption of contaminated CF appeared to be associated with a higher frequency of diarrhoea and malnutrition in children.
- 54Islam, M. S.; Mahmud, Z. H.; Gope, P. S.; Zaman, R. U.; Hossain, Z.; Islam, M. S.; Mondal, D.; Sharker, M. A. Y.; Islam, K.; Jahan, H.; Bhuiya, A.; Endtz, H. P.; Cravioto, A.; Curtis, V.; Toure, O.; Cairncross, S. Hygiene Intervention Reduces Contamination of Weaning Food in Bangladesh. Trop. Med. Int. Health 2012, 18 (3), 250– 258, DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12051There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 55Taulo, S.; Wetlesen, A.; Abrahamsen, R. K.; Narvhus, J. A.; Mkakosya, R. Quantification and Variability of Escherichia Coli and Staphylococcus Aureus Cross-Contamination during Serving and Consumption of Cooked Thick Porridge in Lungwena Rural Households, Malawi. Food Control 2009, 20 (12), 1158– 1166, DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.03.009There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 56Lindeberg, Y. L.; Egedal, K.; Hossain, Z. Z.; Phelps, M.; Tulsiani, S.; Farhana, I.; Begum, A.; Jensen, P. K. M. Can Escherichia Coli Fly? The Role of Flies as Transmitters of E. coli to Food in an Urban Slum in Bangladesh. Trop. Med. Int. Health 2018, 23 (1), 2– 9, DOI: 10.1111/tmi.1300356https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC1M7psFyqsQ%253D%253D&md5=6614e971bad10b698faa4091337f6ee8Can Escherichia coli fly? The role of flies as transmitters of E. coli to food in an urban slum in BangladeshLindeberg Yrja Lisa; Egedal Karen; Hossain Zenat Zebin; Phelps Matthew; Tulsiani Suhella; Jensen Peter Kjaer Mackie; Farhana Israt; Begum AnowaraTropical medicine & international health : TM & IH (2018), 23 (1), 2-9 ISSN:.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the transmission of faecal bacteria by flies to food under natural settings. METHODS: Over a period of 2 months, paired (exposed and non-exposed) containers with cooked rice were placed on the ground in kitchen areas in an urban slum area in Dhaka, Bangladesh, and the numbers of flies landing on the exposed rice were counted. Following exposure, the surface of the rice was microbiologically and molecularly analysed for the presence of Escherichia coli and genes of diarrhoeagenic E. coli and Shigella strains. RESULTS: Rice was at greater risk (P < 0·001) of being contaminated with E. coli if flies landed on the rice than if no flies landed on the rice (odds ratio 5·4 (P < 0·001, 95% CI: 2·5-11·7). Mean contamination in exposed rice samples (n = 60) was 3·1 × 103 CFU/g (95% CI: 2·2 × 103-4·0 × 103). Furthermore, for approximately half of the observed fly landings, the average CFU per fly landing was >0·6 × 103 CFU. Genes of diarrhoeagenic E. coli and Shigella species were detected in 39 of 60 (65%) of exposed rice samples. Two fly species were identified: the common housefly (Musca domestica) and the oriental latrine fly (Chrysomya megacephala). CONCLUSION: Flies may transmit large quantities of E. coli to food under field settings. The findings highlight the importance of implementing control measures to minimise exposure of food to flies to ensure food safety. Fly control measures should be considered for the prevention of diarrhoeal diseases caused by E. coli.
