Prevalence and Source Tracing of PFAS in Shallow Groundwater Used for Drinking Water in Wisconsin, USA

Click to copy article linkArticle link copied!

This article references 87 other publications.

1. 1

   Coggan, T. L.; Moodie, D.; Kolobaric, A.; Szabo, D.; Shimeta, J.; Crosbie, N. D.; Lee, E.; Fernandes, M.; Clarke, B. O. An Investigation into Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Nineteen Australian Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs). Heliyon 2019, 5 (8), e02316  DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02316

   Google Scholar

   There is no corresponding record for this reference.
2. 2

   Houtz, E. F.; Sutton, R.; Park, J.-S.; Sedlak, M. Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Wastewater: Significance of Unknown Precursors, Manufacturing Shifts, and Likely AFFF Impacts. Water Res. 2016, 95, 142– 149,  DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.055

   Google Scholar

   2

   Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in wastewater: Significance of unknown precursors, manufacturing shifts, and likely AFFF impacts

   Houtz, Erika F.; Sutton, Rebecca; Park, June-Soo; Sedlak, Margaret

   Water Research (2016), 95 (), 142-149CODEN: WATRAG; ISSN:0043-1354. (Elsevier Ltd.)

   In late 2014, wastewater effluent samples were collected from eight treatment plants that discharge to San Francisco (SF) Bay in order to assess poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) currently released from municipal and industrial sources. In addn. to direct measurement of twenty specific PFAS analytes, the total concn. of perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) precursors was also indirectly measured by adapting a previously developed oxidn. assay. Effluent from six municipal treatment plants contained similar amts. of total PFASs, with highest median concns. of PFHxA (24 ng/L), followed by PFOA (23 ng/L), PFBA (19 ng/L), and PFOS (15 ng/L). Compared to SF Bay municipal wastewater samples collected in 2009, the short chain perfluorinated carboxylates PFBA and PFHxA rose significantly in concn. Effluent samples from two treatment plants contained much higher levels of PFASs: over two samplings, wastewater from one municipal plant contained an av. of 420 ng/L PFOS and wastewater from an airport industrial treatment plant contained 560 ng/L PFOS, 390 ng/L 6:2 FtS, 570 ng/L PFPeA, and 500 ng/L PFHxA. The elevated levels obsd. in effluent samples from these two plants are likely related to aq. film forming foam (AFFF) sources impacting their influent; PFASs attributable to both current use and discontinued AFFF formulations were obsd. Indirectly measured PFAA precursor compds. accounted for 33%-63% of the total molar concn. of PFASs across all effluent samples and the PFAA precursors indicated by the oxidn. assay were predominately short-chained. PFAS levels in SF Bay effluent samples reflect the manufg. shifts towards shorter chained PFASs while also demonstrating significant impacts from localized usage of AFFF.

   >> More from SciFinder ^®

   https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28Xkt1WrtLY%253D&md5=4d067571f832d40c3e2cb8185d3fff7d
3. 3

   Balgooyen, S.; Remucal, C. K. Tributary Loading and Sediment Desorption as Sources of PFAS to Receiving Waters. ACS EST Water 2022, 2, 436– 445,  DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.1c00348

   Google Scholar

   There is no corresponding record for this reference.
4. 4

   De Silva, A. O.; Spencer, C.; Scott, B. F.; Backus, S.; Muir, D. C. G. Detection of a Cyclic Perfluorinated Acid, Perfluoroethylcyclohexane Sulfonate, in the Great Lakes of North America. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45 (19), 8060– 8066,  DOI: 10.1021/es200135c

   Google Scholar

   4

   Detection of a cyclic perfluorinated acid, perfluoroethylcyclohexane sulfonate, in the Great Lakes of North America

   De Silva, Amila O.; Spencer, Christine; Scott, Brian F.; Backus, Sean; Muir, Derek C. G.

   Environmental Science & Technology (2011), 45 (19), 8060-8066CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

   Perfluoroethylcyclohexanesulfonate (PFECHS) is a cyclic perfluorinated acid (PFA) mainly used as an erosion inhibitor in aircraft hydraulic fluids. It is expected to be as recalcitrant to environmental degrdn. as aliph. PFAs including perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). For the 1st time, PFECHS is reported in top predator fish (<MDL to 3.7 ng/g wet wt. in whole body homogenate) from the Great Lakes and in surface waters (0.16-5.7 ng/L). PFOS was the major aliph. PFA in fish from the Great Lakes. Concns. of most of the PFAs were not statistically different from previously reported 2004 trout data in Lake Ontario. Shorter chain perfluorocarboxylates were prevalent in surface waters of the Great Lakes, dominated by PFOA (0.65-5.5 ng/L). An impurity in the com. PFECHS formulation, perfluoromethylcyclohexane sulfonate (PFMeCHS), was also detected in the dissolved phase but not above detection limits in fish tissue. Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) were estd. by taking the ratio of fish to water concns. The mean log BAF values corresponded to 2.8 for PFECHS, 2.1 for PFOA, and 4.5 for PFOS. It is not certain whether the fish-water BAF for PFECHS is an overestimate due to the influence of precursor biotransformation. Further studies are recommended to understand the extent of PFECHS contamination.

   >> More from SciFinder ^®

   https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXltlyjtrc%253D&md5=8d7a6950dbd7aeaae66d48ebd39ffb69
5. 5

   Brusseau, M. L.; Anderson, R. H.; Guo, B. PFAS Concentrations in Soils: Background Levels versus Contaminated Sites. Sci. Total Environ. 2020, 740, 140017,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140017

   Google Scholar

   5

   PFAS concentrations in soils: Background levels versus contaminated sites

   Brusseau, Mark L.; Anderson, R. Hunter; Guo, Bo

   Science of the Total Environment (2020), 740 (), 140017CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)

   Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are contaminants of crit. concern due to their persistence, widespread distribution in the environment, and potential human-health impacts. In this work, published studies of PFAS concns. in soils were compiled from the literature. These data were combined with results obtained from a large curated database of PFAS soil concns. for contaminated sites. In aggregate, the compiled data set comprises >30,000 samples collected from >2500 sites distributed throughout the world. Data were collected for three types of sites- background sites, primary-source sites (fire-training areas, manufg. plants), and secondary-source sites (biosolids application, irrigation water use). The aggregated soil-survey reports comprise samples collected from all continents, and from a large variety of locations in both urban and rural regions. PFAS were present in soil at almost every site tested. Low but measurable concns. were obsd. even in remote regions far from potential PFOS sources. Concns. reported for PFAS-contaminated sites were generally orders-of-magnitude greater than background levels, particularly for PFOS. Maximum reported PFOS concns. ranged upwards of several hundred mg/kg. Anal. of depth profiles indicates significant retention of PFAS in the vadose zone over decadal timeframes and the occurrence of leaching to groundwater. It is noteworthy that soil concns. reported for PFAS at contaminated sites are often orders-of-magnitude higher than typical groundwater concns. The results of this study demonstrate that PFAS are present in soils across the globe, and indicate that soil is a significant reservoir for PFAS. A crit. question of concern is the long-term migration potential to surface water, groundwater, and the atm. This warrants increased focus on the transport and fate behavior of PFAS in soil and the vadose zone, in regards to both research and site investigations.

