Pair your accounts.

Export articles to Mendeley

Get article recommendations from ACS based on references in your Mendeley library.

Pair your accounts.

Export articles to Mendeley

Get article recommendations from ACS based on references in your Mendeley library.

You’ve supercharged your research process with ACS and Mendeley!

STEP 1:
Click to create an ACS ID

Please note: If you switch to a different device, you may be asked to login again with only your ACS ID.

Please note: If you switch to a different device, you may be asked to login again with only your ACS ID.

Please note: If you switch to a different device, you may be asked to login again with only your ACS ID.

MENDELEY PAIRING EXPIRED
Your Mendeley pairing has expired. Please reconnect
ACS Publications. Most Trusted. Most Cited. Most Read
Identifying Toxic Consumer Products: A Novel Data Set Reveals Air Emissions of Potent Carcinogens, Reproductive Toxicants, and Developmental Toxicants
More

OR SEARCH CITATIONS

My Activity
Publications

Figure 1Loading Img
Download Hi-Res ImageDownload to MS-PowerPointCite This:Environ. Sci. Technol. 2023, 57, 19, 7454-7465
  • Open Access
Occurrence, Fate, and Transport of Aquatic and Terrestrial Contaminants

Identifying Toxic Consumer Products: A Novel Data Set Reveals Air Emissions of Potent Carcinogens, Reproductive Toxicants, and Developmental Toxicants
Click to copy article linkArticle link copied!

Open PDFSupporting Information (4)

Environmental Science & Technology

Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2023, 57, 19, 7454–7465
Click to copy citationCitation copied!
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c07247
Published May 2, 2023

Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society. This publication is licensed under

CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 .

Abstract

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!
High Resolution Image
Download MS PowerPoint Slide

Consumer products are important sources of exposure to harmful chemicals. Product composition is often a mystery to users, however, due to gaps in the laws governing ingredient disclosure. A unique data set that the California Air Resources Board (CARB) uses to determine how volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) from consumer products affect smog formation holds a partial solution. By analyzing CARB data on VOCs in consumer products, we identified and quantified emissions of volatile chemicals regulated under the California Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act (“Prop 65”). We here highlight individual chemicals as well as consumer product categories that people are likely to be exposed to as individual consumers, in the workplace, and at the population level. Of the 33 Prop 65-listed chemicals that appear in the CARB emissions inventory, we classified 18 as “top tier priorities for elimination”. Among these, methylene chloride and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone were most prevalent in products across all three population groups. Of 172 consumer product categories, 105 contained Prop 65-listed chemicals. Although these chemicals are known carcinogens and reproductive/developmental toxicants, they remain in widespread use. Manufacturers and regulators should prioritize product categories containing Prop 65-listed chemicals for reformulation or redesign to reduce human exposures and associated health risks.

This publication is licensed under

CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 .
  • cc licence
  • by licence
  • nc licence
  • nd licence
Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society

Subjects

what are subjects

Keywords

what are keywords

Synopsis

More than 5000 tons of volatile Prop 65-listed chemicals were estimated to have been released from consumer products in 2020 in California.

Introduction

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!
Chemicals with known hazards are present in consumer products used regularly in the home and workplace. These products are an important source of chemical exposures. (1−5) Indeed, chemical exposures from use of consumer products are often higher than environmentally mediated, far-field exposures. (2,6) Identifying product ingredients is the first step in assessing associated health risks and prioritizing products for reformulation based on hazard. However, the data gap created by nonexistent or incomplete regulatory requirements for ingredient disclosure complicates even this initial identification step.
The California Air Resources Board (CARB) Consumer Product Regulatory Program fills an important part of this data gap with respect to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the slightly less volatile compounds defined in CARB regulations as low vapor pressure VOCs (LVP-VOCs). CARB conducts periodic surveys of product manufacturers who sell goods into California, collecting information about volatile chemicals in their products as part of the agency’s work to understand and reduce air emissions that contribute to ground-level ozone (aka “smog”). (7) Reporting is mandatory; companies certify that the information they provide is accurate to the best of their knowledge; and CARB conducts extensive quality assurance and quality control of the data, working with companies to correct any errors or deficiencies. (8) CARB also makes this industry-supplied data publicly available, albeit in aggregated form, i.e., by consumer product category rather than by individual product. Although ripe with interpretive possibility, these data have not previously been analyzed to identify sources of exposure to chemical ingredients that may pose significant hazards to consumers or workers. Like CARB, we use the phrase “consumer products” to encompass both products used by individual consumers (such as dishwashing soap) and those used in commercial operations (such as pipe cement and floor maintenance products), with workers more likely to be highly exposed in the latter scenario.
Many chemicals, including ingredients commonly found in consumer products, are associated with a range of human health effects, including asthma, endocrine disruption, reproductive and developmental harm, and cancer. (9−15) Several authoritative lists link data on chemical hazards to specific adverse health outcomes. One such authoritative list is maintained under California’s Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act (commonly known as Prop 65), which identifies chemicals known to the state of California as carcinogens, reproductive toxicants, and/or developmental toxicants. (16)
A unique right-to-know law, Prop 65 was passed by voters in 1986 to reduce consumer exposure to toxic chemicals through the power of information. The law’s primary purpose was to incentivize manufacturers to introduce safer product formulations into the marketplace by empowering consumers to deselect products with known-hazardous ingredients. The secondary purpose of Prop 65 was to enable consumers to mitigate their risk of exposure to hazardous product ingredients, such as by using personal protective equipment, ensuring adequate ventilation during use, or reducing frequency of use. (17)
The Prop 65 list draws from multiple other authoritative lists of carcinogens and reproductive/developmental toxicants and from two Prop 65-specific expert scientific committees that are convened to evaluate additions to the list, including many chemicals that are not listed elsewhere. The list includes fifty-six carcinogens and fifty-five reproductive toxicants that were either not listed by another authoritative body at the time of Prop 65 listing (e.g., bisphenol A) or not identified on other lists as reproductive or developmental toxicants (e.g., benzene and n-hexane). (18) The Prop 65 list currently includes 624 carcinogens and 323 reproductive/developmental toxicants, with some chemicals listed for more than one of these endpoints. Prop 65 does not include other hazard endpoints, such as neurotoxicity, asthmagenicity, or endocrine disruption.
Using the Prop 65 list to identify hazardous volatile chemicals in consumer products reported in CARB inventories, we sought to understand how people may be exposed to those chemicals via products used at home and in the workplace. While the CARB data reflect products sold in California, the findings are relevant to the U.S. overall, given the size of the California market and evidence that products are not specially formulated for that state. (18) This analysis could inform consequential risk-reduction actions, the most obvious of which is reformulation of products in product categories posing a high likelihood of harm.

Methods

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

Chemical List

We used California’s Prop 65 list of chemicals, which is regularly updated, to identify known hazards among the CARB-surveyed volatile ingredients. The Prop 65 list includes chemical name, Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) number, date of listing, and whether a chemical is classified as a carcinogen, a reproductive toxicant, and/or a developmental toxicant. We analyzed the Prop 65 list as of December 31, 2021.

CARB Data

We used data from CARB’s most recent Emissions Inventory (2020) to identify products associated with higher exposure potential. The 2020 Emissions inventory is based on product ingredient surveys conducted in 2013, 2014, and 2015. (19) Using comprehensive ingredient concentration data collected in these surveys, CARB estimates average weight fractions of chemicals in each product type, generating a speciation profile for each product category. Weight fractions are then combined with estimated total organic gas (TOG) emissions for each product category, with adjustments for fate and transport assumptions, to model emissions according to an emissions inventory code (EIC). CARB’s fate and transport models account for the portion of product ingredients that are not ultimately emitted to air because they go down the drain or are combusted.
The current CARB emissions inventory, which was finalized in 2020, includes 173 consumer product categories designated by EIC codes (510-506-6###-0000). (20) In this analysis, we used an appendix to this report, “New OG Speciation Profiles for Consumer Products (2020 Update)”, that we obtained from CARB by request. This file contains organic gas speciation profiles for 172 of the EICs (the last EIC, Washing Soda, consists of only inorganic ingredients and thus has no speciation profile). We also accessed CARB TOG emissions estimates for 2020. (21)

Chemical Classification by Priority for Elimination

Although all Prop 65-listed chemicals are by definition hazardous, we further subdivided them as to priority for elimination. Our categorization used a combination of scientific and policy judgments about where urgency is greatest, specifically EPA risk-based screening levels (RSLs) for residential indoor air (10–6 for cancer risk and 0.1 hazard quotient for noncancer hazard); EPA priorities under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA); and the National Toxicology Program’s (NTP) 15th Report on Carcinogens (ROC). (22) Where both cancer and noncancer RSLs exist, we used the lower value. (Although OEHHA-established “safe harbor” levels of exposure under Prop 65 are an additional useful measure of chemical hazard, we did not use these to determine comparative priority because too many chemicals of interest lacked safe harbor values.)
We classified chemicals as being “top tier priorities for elimination” if either (i) the RSL was below 1 ug/m3, (ii) the chemical was one of the first 10 priority chemicals EPA is evaluating under the 2016 revised TSCA, or (iii) the NTP has listed the chemical in the 15th Report on Carcinogens, which “identifies substances that pose a cancer hazard for people in the United States”. (22) The remaining chemicals were classified as “second tier priorities” (Table S1). Our rationale was to synthesize relevant information from authoritative risk assessments to identify the Prop 65-listed agents that pose the greatest hazard based on existing evidence. This sorting is necessarily imperfect insofar as some chemicals we designated as second tier may simply be less studied than those we designated top tier and may lack data indicating greater hazard. We nonetheless believe consideration of scientific and policy judgments about relative hazard is important─in addition to exposure─in considering how to prioritize among actions that reduce exposure to Prop 65 chemicals.

Prioritizing Chemicals and Product Categories Using CARB Ingredient Data

We merged the list of Prop 65 chemicals (n = 868 chemicals or chemical groups) with the CARB speciation profiles (n = 429 ingredients) using CAS numbers. We identified and analyzed product categories containing at least one Prop 65 chemical and, in these categories, investigated and analyzed only Prop 65-listed ingredients. We also noted which product categories did not contain any Prop 65 chemicals and eliminated them from further consideration (Table S2).
To select product categories for further study, we considered three population groups. We ranked product categories according to their potential exposures for (1) consumers, (2) workers, and (3) the general population, classified as follows (Figure S1). For consumers, we identified product categories as “used on the body”, “routinely used in the home”, “specialty use in the home”, or “other”. Each product category was assigned to only one of these use categories (Table S2). Three of the authors independently classified product categories and subsequently arrived at a consensus through discussion. We then designated the first two categories as potential sources of high consumer exposures. We ranked product categories so designated by the number of top tier Prop 65 chemicals they contained. We ranked top tier Prop 65 chemicals by the number of product categories they appeared in.
To identify product categories likely to cause high occupational exposures, we classified product categories by their use in the workplace (Table S2), using the same method to classify and achieve consensus. We again ranked product categories so designated by the number of top tier Prop 65 chemicals they contained. We ranked top tier Prop 65 chemicals by the number of product categories they appeared in.
For product categories likely to cause widespread population-level exposures, we focused on those product categories with the highest emissions of volatile Prop 65 chemicals. By linking EICs to speciation profiles containing information on weight fractions of each chemical ingredient, we calculated the total emissions in tons per day associated with each volatile Prop 65 chemical in each EIC, then summed across EICs to obtain total emissions for each Prop 65 chemical and ranked them by total estimated emissions (Figure S2).
All analyses were conducted in R Version 4.0.3.

Results

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!
Thirty-three Prop 65-listed chemicals were reported as ingredients in the 2020 CARB emissions inventory (Figure 1). Methanol was the most prevalent, i.e., present in most product categories, followed by diethanolamine, ethylbenzene, ethylene glycol, and toluene. Among the top tier Prop 65-listed chemicals, diethanolamine, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, and formaldehyde were most prevalent.

Figure 1

Figure 1. Prop 65-listed chemicals reported as ingredients in CARB’s 2020 emissions inventory. Chemicals are distinguished by priority tier. Right margin shows the number of product categories with each chemical.

High Resolution Image
Download MS PowerPoint Slide
Of the 172 speciation profiles in the 2020 CARB inventory, 67 lacked Prop 65-listed chemicals. The remaining 105 categories contained between 1 and 17 Prop 65-listed chemicals. There were 78 product categories that contained at least one top tier Prop 65-listed chemical. The category “Other Adhesives” contained the most Prop 65-listed chemicals overall and also the most top tier chemicals (9) (Table S2).

Consumer Exposures

The CARB survey included 16 “used on the body” product categories containing at least one Prop 65 chemical (Figure 2). “Other Personal Care Products” contained the greatest number of Prop 65 chemicals as well as the greatest number of top tier Prop 65-listed chemicals. Formaldehyde, found in 7 categories, was the most commonly reported top tier Prop 65-listed chemical among categories used on the body, followed by diethanolamine, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, ethylene oxide, methylene chloride, and styrene. Among the second tier Prop 65 chemicals, ethylene glycol was reported most often, followed by methanol and N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine.

Figure 2

Figure 2. Product categories prioritized based on consumer exposures had to contain at least one Prop 65-listed chemical and be classified as “used on the body” or “routinely used in the home”. Top margin shows the number of product categories with each chemical; right margin shows the number of Prop 65-listed chemicals in each product category.

High Resolution Image
Download MS PowerPoint Slide
Among product categories routinely used in the home, “General Purpose Cleaners─Aerosols”, “General Purpose Cleaners─Non-aerosols”, “Miscl. Office and Art Supplies”, and “Other Miscl. Household Products” each contained 8 Prop 65 chemicals; “Other Miscl. Household Products″ contained the greatest number of top tier Prop 65-listed chemicals (Figure 2). The top tier Prop 65 chemicals found most often in products routinely used in the home were diethanolamine, formaldehyde, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, cumene, 1,3-dichloropropene, ethylene oxide, methylene chloride, and trichloroethylene. Among the second tier Prop 65-listed chemicals, methanol was found most often, followed by methyl isobutyl ketone and ethylene glycol.

Workplace Exposures

The CARB survey included 94 workplace-related product categories containing at least one Prop 65-listed chemical (Figure S3). Within these categories, “Other Adhesives” contained the greatest number of Prop 65-listed chemicals, as well as the most top tier Prop 65-listed chemicals (Figure 3). The top tier Prop 65 chemicals that appeared in the most product categories were diethanolamine, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, formaldehyde, cumene, and methylene chloride. The second tier Prop 65-listed chemicals that appeared in the most categories were methanol, ethylbenzene, and toluene. These categories and chemicals likely cause significant exposures to workers.

Figure 3

Figure 3. Product categories prioritized for worker exposures had to contain at least one Prop 65-listed chemical and be classified as “likely used in the workplace”. This is an abridged figure showing only product categories with at least four Prop 65-listed chemicals; the unabridged version is in Figure S3. The top margin shows the number of product categories with each chemical (from the unabridged figure); the right margin shows the number of Prop 65 chemicals in each product category.

High Resolution Image
Download MS PowerPoint Slide

Population-Level Exposures

CARB’s estimated 2020 emissions enabled prioritization by the volume of Prop 65-listed chemicals released from a product category. Among the top tier Prop 65-listed chemicals, methylene chloride was emitted in the greatest total volume (across all product categories), followed by styrene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, tetrachloroethylene, and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (Figure 4). Among the second tier Prop 65-listed chemicals, the highest emissions were associated with methanol, followed by tetrahydrofuran and ethylene glycol. Methylene chloride appeared in 13 EICs, and 96% of these emissions were from the EIC “Paint Removers or Strippers”. Styrene appeared in 9 EICS, and 91% of these emissions were from the EIC “Other Auto/Veh/Marine Care Products”. 1,4-dichlorobenzene appeared in one EIC: “Mothballs”. These three EICs emitted the most top tier Prop 65-listed chemicals (Figure S4). Looking at total emissions of all Prop 65-listed chemicals rather than just the top tier chemicals, “Paint Removers or Strippers” was still the highest-emitting category, followed by “Automotive Windshield Washer Fluid─Type A Areas”, where Type A Areas are colder areas of California, where anti-freeze is permitted to be added to windshield washer fluid.

Figure 4

Figure 4. Total estimated 2020 emissions in tons per day of Prop 65-listed chemicals in consumer products. Emissions summed across all emissions inventory categories.