- 57Parvez, S. M.; Kwong, L.; Rahman, M. J.; Ercumen, A.; Pickering, A. J.; Ghosh, P. K; Rahman, M. Z.; Das, K. K.; Luby, S. P.; Unicomb, L. E. coli Contamination of Complementary Foods and Associations with Domestic Hygiene in Rural Bangladesh. Trop. Med. Int. Health 2017, 22 (5), 547– 557, DOI: 10.1111/tmi.1284957https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC1c3jsVejsw%253D%253D&md5=26e956ca0e8ca69b33a0bbf1a90acb10Escherichia coli contamination of child complementary foods and association with domestic hygiene in rural BangladeshParvez Sarker Masud; Rahman Musarrat Jabeen; Ghosh Probir K; Rahman Md Zahidur; Das Kishor Kumar; Unicomb Leanne; Kwong Laura; Pickering Amy J; Luby Stephen P; Ercumen AyseTropical medicine & international health : TM & IH (2017), 22 (5), 547-557 ISSN:.OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency and concentration of Escherichia coli in child complementary food and its association with domestic hygiene practices in rural Bangladesh. METHOD: A total of 608 households with children <2 years were enrolled. We collected stored complementary food samples, performed spot checks on domestic hygiene and measured ambient temperature in the food storage area. Food samples were analysed using the IDEXX most probable number (MPN) method with Colilert-18 media to enumerate E. coli. We calculated adjusted prevalence ratios (APR) to assess the relationship between E. coli and domestic hygiene practices using modified Poisson regression, adjusting for clustering and confounders. RESULT: Fifty-eight percentage of stored complementary food was contaminated with E. coli, and high levels of contamination (≥100 MPN/dry g food) were found in 12% of samples. High levels of food contamination were more prevalent in compounds where the food was stored uncovered (APR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.2-3.2), transferred from the storage pot to the serving dish using hands (APR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.3-3.2) or stored for >4 h (APR: 2.5, 95% CI: 1.5, 4.2), in compounds where water was unavailable in the food preparation area (APR: 2.6, 95% CI: 1.6, 4.2), where ≥1 fly was captured in the food preparation area (APR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.0, 2.6), or where the ambient temperature was high (>25-40 °C) in the food storage area (APR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.5, 4.4). CONCLUSION: Interventions to keep stored food covered and ensure water availability in the food preparation area would be expected to reduce faecal contamination of complementary foods.
- 58Luby, S. P.; Halder, A. K.; Huda, T.; Unicomb, L.; Johnston, R. B. The Effect of Handwashing at Recommended Times with Water Alone and with Soap on Child Diarrhea in Rural Bangladesh: An Observational Study. PLoS Med. 2011, 8 (6), e1001052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001052There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 59Doza, S.; Jabeen Rahman, M.; Islam, M. A.; Kwong, L. H.; Unicomb, L.; Ercumen, A.; Pickering, A. J.; Parvez, S. M.; Naser, A. M.; Ashraf, S.; Das, K. K.; Luby, S. P. Prevalence and Association of Escherichia Coli and Diarrheagenic Escherichia Coli in Stored Foods for Young Children and Flies Caught in the Same Households in Rural Bangladesh. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2018, 98 (4), 1031– 1038, DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-040859https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXitlKntrbE&md5=d209eac8bebda918238162266a230788Prevalence and association of Escherichia coli and diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in stored foods for young children and flies caught in the same households in rural BangladeshDoza, Solaiman; Rahman, Musarrat Jabeen; Islam, Mohammad Aminul; Kwong, Laura H.; Unicomb, Leanne; Ercumen, Ayse; Pickering, Amy J.; Parvez, Sarker Masud; Abu Mohd, Naser; Ashraf, Sania; Das, Kishor Kumar; Luby, Stephen P.American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (2018), 98 (4), 1031-1038CODEN: AJTHAB; ISSN:1476-1645. (American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene)Consumption of contaminated stored food can cause childhood diarrhea. Flies carry enteropathogens, although their contribution to food contamination remains unclear. We investigated the role of flies in contaminating stored food by collecting food and flies from the same households in rural Bangladesh. We selected 182 households with children ≤ 24 mo old that had stored foods for later feeding at room temp. for ≥ 3 h. We collected food samples and captured flies with fly tapes hung by the kitchen. We used the IDEXX Quanti-Tray System (Colilert-18 media; IDEXX Labs., Inc., Westbrook, ME) to enumerate Escherichia coli with the most probable no. (MPN) method. Escherichia coli-pos. IDEXX wells were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction for pathogenic E. coli genes (eae, ial, bfp, ipaH, st, lt, aat, aaiC, stx1, and stx2 ). Escherichia coli was detected in 61% (111/182) of food samples, with a mean of 1.1 log10MPN/dry g. Fifteen samples (8%) contained pathogenic E. coli; seven (4%) had enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) genes (eaeand/or bfp); and 10 (5%) had enteroaggregative E. coli genes (aat and/or aaiC). Of flies captured in 68 (37%) households, E. coli was detected in 41 (60%, mean 2.9 log10 MPN/fly), and one fly (1%) had an EPEC gene (eae). For paired fly-food samples, each log10 MPN E. coli increase in flies was assocd. with a 0.31 log10 MPN E. coli increase in stored food (95% confidence interval: 0.07, 0.55). In rural Bangladesh, flies possibly a likely route for fecal contamination of stored food. Controlling fly populations may reduce contamination of food stored for young children.
