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Can Silicone Passive Samplers be Used for Measuring Exposure of e-Waste Workers to Flame Retardants?

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    Ecotoxicology and Public Health

    Can Silicone Passive Samplers be Used for Measuring Exposure of e-Waste Workers to Flame Retardants?
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    • Linh V. Nguyen
      Linh V. Nguyen
      Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
      More by Linh V. Nguyen
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-0781-4942
    • Sabrina Gravel
      Sabrina Gravel
      Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail, Montréal, Québec H3A 3C2, Canada
      Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Québec H3T 1A8, Canada
      More by Sabrina Gravel
    • France Labrèche
      France Labrèche
      Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail, Montréal, Québec H3A 3C2, Canada
      Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Québec H3T 1A8, Canada
      Centre de recherche en santé publique, Université de Montréal et CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3N 1X9, Canada
      More by France Labrèche
    • Bouchra Bakhiyi
      Bouchra Bakhiyi
      Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Québec H3T 1A8, Canada
      More by Bouchra Bakhiyi
    • Marc-André Verner
      Marc-André Verner
      Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Québec H3T 1A8, Canada
      Centre de recherche en santé publique, Université de Montréal et CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3N 1X9, Canada
      More by Marc-André Verner
    • Joseph Zayed
      Joseph Zayed
      Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Québec H3T 1A8, Canada
      Centre de recherche en santé publique, Université de Montréal et CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3N 1X9, Canada
      More by Joseph Zayed
    • Liisa M. Jantunen
      Liisa M. Jantunen
      Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change, Egbert, Ontario L0L 1N0, Canada
      Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
      More by Liisa M. Jantunen
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-0261-9539
    • Victoria H. Arrandale
      Victoria H. Arrandale
      Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M7, Canada
      Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Ontario Health, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X3, Canada
      More by Victoria H. Arrandale
    • Miriam L. Diamond*
      Miriam L. Diamond
      Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
      Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
      Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M7, Canada
      *Email: [email protected]
      More by Miriam L. Diamond
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0001-6296-6431
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    Environmental Science & Technology

    Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2020, 54, 23, 15277–15286
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c05240
    Published November 16, 2020
    Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    Silicone passive samplers were assessed for measuring personal exposure to 37 flame retardants at three Québec e-waste recycling facilities. Silicone brooches (n = 45), wristbands (n = 28), and armbands (n = 9) worn during a ∼8 h work shift accumulated detectable amounts of 95–100% of the target compounds. Brooch concentrations were significantly correlated with those from active air samplers from which we conclude that the brooches could be used to approximate inhalation exposure and other exposures related to air concentrations such as dermal exposure. The generic sampling rate of the brooch (19 ± 11 m3 day–1 dm–2) was 13 and 22 times greater than estimated for home and office environments, respectively, likely because of the dusty work environment and greater movement of e-waste workers. BDE-209 concentrations in brooches and wristbands were moderately and significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with levels in blood plasma; organophosphorus esters in brooches and wristbands were weakly and insignificantly correlated with their metabolite biomarkers in post-shift spot urine samples. Silicone brooches and wristbands deployed over a single shift in a dusty occupational setting can be useful for indicating the internal exposure to compounds with relatively long biological half-lives, but their use for compounds with relatively short half-lives is not clear and may require either a longer deployment time or an integrated biomarker measure.

    Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society

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    Supporting Information

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    The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.0c05240.

    • Chemical and instrumental analysis, full names and DFs of PBDEs in serum and OPE metabolites in urine, DFs of target FRs in silicone brooches, wristbands, and armbands, concentrations of selected FRs in active air samplers and wristbands in two different facilities, correlations between concentrations of FRs between silicone samplers, correlation coefficients and p-values between levels of OPE urinary metabolites and number of months workers worked, sampling rates of the brooches, estimation of the length of the linear uptake phase of the silicone brooch for FRs, pictures of worker wearing active air and silicone samplers, a scatter plot for relationship between BDE-209 in plasma and number of months worked, and a scatter plot for relationships between OPE metabolites in urine and OPE concentrations in silicone samplers (PDF)

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    This article is cited by 22 publications.

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    2. Linh V. Nguyen, Miriam L. Diamond, Sheila Kalenge, Tracy L. Kirkham, D. Linn Holness, Victoria H. Arrandale. Occupational Exposure of Canadian Nail Salon Workers to Plasticizers Including Phthalates and Organophosphate Esters. Environmental Science & Technology 2022, 56 (5) , 3193-3203. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c04974
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    6. A. Balasch, A. Peris, C. Reche, T. Moreno, E. Eljarrat. Dermal exposure assessment of formal e-waste dismantlers to flame retardants and plasticizers using passive sampling methodologies. Environment International 2024, 192 , 109021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.109021
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    9. Stephanie C. Hammel, Karoline K. Hansen, Anne Mette Madsen, Henrik A. Kolstad, Vivi Schlünssen, Marie Frederiksen. Organophosphate ester (OPE) exposure among waste recycling and administrative workers in Denmark using silicone wristbands. Chemosphere 2023, 345 , 140449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140449
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    16. Samantha M. Samon, Stephanie C. Hammel, Heather M. Stapleton, Kim A. Anderson. Silicone wristbands as personal passive sampling devices: Current knowledge, recommendations for use, and future directions. Environment International 2022, 169 , 107339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107339
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    Environmental Science & Technology

    Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2020, 54, 23, 15277–15286
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c05240
    Published November 16, 2020
    Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society
    Request reuse permissions

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