High Resolution Image
Download MS PowerPoint Slide

Summary of Prioritization

Table 1 shows the top five top tier Prop 65-listed chemicals from each prioritization scheme, with more chemicals shown in cases of ties. Notably, methylene chloride and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (also known as N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP)) were each prioritized for all three population groups (consumers, workers, and the general population). Cumene, diethanolamine, and formaldehyde were each prioritized for both consumers and workers. Styrene was prioritized for both consumers and the general population.
Table 1. Summary of Prioritized Chemicals by Prioritization Scheme
 population group
 consumersworkersgeneral population
1,3-dichloropropene√  
1,4-dichlorobenzene  √
cumene√√ 
diethanolamine√√ 
ethylene oxide√  
formaldehyde√√ 
methylene chloride√√√
N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone√√√
styrene√ √
tetrachloroethylene  √
trichloroethylene√  
NMP is a solvent used for cleaning and degreasing and in the manufacture of electronics, petrochemicals, and polymers. It is listed on Prop 65 as a developmental toxicant. NMP appeared as an ingredient in 26 CARB product categories and was prioritized based on its use in a variety of cleaning-related product categories, in paint strippers, and in personal hygiene products and other personal care products. Total estimated emissions of NMP across all product categories are 0.16 tons per day.
Another solvent, methylene chloride, appeared in 13 CARB product categories, including paint removers, lubricants, adhesives, cleaners, and hand dishwashing soap. CARB estimated that 2.75 tons per day of methylene chloride were emitted in 2020 from consumer products, mostly from paint removers. We would expect methylene chloride emissions from this use to decline over time, following an EPA rule banning the use of the chemical in consumer paint strippers nationwide after November 2019. (23) Other sources of methylene chloride emissions included pipe cements, carburetor or fuel-injection air intake cleaners, sealants and caulks, and penetrants. Methylene chloride has been listed on Prop 65 as a carcinogen since 1988. IARC classifies it as a possible human carcinogen (Group 2A). (24) At least 85 methylene chloride-related fatalities occurred in the US between 1980 and 2018, with most attributable to use of paint strippers. (25)
We prioritized the chemicals cumene, diethanolamine (DEA), and formaldehyde because of their ability to cause both consumer and occupational exposures. Cumene (also known as isopropylbenzene) is used as a solvent in home maintenance products and in chemical production and is also found in petroleum products. (26) Cumene appeared as an ingredient in 12 product categories, including “Laundry Detergent”, “Crawling Bug Insecticide”, “Multi-Purpose Solvents”, “Sealants & Caulking Compounds”, “Miscellaneous Office and Art Supplies”, and “Other Miscellaneous Household Products”.
DEA, used in the production of soaps and surfactants and found in both cleaning products and personal care products, (13,27,28) appears in 40 product categories. DEA has the potential to cause high consumer exposures because of its inclusion in lotions, hair products, shaving gel, hand sanitizer, cleaners, and garden and lawn care products. In workplaces, DEA may cause exposures because of its presence in products such as cleaners and degreasers. DEA was listed as a carcinogen under Prop 65 after it was identified by IARC as possibly carcinogenic to humans (2B). (27) DEA is also considered an occupational asthmagen (29) and is prohibited for use in cosmetics in the EU. (30)
Formaldehyde appeared in 17 product categories reported to CARB, including nail care products, hair products, and cleaners. Formaldehyde has long been identified as a chemical of concern in nail products: it has been the subject of several indoor air quality assessments in salons (31−33) and has (along with toluene and dibutyl phthalate) been part of the “three-free” branding of less toxic nail care products. Formaldehyde is listed as a Prop 65 carcinogen and is classified by IARC as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). (34)
We prioritized styrene for both consumer and general population exposures based on its reporting to CARB as an ingredient in nine product categories. Among products with potentially high consumer exposures, styrene appears in “Heavy-Duty Hand Cleaner” and “Various Pet Care Products”. Styrene, which was added to the Prop 65 list for cancer in 2016, was also found in vehicle care products, adhesives, cleaners, and sealants, with estimated total emissions of 1.44 tons per day.
We prioritized the remaining five chemicals based on a single scenario. We prioritized 1,3-dichloropropene, ethylene oxide, and trichloroethylene for consumers, and 1,4-dichlorobenzene and tetrachloroethylene (or perchloroethylene) for population-level exposures. 1,3-dichloropropene, listed on Prop 65 for cancer, appeared in three CARB product categories. We prioritized it for consumer exposures due to its presence in “Hand Dishwashing Soap” and “Other Miscellaneous Household Products”. Ethylene oxide, listed on Prop 65 for cancer, developmental toxicity, and male and female reproductive toxicity, appeared in four CARB product categories. We prioritized it for consumer exposures due to its presence in “Various Oral Care Products”, “Laundry Detergent”, and “Disinfectants”. Trichloroethylene, listed on Prop 65 for cancer, developmental toxicity, and male reproductive toxicity, was present in 10 CARB product categories. It was prioritized for consumer exposures due to its presence in “General Purpose Cleaners─Aerosols” and “Various Office Supply Products”.
CARB emissions estimates indicated 1,4-dichlorobenzene (or p-dichlorobenzene) was likely to cause widespread population-level exposures, with 0.81 tons per day released in 2020, all from use in mothballs. We also expect this use to be associated with high consumer exposures because of volatilization into indoor air and the breathing zone of users. 1,4-dichlorobenzene is listed as a carcinogen on the Prop 65 list.
Finally, emissions data indicated tetrachloroethylene could cause high exposure for the general population, with 0.31 tons per day of tetrachloroethylene released in 2020 from product use, largely from “Energized Electrical Cleaner”. Tetrachloroethylene was also found in various cleaners, degreasers, and lubricants. Tetrachloroethylene is listed by Prop 65 as a carcinogen and is classified by IARC as a probable human carcinogen (Group 2A). (35) Although tetrachloroethylene is also used in high volumes in dry cleaning, garment cleaning products are not reportable to CARB in the consumer product surveys and are instead regulated separately through the Airborne Toxic Control Measure for Emissions of Perchloroethylene from Dry Cleaning Operations. (36)
Both hazard and exposure potential are relevant to risk-based prioritization and factor into our designation of priorities for elimination. Of the 15 chemicals with the highest emissions (>0.01 tons per day), eight are top tier priorities for elimination, while seven are second tier priorities. These highest emission second tier chemicals include methanol, tetrahydrofuran, ethylene glycol, and toluene.
Table 2 shows the top five product categories from each prioritization scheme, with more categories shown in cases of ties. We identified 30 product categories as targets for reformulation based on (1) the presence of multiple top tier Prop 65-listed chemicals reported as product ingredients, and (2) high exposure potential for at least one population group.
Table 2. Summary of Prioritized Product Categories by Prioritization Scheme
 population group
 consumersworkersgeneral population
energized electrical cleaner  √
external analgesic product√  
general purpose cleaners─aerosols√  
general purpose cleaners─non-aerosols√  
general purpose degreasers─non-aerosols √ 
hair care product─shampoo√  
hair styling product─all other forms√  
hand and body lotions√  
hand dishwashing soap√  
hand sanitizer√  
heavy-duty hand cleaner or soap√  
laundry detergent√  
misc. office and art supplies√  
mothballs  √
nail coatings√  
other adhesives √ 
other auto/veh/marine care products √√
other cleaners/degreasers/solvents √ 
other hair care products√  
other miscl. household products√√ 
other personal care products√  
other sealants and caulks √√
paint removers or strippers  √
personal hygiene products√  
shaving gels√  
specialty lubricant √ 
various make-up cosmetics√  
various nail care products√  
various oral care products√  
witch hazel√  
We prioritized several product categories under multiple scenarios. For example, we prioritized “Other Auto/Veh/Marine Care Products” and “Other Sealants and Caulks” for potential occupational and population-level exposures, and we prioritized “Other Miscl. Household Products” for both consumer and worker exposures.

Discussion

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!
Chemicals associated with cancer, reproductive harm, and developmental harm are used in many consumer products sold in California. Because Prop 65 is primarily a right-to-know law, a listed chemical may still be used as long as, when exposure potential exceeds particular risk thresholds, consumers are notified about the chemical’s presence. Although Prop 65 has reduced a number of chemical exposures in California and beyond by spurring voluntary reformulation, litigation-induced reformulation, and direct regulation, (18) many exposures to Prop 65 chemicals persist. For example, trichloroethylene’s health risks have been well documented for decades; however, it is still used in 10 categories of consumer products, including lubricants, cleaners, and degreasers, and it is among the dozen chemicals with highest total emissions.
Using a unique data set of consumer products sold in California, we identified volatile chemical ingredients listed by Prop 65 as carcinogens and reproductive/developmental toxicants. We then used speciation profiles to identify 33 Prop 65-listed chemicals in products and 105 product categories containing Prop 65-listed chemicals. Translating this information into priorities for toxics-reduction action requires identifying high-risk chemicals and associated product categories. By using information on chemical priority and assessing different exposure scenarios, we identified 11 priority chemicals and 30 priority product categories as immediate targets for regulatory restriction or manufacturer redesign.
Many of the product categories we identified as targets for reformulation rose to the top because of their particular use in workplaces, and some occupations may further expose workers to products containing Prop 65-listed VOCs that were prioritized based on the potential for consumer or population-level exposures. For example, professional janitors may use products within five prioritized categories, including general-purpose cleaners, degreasers, detergents, and other household products. People working in nail and hair salons could be exposed to Prop 65-listed VOCs emitted from 10 different prioritized product categories, including shampoos, styling, and other hair products; lotions; nail products; cosmetics; and sanitizer. Automobile maintenance and repair workers also likely experience significant cumulative exposures from a dozen product categories, including electrical cleaners, cleaners and degreasers, adhesives, vehicle care products, lubricants, and heavy-duty hand cleaners, while construction workers might use some of those products, as well as sealants and caulks, and paint removers or strippers (Table 2). This analysis confirms that workplaces can expose people to a range of Prop 65-listed VOCs, and many of these exposures are unlikely to be fully addressed by workplace protection laws or hazard communication programs.
Risks from these exposures are not equally distributed in the general population, and there are other vulnerable groups to consider as well. For example, developmental and reproductive toxicants and carcinogens pose more significant risks to people during development, such as early life, puberty, and pregnancy. Sociocultural forces cause women generally to use more cosmetic, personal care, and cleaning products than do men, (37) so they are likely to be more highly exposed to harmful chemicals in these categories. Further, products with more toxic ingredients are often marketed to marginalized communities, including racial minorities (as in the case of hair relaxers and skin lighteners) and low-income populations (as in the case of “dollar store” merchandise). (38,39) Thus, our recommendations for top tier priorities for intervention to reduce harmful chemical exposures at the population level should be considered as but one important policy input, alongside strategies to achieve risk-reduction goals with respect to preferentially vulnerable or exposed subpopulations.

CARB’s Consumer Products Program: A Unique Resource for Exposure Research

The emissions inventory undertaken by CARB’s consumer product program, although developed to mitigate smog formation, provides invaluable information about toxic volatile chemicals in consumer products sold in California. The emissions estimates that CARB uniquely generates, which are based on sales volume, average weight fractions of chemicals in products, and fate and transport assumptions, enabled us to identify specific chemicals and product categories that may cause widespread, population-level exposures to toxic chemicals. Furthermore, the chemical information that manufacturers report directly to CARB under law is likely more comprehensive and reliable for the chemicals at issue than are product labels, which lack consistent requirements for ingredient disclosure across product types. Data reported to CARB are also likely to be more accurate than safety data sheets, which often fail to identify all hazardous ingredients. (40−42)
As a form of cross-check on our analysis, we compared the outcomes of our prioritization scheme with information in US EPA’s Consumer Product Database (CPDat). (43,44) This database compiles manufacturers’ voluntary reports of chemical ingredients in consumer products. We identified Prop 65-listed chemicals that appeared in the highest number of CPDat product use categories as methanol, toluene, ethylene glycol, and formaldehyde. These chemicals likewise emerged as high-priority chemicals for interventions based on our analysis of CARB ingredient data. Despite this comparability, there are several advantages to using the CARB data: they are collected from manufacturers in a standardized format at a single point in time, and reporting is mandatory. By contrast, CPDat information is generated voluntarily (and therefore inconsistently) and over a long time period. Furthermore, CARB’s modeled emissions estimates provide a clearer picture of population-level exposures.

Limitations

Precise estimates of the quantity of high-hazard chemicals in a specific consumer product are not possible from CARB data because the CARB emissions inventory aggregates data from specific products at the level of product categories. Were we able to access data on the chemical ingredient concentration for individual products, we might have prioritized a different set of chemicals and product categories. This suggests a useful line of future research that integrates CARB emissions estimates with product-specific CPDat data.
Further, while CARB data provide a uniquely comprehensive picture of volatile chemicals in consumer products, they exclude the many other hazardous chemicals in consumer products that are not reportable because they do not contribute to smog formation (the reason for which CARB gathers data). Of the 868 Prop 65-listed chemicals, just over 200 are VOCs; (45) we were therefore unable to assess exposure hazards in consumer products of the remaining 500-plus Prop 65 chemicals. Additionally, some important sources of VOC emissions, such as architectural coatings/paints, dry cleaning, industrial emissions, and mobile sources, are excluded from CARB’s consumer product surveys because they are regulated through other mechanisms, limiting the comprehensiveness of our exposure estimates.
Our analysis is also limited by the nature of the Prop 65 list. While the list contains known carcinogens and reproductive and developmental toxicants, consumer products also include chemical ingredients associated with health endpoints that are not covered by Prop 65, such as asthma, neurotoxicity, and endocrine disruption. (46) Although many non-Prop 65 endpoints remain incompletely assessed, and thus chemicals that may cause these endpoints appear on few authoritative lists, it is important to remember that as expansive as the Prop 65 list may be, it is underinclusive of chemicals posing toxicity concern.
For all of these reasons, our analysis does not capture the full extent of chemicals of health concern in California products, and a different data set and hazard list might produce a different set of prioritized chemicals and product categories.
Thresholds used in our prioritization schemes also affect our findings. We classified chemicals as top tier or second tier priorities for elimination and did not prioritize any second tier chemicals, although some chemicals that do not meet our criteria for top tier may simply be less well studied.
Finally, we used emissions estimates for 2020, which were based on product ingredient surveys conducted by CARB from 2013 to 2015. We are unable to evaluate any changes in product composition that might have occurred since this data was collected.

Translation and Implications

Our analysis highlights 11 top tier Prop 65-listed chemicals that are widespread in the material economy and may pose a health risk to consumers, workers, or the general population. We also identified 30 product categories likely to cause significant exposure to these especially toxic VOCs. Manufacturers, retailers, regulators, and health advocates can use these findings to prioritize chemicals and product categories for reformulation or restriction in order to reduce hazardous chemical exposures.
EPA has targeted five of the Prop 65-listed chemicals in our analysis for risk assessment pursuant to the 2016 amendments to TSCA, which required EPA to identify 10 chemicals for scrutiny within 6 months as a precursor to evaluation (and likely regulation). (47) These include four of our prioritized chemicals (NMP, methylene chloride, tetrachloroethylene, and trichloroethylene), and one other top tier Prop 65 chemical reported to CARB (1-bromopropane), all of which EPA determined pose an unreasonable risk to workers and consumers. (48) In 2019, EPA additionally identified formaldehyde and 1,4-dichlorobenzene–both prioritized in our analysis─as high-priority chemicals under TSCA; they are currently undergoing risk evaluation. (49)
As EPA addresses more chemicals under TSCA, our analysis suggests the agency should consider five additional chemicals that we designated as top tier priorities but that are not currently being evaluated: 1,3-dichloropropene, cumene, diethanolamine, ethylene oxide, and styrene. Further, many chemicals we designated as second tier are used in substantial numbers of consumer products, whose uses deserve regulatory scrutiny. These chemicals include methanol, tetrahydrofuran, ethylene glycol, toluene, and ethylbenzene.
Some chemical–product combinations we identified have been regulated at the consumer level but continue to pose workplace risks. The use of methylene chloride in paint strippers is one such example. Other high-priority chemical–product combinations, such as 1,4-dichlorobenzene in mothballs, merit regulatory consideration based on emissions data, indicating widespread population-level exposures. This information could serve environmental health advocacy organizations and state consumer product regulatory programs. The latter include (but are not limited to) California’s Safer Consumer Products program, which identifies chemical/product combinations meriting alternatives assessment and possible reformulation to reduce the potential for toxic exposures.
A final, sobering lesson from our analysis of CARB’s data set is that the potential for coexposure to multiple hazardous chemicals from consumer products is both enormous and understudied. As but one example, the CARB category “Other Adhesives” included 17 different Prop 65-listed ingredients, 9 of which were top tier chemicals. This suggests that people using such adhesives are likely exposed to multiple chemicals simultaneously, which may be carcinogens, reproductive toxicants, developmental toxicants, or all three. In addition to mixed exposures to the combinations of chemicals in these types of chemically intensive products, some individual chemicals appeared in so many product categories that people are likely exposed to multiple sources. Methanol and diethanolamine are two such Prop 65 chemicals: the former was reported in the greatest number of product categories (58), and the latter appeared in 40 product categories. Given that consumers and workers use multiple products daily, our analysis highlights the need to address risks from both exposure to common chemical mixtures and aggregate exposures to the same chemical across multiple sources.
Consumers often believe─wrongly─that the products they buy have been comprehensively assessed for safety before they are sold. As our analysis shows, however, more than 5000 tons of volatile Prop 65-listed chemicals were released from California consumer products in 2020. Gathering equivalent data for all hazardous chemicals in consumer products would facilitate a more comprehensive assessment of exposure potential and corresponding action to reduce exposure risk. Even such incomplete data as we have analyzed, however, point to numerous places for interventions to reduce human exposure to volatile chemicals in consumer products that contribute to reproductive harm, developmental harm, and cancer.

Supporting Information

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.2c07247.

  • Details of chemical priority classification and prioritization workflows (PDF)

  • Summary Information on CARB product categories (Table S2) (XLSX)

  • Prioritized worker exposures (Figure S3) (PDF)

  • Prioritized population exposures (Figure S4) (PDF)

Terms & Conditions

Most electronic Supporting Information files are available without a subscription to ACS Web Editions. Such files may be downloaded by article for research use (if there is a public use license linked to the relevant article, that license may permit other uses). Permission may be obtained from ACS for other uses through requests via the RightsLink permission system: http://pubs.acs.org/page/copyright/permissions.html.