- 60Pickering, A. J.; Julian, T. R.; Marks, S. J.; Mattioli, M. C.; Boehm, A. B.; Schwab, K. J.; Davis, J. Fecal Contamination and Diarrheal Pathogens on Surfaces and in Soils among Tanzanian Households with and without Improved Sanitation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46 (11), 5736– 5743, DOI: 10.1021/es300022c60https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38Xmt1ersrc%253D&md5=45e88f1271e4fca480706fa09ff4e21bFecal Contamination and Diarrheal Pathogens on Surfaces and in Soils among Tanzanian Households with and without Improved SanitationPickering, Amy J.; Julian, Timothy R.; Marks, Sara J.; Mattioli, Mia C.; Boehm, Alexandria B.; Schwab, Kellogg J.; Davis, JenniferEnvironmental Science & Technology (2012), 46 (11), 5736-5743CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)Little is known about the extent or pattern of environmental fecal contamination among households using low-cost, on-site sanitation facilities, or what role environmental contamination plays in the transmission of diarrheal disease. A microbial survey of fecal contamination and selected diarrheal pathogens in soil (n = 200), surface (n = 120), and produce samples (n = 24) was conducted in peri-urban Bagamoyo, Tanzania, among 20 households using private pit latrines. All samples were analyzed for E. coli and enterococci. A subset was analyzed for enterovirus, rotavirus, norovirus GI, norovirus GII, diarrheagenic E. coli, and general and human-specific Bacteroidales fecal markers using mol. methods. Soil collected from the house floor had significantly higher concns. of E. coli and enterococci than soil collected from the latrine floor. There was no significant difference in fecal indicator bacteria levels between households using pit latrines with a concrete slab (improved sanitation) vs. those without a slab. These findings imply that the presence of a concrete slab does not affect the level of fecal contamination in the household environment in this setting. Human Bacteroidales, pathogenic E. coli, enterovirus, and rotavirus genes were detected in soil samples, suggesting that soil should be given more attention as a transmission pathway of diarrheal illness in low-income countries.
- 61Byappanahalli, M.; Fujioka, R. Evidence That Tropical Soil Environment Can Support the Growth of Escherichia Coli. Water Sci. Technol. 1998, 38 (12), 171– 174, DOI: 10.2166/wst.1998.053361https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaK1MXhtVeku7w%253D&md5=b5ad978a67c9e04da3035a739bcd03efEvidence that tropical soil environment can support the growth of Escherichia coliByappanahalli, M. N.; Fujioka, R. S.Water Science and Technology (1998), 38 (12), 171-174CODEN: WSTED4; ISSN:0273-1223. (Elsevier Science Ltd.)Concns. of fecal coliforms and E. coli in environmental waters have historically been used to establish recreational water quality stds. When these bacteria are used as indexes of water quality, it is assumed that there are no significant environmental sources of these bacteria which are unrelated to direct fecal contamination. However, we have reported that in tropical island environments such as in Hawaii, these fecal indicators are consistently found at high concns. in all streams and the source of these fecal bacteria is the soil. To become so well established in soil we hypothesized that these fecal bacteria must have the ability to multiply in the natural soil environment at ambient temp. (23-25°). Three lines of evidence support this hypothesis: (1) E. coli was shown to grow on 10% soil ext. agar, (2) populations of fecal coliforms and E. coli from sewage were shown to immediately increase by ∼3 logs when simple nutrients (glucose and salts) were added to natural soil and (3) fecal coliforms and E. coli increased by 2 logs within 24 h when a minimal amt. of sewage was added to cobalt-irradiated soil. These results indicate that tropical soil environments provide sufficient means to support the growth of fecal coliforms and E. coli. However, under natural soil conditions, indigenous soil microorganisms are much more efficient in obtaining nutrients and we hypothesize that fecal bacteria grow sporadically in response to available nutrients.
