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Source–Receptor Relationship Revealed by the Halted Traffic and Aggravated Haze in Beijing during the COVID-19 Lockdown

  • Zhaofeng Lv
    Zhaofeng Lv
    State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, International Joint Laboratory on Low Carbon Clean Energy Innovation, School of the Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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  • , 
  • Xiaotong Wang
    Xiaotong Wang
    State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, International Joint Laboratory on Low Carbon Clean Energy Innovation, School of the Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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  • , 
  • Fanyuan Deng
    Fanyuan Deng
    State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, International Joint Laboratory on Low Carbon Clean Energy Innovation, School of the Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
    More by Fanyuan Deng
  • , 
  • Qi Ying
    Qi Ying
    Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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    Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-4560-433X
  • , 
  • Alexander T. Archibald
    Alexander T. Archibald
    Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
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  • , 
  • Roderic L. Jones
    Roderic L. Jones
    Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
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  • , 
  • Yan Ding
    Yan Ding
    Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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  • , 
  • Ying Cheng
    Ying Cheng
    Beijing Transport Institute, Beijing 100073, China
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  • , 
  • Mingliang Fu
    Mingliang Fu
    Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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  • , 
  • Ying Liu
    Ying Liu
    Beijing Transport Institute, Beijing 100073, China
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  • , 
  • Hanyang Man
    Hanyang Man
    State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, International Joint Laboratory on Low Carbon Clean Energy Innovation, School of the Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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  • , 
  • Zhigang Xue
    Zhigang Xue
    Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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  • Kebin He
    Kebin He
    State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, International Joint Laboratory on Low Carbon Clean Energy Innovation, School of the Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
    More by Kebin He
  • , 
  • Jiming Hao
    Jiming Hao
    State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, International Joint Laboratory on Low Carbon Clean Energy Innovation, School of the Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
    More by Jiming Hao
  • , and 
  • Huan Liu*
    Huan Liu
    State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, International Joint Laboratory on Low Carbon Clean Energy Innovation, School of the Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
    *Email: [email protected]. Tel.: 86-10-62771679.
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    Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-2217-0591
Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2020, 54, 24, 15660–15670
Publication Date (Web):November 22, 2020
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c04941
Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    The COVID-19 outbreak greatly limited human activities and reduced primary emissions particularly from urban on-road vehicles but coincided with Beijing experiencing “pandemic haze,” raising the public concerns about the effectiveness of imposed traffic policies to improve the air quality. This paper explores the relationship between local vehicle emissions and the winter haze in Beijing before and during the COVID-19 lockdown based on an integrated analysis framework, which combines a real-time on-road emission inventory, in situ air quality observations, and a localized numerical modeling system. We found that traffic emissions decreased substantially during the COVID-19 pandemic, but its imbalanced emission abatement of NOx (76%, 125.3 Mg/day) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs, 53%, 52.9 Mg/day) led to a significant rise of atmospheric oxidants in urban areas, resulting in a modest increase in secondary aerosols due to inadequate precursors, which still offset reduced primary emissions. Moreover, the enhanced oxidizing capacity in the surrounding regions greatly increased the secondary particles with relatively abundant precursors, which was transported into Beijing and mainly responsible for the aggravated haze pollution. We recommend that mitigation policies should focus on accelerating VOC emission reduction and synchronously controlling regional sources to release the benefits of local traffic emission control.

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    • Detailed description of the SLOVE model; emissions from other anthropogenic sources; configurations of meteorological and air quality models; evaluation of model performances in predicting meteorological field; and uncertainty analysis (Figures S1–S21 and Tables S1–S6) (PDF).

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