Author Information

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

Acknowledgments

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

This work was funded by the California Breast Cancer Research Program (Grant #23QB-1881), payments that private litigants directed to Silent Spring Institute in lieu of civil penalties in Prop 65 enforcement cases to further the cause of toxics reduction, and charitable contributions to Silent Spring Institute.

References

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

This article references 49 other publications.

  1. 1
    Nault, B. A.; Jo, D. S.; McDonald, B. C.; Campuzano-Jost, P.; Day, D. A.; Hu, W.; Schroder, J. C.; Allan, J.; Blake, D. R.; Canagaratna, M. R.; Coe, H.; Coggon, M. M.; DeCarlo, P. F.; Diskin, G. S.; Dunmore, R.; Flocke, F.; Fried, A.; Gilman, J. B.; Gkatzelis, G.; Hamilton, J. F.; Hanisco, T. F.; Hayes, P. L.; Henze, D. K.; Hodzic, A.; Hopkins, J.; Hu, M.; Huey, L. G.; Jobson, B. T.; Kuster, W. C.; Lewis, A.; Li, M.; Liao, J.; Nawaz, M. O.; Pollack, I. B.; Peischl, J.; Rappenglück, B.; Reeves, C. E.; Richter, D.; Roberts, J. M.; Ryerson, T. B.; Shao, M.; Sommers, J. M.; Walega, J.; Warneke, C.; Weibring, P.; Wolfe, G. M.; Young, D. E.; Yuan, B.; Zhang, Q.; de Gouw, J. A.; Jimenez, J. L. Secondary Organic Aerosols from Anthropogenic Volatile Organic Compounds Contribute Substantially to Air Pollution Mortality. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2021, 21, 11201– 11224,  DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-11201-2021
    Google Scholar
    1
    Secondary organic aerosols from anthropogenic volatile organic compounds contribute substantially to air pollution mortality
    Nault, Benjamin A.; Jo, Duseong S.; McDonald, Brian C.; Campuzano-Jost, Pedro; Day, Douglas A.; Hu, Weiwei; Schroder, Jason C.; Allan, James; Blake, Donald R.; Canagaratna, Manjula R.; Coe, Hugh; Coggon, Matthew M.; DeCarlo, Peter F.; Diskin, Glenn S.; Dunmore, Rachel; Flocke, Frank; Fried, Alan; Gilman, Jessica B.; Gkatzelis, Georgios; Hamilton, Jacqui F.; Hanisco, Thomas F.; Hayes, Patrick L.; Henze, Daven K.; Hodzic, Alma; Hopkins, James; Hu, Min; Huey, L. Greggory; Jobson, B. Thomas; Kuster, William C.; Lewis, Alastair; Li, Meng; Liao, Jin; Nawaz, M. Omar; Pollack, Ilana B.; Peischl, Jeffrey; Rappengluck, Bernhard; Reeves, Claire E.; Richter, Dirk; Roberts, James M.; Ryerson, Thomas B.; Shao, Min; Sommers, Jacob M.; Walega, James; Warneke, Carsten; Weibring, Petter; Wolfe, Glenn M.; Young, Dominique E.; Yuan, Bin; Zhang, Qiang; de Gouw, Joost A.; Jimenez, Jose L.
    Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2021), 21 (14), 11201-11224CODEN: ACPTCE; ISSN:1680-7324. (Copernicus Publications)
    Anthropogenic secondary org. aerosol (ASOA), formed from anthropogenic emissions of org. compds., constitutes a substantial fraction of the mass of submicron aerosol in populated areas around the world and contributes to poor air quality and premature mortality. However, the precursor sources of ASOA are poorly understood, and there are large uncertainties in the health benefits that might accrue from reducing anthropogenic org. emissions. We show that the prodn. of ASOA in 11 urban areas on three continents is strongly correlated with the reactivity of specific anthropogenic volatile org. compds. The differences in ASOA prodn. across different cities can be explained by differences in the emissions of aroms. and intermediate- and semi-volatile org. compds., indicating the importance of controlling these ASOA precursors. With an improved model representation of ASOA driven by the observations, we attribute 340 000 PM2.5related premature deaths per yr to ASOA, which is over an order of magnitude higher than prior studies. A sensitivity case with a more recently proposed model for attributing mortality to PM2.5 (the Global Exposure Mortality Model) results in up to 900 000 deaths. A limitation of this study is the extrapolation from cities with detailed studies and regions where detailed emission inventories are available to other regions where uncertainties in emissions are larger. In addn. to further development of institutional air quality management infrastructure, comprehensive air quality campaigns in the countries in South and Central America, Africa, South Asia, and the Middle East are needed for further progress in this area.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXhvVWhtLnN&md5=1fb647a0432c36c2829388962560ff64
  2. 2
    Wambaugh, J. F.; Setzer, R. W.; Reif, D. M.; Gangwal, S.; Mitchell-Blackwood, J.; Arnot, J. A.; Joliet, O.; Frame, A.; Rabinowitz, J.; Knudsen, T. B.; Judson, R. S.; Egeghy, P.; Vallero, D.; Cohen Hubal, E. A. High-Throughput Models for Exposure-Based Chemical Prioritization in the Expocast Project. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 8479– 8488,  DOI: 10.1021/es400482g
    Google Scholar
    2
    High-Throughput Models for Exposure-Based Chemical Prioritization in the ExpoCast Project
    Wambaugh, John F.; Setzer, R. Woodrow; Reif, David M.; Gangwal, Sumit; Mitchell-Blackwood, Jade; Arnot, Jon A.; Joliet, Olivier; Frame, Alicia; Rabinowitz, James; Knudsen, Thomas B.; Judson, Richard S.; Egeghy, Peter; Vallero, Daniel; Cohen Hubal, Elaine A.
    Environmental Science & Technology (2013), 47 (15), 8479-8488CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
    USEPA must characterize potential risks to human health and the environment assocd. with manuf. and use of thousands of chems. High-throughput screening (HTS) for biol. activity allows the ToxCast research program to prioritize chem. inventories for potential hazard. Similar capabilities to est. exposure potential would support rapid, risk-based prioritization for chems. with limited information; this work proposes a framework for high-throughput exposure assessment. To demonstrate its application, an anal. was conducted to predict human exposure potential for chems. and est. prediction uncertainty by comparison with biomonitoring data. In total, 1936 chems. were evaluated using far-field mass balance human exposure models (USEtox, RAIDAR) and an indicator for indoor and/or consumer use. These predictions were compared to exposures inferred by Bayesian anal. of urine concns. for 82 chems. reported in the National Health and Nutrition Examn. Survey (NHANES). Joint regression of all factors provided a calibrated consensus prediction, the variance of which served as an empirical detn. of uncertainty to prioritize abs. exposure potential. Information on use was most predictive; generally, chems. above the limit of detection in NHANES had consumer/indoor use. Coupled with hazard HTS, exposure HTS can assign risk earlier in decision processes. High-priority chems. become targets for further data collection.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXpt1ylsrY%253D&md5=3a000a0fee6cdcbc732ddae6865fb680
  3. 3
    Singla, V. Carcinogens in Products: Inadequate Protections Raise Cancer Risks. Trends Cancer 2020, 6, 619– 622,  DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.04.006
    Google Scholar
    3
    Carcinogens in Products: Inadequate Protections Raise Cancer Risks
    Singla, Veena
    Trends in Cancer (2020), 6 (8), 619-622CODEN: TCRAB5; ISSN:2405-8033. (Elsevier B.V.)
    A review. Evidence shows, that over their life cycle, chems. used in everyday products contribute to raising cancer risks, esp. for vulnerable populations such as children and communities of color. This article outlines how US policies have not yet incorporated current science in relation to environmental carcinogenesis and recommends improvements to protect public health.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXpsFCgu70%253D&md5=22f7362493ffc67720afba25edac318d
  4. 4
    Jolliet, O.; Huang, L.; Hou, P.; Fantke, P. High Throughput Risk and Impact Screening of Chemicals in Consumer Products. Risk Anal. 2021, 41, 627– 644,  DOI: 10.1111/risa.13604
    Google Scholar
    4
    High Throughput Risk and Impact Screening of Chemicals in Consumer Products
    Jolliet Olivier; Huang Lei; Hou Ping; Fantke Peter
    Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis (2021), 41 (4), 627-644 ISSN:.
    The ubiquitous presence of more than 80,000 chemicals in thousands of consumer products used on a daily basis stresses the need for screening a broader set of chemicals than the traditional well-studied suspect chemicals. This high-throughput screening combines stochastic chemical-product usage with mass balance-based exposure models and toxicity data to prioritize risks associated with household products. We first characterize product usage using the stochastic SHEDS-HT model and chemical content in common household products from the CPDat database, the chemical amounts applied daily varying over more than six orders of magnitude, from mg to kg. We then estimate multi-pathways near- and far-field exposures for 5,500 chemical-product combinations, applying an extended USEtox model to calculate product intake fractions ranging from 0.001 to ∼1, and exposure doses varying over more than nine orders of magnitude. Combining exposure doses with chemical-specific dose-responses and reference doses shows that risks can be substantial for multiple home maintenance products, such as paints or paint strippers, for some home-applied pesticides, leave-on personal care products, and cleaning products. Sixty percent of the chemical-product combinations have hazard quotients exceeding 1, and 9% of the combinations have lifetime cancer risks exceeding 10(-4) . Population-level impacts of household products ingredients can be substantial, representing 5 to 100 minutes of healthy life lost per day, with users' exposures up to 10(3) minutes per day. To address this issue, present mass balance-based models are already able to provide exposure estimates for both users and populations. This screening study shows large variations of up to 10 orders of magnitude in impact across both chemicals and product combinations, demonstrating that prioritization based on hazard only is not acceptable, since it would neglect orders of magnitude variations in both product usage and exposure that need to be quantified. To address this, the USEtox suite of mass balance-based models is already able to provide exposure estimates for thousands of product-chemical combinations for both users and populations. The present study calls for more scrutiny of most impacting chemical-product combinations, fully ensuring from a regulatory perspective consumer product safety for high-end users and using protective measures for users.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB3s7jtFKisA%253D%253D&md5=413000a90cd39a28aaadcca3d4594f1d
  5. 5
    Lee, I.; Ji, K. Identification of Combinations of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Household Chemical Products That Require Mixture Toxicity Testing. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2022, 240, 113677  DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113677
    Google Scholar
    5
    Identification of combinations of endocrine disrupting chemicals in household chemical products that require mixture toxicity testing
    Lee, Inhye; Ji, Kyunghee
    Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety (2022), 240 (), 113677CODEN: EESADV; ISSN:0147-6513. (Elsevier B.V.)
    People are exposed to various chems. contained in consumer products for which the risks are poorly characterized. There is growing evidence that exposure to endocrine disrupting chems. (EDCs) through product use potentially affects development, behavior, and reprodn. However, limited information is available about common combinations of chems. based on their appearance and potential health effects. The present study listed the ingredients contained in 11064 household chem. products from a publicly available database, and identified EDCs related to estrogenicity, androgenicity, thyroid hormone disruption, and changes in steroidogenesis. Assocn. rule mining was applied to the dataset to identify frequent combinations of chems. or commonly occurring EDCs contained in a single product. Among the target products, ingredient names were matched with 1241 chem. identifiers. A total of 293 chems. were related to endocrine disruption, and nearly two-thirds of the products contained more than one of these chems. Cleaning products, synthetic detergents, fabric softeners, air fresheners, and deodorants have several hotspots for fragrances, isothiazolinones, glycol ethers, and parabens. The three most prevalent EDCs in household chem. products were added to act as fragrances and preservatives. The present study demonstrated that commonly occurring chem. combinations can be derived using an assocn. rule mining algorithm. The results of this study will be useful in prioritizing chem. combinations and developing management plans for EDC mixt. in consumer products.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38Xhtl2hsb%252FP&md5=7613ecd9199b864f2e8f4d04de51ef99
  6. 6
    Jolliet, O.; Ernstoff, A. S.; Csiszar, S. A.; Fantke, P. Defining Product Intake Fraction to Quantify and Compare Exposure to Consumer Products. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49, 8924– 8931,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01083
    Google Scholar
    6
    Defining Product Intake Fraction to Quantify and Compare Exposure to Consumer Products
    Jolliet, Olivier; Ernstoff, Alexi S.; Csiszar, Susan A.; Fantke, Peter
    Environmental Science & Technology (2015), 49 (15), 8924-8931CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
    There is growing consciousness that exposure studies need to better cover near-field exposure assocd. with product use. To consistently, quant. compare human exposure to chems. in consumer products, the concept of product intake fraction (PiF), i.e., the fraction of a chems. within a product which is eventually taken in by the human population, is introduced. This metric enables consistent comparison of exposure during consumer product use for different product/chem. combinations, exposure duration, exposure routes and pathways, and other life cycle stages. Example applications of the PiF concept for 2 chems. in 2 personal care products and 2 chems. encapsulated in 2 articles, showing how intake of these chems. can primarily occur during product use, are presented. The utility of the PiF and its application modality within life cycle assessment and risk assessment contexts is demonstrated. PiF helps provide a clear interface between life cycle inventory and impact assessment phases, to identify best suited sentinel products and calc. overall exposure to chems. in consumer products, or back-calc. max. allowable concns. of substances contained in products.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhtVertbrP&md5=e54bab81869ff41bcff13083fd2524f3
  7. 7
    Dengler, R. Paints, Pesticides, and Other Consumer Products Now Add as Much to Air Pollution as Cars. Science 2018, 2018,  DOI: 10.1126/science.aat3387
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  8. 8
    California Air Resources Board. Survey Data Summary and Findings: 2013-2015 Survey of Consumer & Commercial Products , April 10, 2019, 2019.
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  9. 9
    Rudel, R. A.; Ackerman, J. M.; Attfield, K. R.; Brody, J. G. New Exposure Biomarkers as Tools for Breast Cancer Epidemiology, Biomonitoring, and Prevention: A Systematic Approach Based on Animal Evidence. Environ. Health Perspect. 2014, 122, 881– 895,  DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1307455
    Google Scholar
    9
    New exposure biomarkers as tools for breast cancer epidemiology, biomonitoring, and prevention: a systematic approach based on animal evidence
    Rudel Ruthann A; Ackerman Janet M; Attfield Kathleen R; Brody Julia Green
    Environmental health perspectives (2014), 122 (9), 881-95 ISSN:.
    BACKGROUND: Exposure to chemicals that cause rodent mammary gland tumors is common, but few studies have evaluated potential breast cancer risks of these chemicals in humans. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this review was to identify and bring together the needed tools to facilitate the measurement of biomarkers of exposure to potential breast carcinogens in breast cancer studies and biomonitoring. METHODS: We conducted a structured literature search to identify measurement methods for exposure biomarkers for 102 chemicals that cause rodent mammary tumors. To evaluate concordance, we compared human and animal evidence for agents identified as plausibly linked to breast cancer in major reviews. To facilitate future application of exposure biomarkers, we compiled information about relevant cohort studies. RESULTS: Exposure biomarkers have been developed for nearly three-quarters of these rodent mammary carcinogens. Analytical methods have been published for 73 of the chemicals. Some of the remaining chemicals could be measured using modified versions of existing methods for related chemicals. In humans, biomarkers of exposure have been measured for 62 chemicals, and for 45 in a nonoccupationally exposed population. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has measured 23 in the U.S. population. Seventy-five of the rodent mammary carcinogens fall into 17 groups, based on exposure potential, carcinogenicity, and structural similarity. Carcinogenicity in humans and rodents is generally consistent, although comparisons are limited because few agents have been studied in humans. We identified 44 cohort studies, with a total of > 3.5 million women enrolled, that have recorded breast cancer incidence and stored biological samples. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure measurement methods and cohort study resources are available to expand biomonitoring and epidemiology related to breast cancer etiology and prevention.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC2cjhvV2iuw%253D%253D&md5=1de46be001c538ab13864800aa70c858
  10. 10
    Cardona, B.; Rudel, R. A. Application of an in Vitro Assay to Identify Chemicals That Increase Estradiol and Progesterone Synthesis and Are Potential Breast Cancer Risk Factors. Environ. Health Perspect. 2021, 129, 077003  DOI: 10.1289/EHP8608
    Google Scholar
    10
    Application of an in vitro assay to identify chemicals that increase estradiol and progesterone synthesis and are potential breast cancer risk factors
    Cardona, Bethsaida; Rudel, Ruthann A.
    Environmental Health Perspectives (2021), 129 (7), 077003CODEN: EVHPAZ; ISSN:1552-9924. (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health)
    BACKGROUND: Established breast cancer risk factors, such as hormone replacement therapy and reproductive history, are thought to act by increasing estrogen and progesterone (P4) activity. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to use in vitro screening data to identify chems. that increase the synthesis of estradiol (E2) or P4 and evaluate potential risks. METHOD: Using data from a high-throughput (HT) in vitro steroidogenesis assay developed for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ToxCast program, we identified chems. that increased estradiol (E2-up) or progesterone (P4-up) in human H295R adrenocortical carcinoma cells. We prioritized chems. by their activity. We compiled in vivo studies and assessments about carcinogenicity and reproductive/developmental (repro/dev) toxicity. We identified exposure sources and predicted intakes from the U.S. EPA's ExpoCast. RESULTS: We found 296 chems. increased E2 (182) or P4 (185), with 71 chems. increasing both. In vivo data often showed effects consistent with this mechanism. Of the E2- and P4-up chems., about 30% were likely repro/dev toxicants or carcinogens, whereas only 5-13% were classified as unlikely. However, most of the chems. had insufficient in vivo data to evaluate their effects. Of 45 chems. assocd. with mammary gland effects, and also tested in the H294R assay, 29 increased E2 or P4, including the well-known mammary carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. E2- and P4-up chems. include pesticides, consumer product ingredients, food additives, and drinking water contaminants. DISCUSSION: The U.S. EPA's in vitro screening data identified several hundred chems. that should be considered as potential risk factors for breast cancer because they increased E2 or P4 synthesis. In vitro data is a helpful addn. to current toxicity assessments, which are not sensitive to mammary gland effects. Relevant effects on the mammary gland are often not noticed or are dismissed, including for 2,4-dichlorophenol and cyfluthrin. Fifty-three active E2-up and 59 active P4-up chems. that are in consumer products, food, pesticides, or drugs have not been evaluated for carcinogenic potential and are priorities for study and exposure redn.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38XhvVygtrY%253D&md5=cb32947de5bc2c8c5fa821945d125e9e