   >> More from SciFinder ^®

   https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhtlensrrP&md5=28b3d809cabbcddba445fbadb0429faf
6. 6

   Rankin, K.; Mabury, S. A.; Jenkins, T. M.; Washington, J. W. A North American and Global Survey of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Surface Soils: Distribution Patterns and Mode of Occurrence. Chemosphere 2016, 161, 333– 341,  DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.06.109

   Google Scholar

   6

   A North American and global survey of perfluoroalkyl substances in surface soils: Distribution patterns and mode of occurrence

   Rankin, Keegan; Mabury, Scott A.; Jenkins, Thomas M.; Washington, John W.

   Chemosphere (2016), 161 (), 333-341CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN:0045-6535. (Elsevier Ltd.)

   The distribution of 32 per/polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in surface soils was detd. at 62 locations representing all continents (North America n = 33, Europe n = 10, Asia n = 6, Africa n = 5, Australia n = 4, South America n = 3 and Antarctica n = 1) using ultra performance liq. chromatog. tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) systems. Quantifiable levels of perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs: PFHxA-PFTeDA) were obsd. in all samples with total concns. ranging from 29 to 14,300 pg/g (dry wt.), while perfluoroalkane sulfonates (PFSAs: PFHxS, PFOS and PFDS) were detected in all samples but one, ranging from <LOQ-3270 pg/g, confirming the global distribution of PFASs in terrestrial settings. The geometric mean PFCA and PFSA concns. were obsd. to be higher in the northern hemisphere (930 and 170 pg/g) compared to the southern hemisphere (190 and 33 pg/g). Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) were the most commonly detected analytes at concns. up to 2670 and 3100 pg/g, resp. The sum of PFCA homologues of PFOA commonly were roughly twice the concn. of PFOA. The PFCA and PFSA congener profiles were similar amongst most locations, with a few principal-component statistical anomalies suggesting impact from nearby urban and point sources. The ratio of even to odd PFCAs was consistent with the atm. oxidn. of fluorotelomer-based precursors previously obsd. in lab. and environmental studies. Given the soils were collected from locations absent of direct human activity, these results suggest that the atm. long-range transport (LRT) of neutral PFASs followed by oxidn. and deposition are a significant source of PFCAs and PFSAs to soils.

   >> More from SciFinder ^®

   https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhtF2msbvO&md5=99a76e8ec452a38adc61befe33f335d1
7. 7

   Cousins, I. T.; Johansson, J. H.; Salter, M. E.; Sha, B.; Scheringer, M. Outside the Safe Operating Space of a New Planetary Boundary for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS). Environ. Sci. Technol. 2022, 56, 11172– 11179,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02765

   Google Scholar

   7

   Outside the safe operating space of a new planetary boundary for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)

   Cousins, Ian T.; Johansson, Jana H.; Salter, Matthew E.; Sha, Bo; Scheringer, Martin

   Environmental Science & Technology (2022), 56 (16), 11172-11179CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:1520-5851. (American Chemical Society)

   A review. It is hypothesized that environmental contamination by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) defines a sep. planetary boundary and that this boundary has been exceeded. This hypothesis is tested by comparing the levels of four selected perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) (i.e., perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA)) in various global environmental media (i.e., rainwater, soils, and surface waters) with recently proposed guideline levels. On the basis of the four PFAAs considered, it is concluded that (1) levels of PFOA and PFOS in rainwater often greatly exceed US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Lifetime Drinking Water Health Advisory levels and the sum of the aforementioned four PFAAs (Σ4 PFAS) in rainwater is often above Danish drinking water limit values also based on Σ4 PFAS; (2) levels of PFOS in rainwater are often above Environmental Quality Std. for Inland European Union Surface Water; and (3) atm. deposition also leads to global soils being ubiquitously contaminated and to be often above proposed Dutch guideline values. It is, therefore, concluded that the global spread of these four PFAAs in the atm. has led to the planetary boundary for chem. pollution being exceeded. Levels of PFAAs in atm. deposition are esp. poorly reversible because of the high persistence of PFAAs and their ability to continuously cycle in the hydrosphere, including on sea spray aerosols emitted from the oceans. Because of the poor reversibility of environmental exposure to PFAS and their assocd. effects, it is vitally important that PFAS uses and emissions are rapidly restricted.

   >> More from SciFinder ^®

   https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38XhvFygt7jI&md5=e7777ad97d7e0d7f8b54f013d2b41a91
8. 8

   Pike, K. A.; Edmiston, P. L.; Morrison, J. J.; Faust, J. A. Correlation Analysis of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Regional U.S. Precipitation Events. Water Res. 2021, 190, 116685,  DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116685

   Google Scholar

   8

   Correlation Analysis of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Regional U.S. Precipitation Events

   Pike, Kyndal A.; Edmiston, Paul L.; Morrison, Jillian J.; Faust, Jennifer A.

   Water Research (2021), 190 (), 116685CODEN: WATRAG; ISSN:0043-1354. (Elsevier Ltd.)

   Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are transported in the atm., leading to both wet and dry deposition to the surface. The concns. of 15 PFAS were measured at six locations in the Ohio-Indiana region of the U. S. during the summer of 2019 and compared to samples collected at a distant site in NW Wyoming. ΣPFAS concns. ranged from 50-850 ng L-1, with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) being the dominant compd. (∼90%). Concns. of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorosulfonic acid (PFOS) were similar to amts. obsd. over the past 20 years, indicating persistence in the atm. despite regulatory action, and the newer species HFPO-DA (GenX) was also widely detected in rainwater. ANOVA modeling and correlation matrixes were used to det. assocn. of PFAS concns., location, and functional group and chain length. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in PFAS profiles across sites sepd. by 10-100 km indicate that local point sources strongly contribute to wet deposition. This work introduces correlation plots for PFAS that allow rapid visual comparison of multi-analyte and multi-site data sets.