- 62Fuhrmeister, E. R.; Ercumen, A.; Pickering, A. J.; Jeanis, K. M.; Ahmed, M.; Brown, S.; Arnold, B. F.; Hubbard, A. E.; Alam, M.; Sen, D.; Islam, S.; Kabir, M. H.; Kwong, L. H.; Islam, M.; Unicomb, L.; Rahman, M.; Boehm, A. B.; Luby, S. P.; Colford, J. M.; Nelson, K. L. Predictors of Enteric Pathogens in the Domestic Environment from Human and Animal Sources in Rural Bangladesh. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019, 53 (17), 10023– 10033, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b0719262https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhsVGntbjJ&md5=ef845297bb37a5975b0986d810e6f102Predictors of Enteric Pathogens in the Domestic Environment from Human and Animal Sources in Rural BangladeshFuhrmeister, Erica R.; Ercumen, Ayse; Pickering, Amy J.; Jeanis, Kaitlyn M.; Ahmed, Mahaa; Brown, Sara; Arnold, Benjamin F.; Hubbard, Alan E.; Alam, Mahfuja; Sen, Debashis; Islam, Sharmin; Kabir, Mir Himayet; Kwong, Laura H.; Islam, Mahfuza; Unicomb, Leanne; Rahman, Mahbubur; Boehm, Alexandria B.; Luby, Stephen P.; Colford, John M.; Nelson, Kara L.Environmental Science & Technology (2019), 53 (17), 10023-10033CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)Fecal indicator organisms are measured to indicate the presence of fecal pollution, yet the assocn. between indicators and pathogens varies by context. The goal of this study was to empirically evaluate the relationships between indicator Escherichia coli, microbial source tracking markers, select enteric pathogen genes, and potential sources of enteric pathogens in 600 rural Bangladeshi households. We measured indicators and pathogen genes in stored drinking water, soil, and on mother and child hands. Addnl., survey and observational data on sanitation and domestic hygiene practices were collected. Log10 concns. of indicator E. coli were pos. assocd. with the prevalence of pathogenic E. coli genes in all sample types. Given the current need to rely on indicators to assess fecal contamination in the field, it is significant that in this study context indicator E. coli concns., measured by IDEXX Colilert-18, provided quant. information on the presence of pathogenic E. coli in different sample types. There were no significant assocns. between the human fecal marker (HumM2) and human-specific pathogens in any environmental sample type. There was an increase in the prevalence of Giardia lamblia genes, any E. coli virulence gene, and the specific E. coli virulence genes stx1/2 with every log10 increase in the concn. of the animal fecal marker (BacCow) on mothers' hands. Thus, domestic animals were important contributors to enteric pathogens in these households.
- 63Taniuchi, M.; Sobuz, S. U.; Begum, S.; Platts-Mills, J. A.; Liu, J.; Yang, Z.; Wang, X.-Q.; Petri, W. A.; Haque, R.; Houpt, E. R. Etiology of Diarrhea in Bangladeshi Infants in the First Year of Life Analyzed Using Molecular Methods. J. Infect. Dis. 2013, 208 (11), 1794– 1802, DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit50763https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC3sboslyrsA%253D%253D&md5=abd9d790c592761172fffd2539ea6555Etiology of diarrhea in Bangladeshi infants in the first year of life analyzed using molecular methodsTaniuchi Mami; Sobuz Shihab U; Begum Sharmin; Platts-Mills James A; Liu Jie; Yang Zhengyu; Wang Xin-Qun; Petri William A Jr; Haque Rashidul; Houpt Eric RThe Journal of infectious diseases (2013), 208 (11), 1794-802 ISSN:.BACKGROUND: Diarrhea causes enormous morbidity and mortality in developing countries, yet the relative importance of multiple potential enteropathogens has been difficult to ascertain. METHODS: We performed a longitudinal cohort study from birth to 1 year of age in 147 infants in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Using multiplex polymerase chain reaction, we analyzed 420 episodes of diarrhea and 1385 monthly surveillance stool specimens for 32 enteropathogen gene targets. For each infant we examined enteropathogen quantities over time to ascribe each positive target as a probable or less-likely contributor to diarrhea. RESULTS: Multiple enteropathogens were detected by the first month of life. Diarrhea was associated with a state of overall pathogen excess (mean number of enteropathogen gene targets (± SE), 5.6 ± 0.1 vs 4.3 ± 0.1 in surveillance stool specimens; P < .05). After a longitudinal, quantitative approach was applied to filter out less-likely contributors, each diarrheal episode still had an average of 3.3 probable or dominant targets. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, enteropathogenic E. coli, rotavirus, and Entamoeba histolytica were the most frequent probable contributors to diarrhea. Rotavirus was enriched in moderate to severe diarrheal episodes. CONCLUSIONS: In this community-based study diarrhea seemed to be a multipathogen event and a state of enteropathogen excess above a high carriage baseline.