  11. 11
    Rudel, R. A.; Camann, D. E.; Spengler, J. D.; Korn, L. R.; Brody, J. G. Phthalates, Alkylphenols, Pesticides, Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers, and Other Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds in Indoor Air and Dust. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 4543– 4553,  DOI: 10.1021/es0264596
    Google Scholar
    11
    Phthalates, Alkylphenols, Pesticides, Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers, and Other Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds in Indoor Air and Dust
    Rudel, Ruthann A.; Camann, David E.; Spengler, John D.; Korn, Leo R.; Brody, Julia G.
    Environmental Science and Technology (2003), 37 (20), 4543-4553CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
    Endocrine-disrupting compds. (EDC) have widespread consumer uses, yet little is known about indoor exposure. Indoor air and dust was sampled in 120 homes and analyzed for 89 org. EDC: 52 compds. were detected in air and 66 were detected in dust. These are the first reported measurements in residential environments for >30 of these compds., including several detected at highest concns. The no. of compds. detected/home was 13-28 in air and 6-42 in dust. The most abundant compds. in air included phthalates (plasticizers, emulsifiers), o-phenylphenol (disinfectant), 4-nonylphenol (detergent metabolite), and 4-tert-butylphenol (adhesive), with typical concns. of 50-1500 ng/m3. Penta- and tetrabrominated di-Ph ethers (flame retardants) were frequently detected in dust, and 2,3-dibromo-1-propanol, the carcinogenic intermediate of a flame retardant banned in 1977, was detected in air and dust. A total of 23 pesticides were detected in air and 27 were detected in dust; the most abundant were permethrins and the synergist, piperonyl butoxide; banned pesticides (heptachlor, chlordane, methoxychlor, DDT) were also frequently detected, suggesting limited indoor degrdn. Detected concns. exceeded government health-based guidelines for 15 compds.; however, no guidelines are available for 28 compds. and existing guidelines do not consider endocrine effects. Results provided a basis to prioritize toxicol. and exposure research for individual EDC and mixts. and provided new tools for exposure assessment in health studies.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD3sXnt1OksL4%253D&md5=96492458259894ee2e82374dede3135d
  12. 12
    Dodson, R. E.; Nishioka, M.; Standley, L. J.; Perovich, L. J.; Brody, J. G.; Rudel, R. A. Endocrine Disruptors and Asthma-Associated Chemicals in Consumer Products. Environ. Health Perspect. 2012, 120, 935– 943,  DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1104052
    Google Scholar
    12
    Endocrine disruptors and asthma-associated chemicals in consumer products
    Dodson, Robin E.; Nishioka, Marcia; Standley, Laurel J.; Perovich, Laura J.; Brody, Julia Green; Rudel, Ruthann A.
    Environmental Health Perspectives (2012), 120 (7), 935-943CODEN: EVHPAZ; ISSN:0091-6765. (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Services)
    Background: Lab. and human studies raise concerns about endocrine disruption and asthma resulting from exposure to chems. in consumer products. Limited labeling or testing information is available to evaluate products as exposure sources. Objectives: We anal. quantified endocrine disruptors and asthma-related chems. in a range of cosmetics, personal care products, cleaners, sunscreens, and vinyl products. We also evaluated whether product labels provide information that can be used to select products without these chems. Methods: We selected 213 com. products representing 50 product types. We tested 42 composited samples of high-market-share products, and we tested 43 alternative products identified using criteria expected to minimize target compds. Analytes included parabens, phthalates, bisphenol A (BPA), triclosan, ethanolamines, alkylphenols, fragrances, glycol ethers, cyclosiloxanes, and UV filters. Results: We detected 55 compds., indicating a wide range of exposures from common products. Vinyl products contained > 10% bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and could be an important source of DEHP in homes. In other products, the highest concns. and nos. of detects were in the fragranced products (e.g., perfume, air fresheners, and dryer sheets) and in sunscreens. Some products that did not contain the well-known endocrine-disrupting phthalates contained other less-studied phthalates (dicyclohexyl phthalate, diisononyl phthalate, and di-Pr phthalate; also endocrine-disrupting compds.), suggesting a substitution. Many detected chems. were not listed on product labels. Conclusions: Common products contain complex mixts. of EDCs and asthma-related compds. Toxicol. studies of these mixts. are needed to understand their biol. activity. Regarding epidemiol., our findings raise concern about potential confounding from co-occurring chems. and misclassification due to variability in product compn. Consumers should be able to avoid some target chems.-synthetic fragrances, BPA, and regulated active ingredients-using purchasing criteria. More complete product labeling would enable consumers to avoid the rest of the target chems.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38Xht1Sht7nK&md5=9793358de76462dd348888f43dd3733f
  13. 13
    Helm, J. S.; Nishioka, M.; Brody, J. G.; Rudel, R. A.; Dodson, R. E. Measurement of Endocrine Disrupting and Asthma-Associated Chemicals in Hair Products Used by Black Women. Environ. Res. 2018, 165, 448– 458,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.03.030
    Google Scholar
    13
    Measurement of endocrine disrupting and asthma-associated chemicals in hair products used by Black women
    Helm, Jessica S.; Nishioka, Marcia; Brody, Julia Green; Rudel, Ruthann A.; Dodson, Robin E.
    Environmental Research (2018), 165 (), 448-458CODEN: ENVRAL; ISSN:0013-9351. (Elsevier)
    Personal care products are a source of exposure to endocrine disrupting and asthma-assocd. chems. Because use of hair products differs by race/ethnicity, these products may contribute to exposure and disease disparities. This preliminary study investigates the endocrine disrupting and asthma-assocd. chem. content of hair products used by U. S. Black women. We used gas chromatog./mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to test 18 hair products in 6 categories used by Black women: hot oil treatment, anti-frizz/polish, leave-in conditioner, root stimulator, hair lotion, and relaxer. We tested for 66 chems. belonging to 10 chem. classes: UV filters, cyclosiloxanes, glycol ethers, fragrances, alkylphenols, ethanolamines, antimicrobials, bisphenol A, phthalates, and parabens. The hair products tested contained 45 endocrine disrupting or asthma-assocd. chems., including every targeted chem. class. We found cyclosiloxanes, parabens, and the fragrance marker di-Et phthalate (DEP) at the highest levels, and DEP most frequently. Root stimulators, hair lotions, and relaxers frequently contained nonylphenols, parabens, and fragrances; anti-frizz products contained cyclosiloxanes. Hair relaxers for children contained five chems. regulated by California's Proposition 65 or prohibited by EU cosmetics regulation. Targeted chems. were generally not listed on the product label. Hair products used by Black women and children contained multiple chems. assocd. with endocrine disruption and asthma. The prevalence of parabens and DEP is consistent with higher levels of these compds. in biomonitoring samples from Black women compared with White women. These results indicate the need for more information about the contribution of consumer products to exposure disparities. A precautionary approach would reduce the use of endocrine disrupting chems. in personal care products and improve labeling so women can select products consistent with their values.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXotlOktLw%253D&md5=6e4817c4e2da3da507dd87f735452f27
  14. 14
    Gabb, H. A.; Blake, C. An Informatics Approach to Evaluating Combined Chemical Exposures from Consumer Products: A Case Study of Asthma-Associated and Potential Endocrine Disruptors. Environ. Health Perspect. 2016, 124, 1155– 1165,  DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1510529
    Google Scholar
    14
    An informatics approach to evaluating combined chemical exposures from consumer products: a case study of asthma-associated chemicals and potential endocrine disruptors
    Gabb, Henry A.; Blake, Catherine
    Environmental Health Perspectives (2016), 124 (8), 1155-1165CODEN: EVHPAZ; ISSN:1552-9924. (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health)
    BACKGROUND: Simultaneous or sequential exposure to multiple environmental stressors can affect chem. toxicity. Cumulative risk assessments consider multiple stressors but it is impractical to test every chem. combination to which people are exposed. New methods are needed to prioritize chem. combinations based on their prevalence and possible health impacts. OBJECTIVES: We introduce an informatics approach that uses publicly available data to identify chems. that co-occur in consumer products, which account for a significant proportion of overall chem. load. METHODS: Fifty-five asthma-assocd. and endocrine disrupting chems. (target chems.) were selected. A database of 38,975 distinct consumer products and 32,231 distinct ingredient names was created from online sources, and PubChem and the Unified Medical Language System were used to resolve synonymous ingredient names. Synonymous ingredient names are different names for the same chem. (e.g., vitamin E and tocopherol). RESULTS: Nearly one-third of the products (11,688 products, 30%) contained ≥ 1 target chem. and 5,229 products (13%) contained > 1. Of the 55 target chems., 31 (56%) appear in ≥ 1 product and 19 (35%) appear under more than one name. The most frequent three-way chem. combination (2-phenoxyethanol, Me paraben, and Et paraben) appears in 1,059 products. Further work is needed to assess combined chem. exposures related to the use of multiple products. CONCLUSIONS: The informatics approach increased the no. of products considered in a traditional anal. by two orders of magnitude, but missing/incomplete product labels can limit the effectiveness of this approach. Such an approach must resolve synonymy to ensure that chems. of interest are not missed. Commonly occurring chem. combinations can be used to prioritize cumulative toxicol. risk assessments.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXms12jt7k%253D&md5=6bbd22dd1cffe9282ef100f616d29454
  15. 15
    Guo, Y.; Kannan, K. A Survey of Phthalates and Parabens in Personal Care Products from the United States and Its Implications for Human Exposure. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 14442– 14449,  DOI: 10.1021/es4042034
    Google Scholar
    15
    A Survey of Phthalates and Parabens in Personal Care Products from the United States and Its Implications for Human Exposure
    Guo, Ying; Kannan, Kurunthachalam
    Environmental Science & Technology (2013), 47 (24), 14442-14449CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
    Despite the widespread use of phthalates and parabens in personal care products (PCP), little is known about concns., profiles, and human exposure to these compds. from PCP use. This work detd. 9 phthalates and 6 parabens in 170 PCP (41 rinse-off and 109 leave-on, including 20 baby care products) collected in Albany, New York. Phthalates were less frequent in rinse-off PCP, but were more frequent in perfumes (detection frequency: 100% for di-Et phthalate [DEP], 67% for di-Bu phthalate [DBP]), skin toners (90% detection frequency for DEP), and nail polishes (90% detection frequency DBP). Parabens were in ∼40% of rinse-off products and ∼60% of leave-on products. Highest DEP, DBP, methyl- (MeP), ethyl- (EtP), propyl- (PrP), and Bu paraben (BuP) concns. were on the order of 1000 μg/g product. Based on the amt. and frequency of PCP and measured median target analyte concns., the total dermal intake dose (sum of all phthalates or parabens) was calcd. to be 0.37 and 31.0 μg/kg body wt.-day for phthalates and parabens, resp., for adult females. Calcd. dermal phthalate PCP intake was lower for infants and toddlers than adult females. Dermal intake of PCP parabens by infants and toddlers was higher than for adult females. Calcd. max. daily PCP exposure doses of MeP, EtP, and PrP were 58.6-766 μg/kg body wt.-day for infants and toddlers, 3 times higher than that calcd. for adult females. PCP are an important source of human exposure to parabens; the PCP contribution to phthalate exposure is low, except for DEP.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhvVWms7fI&md5=38d21d32637048f32b8e774c869faba0
  16. 16
    California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) California Environmental Protection Agency; Prop 65 List. https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65 (accessed 31 December, 2021).
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  17. 17
    Christenson, K. Interpreting the Purposes of Initiatives: Proposition 65. Hastings Law J. 1989, 40, 1031– 1065
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  18. 18
    Polsky, C.; Schwarzman, M. The Hidden Success of a Conspicuous Law: Proposition 65 and the Reduction of Toxic Chemical Exposures. Ecology Law Quarterly 2021, 47, 823– 886
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  19. 19
    California Air Resources Board; Consumer and Commercial Product Surveys. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/consumer-products-program/consumer-commercial-product-surveys (accessed on 01 May, 2022).
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  20. 20
    Yang, W. Organic Gas Speciation Profiles for Consumer Products (2020 Update). https://www.arb.ca.gov/ei/speciate/profilereference/og_profiles_for_consumer_products_2020update.pdf?_ga=2.240790467.174127451.1646671522-849535824.1609869970 (accessed on 01 May, 2022).
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  21. 21
    California Air Resources Board; Cepam2019v1.03 Database. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/applications/cepam2019v103-standard-emission-tool (accessed on 03 August, 2022).
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  22. 22
    National Toxicology Program. Report on Carcinogens, 2021.
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  23. 23
    U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Final Rule on Regulation of Methylene Chloride in Paint and Coating Removal for Consumer Use, 2019.
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  24. 24
    IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer), Dichloromethane. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog Risk Hum 2018, 177 255.
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  25. 25
    Hoang, A.; Fagan, K.; Cannon, D. L.; Rayasam, S. D. G.; Harrison, R.; Shusterman, D.; Singla, V. Assessment of Methylene Chloride-Related Fatalities in the United States, 1980-2018. JAMA Intern. Med. 2021, 181, 797– 805,  DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.1063
    Google Scholar
    25
    Assessment of methylene chloride-related fatalities in the United States, 1980-2018
    Hoang, Anh; Fagan, Kathleen; Cannon, Dawn L.; Rayasam, Swati D. G.; Harrison, Robert; Shusterman, Dennis; Singla, Veena
    JAMA Internal Medicine (2021), 181 (6), 797-805CODEN: JIMACF; ISSN:2168-6114. (American Medical Association)
    Importance Methylene chloride is a halogenated org. solvent widely used in paint strippers, cleaners, adhesives, and sealants. Despite label warnings and occupational stds., methylene chloride-related fatalities continue to occur in the United States. objective To identify and analyze methylene chloride-related fatalities in the US. design, setting, and participants For this case series, we conducted systematic searches of sources, including PubMed and government databases, for unintentional fatalities in the US that were assocd. with exposure to methylene chloride or products contg. methylene chloride between 1980 and 2018. We reviewed all available information, including inspection reports, autopsy reports, and medical records; data analyses were conducted from August 2018 to August 2020. Cases were categorized as those occurring in the home (consumer deaths) or at work (occupational deaths). exposures Methylene chloride or products contg. methylene chloride. main outcomes and measures To det. characteristics of the methylene chloride-related fatalities, we recorded demog. information; the setting; circumstances, including information on safety measures used, if available; and products used. Where medical records were available, we recorded toxicol. results and autopsy findings. We also obtained data about nonfatal methylene chloride cases from the American Assocn. of Poison Control Centers. results From 1980 to 2018, 85 methylene chloride-related fatalities were identified in the US, including 74 (87%) in occupational settings; of those who died, 75 (94%) were men, and for the 70 cases with available information, the median (interquartile range) age of the decedents was 31 (24-46) years. Paint strippers were the most common products involved in methylene chloride-related fatalities (n = 60). The proportion of occupational fatalities related to paint stripping increased from 22 (55%) before 2000 to 30 (88%) after 2000. Similarly, occupational fatalities assocd. with bathtub or paint stripping in bathrooms increased from 2 (5%) before 2000 to 21 (62%) after 2000. From 1985 to 2017, the American Assocn. of Poison Control Centers documented 37 201 nonfatal methylene chloride cases, with a decrease in the annual no. of cases starting in the late 1990s. conclusions and relevance Results of this case series demonstrated that despite regulations to address the toxic effects of methylene chloride use for consumers and workers, there are continuing fatalities in the US, particularly in occupational settings. Prevention of fatalities assocd. with methylene chloride exposure should emphasize the use of safer substitutes, rather than hazard warnings or reliance on personal protective equipment.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXhs1SrsbvF&md5=ae91fbfd0f1013a94e2f965febcb7d44
  26. 26
    National Center for Biotechnology Information. Pubchem Compound Summary for Cumene. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Cumene (accessed on 01 May, 2022).
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  27. 27
    IARC. Iarc Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans , Lyon, France, 2013.
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  28. 28