   >> More from SciFinder ^®

   https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXisVyiur7N&md5=f9906e70691650149dacc6dc306e45f6
9. 9

   Pfotenhauer, D.; Sellers, E.; Olson, M.; Praedel, K.; Shafer, M. PFAS Concentrations and Deposition in Precipitation: An Intensive 5-Month Study at National Atmospheric Deposition Program – National Trends Sites (NADP-NTN) across Wisconsin, USA. Atmos. Environ. 2022, 291, 119368,  DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119368

   Google Scholar

   9

   PFAS concentrations and deposition in precipitation: An intensive 5-month study at National Atmospheric Deposition Program - National trends sites (NADP-NTN) across Wisconsin, USA

   Pfotenhauer, David; Sellers, Emily; Olson, Mark; Praedel, Katie; Shafer, Martin

   Atmospheric Environment (2022), 291 (), 119368CODEN: AENVEQ; ISSN:1352-2310. (Elsevier Ltd.)

   Atm. transport and processing of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) leads to deposition and accumulation of these compds. in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, however, measurements of PFAS flux and deposition rates remain sparse and underdeveloped. In 2020, ninety-one pptn. samples, along with an array of QA/QC samples were collected from eight National Trends Network (NTN) sites across Wisconsin through the National Atm. Deposition Program (NADP). Weekly pptn. samples were analyzed for a suite of 34 PFAS compds. to provide measurements of speciated PFAS concns. and deposition fluxes to in the Upper Great Lakes Region. Perfluoro carboxylates (PFCAs) were detected most frequently and constituted an av. of 83% of the total mass quantified across the samples. Summed PFAS mass concns. in the rainwater ranged from 0.7 to 6.1 ng/L with a median of 1.5 ng/L. Daily flux values ranged from 1.3 to 47.4 ng/m2/day with a median of 5.7 ng/m2/day. From an anal. of variance (ANOVA), significant differences in the av. chem. profiles (PFAS fingerprints) were obsd. among the 8 sampling sites, indicating that nearby sources of PFAS can potentially influence wet-deposition compn. of certain species on obsd. spatial scales. Strict quality control measures were developed and implemented for this study to confirm that the field and lab. methods met the necessary high data quality stds. These methods and QA/QC protocols are detailed here to provide guidance for future wet deposition sampling of PFAS. This campaign confirms the efficacy of NADP-NTN samplers and protocols for the collection and study of PFAS atm. transport, deposition rates, and spatial trends in concns. and flux.

   >> More from SciFinder ^®

   https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38XisVCqtLzP&md5=1761ad8263651bca112cc503e7655c87
10. 10

    Johnson, G. R.; Brusseau, M. L.; Carroll, K. C.; Tick, G. R.; Duncan, C. M. Global Distributions, Source-Type Dependencies, and Concentration Ranges of per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Groundwater. Sci. Total Environ. 2022, 841, 156602,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156602

    Google Scholar

    10

    Global distributions, source-type dependencies, and concentration ranges of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in groundwater

    Johnson, Gwynn R.; Brusseau, Mark L.; Carroll, Kenneth C.; Tick, Geoffrey R.; Duncan, Candice M.

    Science of the Total Environment (2022), 841 (), 156602CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)

    A meta-anal. was conducted of published literature reporting concns. of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in groundwater for sites distributed in 20 countries across the globe. Data for >35 PFAS were aggregated from 96 reports published from 1999 to 2021. The final data set comprises approx. 21,000 data points after removal of time-series and duplicate samples as well as non-detects. The reported concns. range over many orders of magnitude, from ng/L to mg/L levels. Distinct differences in concn. ranges are obsd. between sites located within or near sources vs. those that are not. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), ranging from <0.03 ng/L to ∼7 mg/L, and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), ranging from 0.01 ng/L to ∼5 mg/L, were the two most reported PFAS. The highest PFAS concn. in groundwater is ∼15 mg/L reported for the replacement-PFAS 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS). Maximum reported groundwater concns. for PFOA and PFOS were compared to concns. reported for soils, surface waters, marine waters, and pptn. Soil concns. are generally significantly higher than those reported for the other media. This accrues to soil being the primary entry point for PFAS release into the environment for many sites, as well as the generally significantly greater retention capacity of soil compared to the other media. The presence of PFAS has been reported for all media in all regions tested, including areas that are far removed from specific PFAS sources. This gives rise to the existence of a "background" concn. of PFAS that must be accounted for in both regional and site-specific risk assessments. The presence of this background is a reflection of the large-scale use of PFAS, their general recalcitrance, and the action of long-range transport processes that distribute PFAS across regional and global scales. This ubiquitous distribution has the potential to significantly impact the quality and availability of water resources in many regions. In addn., the pervasive presence of PFAS in the environment engenders concerns for impacts to ecosystem and human health.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38Xhs1SmsL3J&md5=f52f81887390c878e68a02a7c4f577fd
11. 11

    U.S. Geological Survey. Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2015 . Circular 1441, 2018.

    Google Scholar

    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
12. 12

    Hu, X. C.; Andrews, D. Q.; Lindstrom, A. B.; Bruton, T. A.; Schaider, L. A.; Grandjean, P.; Lohmann, R.; Carignan, C. C.; Blum, A.; Balan, S. A.; Higgins, C. P.; Sunderland, E. M. Detection of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in U.S. Drinking Water Linked to Industrial Sites, Military Fire Training Areas, and Wastewater Treatment Plants. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 2016, 3 (10), 344– 350,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00260

    Google Scholar

    12

    Detection of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in U.S. Drinking Water Linked to Industrial Sites, Military Fire Training Areas, and Wastewater Treatment Plants

    Hu, Xindi C.; Andrews, David Q.; Lindstrom, Andrew B.; Bruton, Thomas A.; Schaider, Laurel A.; Grandjean, Philippe; Lohmann, Rainer; Carignan, Courtney C.; Blum, Arlene; Balan, Simona A.; Higgins, Christopher P.; Sunderland, Elsie M.