- 64Mellefont, L. A.; McMeekin, T. A.; Ross, T. Performance Evaluation of a Model Describing the Effects of Temperature, Water Activity, PH and Lactic Acid Concentration on the Growth of Escherichia Coli. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2003, 82 (1), 45– 58, DOI: 10.1016/S0168-1605(02)00253-264https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD38Xpslags7g%253D&md5=42f154d70cade0119101bedf77ed16f1Performance evaluation of a model describing the effects of temperature, water activity, pH and lactic acid concentration on the growth of Escherichia coliMellefont, L. A.; McMeekin, T. A.; Ross, T.International Journal of Food Microbiology (2003), 82 (1), 45-58CODEN: IJFMDD; ISSN:0168-1605. (Elsevier Science Ltd.)A square root-type model for Escherichia coli growth in response to temp., water activity, pH and lactic acid was developed by Ross et al. [Int. J. Food Microbiol. (2002). ]. Predicted generation times from the model were compared to the literature data using bias and accuracy factors, graphical comparisons and plots of residuals for data obtained from both liq. growth media and foods. The model predicted well for 1025 growth rate ests. reported in the literature after poor quality or unrepresentative data (n=215) was excluded, with a bias factor of 0.92, and an accuracy factor of 1.29. In a detailed comparison to two other predictive modes for E. coli growth, Pathogen Modeling Program (PMP) and Food MicroModel (FMM), the new model generally performed better. The new model consistently gave better predictions than the other models at generation times ≤5 h. Inclusion of the lactic acid term in the model is proposed to account for the consistently good performance of the model for comparisons to growth in meat, a parameter that is not explicitly included in the other models considered in the comparisons.
- 65Topp, E.; Welsh, M.; Tien, Y.-C.; Dang, A.; Lazarovits, G.; Conn, K.; Zhu, H. Strain-Dependent Variability in Growth and Survival of Escherichia Coli in Agricultural Soil. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 2003, 44 (3), 303– 308, DOI: 10.1016/S0168-6496(03)00055-265https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD3sXjs1Ckur0%253D&md5=e8f44294c786a5322c0ed030a161b5f0Strain-dependent variability in growth and survival of Escherichia coli in agricultural soilTopp, Edward; Welsh, Martha; Tien, Yuan-Ching; Dang, Angela; Lazarovits, George; Conn, Kenneth; Zhu, HongFEMS Microbiology Ecology (2003), 44 (3), 303-308CODEN: FMECEZ; ISSN:0168-6496. (Elsevier Science B.V.)This study investigated strain-dependent variability in Escherichia coli survival in soil, and strain-dependent responses to variations in some soil conditions. Collections of E. coli were isolated from swine manure slurry, and from manured soil following 6 days of incubation in the lab. The bacteria were fingerprinted by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR). During the course of the incubation the compn. of the E. coli community changed dramatically suggesting that E. coli phylotypes, distinguishable by ERIC-PCR fingerprinting, varied significantly in their ability to survive in soil under these conditions. A representative isolate from one ERIC group which increased in abundance in soil (designated strain C279) and one which decreased (designated strain C278) were chosen for comparison. These strains persisted comparatively when inoculated into loam soil. However, when added into a loam soil or a sandy soil supplemented with 10% (vol./vol.) swine manure slurry, strain C279 increased in abundance 10-fold, whereas strain C278 did not. At 4°C, or in a clay loam soil, manure slurry did not support the growth of strain C279. These results indicate that the community compn. of E. coli populations in manured soils can be very dynamic, and that strains able to proliferate in manured soils can have a selective advantage.
