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    Ecotoxicology and Public Health

    Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Breast Milk: Concerning Trends for Current-Use PFAS
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    • Guomao Zheng
      Guomao Zheng
      Paul H. O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
      More by Guomao Zheng
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-5235-9950
    • Erika Schreder
      Erika Schreder
      Toxic-Free Future, Seattle, Washington 98103, United States
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    • Jennifer C. Dempsey
      Jennifer C. Dempsey
      Toxic-Free Future, Seattle, Washington 98103, United States
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    • Nancy Uding
      Nancy Uding
      Toxic-Free Future, Seattle, Washington 98103, United States
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    • Valerie Chu
      Valerie Chu
      Toxic-Free Future, Seattle, Washington 98103, United States
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    • Gabriel Andres
      Gabriel Andres
      Toxic-Free Future, Seattle, Washington 98103, United States
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    • Sheela Sathyanarayana
      Sheela Sathyanarayana
      Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington/Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 91807, United States
      More by Sheela Sathyanarayana
    • Amina Salamova*
      Amina Salamova
      Paul H. O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
      *Email: [email protected]
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      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-2174-030X
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    Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2021, 55, 11, 7510–7520
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c06978
    Published May 13, 2021
    Copyright © 2021 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    This is the first study in the last 15 years to analyze per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in breast milk collected from mothers (n = 50) in the United States, and our findings indicate that both legacy and current-use PFAS now contaminate breast milk, exposing nursing infants. Breast milk was analyzed for 39 PFAS, including 9 short-chain and 30 long-chain compounds, and 16 of these PFAS were detected in 4–100% of the samples. The ∑PFAS concentration in breast milk ranged from 52.0 to 1850 pg/mL with a median concentration of 121 pg/mL. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were the most abundant PFAS in these samples (medians 30.4 and 13.9 pg/mL, respectively). Two short-chain PFAS, including perfluoro-n-hexanoic acid (PFHxA, C6) and perfluoro-n-heptanoic acid (PFHpA, C7), were detected in most of the samples with median concentrations of 9.69 and 6.10 pg/mL, respectively. Analysis of the available breast milk PFAS data from around the world over the period of 1996–2019 showed that while the levels of the phased-out PFOS and PFOA have been declining with halving times of 8.1 and 17 years, respectively, the detection frequencies of current-use short-chain PFAS have been increasing with a doubling time of 4.1 years.

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    • List of target analytes and details of the instrumental methods; MDLs and blank concentrations; lactational transfer efficiencies; summary of the available global data on PFAS in breast milk; and the results of the multiple regression analyses (PDF)

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    Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2021, 55, 11, 7510–7520
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