    Environmental Science & Technology Letters (2016), 3 (10), 344-350CODEN: ESTLCU; ISSN:2328-8930. (American Chemical Society)

    Drinking water contamination with poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) poses risks to the developmental, immune, metabolic, and endocrine health of consumers. We present a spatial anal. of 2013-2015 national drinking water PFAS concns. from the US EPA 3rd Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR3) program. The no. of industrial sites that manuf. or use these compds., the no. of military fire training areas, and the no. of wastewater treatment plants are all significant predictors of PFAS detection frequencies and concns. in public water supplies. Among samples with detectable PFAS levels, each addnl. military site within a watershed's 8-digit hydrol. unit is assocd. with a 20% increase in PFHxS, a 10% increase in both PFHpA and PFOA, and a 35% increase in PFOS. The no. of civilian airports with personnel trained in the use of aq. film-forming foams is significantly assocd. with the detection of PFASs above the minimal reporting level. We find drinking water supplies for 6 million US residents exceed US EPA's lifetime health advisory (70 ng/L) for PFOS and PFOA. Lower anal. reporting limits and addnl. sampling of smaller utilities serving <10000 individuals and private wells would greatly assist in further identifying PFAS contamination sources.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28Xht12msb7J&md5=b51d66969dbcd86fe394437b0c7795b3
13. 13

    Andrews, D. Q.; Naidenko, O. V. Population-Wide Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances from Drinking Water in the United States. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 2020, 7 (12), 931– 936,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00713

    Google Scholar

    13

    Population-Wide Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances from Drinking Water in the United States

    Andrews, David Q.; Naidenko, Olga V.

    Environmental Science & Technology Letters (2020), 7 (12), 931-936CODEN: ESTLCU; ISSN:2328-8930. (American Chemical Society)

    The extent of ongoing exposure to the general public from per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in drinking water in the United States and worldwide remains uncertain. Here, we analyze publicly accessible data sets of PFAS occurrence in drinking water in the United States. Testing with detection limits below 1 ng/L revealed that mixts. of PFAS are nearly ubiquitous in surface water, the predominate source of drinking water for the U.S. population. We est. that 18-80 million people in the U.S. receive tap water with 10 ng/L or greater concn. of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) combined, and over 200 million people likely receive water with a PFOA and PFOS concn. at or above 1 ng/L. Multiple U.S. states including California, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, and Vermont have either set or proposed limits for PFOA and PFOS that are significantly lower than the nonregulatory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency established lifetime drinking water health advisory level of 70 ng/L for the combined concn. of PFOA and PFOS. There is significant variation in PFAS occurrence within and between different U.S. states, highlighting the need for systematic monitoring of PFAS in both source and finished drinking water.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXitVGlu7rF&md5=cc2dabce372cb3b601002bbd1ca3f7e4
14. 14

    McMahon, P. B.; Tokranov, A. K.; Bexfield, L. M.; Lindsey, B. D.; Johnson, T. D.; Lombard, M. A.; Watson, E. Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Groundwater Used as a Source of Drinking Water in the Eastern United States. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2022, 56 (4), 2279– 2288,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04795

    Google Scholar

    14

    Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in groundwater used as source of drinking water in the Eastern United States

    McMahon, Peter B.; Tokranov, Andrea K.; Bexfield, Laura M.; Lindsey, Bruce D.; Johnson, Tyler D.; Lombard, Melissa A.; Watson, Elise

    Environmental Science & Technology (2022), 56 (4), 2279-2288CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:1520-5851. (American Chemical Society)

    In 2019, 254 samples were collected from five aquifer systems to evaluate perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) occurrence in groundwater used as a source of drinking water in the eastern United States. The samples were analyzed for 24 PFAS, major ions, nutrients, trace elements, dissolved org. carbon (DOC), volatile org. compds. (VOCs), pharmaceuticals, and tritium. Fourteen of the 24 PFAS were detected in groundwater, with 60 and 20% of public-supply and domestic wells, resp., contg. at least one PFAS detection. Concns. of tritium, chloride, sulfate, DOC, and manganese + iron; percent urban land use within 500 m of the wells; and VOC and pharmaceutical detection frequencies were significantly higher in samples contg. PFAS detections than in samples with no detections. Boosted regression tree models that consider 57 chem. and land-use variables show that tritium concn., distance to the nearest fire-training area, percentage of urban land use, and DOC and VOC concns. are the top five predictors of PFAS detections, consistent with the hydrol. position, geochem., and land use being important controls on PFAS occurrence in groundwater. Model results indicate that it may be possible to predict PFAS detections in groundwater using existing data sources.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38Xis1ykt70%253D&md5=e80e6f6ba0f7d486ba3d0bcc47fec3ba
15. 15

    United States Environmental Protection Agency. Proposed Rule Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances National Primary Drinking Water Regulation. https://www.regulations.gov/document/EPA-HQ-OW-2022-0114-0027 (accessed 2023-08-16).

    Google Scholar

    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
16. 16

    Anderson, R. H.; Adamson, D. T.; Stroo, H. F. Partitioning of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances from Soil to Groundwater within Aqueous Film-Forming Foam Source Zones. J. Contam. Hydrol. 2019, 220, 59,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2018.11.011

    Google Scholar

    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
17. 17

    Backe, W. J.; Day, T. C.; Field, J. A. Zwitterionic, Cationic, and Anionic Fluorinated Chemicals in Aqueous Film Forming Foam Formulations and Groundwater from U.S. Military Bases by Nonaqueous Large-Volume Injection HPLC-MS/MS. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47 (10), 5226– 5234,  DOI: 10.1021/es3034999

    Google Scholar

    17

    Zwitterionic, Cationic, and Anionic Fluorinated Chemicals in Aqueous Film Forming Foam Formulations and Groundwater from U.S. Military Bases by Nonaqueous Large-Volume Injection HPLC-MS/MS

    Backe, Will J.; Day, Thomas C.; Field, Jennifer A.