    Dodson, R. E.; Cardona, B.; Zota, A. R.; Robinson Flint, J.; Navarro, S.; Shamasunder, B. Personal Care Product Use among Diverse Women in California: Taking Stock Study. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 2021, 31, 487– 502,  DOI: 10.1038/s41370-021-00327-3
    Google Scholar
    28
    Personal care product use among diverse women in California: Taking Stock Study
    Dodson Robin E; Cardona Bethsaida; Zota Ami R; Robinson Flint Janette; Navarro Sandy; Shamasunder Bhavna
    Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology (2021), 31 (3), 487-502 ISSN:.
    BACKGROUND: Personal care product use may contribute to elevated body burdens of consumer product chemicals among women of color; however, racial/ethnic differences in product use has been understudied. Community-engaged research can support the recruitment of diverse participants. OBJECTIVE: To document personal care product use among a diverse group of women (aged 18-34 years) living in California. METHODS: Through a community-academic partnership, we surveyed 357 women in California about product use information for 54 cosmetic, hair, menstrual/intimate care, and leave-on and rinse-off personal care products. We compared type and frequency of product use among Black, Hispanic/Latinx, Asian, and White women. We also summarized use of scented products and reasons women select products. RESULTS: Women reported using a median of 8 products daily, with some women reporting up to 30 products daily. Hispanic/Latinx and Asian women used more cosmetics, and Black women used more hair and menstrual/intimate products than other women. Of the 54 products compared, there were significant differences in use by race/ethnicity for 28 products, with the largest number of significant differences between Black and White women. SIGNIFICANCE: There is growing information on chemical exposures from personal care products and consequent adverse health effects, with implications for health disparities. Yet, there remains limited information on the range and types of products used by diverse racial/ethnic communities. This study helps close an important gap on product use inventories that can enable more informed public health interventions to limit exposures from personal care products.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB2c%252FhtlOntw%253D%253D&md5=f6bf0f691921a44e88e0587144e6b542
  29. 29
    Associaton of Occupational and Environmental Clinics. http://www.aoecdata.org/ (accessed on 01 May, 2022).
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  30. 30
    European Commission. List of Substances Prohibited in Cosmetic Products. https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/cosing/pdf/COSING_Annex%20II_v2.pdf (accessed on 01 May, 2022).
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  31. 31
    Hadei, M.; Hopke, P. K.; Shahsavani, A.; Moradi, M.; Yarahmadi, M.; Emam, B.; Rastkari, N. Indoor Concentrations of Vocs in Beauty Salons; Association with Cosmetic Practices and Health Risk Assessment. J. Occup. Med. Toxicol. 2018, 13, 30,  DOI: 10.1186/s12995-018-0213-x
    Google Scholar
    31
    Indoor concentrations of VOCs in beauty salons; association with cosmetic practices and health risk assessment
    Hadei, Mostafa; Hopke, Philip K.; Shahsavani, Abbas; Moradi, Mahbobeh; Yarahmadi, Maryam; Emam, Baharan; Rastkari, Noushin
    Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology (London, United Kingdom) (2018), 13 (), 30/1-30/9CODEN: JOMTBB; ISSN:1745-6673. (BioMed Central Ltd.)
    The use of cosmetic products in beauty salons emits numerous kinds of toxic air pollutants. The objectives of this study were to measure the concns. of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde in 20 large beauty salons in Tehran and relate the obsd. concns. to environmental and occupational characteristics of the salons. Samples were collected from inside and outside air of 20 selected salons located in different areas of the city. Several addnl. parameters were recorded during the sampling process including surface area, no. of active employees, type of ventilation, type of ongoing treatments, temp., humidity. Deterministic and stochastic health risk assessment of the compds. were performed. Indoor concns. of each pollutant were significantly higher than its outdoor concns. Health risk assessment showed that benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde represent a possible cancer risk in the beauty salons. In addn., toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene had negligible non-carcinogenic risks. Ventilation with air purifier, and fan with open window were more effective than using just a fan. Concns. of benzene and toluene were affected by the no. of hair dying treatments. The concn. of xylene was affected by the no. of hair styling. The concn. of formaldehyde was affected by the no. of hair styling and no. of nail treatments. With improved ventilation and requirements for reformulated cosmetic, concns. of toxic air pollutants in beauty salons could be reduced.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXmtleks7k%253D&md5=ea08bc64e9cd6c6fec7ac40728f7bfea
  32. 32
    Zhong, L.; Batterman, S.; Milando, C. W. Voc Sources and Exposures in Nail Salons: A Pilot Study in Michigan, USA. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 2019, 92, 141– 153,  DOI: 10.1007/s00420-018-1353-0
    Google Scholar
    32
    VOC sources and exposures in nail salons: a pilot study in Michigan, USA
    Zhong, Lexuan; Batterman, Stuart; Milando, Chad W.
    International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health (2019), 92 (1), 141-153CODEN: IAEHDW; ISSN:0340-0131. (Springer GmbH)
    Exposures of nail salon technicians have received attention due to the potentially toxic materials used in nail products, which include volatile org. compds. (VOCs) such as formaldehyde and Me methacrylate (MMA). This study characterized area and personal concns. and other indoor air parameters in 17 nail salons in fall and winter seasons in three areas of Michigan. VOC samples were analyzed using thermal desorption, gas chromatog. and mass spectroscopy, and the VOC compn. of 35 nail products (e.g., polish, top coat, base coat) was measured using headspace sampling. Ventilation rates were derived using CO2 concns., occupancy and building information, and VOC sources were apportioned by a novel application of chem. mass balance models. We detected Et acetate, Pr acetate, Bu acetate, MMA, n-heptane and toluene in most salons, and benzene, D-limonene, formaldehyde, and Et methacrylate in some salons. While MMA was not measured in the consumer and professional products, and the use of pure MMA in salons has been not been permitted since the 1970s, MMA was found in air at concns. from 100 to 36,000 μg/m3 in 15 of 17 salons; thus its use appears to be commonplace in the industry. Personal measurements, representing exposures to workers and clients, were about twice those of the area measurements for many VOCs. This study identifies the products responsible for emissions, shows the widespread presence of MMA, and documents low ventilation rates in some salons. It also demonstrates that "informal" short-term sampling approaches can evaluate chem. exposures in nail salons, providing measurements that can be used to protect a potentially susceptible and vulnerable population. Addnl. controls, including restrictions on the VOC compns. and improved ventilation, can reduce exposures to salon workers and clients.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhvVCqtr3J&md5=a4760f47d35d47b208ce650d8711bcc4
  33. 33
    Alaves, V. M.; Sleeth, D. K.; Thiese, M. S.; Larson, R. R. Characterization of Indoor Air Contaminants in a Randomly Selected Set of Commercial Nail Salons in Salt Lake County, Utah, USA. Int. J. Environ. Health Res. 2013, 23, 419– 433,  DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2012.755152
    Google Scholar
    33
    Characterization of indoor air contaminants in commercial nail salons
    Alaves, Victor M.; Sleeth, Darrah K.; Thiese, Matthew S.; Larson, Rodney R.
    International Journal of Environmental Health Research (2013), 23 (5), 419-433CODEN: IJEREO; ISSN:0960-3123. (Taylor & Francis Ltd.)
    Air samples were collected in 12 randomly selected com. nail salons in Salt Lake County, Utah. Measurements of salon phys./chem. parameters (room vol., CO2 levels) were obtained. Volatile org. compd. (VOC) concns. were collected using summa air canisters and sorbent media tubes for an 8-h period. Multivariate analyses were used to identify relationships between salon phys./chem. characteristics and the VOCs found in the air samples. The ACGIH additive mixing formula was also applied to det. if there were potential overexposures to the combined airborne concns. of chems. monitored. Me methacrylate was detected in 58% of the establishments despite having been banned for use in nail products by the state of Utah. Formaldehyde was found above the NIOSH REL (0.016 ppm) in 58% of the establishments. Given the assortment of VOCs to which nail salon workers are potentially exposed, a combination of engineering as well as personal protective equipment is recommended.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXltlWmsQ%253D%253D&md5=5ac4005c954829f120227bc918efc84d
  34. 34
    IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer), Formaldehyde. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog Risk Hum. 2018, 100F, 401 435.
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  35. 35
    IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). Tetrachloroethylene. IARC Monogr Eval. Carcinog Risk Hum. 2018, 219 351.
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  36. 36
    California Air Resources Board. Dry Cleaning Program - Regulatory Information. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/documents/dry-cleaning-program-regulatory-information (accessed on 01 May, 2022).
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  37. 37
    Wu, X. M.; Bennett, D. H.; Ritz, B.; Cassady, D. L.; Lee, K.; Hertz-Picciotto, I. Usage Pattern of Personal Care Products in California Households. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2010, 48, 3109– 3119,  DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.08.004
    Google Scholar
    37
    Usage pattern of personal care products in California households
    Wu, Xiangmei; Bennett, Deborah H.; Ritz, Beate; Cassady, Diana L.; Lee, Kiyoung; Hertz-Picciotto, Irva
    Food and Chemical Toxicology (2010), 48 (11), 3109-3119CODEN: FCTOD7; ISSN:0278-6915. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Given the concern over the potential for health risks assocd. with certain ingredients (e.g., phthalates) in personal care products, usage patterns of ∼30 types of personal care products (e.g., shampoo, sunscreen, fragrance, etc.) were collected in 604 California households through a telephone interview. Preferences in selecting products, e.g., scented or unscented, aerosol, and brand loyalty, were also investigated. Participants were recruited in three age groups, children (mostly preschoolers), their parents, and adults age 55 or older. Use frequencies of various product types varied by sex, age group, race, education, and climatic region. Product use by parent and child from the same household were correlated. Use frequencies of products in the same class (e.g., skincare) were moderately correlated, which may impact aggregate exposures. Use frequencies obsd. in this study were generally in the same range as those reported in the EPA Exposure Factor Handbook, but we found differences for some individual products. Our study provides addnl. data on population-based usage patterns of a large collection of commonly used personal care products pertaining to several age groups and socio-demog. strata. This information will be valuable for exposure and risk assessments.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXht1Ogtr%252FE&md5=52f15395d4729f16a5fecaf3c34f25a0
  38. 38
    Breast Cancer Prevention Partners. Right to Know: Exposing Toxic Fragrance Chemicals in Beauty, Personal Care and Cleaning Products; 2018.
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  39. 39
    Campaign for Healthier Solutions. A Day Late and a Dollar Short: Retailers Are Falling Behind on Safer Chemicals; 2015.
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  40. 40
    Kolp, P. W.; Williams, P. L.; Burtan, R. C. Assessment of the Accuracy of Material Safety Data Sheets. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1995, 56, 178– 183,  DOI: 10.1080/15428119591017213
    Google Scholar
    40
    Assessment of the accuracy of material safety data sheets
    Kolp, Paul W.; Williams, Phillip L.; Burtan, Rupert C.
    American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal (1958-1999) (1995), 56 (2), 178-83CODEN: AIHAAP; ISSN:0002-8894.
    This study evaluated 150 material safety data sheets (MSDSs) for the accuracy and completeness of five areas of information: (1) chem. identification of hazardous ingredients; (2) reported health effects; (3) suggested first aid procedures; (4) recommended personal protective equipment; and (5) exposure level regulations and guidelines. The material from each MSDS was evaluated by both an industrial hygienist and an occupational physician using std. (secondary) refs. (that were readily available at the time the MSDS was prepd.) and a rating system for each area of information. Eighty-nine percent of the MSDSs provided identifiable chem. names. Thirty-seven percent were found to have accurate health effects data (with chronic health information the most inaccurate). The majority of MSDSs (76%) provided adequate first-aid information. Slightly less than half (47%) were judged to have an accurate rating for personal protective equipment information or a correct listing for applicable occupational exposure limits.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaK2MXkslaisbo%253D&md5=57e61d6ca1adf0f910dc3f98f0501f7d
  41. 41
    California Division of Occupational Safety and Health (Cal/OSHA); Public Submission for Hazard Communication Nprm.https://www.regulations.gov/comment/OSHA-2019-0001-0322 (accessed on 01 May, 2022).
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  42. 42
    Hodson, L.; Eastlake, A.; Herbers, R. An Evaluation of Engineered Nanomaterial Safety Data Sheets for Safety and Health Information Post Implementation of the Revised Hazard Communication Standard. J. Chem. Health Safety 2019, 26, 12– 18
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  43. 43
    Dionisio, K. L.; Phillips, K.; Price, P. S.; Grulke, C. M.; Williams, A.; Biryol, D.; Hong, T.; Isaacs, K. K. The Chemical and Products Database, a Resource for Exposure-Relevant Data on Chemicals in Consumer Products. Sci. Data 2018, 5, 180125  DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2018.125
    Google Scholar
    43
    The Chemical and Products Database, a resource for exposure-relevant data on chemicals in consumer products
    Dionisio, Kathie L.; Phillips, Katherine; Price, Paul S.; Grulke, Christopher M.; Williams, Antony; Biryol, Derya; Hong, Tao; Isaacs, Kristin K.
    Scientific Data (2018), 5 (), 180125CODEN: SDCABS; ISSN:2052-4463. (Nature Research)
    A review. Quant. data on product chem. compn. is a necessary parameter for characterizing near-field exposure. This data set comprises reported and predicted information on more than 75,000 chems. and more than 15,000 consumer products. The data's primary intended use is for exposure, risk, and safety assessments. The data set includes specific products with quant. or qual. ingredient information, which has been publicly disclosed through material safety data sheets (MSDS) and ingredient lists. A single product category from a refined and harmonized set of categories has been assigned to each product. The data set also contains information on the functional role of chems. in products, which can inform predictions of the concns. in which they occur. These data will be useful to exposure and risk assessors evaluating chem. and product safety.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXht12isLjJ&md5=faf1ec9b8b96296b038afe7913ae309e
  44. 44
    U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Chemical and Products Database (Cpdat), 2022.
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  45. 45
    U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Technical Overview of Volatile Organic Compounds. https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/technical-overview-volatile-organic-compounds (accessed on 01 May, 2022).
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  46. 46
    Weinberg, J. L.; Flattery, J.; Harrison, R. Fragrances and Work-Related Asthma-California Surveillance Data, 1993-2012. J. Asthma 2017, 1041– 1050,  DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2017.1299755
    Google Scholar
    46
    Fragrances and work-related asthma-California surveillance data, 1993-2012
    Weinberg Justine Lew; Flattery Jennifer; Harrison Robert
    The Journal of asthma : official journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma (2017), 54 (10), 1041-1050 ISSN:.
    OBJECTIVE: Fragrance chemicals are used in a large array of products. Workers may be exposed to these chemicals in the workplace directly when used as air fresheners, or indirectly in personal care products used by coworkers or others. This study characterizes work-related asthma (WRA) cases associated with fragrance exposures in California workplaces from 1993 through 2012. METHODS: We used the California Work-Related Asthma Prevention Program's surveillance database to identify individuals with physician-diagnosed WRA associated with the use of air fresheners and scented personal care products (perfumes, colognes, etc.). Cases were classified using previously published, standardized surveillance methods. RESULTS: Perfume was the ninth most common exposure identified from 1993 through 2012. A total of 270 WRA cases associated with fragrance exposure were reported during this period, representing 3.8% of all confirmed cases. These 270 cases included 242 associated with perfume or cologne, 32 associated with air freshener, and 4 associated with both. Similar to non-fragrance cases, nearly a quarter of fragrance-associated cases were classified as new-onset asthma. Fragrance-associated cases were significantly more likely to be in office, health, and education jobs than non-fragrance-associated cases. When compared to non-fragrance cases, fragrance cases were significantly more likely to be female (94% vs 62%) and be classified as having work-aggravated asthma (38% vs 20%), yet had similar outcomes compared with cases associated with other exposures. CONCLUSIONS: Our surveillance data show that fragrance use in the workplace is associated with WRA. Prevention methods include employee education, enforced fragrance-free policies, well-designed ventilation systems, and good building maintenance.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC1cvgtFyiuw%253D%253D&md5=e78a8b592df224fb1755aeed723852fc
  47. 47
    U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Chemicals Undergoing Risk Evaluation under Tsca. https://www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/chemicals-undergoing-risk-evaluation-under-tsca (accessed on 01 May, 2022).
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  48. 48
    U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Final Risk Evaluation for N-Methylpyrrolidone (Nmp). https://www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/final-risk-evaluation-n-methylpyrrolidone-nmp (accessed on 01 May, 2022).
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  49. 49
    U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Risk Evaluation for P-Dichlorobenzene. https://www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/risk-evaluation-p-dichlorobenzene (accessed on 01 May, 2022).
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.