- 66Medema, G. J.; Bahar, M.; Schets, F. M. Survival of Cryptosporidium Parvum, Escherichia Coli, Faecal Enterococci, and Clostridium Perfringens in River Water: Influence of Temperature and Autochthonous Microorganisms. Water Sci. Technol. 1997, 35 (11–12), 249– 252, DOI: 10.2166/wst.1997.074266https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaK2sXmt1Kls7c%253D&md5=3e89d6d8bbc8ecb7cef6489f9387a96aSurvival of Cryptosporidium parvum, Escherichia coli, fecal Enterococci and Clostridium perfringens in river water: influence of temperature and autochthonous microorganismsMedema, G. J.; Bahar, M.; Schets, F. M.Water Science and Technology (1997), 35 (11-12, Health-Related Water Microbiology 1996), 249-252CODEN: WSTED4; ISSN:0273-1223. (Elsevier)Oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum can survive for several months in surface water, one of the main factors detg. their success in environmental transmission and thus their health hazard via water. Several factors in the environment, e.g. temp., presence of predators and exo-enzymes will probably influence oocyst survival. The high persistence of oocysts may also limit the value of traditional fecal indicator bacteria. The aim of this study was to det. the rate at which C parvum oocysts, E. coli, fecal enterococci and C perfringens spores die in surface water and the influence of temp. and the presence of autochthonous (micro)organisms on the die-off rate. Microcosms with autoclaved river water were inoculated with the organisms. Microcosms with untreated river water were inoculated with concd. primary effluent contg. the bacteria and with C parvum oocysts. Microcosms were incubated at 5° or 15° at 100 rpm. Viability of oocysts was monitored by in vitro excystation and dye-exclusion; viability of the bacteria was detd. on appropriate selective media. When pseudo first-order die-off kinetics were assumed, the die-off rate of oocysts at 5°C was 0.010 log10/day and at 15°, 0.006-0.024 log10/day. These rates underestimate die-off since oocyst disintegration was not accounted for. Incubation in autoclaved or untreated water did influence the die-off rate of oocysts at 15°C but not at 5°C. The die-off rate of E. coli and enterococci was faster in the non-sterile river water than in autoclaved water at both temps. At 15°C, E coli (and possibly E. faecium) even multiplied in autoclaved water. In untreated river water, the die-off of E. coli and enterococci was approx. 10x faster than die-off of oocysts but die-off rates of C perfringens were lower than those of oocysts. As for oocysts, die-off of the bacteria and spores was faster at 15° than at 5°. Oocysts are very persistent in river water: the time required for a 10x redn. in viability being 40-16 day at 15° and 100 day at 5°. Biol./biochem. activity influenced oocyst survival at 15° and survival of both vegetative bacteria at 5 and 15°. The rapid die-off of E. coli and enterococci makes them less suitable as indicators of oocyst presence in water. As C. perfringens survived longer in untreated river water than oocysts, it may prove useful as an indicator of the presence of C. parvum.
- 67Raman, A. S.; Gehrig, J. L.; Venkatesh, S.; Chang, H.-W.; Hibberd, M. C.; Subramanian, S.; Kang, G.; Bessong, P. O.; Lima, A. A. M.; Kosek, M. N.; Petri, W. A.; Rodionov, D. A.; Arzamasov, A. A.; Leyn, S. A.; Osterman, A. L.; Huq, S.; Mostafa, I.; Islam, M.; Mahfuz, M.; Haque, R.; Ahmed, T.; Barratt, M. J.; Gordon, J. I. A Sparse Covarying Unit That Describes Healthy and Impaired Human Gut Microbiota Development. Science 2019, 365 (6449), eaau4735 DOI: 10.1126/science.aau4735There is no corresponding record for this reference.