    Environmental Science & Technology (2013), 47 (10), 5226-5234CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

    A new anal. method was developed to quantify 26 newly-identified and 21 legacy (e.g. perfluoroalkyl carboxylates, perfluoroalkyl sulfonates, and fluorotelomer sulfonates) per and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in groundwater and aq. film forming foam (AFFF) formulations. Prior to anal., AFFF formulations were dild. into methanol and PFAS in groundwater were micro liq.-liq. extd. Methanolic dilns. of AFFF formulations and groundwater exts. were analyzed by large-vol. injection (900 μL) HPLC tandem mass spectrometry. Orthogonal chromatog. was performed using cation exchange (silica) and anion exchange (propylamine) guard columns connected in series to a reverse-phase (C18) anal. column. Method detection limits for PFAS in groundwater were 0.71-67 ng/L, and whole-method accuracy was 96-106% for analytes for which matched authentic anal. stds. were available. For analytes without authentic anal. stds., whole-method accuracy was 78-144%, and whole-method precision was <15% relative std. deviation for all analytes. A demonstration of the method on groundwater samples from five military bases revealed eight of the 26 newly-identified PFAS present at concns. ≤6900 ng/L. The newly-identified PFAS represent a minor fraction of the fluorinated chems. in groundwater relative to legacy PFAS. The profiles of PFAS in groundwater differ from those found in fluorotelomer- and electrofluorination-based AFFF formulations, which potentially indicates environmental transformation of PFAS.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXlvFSqtb4%253D&md5=ab5d2b6c6ba88d948bfcdd6e0820ca08
18. 18

    Houtz, E. F.; Higgins, C. P.; Field, J. A.; Sedlak, D. L. Persistence of Perfluoroalkyl Acid Precursors in AFFF-Impacted Groundwater and Soil. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47 (15), 8187– 8195,  DOI: 10.1021/es4018877

    Google Scholar

    18

    Persistence of perfluoroalkyl acid precursors in AFFF-impacted groundwater and soil

    Houtz, Erika F.; Higgins, Christopher P.; Field, Jennifer A.; Sedlak, David L.

    Environmental Science & Technology (2013), 47 (15), 8187-8195CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

    Several classes of polyfluorinated chems. that are potential precursors to the perfluorinated carboxylates and sulfonates are present in aq. film-forming foams (AFFF). To assess the persistence of these AFFF-derived precursors, groundwater, soil, and aquifer solids were obtained in 2011 from an unlined firefighter training area at a U.S. Air Force Base where AFFF was regularly used between 1970 and 1990. To measure the total concn. of perfluorinated carboxylate and sulfonate precursors in archived AFFF formulations and AFFF-impacted environmental samples, a previously developed assay that uses hydroxyl radical to oxidize precursors to perfluorinated carboxylates was adapted for these media. This assay was employed along with direct measurement of 22 precursors found in AFFF and a suite of other poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). On a molar basis, precursors accounted for 41-100% of the total concn. of PFASs in archived AFFF formulations. In the training area, precursors measured by the oxidn. assay accounted for an av. of 23% and 28% of total PFASs (i.e., precursors and perfluorinated carboxylates and sulfonates) in groundwater and solids samples, resp. One precursor in AFFF, perfluorohexane sulfonamide amine, was obsd. on several highly contaminated soil and aquifer solids samples, but no other precursors present in AFFF formulations were detected in any samples at this field site. Suspected intermediate transformation products of precursors in AFFF that were directly measured accounted for approx. half of the total precursor concn. in samples from the training site. The fraction of PFASs consisting of perfluorinated carboxylates and sulfonates was greater in groundwater and solid samples than in any archived AFFF formulations, suggesting that much of the mass of precursors released at the site was converted to perfluorinated carboxylates and sulfonates. The precursors that have persisted at this site may generate significant amts. of addnl. perfluorinated carboxylates and sulfonates upon remediation of contaminated groundwater or aquifer solids.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhtFKlsbvE&md5=63b7bde5fc7dfc31a79e2e20fadbb676
19. 19

    Adamson, D. T.; Nickerson, A.; Kulkarni, P. R.; Higgins, C. P.; Popovic, J.; Field, J.; Rodowa, A.; Newell, C.; DeBlanc, P.; Kornuc, J. J. Mass-Based, Field-Scale Demonstration of PFAS Retention within AFFF-Associated Source Areas. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2020, 54, 15768– 15777,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04472

    Google Scholar

    19

    Mass-based, field-scale demonstration of PFAS retention within AFFF-associated source areas

    Adamson, David T.; Nickerson, Anastasia; Kulkarni, Poonam R.; Higgins, Christopher P.; Popovic, Jovan; Field, Jennifer; Rodowa, Alix; Newell, Charles; DeBlanc, Phil; Kornuc, John J.

    Environmental Science & Technology (2020), 54 (24), 15768-15777CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

    Transport of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) at aq. film-forming foam (AFFF)-impacted sites is limited by various processes that can retain PFAS mass within the source area. This study used concn. data obtained via a high-resoln. sampling and anal. protocol to est. the PFAS mass distribution in source and downgradient areas of a former firefighter training area. The total PFAS mass present at the site was approx. 222 kg, with 106 kg as perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and 116 kg as polyfluorinated precursors. Zwitterionic and cationic PFAS represented 83% of the total precursor mass and were found primarily in the source and up/side-gradient areas (75%), likely due to preferential hydrophobic partitioning, electrostatic interactions, and diffusion into lower-permeability soils. Based on the release history and the high percentage of total PFAS mass represented by precursors (primarily electrochem. fluorination-derived compds.), the estd. conversion rate of precursors to PFAAs was less than 2% annually. Eighty-two percent of the total PFAS mass was encountered in lower-permeability soils, which limited the potential for advection and transformation. This contributed to a 99% decrease in the mass discharge rate at the far-downgradient plume (0.048 kg/yr compared to the near-source area (3.6 kg/yr)). The results provide field-scale evidence of the importance of these PFAS retention processes at sites where AFFF has been released.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXisVKkt73J&md5=517ba178e8b1087be0da1f23ef057ca7
20. 20

    Lang, J. R.; Allred, B. M.; Field, J. A.; Levis, J. W.; Barlaz, M. A. National Estimate of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance (PFAS) Release to U.S. Municipal Landfill Leachate. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51 (4), 2197– 2205,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05005

    Google Scholar

    20

    National Estimate of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance (PFAS) Release to U.S. Municipal Landfill Leachate

    Lang, Johnsie R.; Allred, B. McKay; Field, Jennifer A.; Levis, James W.; Barlaz, Morton A.