Cited By

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

This article has not yet been cited by other publications.

Download PDF
Open PDF
Go to Environmental Science & Technology
Get e-Alerts
Get e-Alerts

Environmental Science & Technology

Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2023, 57, 19, 7454–7465
Click to copy citationCitation copied!
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c07247
Published May 2, 2023

Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society. This publication is licensed under

CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 .

Article Views

56k

Altmetric

-

Citations

-
Learn about these metrics

Article Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.

Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.

The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated.

  • Abstract

    High Resolution Image
    Download MS PowerPoint Slide

    Figure 1

    Figure 1. Prop 65-listed chemicals reported as ingredients in CARB’s 2020 emissions inventory. Chemicals are distinguished by priority tier. Right margin shows the number of product categories with each chemical.

    High Resolution Image
    Download MS PowerPoint Slide

    Figure 2

    Figure 2. Product categories prioritized based on consumer exposures had to contain at least one Prop 65-listed chemical and be classified as “used on the body” or “routinely used in the home”. Top margin shows the number of product categories with each chemical; right margin shows the number of Prop 65-listed chemicals in each product category.

    High Resolution Image
    Download MS PowerPoint Slide

    Figure 3

    Figure 3. Product categories prioritized for worker exposures had to contain at least one Prop 65-listed chemical and be classified as “likely used in the workplace”. This is an abridged figure showing only product categories with at least four Prop 65-listed chemicals; the unabridged version is in Figure S3. The top margin shows the number of product categories with each chemical (from the unabridged figure); the right margin shows the number of Prop 65 chemicals in each product category.

    High Resolution Image
    Download MS PowerPoint Slide

    Figure 4

    Figure 4. Total estimated 2020 emissions in tons per day of Prop 65-listed chemicals in consumer products. Emissions summed across all emissions inventory categories.

    High Resolution Image
    Download MS PowerPoint Slide

  • References

    This article references 49 other publications.