- 68Glynn, J.; Bradley, D. The Relationship between Infecting Dose and Severity of Disease in Reported Outbreaks of Salmonella Infections. Epidemiol. Infect. 1992, 109, 371– 388, DOI: 10.1017/S095026880005036668https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADyaK3s7gs1WisQ%253D%253D&md5=44790d12b958684e4abf1389a85e68e0The relationship between infecting dose and severity of disease in reported outbreaks of Salmonella infectionsGlynn J R; Bradley D JEpidemiology and infection (1992), 109 (3), 371-88 ISSN:0950-2688.The relationship between size of the infecting dose and severity of the resulting disease has been investigated for salmonella infections by reanalysis of data within epidemics for 32 outbreaks, and comparing data between outbreaks for 68 typhoid epidemics and 49 food-poisoning outbreaks due to salmonellas. Attack rate, incubation period, amount of infected food consumed and type of vehicle are used as proxy measures of infecting dose, while case fatality rates for typhoid and case hospitalization rates for food poisoning salmonellas were used to assess severity. Limitations of the data are discussed. Both unweighted and logit analysis models are used. There is no evidence for a dose-severity relationship for Salmonella typhi, but evidence of a correlation between dose and severity is available from within-epidemic or between-epidemic analysis, or both, for Salmonella typhimurium, S. enteritidis, S. infantis, S. newport, and S. thompson. The presence of such a relationship affects the way in which control interventions should be assessed.
- 69Ercumen, A.; Pickering, A. J.; Kwong, L. H.; Arnold, B. F.; Parvez, S. M.; Alam, M.; Sen, D.; Islam, S.; Kullmann, C.; Chase, C.; Ahmed, R.; Unicomb, L.; Luby, S. P.; Colford, J. M. Animal Feces Contribute to Domestic Fecal Contamination: Evidence from E. coli Measured in Water, Hands, Food, Flies, and Soil in Bangladesh. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51 (15), 8725– 8734, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b0171069https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhtFemsbvL&md5=fc806a339e7ca8d2d689b1d13673471aAnimal Feces Contribute to Domestic Fecal Contamination: Evidence from E. coli Measured in Water, Hands, Food, Flies, and Soil in BangladeshErcumen, Ayse; Pickering, Amy J.; Kwong, Laura H.; Arnold, Benjamin F.; Parvez, Sarker Masud; Alam, Mahfuja; Sen, Debashis; Islam, Sharmin; Kullmann, Craig; Chase, Claire; Ahmed, Rokeya; Unicomb, Leanne; Luby, Stephen P.; Colford, John M.Environmental Science & Technology (2017), 51 (15), 8725-8734CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)Fecal-oral pathogens are transmitted through complex, environmentally mediated pathways. Sanitation interventions that isolate human feces from the environment may reduce transmission but have shown limited impact on environmental contamination. We conducted a study in rural Bangladesh to (1) quantify domestic fecal contamination in settings with high on-site sanitation coverage; (2) det. how domestic animals affect fecal contamination; and (3) assess how each environmental pathway affects others. We collected water, hand rinse, food, soil, and fly samples from 608 households. We analyzed samples with IDEXX Quantitray for the most probable no. (MPN) of E. coli. We detected E. coli in source water (25%), stored water (77%), child hands (43%), food (58%), flies (50%), ponds (97%), and soil (95%). Soil had >120,000 mean MPN E. coli per g. In compds. with vs without animals, E. coli was higher by 0.54 log10 in soil, 0.40 log10 in stored water and 0.61 log10 in food (p < 0.05). E. coli in stored water and food increased with increasing E. coli in soil, ponds, source water and hands. We provide empirical evidence of fecal transmission in the domestic environment despite on-site sanitation. Animal feces contribute to fecal contamination, and fecal indicator bacteria do not strictly indicate human fecal contamination when animals are present.
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The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.0c02606.
Modeled log10 E. coli MPN ingestion/day among children in the WASH Benefits Bangladesh control and WSH arms (Table S1). Modeled fecal bacteria ingestion by young children in rural Bangladesh (Figure S1) (PDF)
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