    Environmental Science & Technology (2017), 51 (4), 2197-2205CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

    Landfills are the final stage in the life cycle of many products contg. per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and their presence has been reported in landfill leachate. The concns. of 70 PFASs in 95 samples of leachate were measured in a survey of U.S. landfills of varying climates and waste ages. National release of PFASs was estd. by coupling measured concns. for the 19 PFASs where more than 50% of samples had quantifiable concns., with climate-specific ests. of annual leachate vols. For 2013, the total vol. of leachate generated in the U.S. was estd. to be 61.1 million m3, with 79% of this vol. coming from landfills in wet climates (>75 cm/yr pptn.) that contain 47% of U.S. solid waste. The mass of measured PFASs from U.S. landfill leachate to wastewater treatment plants was estd. to be between 563 and 638 kg for 2013. In the majority of landfill leachate samples, 5:3 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid (FTCA) was dominant and variations in concns. with waste age affected total estd. mass. There were six PFASs that demonstrated significantly higher concns. in leachate from younger waste compared to older waste and six PFAS demonstrated significant variation with climate.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXht1ymsLs%253D&md5=cd61ccc4abbc4c2e7667fb16b70afec9
21. 21

    Bolan, N.; Sarkar, B.; Vithanage, M.; Singh, G.; Tsang, D. C. W.; Mukhopadhyay, R.; Ramadass, K.; Vinu, A.; Sun, Y.; Ramanayaka, S.; Hoang, S. A.; Yan, Y.; Li, Y.; Rinklebe, J.; Li, H.; Kirkham, M. B. Distribution, Behaviour, Bioavailability and Remediation of Poly- and per-Fluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Solid Biowastes and Biowaste-Treated Soil. Environ. Int. 2021, 155, 106600,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106600

    Google Scholar

    21

    Distribution, behaviour, bioavailability and remediation of poly- and per-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in solid biowastes and biowaste-treated soil

    Bolan, Nanthi; Sarkar, Binoy; Vithanage, Meththika; Singh, Gurwinder; Tsang, Daniel C. W.; Mukhopadhyay, Raj; Ramadass, Kavitha; Vinu, Ajayan; Sun, Yuqing; Ramanayaka, Sammani; Hoang, Son A.; Yan, Yubo; Li, Yang; Rinklebe, Jorg; Li, Hui; Kirkham, M. B.

    Environment International (2021), 155 (), 106600CODEN: ENVIDV; ISSN:0160-4120. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    A review. Aq. film-forming foam, used in firefighting, and biowastes, including biosolids, animal and poultry manures, and composts, provide a major source of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) input to soil. Large amts. of biowastes are added to soil as a source of nutrients and carbon. They also are added as soil amendments to improve soil health and crop productivity. Plant uptake of PFAS through soil application of biowastes is a pathway for animal and human exposure to PFAS. The complexity of PFAS mixts., and their chem. and thermal stability, make remediation of PFAS in both solid and aq. matrixes challenging. Remediation of PFAS in biowastes, as well as soils treated with these biowastes, can be achieved through preventing and decreasing the concn. of PFAS in biowaste sources (i.e., prevention through source control), mobilization of PFAS in contaminated soil and subsequent removal through leaching (i.e., soil washing) and plant uptake (i.e., phytoremediation), sorption of PFAS, thereby decreasing their mobility and bioavailability (i.e., immobilization), and complete removal through thermal and chem. oxidn. (i.e., destruction). In this review, the distribution, bioavailability, and remediation of PFAS in soil receiving solid biowastes, which include biosolids, composts, and manure, are presented.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXhtVCrt7bO&md5=42696e26d5311904cffd49b774f90f8a
22. 22

    Sepulvado, J. G.; Blaine, A. C.; Hundal, L. S.; Higgins, C. P. Occurrence and Fate of Perfluorochemicals in Soil Following the Land Application of Municipal Biosolids. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45 (19), 8106– 8112,  DOI: 10.1021/es103903d

    Google Scholar

    22

    Occurrence and fate of perfluorochemicals in soil following the land application of municipal biosolids

    Sepulvado, Jennifer G.; Blaine, Andrea C.; Hundal, Lakhwinder S.; Higgins, Christopher P.

    Environmental Science & Technology (2011), 45 (19), 8106-8112CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

    The recent implementation of soil and drinking water screening guidance values for 2 perfluorochems. (PFCs), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) by the US EPA, reflects the growing concerns regarding the presence of these persistent and bioaccumulative chems. in the natural environment. Previous work has established the potential risk to the environment from the land application of industrially contaminated biosolids, but studies focusing on environmental risk from land application of typical municipal biosolids are lacking. This study examd. the occurrence and fate of PFCs from land-applied municipal biosolids by evaluating the levels, mass balance, desorption, and transport of PFCs in soils receiving application of municipal biosolids at various loading rates. This study is the 1st to report levels of PFCs in agricultural soils amended with typical municipal biosolids. PFOS was the dominant PFC in both biosolids (80-219 ng/g) and biosolids-amended soil (2-483 ng/g). Concns. of all PFCs in soil increased linearly with increasing biosolids loading rate. These data were used to develop a model for predicting PFC soil concns. in soils amended with typical municipal biosolids using cumulative biosolids loading rates. Mass balance calcns. comparing PFCs applied vs. those recovered in the surface soil interval indicated the potential transformation of PFC precursors. Lab. desorption expts. indicated that the leaching potential of PFCs decreases with increasing chain length and that previously derived org.-C normalized partition coeffs. may not be accurate predictors of the desorption of long-chain PFCs from biosolids-amended soils. Trace levels of PFCs were also detected in soil cores from biosolids-amended soils to depths of 120 cm, suggesting potential movement of these compds. within the soil profile over time and confirming the higher transport potential for short-chain PFCs in soils amended with municipal biosolids.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXjvVOls7Y%253D&md5=f28dd098381463ee4eeb1ef16d7c8931
23. 23

    Johnson, G. R. PFAS in Soil and Groundwater Following Historical Land Application of Biosolids. Water Res. 2022, 211, 118035,  DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.118035

    Google Scholar

    23

    PFAS in soil and groundwater following historical land application of biosolids

    Johnson, Gwynn R.