    1. 1
      Nault, B. A.; Jo, D. S.; McDonald, B. C.; Campuzano-Jost, P.; Day, D. A.; Hu, W.; Schroder, J. C.; Allan, J.; Blake, D. R.; Canagaratna, M. R.; Coe, H.; Coggon, M. M.; DeCarlo, P. F.; Diskin, G. S.; Dunmore, R.; Flocke, F.; Fried, A.; Gilman, J. B.; Gkatzelis, G.; Hamilton, J. F.; Hanisco, T. F.; Hayes, P. L.; Henze, D. K.; Hodzic, A.; Hopkins, J.; Hu, M.; Huey, L. G.; Jobson, B. T.; Kuster, W. C.; Lewis, A.; Li, M.; Liao, J.; Nawaz, M. O.; Pollack, I. B.; Peischl, J.; Rappenglück, B.; Reeves, C. E.; Richter, D.; Roberts, J. M.; Ryerson, T. B.; Shao, M.; Sommers, J. M.; Walega, J.; Warneke, C.; Weibring, P.; Wolfe, G. M.; Young, D. E.; Yuan, B.; Zhang, Q.; de Gouw, J. A.; Jimenez, J. L. Secondary Organic Aerosols from Anthropogenic Volatile Organic Compounds Contribute Substantially to Air Pollution Mortality. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2021, 21, 11201– 11224,  DOI: 10.5194/acp-21-11201-2021
      1
      Secondary organic aerosols from anthropogenic volatile organic compounds contribute substantially to air pollution mortality
      Nault, Benjamin A.; Jo, Duseong S.; McDonald, Brian C.; Campuzano-Jost, Pedro; Day, Douglas A.; Hu, Weiwei; Schroder, Jason C.; Allan, James; Blake, Donald R.; Canagaratna, Manjula R.; Coe, Hugh; Coggon, Matthew M.; DeCarlo, Peter F.; Diskin, Glenn S.; Dunmore, Rachel; Flocke, Frank; Fried, Alan; Gilman, Jessica B.; Gkatzelis, Georgios; Hamilton, Jacqui F.; Hanisco, Thomas F.; Hayes, Patrick L.; Henze, Daven K.; Hodzic, Alma; Hopkins, James; Hu, Min; Huey, L. Greggory; Jobson, B. Thomas; Kuster, William C.; Lewis, Alastair; Li, Meng; Liao, Jin; Nawaz, M. Omar; Pollack, Ilana B.; Peischl, Jeffrey; Rappengluck, Bernhard; Reeves, Claire E.; Richter, Dirk; Roberts, James M.; Ryerson, Thomas B.; Shao, Min; Sommers, Jacob M.; Walega, James; Warneke, Carsten; Weibring, Petter; Wolfe, Glenn M.; Young, Dominique E.; Yuan, Bin; Zhang, Qiang; de Gouw, Joost A.; Jimenez, Jose L.
      Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2021), 21 (14), 11201-11224CODEN: ACPTCE; ISSN:1680-7324. (Copernicus Publications)
      Anthropogenic secondary org. aerosol (ASOA), formed from anthropogenic emissions of org. compds., constitutes a substantial fraction of the mass of submicron aerosol in populated areas around the world and contributes to poor air quality and premature mortality. However, the precursor sources of ASOA are poorly understood, and there are large uncertainties in the health benefits that might accrue from reducing anthropogenic org. emissions. We show that the prodn. of ASOA in 11 urban areas on three continents is strongly correlated with the reactivity of specific anthropogenic volatile org. compds. The differences in ASOA prodn. across different cities can be explained by differences in the emissions of aroms. and intermediate- and semi-volatile org. compds., indicating the importance of controlling these ASOA precursors. With an improved model representation of ASOA driven by the observations, we attribute 340 000 PM2.5related premature deaths per yr to ASOA, which is over an order of magnitude higher than prior studies. A sensitivity case with a more recently proposed model for attributing mortality to PM2.5 (the Global Exposure Mortality Model) results in up to 900 000 deaths. A limitation of this study is the extrapolation from cities with detailed studies and regions where detailed emission inventories are available to other regions where uncertainties in emissions are larger. In addn. to further development of institutional air quality management infrastructure, comprehensive air quality campaigns in the countries in South and Central America, Africa, South Asia, and the Middle East are needed for further progress in this area.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXhvVWhtLnN&md5=1fb647a0432c36c2829388962560ff64
    2. 2
      Wambaugh, J. F.; Setzer, R. W.; Reif, D. M.; Gangwal, S.; Mitchell-Blackwood, J.; Arnot, J. A.; Joliet, O.; Frame, A.; Rabinowitz, J.; Knudsen, T. B.; Judson, R. S.; Egeghy, P.; Vallero, D.; Cohen Hubal, E. A. High-Throughput Models for Exposure-Based Chemical Prioritization in the Expocast Project. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 8479– 8488,  DOI: 10.1021/es400482g
      2
      High-Throughput Models for Exposure-Based Chemical Prioritization in the ExpoCast Project
      Wambaugh, John F.; Setzer, R. Woodrow; Reif, David M.; Gangwal, Sumit; Mitchell-Blackwood, Jade; Arnot, Jon A.; Joliet, Olivier; Frame, Alicia; Rabinowitz, James; Knudsen, Thomas B.; Judson, Richard S.; Egeghy, Peter; Vallero, Daniel; Cohen Hubal, Elaine A.
      Environmental Science & Technology (2013), 47 (15), 8479-8488CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
      USEPA must characterize potential risks to human health and the environment assocd. with manuf. and use of thousands of chems. High-throughput screening (HTS) for biol. activity allows the ToxCast research program to prioritize chem. inventories for potential hazard. Similar capabilities to est. exposure potential would support rapid, risk-based prioritization for chems. with limited information; this work proposes a framework for high-throughput exposure assessment. To demonstrate its application, an anal. was conducted to predict human exposure potential for chems. and est. prediction uncertainty by comparison with biomonitoring data. In total, 1936 chems. were evaluated using far-field mass balance human exposure models (USEtox, RAIDAR) and an indicator for indoor and/or consumer use. These predictions were compared to exposures inferred by Bayesian anal. of urine concns. for 82 chems. reported in the National Health and Nutrition Examn. Survey (NHANES). Joint regression of all factors provided a calibrated consensus prediction, the variance of which served as an empirical detn. of uncertainty to prioritize abs. exposure potential. Information on use was most predictive; generally, chems. above the limit of detection in NHANES had consumer/indoor use. Coupled with hazard HTS, exposure HTS can assign risk earlier in decision processes. High-priority chems. become targets for further data collection.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXpt1ylsrY%253D&md5=3a000a0fee6cdcbc732ddae6865fb680
    3. 3
      Singla, V. Carcinogens in Products: Inadequate Protections Raise Cancer Risks. Trends Cancer 2020, 6, 619– 622,  DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.04.006
      3
      Carcinogens in Products: Inadequate Protections Raise Cancer Risks
      Singla, Veena
      Trends in Cancer (2020), 6 (8), 619-622CODEN: TCRAB5; ISSN:2405-8033. (Elsevier B.V.)
      A review. Evidence shows, that over their life cycle, chems. used in everyday products contribute to raising cancer risks, esp. for vulnerable populations such as children and communities of color. This article outlines how US policies have not yet incorporated current science in relation to environmental carcinogenesis and recommends improvements to protect public health.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXpsFCgu70%253D&md5=22f7362493ffc67720afba25edac318d
    4. 4
      Jolliet, O.; Huang, L.; Hou, P.; Fantke, P. High Throughput Risk and Impact Screening of Chemicals in Consumer Products. Risk Anal. 2021, 41, 627– 644,  DOI: 10.1111/risa.13604
      4
      High Throughput Risk and Impact Screening of Chemicals in Consumer Products
      Jolliet Olivier; Huang Lei; Hou Ping; Fantke Peter
      Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis (2021), 41 (4), 627-644 ISSN:.
      The ubiquitous presence of more than 80,000 chemicals in thousands of consumer products used on a daily basis stresses the need for screening a broader set of chemicals than the traditional well-studied suspect chemicals. This high-throughput screening combines stochastic chemical-product usage with mass balance-based exposure models and toxicity data to prioritize risks associated with household products. We first characterize product usage using the stochastic SHEDS-HT model and chemical content in common household products from the CPDat database, the chemical amounts applied daily varying over more than six orders of magnitude, from mg to kg. We then estimate multi-pathways near- and far-field exposures for 5,500 chemical-product combinations, applying an extended USEtox model to calculate product intake fractions ranging from 0.001 to ∼1, and exposure doses varying over more than nine orders of magnitude. Combining exposure doses with chemical-specific dose-responses and reference doses shows that risks can be substantial for multiple home maintenance products, such as paints or paint strippers, for some home-applied pesticides, leave-on personal care products, and cleaning products. Sixty percent of the chemical-product combinations have hazard quotients exceeding 1, and 9% of the combinations have lifetime cancer risks exceeding 10(-4) . Population-level impacts of household products ingredients can be substantial, representing 5 to 100 minutes of healthy life lost per day, with users' exposures up to 10(3) minutes per day. To address this issue, present mass balance-based models are already able to provide exposure estimates for both users and populations. This screening study shows large variations of up to 10 orders of magnitude in impact across both chemicals and product combinations, demonstrating that prioritization based on hazard only is not acceptable, since it would neglect orders of magnitude variations in both product usage and exposure that need to be quantified. To address this, the USEtox suite of mass balance-based models is already able to provide exposure estimates for thousands of product-chemical combinations for both users and populations. The present study calls for more scrutiny of most impacting chemical-product combinations, fully ensuring from a regulatory perspective consumer product safety for high-end users and using protective measures for users.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB3s7jtFKisA%253D%253D&md5=413000a90cd39a28aaadcca3d4594f1d
    5. 5
      Lee, I.; Ji, K. Identification of Combinations of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Household Chemical Products That Require Mixture Toxicity Testing. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2022, 240, 113677  DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113677
      5
      Identification of combinations of endocrine disrupting chemicals in household chemical products that require mixture toxicity testing
      Lee, Inhye; Ji, Kyunghee
      Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety (2022), 240 (), 113677CODEN: EESADV; ISSN:0147-6513. (Elsevier B.V.)
      People are exposed to various chems. contained in consumer products for which the risks are poorly characterized. There is growing evidence that exposure to endocrine disrupting chems. (EDCs) through product use potentially affects development, behavior, and reprodn. However, limited information is available about common combinations of chems. based on their appearance and potential health effects. The present study listed the ingredients contained in 11064 household chem. products from a publicly available database, and identified EDCs related to estrogenicity, androgenicity, thyroid hormone disruption, and changes in steroidogenesis. Assocn. rule mining was applied to the dataset to identify frequent combinations of chems. or commonly occurring EDCs contained in a single product. Among the target products, ingredient names were matched with 1241 chem. identifiers. A total of 293 chems. were related to endocrine disruption, and nearly two-thirds of the products contained more than one of these chems. Cleaning products, synthetic detergents, fabric softeners, air fresheners, and deodorants have several hotspots for fragrances, isothiazolinones, glycol ethers, and parabens. The three most prevalent EDCs in household chem. products were added to act as fragrances and preservatives. The present study demonstrated that commonly occurring chem. combinations can be derived using an assocn. rule mining algorithm. The results of this study will be useful in prioritizing chem. combinations and developing management plans for EDC mixt. in consumer products.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38Xhtl2hsb%252FP&md5=7613ecd9199b864f2e8f4d04de51ef99
    6. 6
      Jolliet, O.; Ernstoff, A. S.; Csiszar, S. A.; Fantke, P. Defining Product Intake Fraction to Quantify and Compare Exposure to Consumer Products. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49, 8924– 8931,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01083
      6
      Defining Product Intake Fraction to Quantify and Compare Exposure to Consumer Products
      Jolliet, Olivier; Ernstoff, Alexi S.; Csiszar, Susan A.; Fantke, Peter
      Environmental Science & Technology (2015), 49 (15), 8924-8931CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
      There is growing consciousness that exposure studies need to better cover near-field exposure assocd. with product use. To consistently, quant. compare human exposure to chems. in consumer products, the concept of product intake fraction (PiF), i.e., the fraction of a chems. within a product which is eventually taken in by the human population, is introduced. This metric enables consistent comparison of exposure during consumer product use for different product/chem. combinations, exposure duration, exposure routes and pathways, and other life cycle stages. Example applications of the PiF concept for 2 chems. in 2 personal care products and 2 chems. encapsulated in 2 articles, showing how intake of these chems. can primarily occur during product use, are presented. The utility of the PiF and its application modality within life cycle assessment and risk assessment contexts is demonstrated. PiF helps provide a clear interface between life cycle inventory and impact assessment phases, to identify best suited sentinel products and calc. overall exposure to chems. in consumer products, or back-calc. max. allowable concns. of substances contained in products.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhtVertbrP&md5=e54bab81869ff41bcff13083fd2524f3
    7. 7
      Dengler, R. Paints, Pesticides, and Other Consumer Products Now Add as Much to Air Pollution as Cars. Science 2018, 2018,  DOI: 10.1126/science.aat3387
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    8. 8
      California Air Resources Board. Survey Data Summary and Findings: 2013-2015 Survey of Consumer & Commercial Products , April 10, 2019, 2019.
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    9. 9
      Rudel, R. A.; Ackerman, J. M.; Attfield, K. R.; Brody, J. G. New Exposure Biomarkers as Tools for Breast Cancer Epidemiology, Biomonitoring, and Prevention: A Systematic Approach Based on Animal Evidence. Environ. Health Perspect. 2014, 122, 881– 895,  DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1307455
      9
      New exposure biomarkers as tools for breast cancer epidemiology, biomonitoring, and prevention: a systematic approach based on animal evidence
      Rudel Ruthann A; Ackerman Janet M; Attfield Kathleen R; Brody Julia Green
      Environmental health perspectives (2014), 122 (9), 881-95 ISSN:.
      BACKGROUND: Exposure to chemicals that cause rodent mammary gland tumors is common, but few studies have evaluated potential breast cancer risks of these chemicals in humans. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this review was to identify and bring together the needed tools to facilitate the measurement of biomarkers of exposure to potential breast carcinogens in breast cancer studies and biomonitoring. METHODS: We conducted a structured literature search to identify measurement methods for exposure biomarkers for 102 chemicals that cause rodent mammary tumors. To evaluate concordance, we compared human and animal evidence for agents identified as plausibly linked to breast cancer in major reviews. To facilitate future application of exposure biomarkers, we compiled information about relevant cohort studies. RESULTS: Exposure biomarkers have been developed for nearly three-quarters of these rodent mammary carcinogens. Analytical methods have been published for 73 of the chemicals. Some of the remaining chemicals could be measured using modified versions of existing methods for related chemicals. In humans, biomarkers of exposure have been measured for 62 chemicals, and for 45 in a nonoccupationally exposed population. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has measured 23 in the U.S. population. Seventy-five of the rodent mammary carcinogens fall into 17 groups, based on exposure potential, carcinogenicity, and structural similarity. Carcinogenicity in humans and rodents is generally consistent, although comparisons are limited because few agents have been studied in humans. We identified 44 cohort studies, with a total of > 3.5 million women enrolled, that have recorded breast cancer incidence and stored biological samples. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure measurement methods and cohort study resources are available to expand biomonitoring and epidemiology related to breast cancer etiology and prevention.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC2cjhvV2iuw%253D%253D&md5=1de46be001c538ab13864800aa70c858
    10. 10
      Cardona, B.; Rudel, R. A. Application of an in Vitro Assay to Identify Chemicals That Increase Estradiol and Progesterone Synthesis and Are Potential Breast Cancer Risk Factors. Environ. Health Perspect. 2021, 129, 077003  DOI: 10.1289/EHP8608
      10
      Application of an in vitro assay to identify chemicals that increase estradiol and progesterone synthesis and are potential breast cancer risk factors
      Cardona, Bethsaida; Rudel, Ruthann A.
      Environmental Health Perspectives (2021), 129 (7), 077003CODEN: EVHPAZ; ISSN:1552-9924. (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health)
      BACKGROUND: Established breast cancer risk factors, such as hormone replacement therapy and reproductive history, are thought to act by increasing estrogen and progesterone (P4) activity. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to use in vitro screening data to identify chems. that increase the synthesis of estradiol (E2) or P4 and evaluate potential risks. METHOD: Using data from a high-throughput (HT) in vitro steroidogenesis assay developed for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ToxCast program, we identified chems. that increased estradiol (E2-up) or progesterone (P4-up) in human H295R adrenocortical carcinoma cells. We prioritized chems. by their activity. We compiled in vivo studies and assessments about carcinogenicity and reproductive/developmental (repro/dev) toxicity. We identified exposure sources and predicted intakes from the U.S. EPA's ExpoCast. RESULTS: We found 296 chems. increased E2 (182) or P4 (185), with 71 chems. increasing both. In vivo data often showed effects consistent with this mechanism. Of the E2- and P4-up chems., about 30% were likely repro/dev toxicants or carcinogens, whereas only 5-13% were classified as unlikely. However, most of the chems. had insufficient in vivo data to evaluate their effects. Of 45 chems. assocd. with mammary gland effects, and also tested in the H294R assay, 29 increased E2 or P4, including the well-known mammary carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. E2- and P4-up chems. include pesticides, consumer product ingredients, food additives, and drinking water contaminants. DISCUSSION: The U.S. EPA's in vitro screening data identified several hundred chems. that should be considered as potential risk factors for breast cancer because they increased E2 or P4 synthesis. In vitro data is a helpful addn. to current toxicity assessments, which are not sensitive to mammary gland effects. Relevant effects on the mammary gland are often not noticed or are dismissed, including for 2,4-dichlorophenol and cyfluthrin. Fifty-three active E2-up and 59 active P4-up chems. that are in consumer products, food, pesticides, or drugs have not been evaluated for carcinogenic potential and are priorities for study and exposure redn.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38XhvVygtrY%253D&md5=cb32947de5bc2c8c5fa821945d125e9e
    11. 11
      Rudel, R. A.; Camann, D. E.; Spengler, J. D.; Korn, L. R.; Brody, J. G. Phthalates, Alkylphenols, Pesticides, Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers, and Other Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds in Indoor Air and Dust. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 4543– 4553,  DOI: 10.1021/es0264596
      11
      Phthalates, Alkylphenols, Pesticides, Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers, and Other Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds in Indoor Air and Dust
      Rudel, Ruthann A.; Camann, David E.; Spengler, John D.; Korn, Leo R.; Brody, Julia G.
      Environmental Science and Technology (2003), 37 (20), 4543-4553CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
      Endocrine-disrupting compds. (EDC) have widespread consumer uses, yet little is known about indoor exposure. Indoor air and dust was sampled in 120 homes and analyzed for 89 org. EDC: 52 compds. were detected in air and 66 were detected in dust. These are the first reported measurements in residential environments for >30 of these compds., including several detected at highest concns. The no. of compds. detected/home was 13-28 in air and 6-42 in dust. The most abundant compds. in air included phthalates (plasticizers, emulsifiers), o-phenylphenol (disinfectant), 4-nonylphenol (detergent metabolite), and 4-tert-butylphenol (adhesive), with typical concns. of 50-1500 ng/m3. Penta- and tetrabrominated di-Ph ethers (flame retardants) were frequently detected in dust, and 2,3-dibromo-1-propanol, the carcinogenic intermediate of a flame retardant banned in 1977, was detected in air and dust. A total of 23 pesticides were detected in air and 27 were detected in dust; the most abundant were permethrins and the synergist, piperonyl butoxide; banned pesticides (heptachlor, chlordane, methoxychlor, DDT) were also frequently detected, suggesting limited indoor degrdn. Detected concns. exceeded government health-based guidelines for 15 compds.; however, no guidelines are available for 28 compds. and existing guidelines do not consider endocrine effects. Results provided a basis to prioritize toxicol. and exposure research for individual EDC and mixts. and provided new tools for exposure assessment in health studies.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD3sXnt1OksL4%253D&md5=96492458259894ee2e82374dede3135d
    12. 12
      Dodson, R. E.; Nishioka, M.; Standley, L. J.; Perovich, L. J.; Brody, J. G.; Rudel, R. A. Endocrine Disruptors and Asthma-Associated Chemicals in Consumer Products. Environ. Health Perspect. 2012, 120, 935– 943,  DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1104052
      12
      Endocrine disruptors and asthma-associated chemicals in consumer products
      Dodson, Robin E.; Nishioka, Marcia; Standley, Laurel J.; Perovich, Laura J.; Brody, Julia Green; Rudel, Ruthann A.
      Environmental Health Perspectives (2012), 120 (7), 935-943CODEN: EVHPAZ; ISSN:0091-6765. (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Services)
      Background: Lab. and human studies raise concerns about endocrine disruption and asthma resulting from exposure to chems. in consumer products. Limited labeling or testing information is available to evaluate products as exposure sources. Objectives: We anal. quantified endocrine disruptors and asthma-related chems. in a range of cosmetics, personal care products, cleaners, sunscreens, and vinyl products. We also evaluated whether product labels provide information that can be used to select products without these chems. Methods: We selected 213 com. products representing 50 product types. We tested 42 composited samples of high-market-share products, and we tested 43 alternative products identified using criteria expected to minimize target compds. Analytes included parabens, phthalates, bisphenol A (BPA), triclosan, ethanolamines, alkylphenols, fragrances, glycol ethers, cyclosiloxanes, and UV filters. Results: We detected 55 compds., indicating a wide range of exposures from common products. Vinyl products contained > 10% bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and could be an important source of DEHP in homes. In other products, the highest concns. and nos. of detects were in the fragranced products (e.g., perfume, air fresheners, and dryer sheets) and in sunscreens. Some products that did not contain the well-known endocrine-disrupting phthalates contained other less-studied phthalates (dicyclohexyl phthalate, diisononyl phthalate, and di-Pr phthalate; also endocrine-disrupting compds.), suggesting a substitution. Many detected chems. were not listed on product labels. Conclusions: Common products contain complex mixts. of EDCs and asthma-related compds. Toxicol. studies of these mixts. are needed to understand their biol. activity. Regarding epidemiol., our findings raise concern about potential confounding from co-occurring chems. and misclassification due to variability in product compn. Consumers should be able to avoid some target chems.-synthetic fragrances, BPA, and regulated active ingredients-using purchasing criteria. More complete product labeling would enable consumers to avoid the rest of the target chems.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38Xht1Sht7nK&md5=9793358de76462dd348888f43dd3733f
    13. 13
      Helm, J. S.; Nishioka, M.; Brody, J. G.; Rudel, R. A.; Dodson, R. E. Measurement of Endocrine Disrupting and Asthma-Associated Chemicals in Hair Products Used by Black Women. Environ. Res. 2018, 165, 448– 458,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.03.030
      13
      Measurement of endocrine disrupting and asthma-associated chemicals in hair products used by Black women
      Helm, Jessica S.; Nishioka, Marcia; Brody, Julia Green; Rudel, Ruthann A.; Dodson, Robin E.
      Environmental Research (2018), 165 (), 448-458CODEN: ENVRAL; ISSN:0013-9351. (Elsevier)
      Personal care products are a source of exposure to endocrine disrupting and asthma-assocd. chems. Because use of hair products differs by race/ethnicity, these products may contribute to exposure and disease disparities. This preliminary study investigates the endocrine disrupting and asthma-assocd. chem. content of hair products used by U. S. Black women. We used gas chromatog./mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to test 18 hair products in 6 categories used by Black women: hot oil treatment, anti-frizz/polish, leave-in conditioner, root stimulator, hair lotion, and relaxer. We tested for 66 chems. belonging to 10 chem. classes: UV filters, cyclosiloxanes, glycol ethers, fragrances, alkylphenols, ethanolamines, antimicrobials, bisphenol A, phthalates, and parabens. The hair products tested contained 45 endocrine disrupting or asthma-assocd. chems., including every targeted chem. class. We found cyclosiloxanes, parabens, and the fragrance marker di-Et phthalate (DEP) at the highest levels, and DEP most frequently. Root stimulators, hair lotions, and relaxers frequently contained nonylphenols, parabens, and fragrances; anti-frizz products contained cyclosiloxanes. Hair relaxers for children contained five chems. regulated by California's Proposition 65 or prohibited by EU cosmetics regulation. Targeted chems. were generally not listed on the product label. Hair products used by Black women and children contained multiple chems. assocd. with endocrine disruption and asthma. The prevalence of parabens and DEP is consistent with higher levels of these compds. in biomonitoring samples from Black women compared with White women. These results indicate the need for more information about the contribution of consumer products to exposure disparities. A precautionary approach would reduce the use of endocrine disrupting chems. in personal care products and improve labeling so women can select products consistent with their values.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXotlOktLw%253D&md5=6e4817c4e2da3da507dd87f735452f27
    14. 14
      Gabb, H. A.; Blake, C. An Informatics Approach to Evaluating Combined Chemical Exposures from Consumer Products: A Case Study of Asthma-Associated and Potential Endocrine Disruptors. Environ. Health Perspect. 2016, 124, 1155– 1165,  DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1510529
      14
      An informatics approach to evaluating combined chemical exposures from consumer products: a case study of asthma-associated chemicals and potential endocrine disruptors
      Gabb, Henry A.; Blake, Catherine
      Environmental Health Perspectives (2016), 124 (8), 1155-1165CODEN: EVHPAZ; ISSN:1552-9924. (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health)
      BACKGROUND: Simultaneous or sequential exposure to multiple environmental stressors can affect chem. toxicity. Cumulative risk assessments consider multiple stressors but it is impractical to test every chem. combination to which people are exposed. New methods are needed to prioritize chem. combinations based on their prevalence and possible health impacts. OBJECTIVES: We introduce an informatics approach that uses publicly available data to identify chems. that co-occur in consumer products, which account for a significant proportion of overall chem. load. METHODS: Fifty-five asthma-assocd. and endocrine disrupting chems. (target chems.) were selected. A database of 38,975 distinct consumer products and 32,231 distinct ingredient names was created from online sources, and PubChem and the Unified Medical Language System were used to resolve synonymous ingredient names. Synonymous ingredient names are different names for the same chem. (e.g., vitamin E and tocopherol). RESULTS: Nearly one-third of the products (11,688 products, 30%) contained ≥ 1 target chem. and 5,229 products (13%) contained > 1. Of the 55 target chems., 31 (56%) appear in ≥ 1 product and 19 (35%) appear under more than one name. The most frequent three-way chem. combination (2-phenoxyethanol, Me paraben, and Et paraben) appears in 1,059 products. Further work is needed to assess combined chem. exposures related to the use of multiple products. CONCLUSIONS: The informatics approach increased the no. of products considered in a traditional anal. by two orders of magnitude, but missing/incomplete product labels can limit the effectiveness of this approach. Such an approach must resolve synonymy to ensure that chems. of interest are not missed. Commonly occurring chem. combinations can be used to prioritize cumulative toxicol. risk assessments.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXms12jt7k%253D&md5=6bbd22dd1cffe9282ef100f616d29454
    15. 15
      Guo, Y.; Kannan, K. A Survey of Phthalates and Parabens in Personal Care Products from the United States and Its Implications for Human Exposure. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 14442– 14449,  DOI: 10.1021/es4042034
      15
      A Survey of Phthalates and Parabens in Personal Care Products from the United States and Its Implications for Human Exposure
      Guo, Ying; Kannan, Kurunthachalam
      Environmental Science & Technology (2013), 47 (24), 14442-14449CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
      Despite the widespread use of phthalates and parabens in personal care products (PCP), little is known about concns., profiles, and human exposure to these compds. from PCP use. This work detd. 9 phthalates and 6 parabens in 170 PCP (41 rinse-off and 109 leave-on, including 20 baby care products) collected in Albany, New York. Phthalates were less frequent in rinse-off PCP, but were more frequent in perfumes (detection frequency: 100% for di-Et phthalate [DEP], 67% for di-Bu phthalate [DBP]), skin toners (90% detection frequency for DEP), and nail polishes (90% detection frequency DBP). Parabens were in ∼40% of rinse-off products and ∼60% of leave-on products. Highest DEP, DBP, methyl- (MeP), ethyl- (EtP), propyl- (PrP), and Bu paraben (BuP) concns. were on the order of 1000 μg/g product. Based on the amt. and frequency of PCP and measured median target analyte concns., the total dermal intake dose (sum of all phthalates or parabens) was calcd. to be 0.37 and 31.0 μg/kg body wt.-day for phthalates and parabens, resp., for adult females. Calcd. dermal phthalate PCP intake was lower for infants and toddlers than adult females. Dermal intake of PCP parabens by infants and toddlers was higher than for adult females. Calcd. max. daily PCP exposure doses of MeP, EtP, and PrP were 58.6-766 μg/kg body wt.-day for infants and toddlers, 3 times higher than that calcd. for adult females. PCP are an important source of human exposure to parabens; the PCP contribution to phthalate exposure is low, except for DEP.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhvVWms7fI&md5=38d21d32637048f32b8e774c869faba0
    16. 16
      California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) California Environmental Protection Agency; Prop 65 List. https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65 (accessed 31 December, 2021).
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    17. 17
      Christenson, K. Interpreting the Purposes of Initiatives: Proposition 65. Hastings Law J. 1989, 40, 1031– 1065
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    18. 18
      Polsky, C.; Schwarzman, M. The Hidden Success of a Conspicuous Law: Proposition 65 and the Reduction of Toxic Chemical Exposures. Ecology Law Quarterly 2021, 47, 823– 886
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    19. 19
      California Air Resources Board; Consumer and Commercial Product Surveys. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/consumer-products-program/consumer-commercial-product-surveys (accessed on 01 May, 2022).
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    20. 20
      Yang, W. Organic Gas Speciation Profiles for Consumer Products (2020 Update). https://www.arb.ca.gov/ei/speciate/profilereference/og_profiles_for_consumer_products_2020update.pdf?_ga=2.240790467.174127451.1646671522-849535824.1609869970 (accessed on 01 May, 2022).
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    21. 21
      California Air Resources Board; Cepam2019v1.03 Database. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/applications/cepam2019v103-standard-emission-tool (accessed on 03 August, 2022).
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    22. 22
      National Toxicology Program. Report on Carcinogens, 2021.
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    23. 23
      U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Final Rule on Regulation of Methylene Chloride in Paint and Coating Removal for Consumer Use, 2019.
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    24. 24
      IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer), Dichloromethane. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog Risk Hum 2018, 177 255.
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    25. 25
      Hoang, A.; Fagan, K.; Cannon, D. L.; Rayasam, S. D. G.; Harrison, R.; Shusterman, D.; Singla, V. Assessment of Methylene Chloride-Related Fatalities in the United States, 1980-2018. JAMA Intern. Med. 2021, 181, 797– 805,  DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.1063
      25
      Assessment of methylene chloride-related fatalities in the United States, 1980-2018
      Hoang, Anh; Fagan, Kathleen; Cannon, Dawn L.; Rayasam, Swati D. G.; Harrison, Robert; Shusterman, Dennis; Singla, Veena
      JAMA Internal Medicine (2021), 181 (6), 797-805CODEN: JIMACF; ISSN:2168-6114. (American Medical Association)
      Importance Methylene chloride is a halogenated org. solvent widely used in paint strippers, cleaners, adhesives, and sealants. Despite label warnings and occupational stds., methylene chloride-related fatalities continue to occur in the United States. objective To identify and analyze methylene chloride-related fatalities in the US. design, setting, and participants For this case series, we conducted systematic searches of sources, including PubMed and government databases, for unintentional fatalities in the US that were assocd. with exposure to methylene chloride or products contg. methylene chloride between 1980 and 2018. We reviewed all available information, including inspection reports, autopsy reports, and medical records; data analyses were conducted from August 2018 to August 2020. Cases were categorized as those occurring in the home (consumer deaths) or at work (occupational deaths). exposures Methylene chloride or products contg. methylene chloride. main outcomes and measures To det. characteristics of the methylene chloride-related fatalities, we recorded demog. information; the setting; circumstances, including information on safety measures used, if available; and products used. Where medical records were available, we recorded toxicol. results and autopsy findings. We also obtained data about nonfatal methylene chloride cases from the American Assocn. of Poison Control Centers. results From 1980 to 2018, 85 methylene chloride-related fatalities were identified in the US, including 74 (87%) in occupational settings; of those who died, 75 (94%) were men, and for the 70 cases with available information, the median (interquartile range) age of the decedents was 31 (24-46) years. Paint strippers were the most common products involved in methylene chloride-related fatalities (n = 60). The proportion of occupational fatalities related to paint stripping increased from 22 (55%) before 2000 to 30 (88%) after 2000. Similarly, occupational fatalities assocd. with bathtub or paint stripping in bathrooms increased from 2 (5%) before 2000 to 21 (62%) after 2000. From 1985 to 2017, the American Assocn. of Poison Control Centers documented 37 201 nonfatal methylene chloride cases, with a decrease in the annual no. of cases starting in the late 1990s. conclusions and relevance Results of this case series demonstrated that despite regulations to address the toxic effects of methylene chloride use for consumers and workers, there are continuing fatalities in the US, particularly in occupational settings. Prevention of fatalities assocd. with methylene chloride exposure should emphasize the use of safer substitutes, rather than hazard warnings or reliance on personal protective equipment.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXhs1SrsbvF&md5=ae91fbfd0f1013a94e2f965febcb7d44
    26. 26
      National Center for Biotechnology Information. Pubchem Compound Summary for Cumene. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Cumene (accessed on 01 May, 2022).
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    27. 27
      IARC. Iarc Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans , Lyon, France, 2013.
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    28. 28
      Dodson, R. E.; Cardona, B.; Zota, A. R.; Robinson Flint, J.; Navarro, S.; Shamasunder, B. Personal Care Product Use among Diverse Women in California: Taking Stock Study. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 2021, 31, 487– 502,  DOI: 10.1038/s41370-021-00327-3
      28
      Personal care product use among diverse women in California: Taking Stock Study
      Dodson Robin E; Cardona Bethsaida; Zota Ami R; Robinson Flint Janette; Navarro Sandy; Shamasunder Bhavna
      Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology (2021), 31 (3), 487-502 ISSN:.
      BACKGROUND: Personal care product use may contribute to elevated body burdens of consumer product chemicals among women of color; however, racial/ethnic differences in product use has been understudied. Community-engaged research can support the recruitment of diverse participants. OBJECTIVE: To document personal care product use among a diverse group of women (aged 18-34 years) living in California. METHODS: Through a community-academic partnership, we surveyed 357 women in California about product use information for 54 cosmetic, hair, menstrual/intimate care, and leave-on and rinse-off personal care products. We compared type and frequency of product use among Black, Hispanic/Latinx, Asian, and White women. We also summarized use of scented products and reasons women select products. RESULTS: Women reported using a median of 8 products daily, with some women reporting up to 30 products daily. Hispanic/Latinx and Asian women used more cosmetics, and Black women used more hair and menstrual/intimate products than other women. Of the 54 products compared, there were significant differences in use by race/ethnicity for 28 products, with the largest number of significant differences between Black and White women. SIGNIFICANCE: There is growing information on chemical exposures from personal care products and consequent adverse health effects, with implications for health disparities. Yet, there remains limited information on the range and types of products used by diverse racial/ethnic communities. This study helps close an important gap on product use inventories that can enable more informed public health interventions to limit exposures from personal care products.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB2c%252FhtlOntw%253D%253D&md5=f6bf0f691921a44e88e0587144e6b542
    29. 29
      Associaton of Occupational and Environmental Clinics. http://www.aoecdata.org/ (accessed on 01 May, 2022).
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    30. 30
      European Commission. List of Substances Prohibited in Cosmetic Products. https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/cosing/pdf/COSING_Annex%20II_v2.pdf (accessed on 01 May, 2022).
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    31. 31
      Hadei, M.; Hopke, P. K.; Shahsavani, A.; Moradi, M.; Yarahmadi, M.; Emam, B.; Rastkari, N. Indoor Concentrations of Vocs in Beauty Salons; Association with Cosmetic Practices and Health Risk Assessment. J. Occup. Med. Toxicol. 2018, 13, 30,  DOI: 10.1186/s12995-018-0213-x
      31
      Indoor concentrations of VOCs in beauty salons; association with cosmetic practices and health risk assessment
      Hadei, Mostafa; Hopke, Philip K.; Shahsavani, Abbas; Moradi, Mahbobeh; Yarahmadi, Maryam; Emam, Baharan; Rastkari, Noushin
      Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology (London, United Kingdom) (2018), 13 (), 30/1-30/9CODEN: JOMTBB; ISSN:1745-6673. (BioMed Central Ltd.)
      The use of cosmetic products in beauty salons emits numerous kinds of toxic air pollutants. The objectives of this study were to measure the concns. of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde in 20 large beauty salons in Tehran and relate the obsd. concns. to environmental and occupational characteristics of the salons. Samples were collected from inside and outside air of 20 selected salons located in different areas of the city. Several addnl. parameters were recorded during the sampling process including surface area, no. of active employees, type of ventilation, type of ongoing treatments, temp., humidity. Deterministic and stochastic health risk assessment of the compds. were performed. Indoor concns. of each pollutant were significantly higher than its outdoor concns. Health risk assessment showed that benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde represent a possible cancer risk in the beauty salons. In addn., toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene had negligible non-carcinogenic risks. Ventilation with air purifier, and fan with open window were more effective than using just a fan. Concns. of benzene and toluene were affected by the no. of hair dying treatments. The concn. of xylene was affected by the no. of hair styling. The concn. of formaldehyde was affected by the no. of hair styling and no. of nail treatments. With improved ventilation and requirements for reformulated cosmetic, concns. of toxic air pollutants in beauty salons could be reduced.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXmtleks7k%253D&md5=ea08bc64e9cd6c6fec7ac40728f7bfea
    32. 32
      Zhong, L.; Batterman, S.; Milando, C. W. Voc Sources and Exposures in Nail Salons: A Pilot Study in Michigan, USA. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 2019, 92, 141– 153,  DOI: 10.1007/s00420-018-1353-0
      32
      VOC sources and exposures in nail salons: a pilot study in Michigan, USA
      Zhong, Lexuan; Batterman, Stuart; Milando, Chad W.
      International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health (2019), 92 (1), 141-153CODEN: IAEHDW; ISSN:0340-0131. (Springer GmbH)
      Exposures of nail salon technicians have received attention due to the potentially toxic materials used in nail products, which include volatile org. compds. (VOCs) such as formaldehyde and Me methacrylate (MMA). This study characterized area and personal concns. and other indoor air parameters in 17 nail salons in fall and winter seasons in three areas of Michigan. VOC samples were analyzed using thermal desorption, gas chromatog. and mass spectroscopy, and the VOC compn. of 35 nail products (e.g., polish, top coat, base coat) was measured using headspace sampling. Ventilation rates were derived using CO2 concns., occupancy and building information, and VOC sources were apportioned by a novel application of chem. mass balance models. We detected Et acetate, Pr acetate, Bu acetate, MMA, n-heptane and toluene in most salons, and benzene, D-limonene, formaldehyde, and Et methacrylate in some salons. While MMA was not measured in the consumer and professional products, and the use of pure MMA in salons has been not been permitted since the 1970s, MMA was found in air at concns. from 100 to 36,000 μg/m3 in 15 of 17 salons; thus its use appears to be commonplace in the industry. Personal measurements, representing exposures to workers and clients, were about twice those of the area measurements for many VOCs. This study identifies the products responsible for emissions, shows the widespread presence of MMA, and documents low ventilation rates in some salons. It also demonstrates that "informal" short-term sampling approaches can evaluate chem. exposures in nail salons, providing measurements that can be used to protect a potentially susceptible and vulnerable population. Addnl. controls, including restrictions on the VOC compns. and improved ventilation, can reduce exposures to salon workers and clients.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhvVCqtr3J&md5=a4760f47d35d47b208ce650d8711bcc4
    33. 33
      Alaves, V. M.; Sleeth, D. K.; Thiese, M. S.; Larson, R. R. Characterization of Indoor Air Contaminants in a Randomly Selected Set of Commercial Nail Salons in Salt Lake County, Utah, USA. Int. J. Environ. Health Res. 2013, 23, 419– 433,  DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2012.755152
      33
      Characterization of indoor air contaminants in commercial nail salons
      Alaves, Victor M.; Sleeth, Darrah K.; Thiese, Matthew S.; Larson, Rodney R.
      International Journal of Environmental Health Research (2013), 23 (5), 419-433CODEN: IJEREO; ISSN:0960-3123. (Taylor & Francis Ltd.)
      Air samples were collected in 12 randomly selected com. nail salons in Salt Lake County, Utah. Measurements of salon phys./chem. parameters (room vol., CO2 levels) were obtained. Volatile org. compd. (VOC) concns. were collected using summa air canisters and sorbent media tubes for an 8-h period. Multivariate analyses were used to identify relationships between salon phys./chem. characteristics and the VOCs found in the air samples. The ACGIH additive mixing formula was also applied to det. if there were potential overexposures to the combined airborne concns. of chems. monitored. Me methacrylate was detected in 58% of the establishments despite having been banned for use in nail products by the state of Utah. Formaldehyde was found above the NIOSH REL (0.016 ppm) in 58% of the establishments. Given the assortment of VOCs to which nail salon workers are potentially exposed, a combination of engineering as well as personal protective equipment is recommended.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXltlWmsQ%253D%253D&md5=5ac4005c954829f120227bc918efc84d
    34. 34
      IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer), Formaldehyde. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog Risk Hum. 2018, 100F, 401 435.
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    35. 35
      IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). Tetrachloroethylene. IARC Monogr Eval. Carcinog Risk Hum. 2018, 219 351.
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    36. 36
      California Air Resources Board. Dry Cleaning Program - Regulatory Information. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/documents/dry-cleaning-program-regulatory-information (accessed on 01 May, 2022).
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    37. 37
      Wu, X. M.; Bennett, D. H.; Ritz, B.; Cassady, D. L.; Lee, K.; Hertz-Picciotto, I. Usage Pattern of Personal Care Products in California Households. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2010, 48, 3109– 3119,  DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.08.004
      37
      Usage pattern of personal care products in California households
      Wu, Xiangmei; Bennett, Deborah H.; Ritz, Beate; Cassady, Diana L.; Lee, Kiyoung; Hertz-Picciotto, Irva
      Food and Chemical Toxicology (2010), 48 (11), 3109-3119CODEN: FCTOD7; ISSN:0278-6915. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Given the concern over the potential for health risks assocd. with certain ingredients (e.g., phthalates) in personal care products, usage patterns of ∼30 types of personal care products (e.g., shampoo, sunscreen, fragrance, etc.) were collected in 604 California households through a telephone interview. Preferences in selecting products, e.g., scented or unscented, aerosol, and brand loyalty, were also investigated. Participants were recruited in three age groups, children (mostly preschoolers), their parents, and adults age 55 or older. Use frequencies of various product types varied by sex, age group, race, education, and climatic region. Product use by parent and child from the same household were correlated. Use frequencies of products in the same class (e.g., skincare) were moderately correlated, which may impact aggregate exposures. Use frequencies obsd. in this study were generally in the same range as those reported in the EPA Exposure Factor Handbook, but we found differences for some individual products. Our study provides addnl. data on population-based usage patterns of a large collection of commonly used personal care products pertaining to several age groups and socio-demog. strata. This information will be valuable for exposure and risk assessments.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXht1Ogtr%252FE&md5=52f15395d4729f16a5fecaf3c34f25a0
    38. 38
      Breast Cancer Prevention Partners. Right to Know: Exposing Toxic Fragrance Chemicals in Beauty, Personal Care and Cleaning Products; 2018.
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    39. 39
      Campaign for Healthier Solutions. A Day Late and a Dollar Short: Retailers Are Falling Behind on Safer Chemicals; 2015.
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    40. 40
      Kolp, P. W.; Williams, P. L.; Burtan, R. C. Assessment of the Accuracy of Material Safety Data Sheets. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1995, 56, 178– 183,  DOI: 10.1080/15428119591017213
      40
      Assessment of the accuracy of material safety data sheets
      Kolp, Paul W.; Williams, Phillip L.; Burtan, Rupert C.
      American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal (1958-1999) (1995), 56 (2), 178-83CODEN: AIHAAP; ISSN:0002-8894.
      This study evaluated 150 material safety data sheets (MSDSs) for the accuracy and completeness of five areas of information: (1) chem. identification of hazardous ingredients; (2) reported health effects; (3) suggested first aid procedures; (4) recommended personal protective equipment; and (5) exposure level regulations and guidelines. The material from each MSDS was evaluated by both an industrial hygienist and an occupational physician using std. (secondary) refs. (that were readily available at the time the MSDS was prepd.) and a rating system for each area of information. Eighty-nine percent of the MSDSs provided identifiable chem. names. Thirty-seven percent were found to have accurate health effects data (with chronic health information the most inaccurate). The majority of MSDSs (76%) provided adequate first-aid information. Slightly less than half (47%) were judged to have an accurate rating for personal protective equipment information or a correct listing for applicable occupational exposure limits.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaK2MXkslaisbo%253D&md5=57e61d6ca1adf0f910dc3f98f0501f7d
    41. 41
      California Division of Occupational Safety and Health (Cal/OSHA); Public Submission for Hazard Communication Nprm.https://www.regulations.gov/comment/OSHA-2019-0001-0322 (accessed on 01 May, 2022).
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    42. 42
      Hodson, L.; Eastlake, A.; Herbers, R. An Evaluation of Engineered Nanomaterial Safety Data Sheets for Safety and Health Information Post Implementation of the Revised Hazard Communication Standard. J. Chem. Health Safety 2019, 26, 12– 18
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    43. 43
      Dionisio, K. L.; Phillips, K.; Price, P. S.; Grulke, C. M.; Williams, A.; Biryol, D.; Hong, T.; Isaacs, K. K. The Chemical and Products Database, a Resource for Exposure-Relevant Data on Chemicals in Consumer Products. Sci. Data 2018, 5, 180125  DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2018.125
      43
      The Chemical and Products Database, a resource for exposure-relevant data on chemicals in consumer products
      Dionisio, Kathie L.; Phillips, Katherine; Price, Paul S.; Grulke, Christopher M.; Williams, Antony; Biryol, Derya; Hong, Tao; Isaacs, Kristin K.
      Scientific Data (2018), 5 (), 180125CODEN: SDCABS; ISSN:2052-4463. (Nature Research)
      A review. Quant. data on product chem. compn. is a necessary parameter for characterizing near-field exposure. This data set comprises reported and predicted information on more than 75,000 chems. and more than 15,000 consumer products. The data's primary intended use is for exposure, risk, and safety assessments. The data set includes specific products with quant. or qual. ingredient information, which has been publicly disclosed through material safety data sheets (MSDS) and ingredient lists. A single product category from a refined and harmonized set of categories has been assigned to each product. The data set also contains information on the functional role of chems. in products, which can inform predictions of the concns. in which they occur. These data will be useful to exposure and risk assessors evaluating chem. and product safety.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXht12isLjJ&md5=faf1ec9b8b96296b038afe7913ae309e
    44. 44
      U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Chemical and Products Database (Cpdat), 2022.
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    45. 45
      U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Technical Overview of Volatile Organic Compounds. https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/technical-overview-volatile-organic-compounds (accessed on 01 May, 2022).
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    46. 46
      Weinberg, J. L.; Flattery, J.; Harrison, R. Fragrances and Work-Related Asthma-California Surveillance Data, 1993-2012. J. Asthma 2017, 1041– 1050,  DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2017.1299755
      46
      Fragrances and work-related asthma-California surveillance data, 1993-2012
      Weinberg Justine Lew; Flattery Jennifer; Harrison Robert
      The Journal of asthma : official journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma (2017), 54 (10), 1041-1050 ISSN:.
      OBJECTIVE: Fragrance chemicals are used in a large array of products. Workers may be exposed to these chemicals in the workplace directly when used as air fresheners, or indirectly in personal care products used by coworkers or others. This study characterizes work-related asthma (WRA) cases associated with fragrance exposures in California workplaces from 1993 through 2012. METHODS: We used the California Work-Related Asthma Prevention Program's surveillance database to identify individuals with physician-diagnosed WRA associated with the use of air fresheners and scented personal care products (perfumes, colognes, etc.). Cases were classified using previously published, standardized surveillance methods. RESULTS: Perfume was the ninth most common exposure identified from 1993 through 2012. A total of 270 WRA cases associated with fragrance exposure were reported during this period, representing 3.8% of all confirmed cases. These 270 cases included 242 associated with perfume or cologne, 32 associated with air freshener, and 4 associated with both. Similar to non-fragrance cases, nearly a quarter of fragrance-associated cases were classified as new-onset asthma. Fragrance-associated cases were significantly more likely to be in office, health, and education jobs than non-fragrance-associated cases. When compared to non-fragrance cases, fragrance cases were significantly more likely to be female (94% vs 62%) and be classified as having work-aggravated asthma (38% vs 20%), yet had similar outcomes compared with cases associated with other exposures. CONCLUSIONS: Our surveillance data show that fragrance use in the workplace is associated with WRA. Prevention methods include employee education, enforced fragrance-free policies, well-designed ventilation systems, and good building maintenance.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC1cvgtFyiuw%253D%253D&md5=e78a8b592df224fb1755aeed723852fc
    47. 47
      U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Chemicals Undergoing Risk Evaluation under Tsca. https://www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/chemicals-undergoing-risk-evaluation-under-tsca (accessed on 01 May, 2022).
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    48. 48
      U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Final Risk Evaluation for N-Methylpyrrolidone (Nmp). https://www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/final-risk-evaluation-n-methylpyrrolidone-nmp (accessed on 01 May, 2022).
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    49. 49
      U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Risk Evaluation for P-Dichlorobenzene. https://www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/risk-evaluation-p-dichlorobenzene (accessed on 01 May, 2022).
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.

  • Supporting Information

    Supporting Information

    The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.2c07247.

    • Details of chemical priority classification and prioritization workflows (PDF)

    • Summary Information on CARB product categories (Table S2) (XLSX)

    • Prioritized worker exposures (Figure S3) (PDF)

    • Prioritized population exposures (Figure S4) (PDF)


    Terms & Conditions

    Most electronic Supporting Information files are available without a subscription to ACS Web Editions. Such files may be downloaded by article for research use (if there is a public use license linked to the relevant article, that license may permit other uses). Permission may be obtained from ACS for other uses through requests via the RightsLink permission system: http://pubs.acs.org/page/copyright/permissions.html.