    Water Research (2022), 211 (), 118035CODEN: WATRAG; ISSN:0043-1354. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    The land application of digested sewage sludge (biosolids) is widely employed across the globe. Studies show that biosolids contain significant amts. of inorg. and org. materials, as well as emerging pollutants, including per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS). With the wide range of pollutants commonly reported in biosolids, the potential risks assocd. with long-term land application operations are concerning. In this study, PFAS in surface soils, deeper soils into the vadose zone, and immediately-underlying groundwater was measured at an agricultural station with a long record of biosolids applications plus irrigation using treated wastewater. Twelve PFAS homologues were detected in every near surface soil sampled 0-30 cm depth below ground surface with multiple PFAS (esp. short-chain) distributed through the soil profile. Av. measured concns. of PFAS in these soils suggest the soil burden PFOS>PFDA>PFOA for all substations sampled, independent of the historical loading rates and patterns of agricultural operations on those substations. Measured concns. of PFOA and PFOS in the soil profile (0-90 cm) suggest these compds. have migrated to deeper soil depths (up to 9 m below the surface) with quantifiable concns. in the soil and the immediate underlying groundwater located approx. 17 m below. Ests. of the total mass of PFAS in surface soils were effectively made using PFAS levels reported in sludges from the USEPA NSSS combined with long-term loading rates on record at the substations. With the land application of biosolids in the USA regulated by the USEPA, addnl. and updated risk assessments and surveys to include emerging pollutants such as PFAS are needed to protect public health and the environment.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38XpvF2qtA%253D%253D&md5=2446b812dd40a7fd8ca11361debb2761
24. 24

    Nascimento, R. A.; Nunoo, D. B. O.; Bizkarguenaga, E.; Schultes, L.; Zabaleta, I.; Benskin, J. P.; Spanó, S.; Leonel, J. Sulfluramid Use in Brazilian Agriculture: A Source of per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) to the Environment. Environ. Pollut. 2018, 242, 1436– 1443,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.122

    Google Scholar

    24

    Sulfluramid use in Brazilian agriculture: A source of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) to the environment

    Nascimento, Rodrigo A.; Nunoo, Deborah B. O.; Bizkarguenaga, Ekhine; Schultes, Lara; Zabaleta, Itsaso; Benskin, Jonathan P.; Spano, Saulo; Leonel, Juliana

    Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2018), 242 (Part_B), 1436-1443CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    N-Et perfluorooctane sulfonamide (EtFOSA) is a perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) precursor and the active ingredient in sulfluramid, a pesticide which is used extensively in Brazil for management of leaf cutting ants. Here we investigate the occurrence of EtFOSA, PFOS, and other per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in soil, eucalyptus leaves, water (ground, riverine, and coastal (estuarine/marine)) and coastal sediment from an agricultural region of Bahia State, Brazil. This area contains a larger no. of eucalyptus plantations where sulfluramid is suspected to be applied. Soil, leaves, and coastal water (marine/estuarine) contained .sum.PFAS concns. of up to 5400 pg g-1, 979 pg g-1, and 1020 pg L-1, resp., with PFAS profiles generally dominated by PFOS and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA). Coastal sediment contained .sum.PFAS concns. of up to 198 pg g-1, with PFOS, FOSA, and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) being the most frequently obsd. PFASs. These substances are all potential EtFOSA transformation products, pointing to sulfluramid as a possible source. In riverine water, .sum.PFAS concns. of up to 8930 pg L-1 were obsd. PFOS and PFOA were detected in all river water samples. Groundwater also exhibited PFAS contamination (5730 pg L-1 .sum.PFASs), likely from sulfluramid use. The observation of other PFASs (e.g. perfluorobutanoic acid) in freshwater suggests that other PFAS sources (in addn. to sulfluramid) may be important in this region. Overall, these data support the hypothesis that sulfluramid use contributes to the occurrence of PFASs in the Brazilian environment.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhsFGqtLvJ&md5=e0d44273bd0a28adc13d41dc6c89d922
25. 25

    Yin, T.; Te, S. H.; Reinhard, M.; Yang, Y.; Chen, H.; He, Y.; Gin, K. Biotransformation of Sulfluramid (N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide) and dynamics of associated rhizospheric microbial community in microcosms of wetland plants. Chemosphere 2018, 211, 379– 389,  DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.157

    Google Scholar

    25

    Biotransformation of Sulfluramid (N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide) and dynamics of associated rhizospheric microbial community in microcosms of wetland plants

    Yin, Tingru; Te, Shu Harn; Reinhard, Martin; Yang, Yi; Chen, Huiting; He, Yiliang; Gin, Karina Yew-Hoong

    Chemosphere (2018), 211 (), 379-389CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN:0045-6535. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    Although the use of Sulfluramid (N-Et perfluorooctane sulfonamide (N-EtFOSA)) has been restricted by the Stockholm Convention, it is still frequently detected in the environmental matrixes and in use in some countries. Employing constructed wetlands as treatment systems requires understanding of the biodegrdn. process in the rhizosphere and the effect of contaminants on the microbes of wetlands. This study aimed to investigate the interactions between the microbial community and N-EtFOSA under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Aerobic biotransformation of N-EtFOSA occurred with a half-life of 0.51 day and yielded 85.1mol% PFOS of after 91 days. Kinetic modeling revealed that cleavage of the S-N was the rate-limiting degrdn. step. Biotransformation was not obsd. under anaerobic and anoxic conditions, suggesting that N-EtFOSA is recalcitrant to biodegrdn. without dissolved oxygen. Under aerobic condition, the presence of N-EtFOSA and its biotransformation products decreased the microbial richness and diversity and exerted selective pressure on the microbial community. Enrichment of Methylocaldum was significant (49%) in the presence of N-EtFOSA compared to unexposed conditions (11%), suggesting that Methylocaldum is relatively tolerant to N-EtFOSA and potentially degrading N-EtFOSA. Under anaerobic conditions, the microbial richness and diversity were not significantly altered by the presence of N-EtFOSA.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhsVCgtbrE&md5=b1f81deb3ed5656cbdaa09a5e7695c1b
26. 26

    Thompson, J. T.; Chen, B.; Bowden, J. A.; Townsend, T. G. Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Toilet Paper and the Impact on Wastewater Systems. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 2023, 10 (3), 234– 239,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.3c00094

    Google Scholar

    26

    Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Toilet Paper and the Impact on Wastewater Systems

    Thompson, Jake T.; Chen, Boting; Bowden, John A.; Townsend, Timothy G.

    Environmental Science & Technology Letters (2023), 10 (3), 234-239CODEN: ESTLCU; ISSN:2328-8930. (American Chemical Society)

    Here, we evaluate a perhaps unexpected contributor of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) to our wastewater, an input anticipated at every wastewater treatment facility-toilet paper. In this study, both toilet paper and wastewater sludge were characterized to explore the magnitude of the potential PFAS loading into wastewater systems from toilet paper. In both toilet paper and wastewater sludge, 6:2 fluorotelomer phosphate diester (6:2 diPAP) was the most prevalent PFAS detected, and toilet paper usage was estd. to contribute from 6.4 to 80μg/person-year of 6:2 diPAP to wastewater-water systems. Our results suggest that toilet paper should be considered as a potentially major source of PFAS entering wastewater treatment systems.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3sXjvFGqu7c%253D&md5=8e8b01b77864c62c930c58d53d11c701
27. 27

    Prevedouros, K.; Cousins, I. T.; Buck, R. C.; Korzeniowski, S. H. Sources, Fate and Transport of Perfluorocarboxylates. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40 (1), 32– 44,  DOI: 10.1021/es0512475

    Google Scholar

    27

    Sources, Fate and Transport of Perfluorocarboxylates

    Prevedouros, Konstantinos; Cousins, Ian T.; Buck, Robert C.; Korzeniowski, Stephen H.

    Environmental Science and Technology (2006), 40 (1), 32-44CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

    A review describes the sources, fate, and transport of perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs) in the environment, with a specific focus on perfluorooctanoate (PFO). The global historical industry-wide emissions of total PFCAs from direct (manuf., use, consumer products) and indirect (PFCA impurities and/or precursors) sources were estd. to be 3200-7300 tons. It was estd. that the majority (∼80%) of PFCAs have been released to the environment from fluoropolymer manuf. and use. Although indirect sources were estd. to be much less important than direct sources, there were larger uncertainties assocd. with the calcns. for indirect sources. The phys.-chem. properties of PFO (negligible vapor pressure, high soly. in water, and moderate sorption to solids) suggested that PFO would accumulate in surface waters. Estd. mass inventories of PFO in various environmental compartments confirmed that surface waters, esp. oceans, contain the majority of PFO. The only environmental sinks for PFO were identified to be sediment burial and transport to the deep oceans, implying a long environmental residence time. Transport pathways for PFCAs in the environment were reviewed, and it was concluded that, in addn. to atm. transport/degrdn. of precursors, atm. and ocean water transport of the PFCAs themselves could significantly contribute to their long-range transport. It was estd. that 2-12 tons/yr of PFO are transported to the Arctic by oceanic transport, which is greater than the amt. estd. to result from atm. transport/degrdn. of precursors.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2MXht1Gru7zK&md5=39fe4ec81ae1fa6d9b5fa387ff0e74b7
28. 28

    Kotthoff, M.; Müller, J.; Jürling, H.; Schlummer, M.; Fiedler, D. Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Consumer Products. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2015, 22 (19), 14546– 14559,  DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4202-7

    Google Scholar

    28

    Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in consumer products

    Kotthoff, Matthias; Mueller, Josef; Juerling, Heinrich; Schlummer, Martin; Fiedler, Dominik

    Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2015), 22 (19), 14546-14559CODEN: ESPLEC; ISSN:0944-1344. (Springer)

    Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are used in a wide range of products of all day life. Due to their toxicol. potential, an emerging focus is directed towards their exposure to humans. This study investigated the PFAS load of consumer products in a broad perspective. Perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (C4, C6-C8, C10-PFSA), carboxylic acids (C4-C14-PFCA) and fluorotelomer alcs. (4:2, 6:2; 8:2 and 10:2 FTOH) were analyzed in 115 random samples of consumer products including textiles (outdoor materials), carpets, cleaning and impregnating agents, leather samples, baking and sandwich papers, paper baking forms and ski waxes. PFCA and PFSA were analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS, whereas FTOH were detected by GC/CI-MS. Consumer products such as cleaning agents or some baking and sandwich papers show low or negligible PFSA and PFCA contents. On the other hand, high PFAS levels were identified in ski waxes (up to about 2000 μg/kg PFOA), leather samples (up to about 200 μg/kg PFBA and 120 μg/kg PFBS), outdoor textiles (up to 19 μg/m2 PFOA) and some other baking papers (up to 15 μg/m2 PFOA). Moreover, some test samples like carpet and leather samples and outdoor materials exceeded the EU regulatory threshold value for PFOS (1 μg/m2). A diverse mixt. of PFASs can be found in consumer products for all fields of daily use in varying concns. This study proves the importance of screening and monitoring of consumer products for PFAS loads and the necessity for an action to regulate the use of PFASs, esp. PFOA, in consumer products.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXjtVynsr4%253D&md5=0b81c60d1861d05f26f6052d8d154007
29. 29

    Favreau, P.; Poncioni-Rothlisberger, C.; Place, B. J.; Bouchex-Bellomie, H.; Weber, A.; Tremp, J.; Field, J. A.; Kohler, M. Multianalyte Profiling of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Liquid Commercial Products. Chemosphere 2017, 171, 491– 501,  DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.127

    Google Scholar

    29

    Multianalyte profiling of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in liquid commercial products

    Favreau, Philippe; Poncioni-Rothlisberger, Chantal; Place, Benjamin J.; Bouchex-Bellomie, Harold; Weber, Andreas; Tremp, Josef; Field, Jennifer A.; Kohler, Marcel

    Chemosphere (2017), 171 (), 491-501CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN:0045-6535. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    The chem. properties of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) make them widespread for use in a no. of industrial and com. products to confer water and oil-repellency characteristics and to reduce surface tension e.g. in aq. film-forming foams (AFFFs). Some PFASs, esp. perfluoroctane sulfonate, and several perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids, are known to cause significant human and environmental neg. impact. Our knowledge on the content of PFASs in products remains scarce due to limited information available, thus impeding any precise assessment of human exposure and environmental release upon use. This study aimed at analyzing a wide variety of liq. products (n = 194) likely to contain PFASs, including impregnating agents, lubricants, cleansers, polishes, AFFFs and other industrial products. By means of LC- and GC-MS/MS anal. techniques, 24 PFASs (from 41 targeted PFASs) were detected and quantified in 55% of samples. PFAS quantification and profiling was found to be consumer product specific. PFASs were mostly detected in AFFF (90%) and impregnating agents (60%) with mainly ionic and neutral species, resp. In particular, the fluorotelomer alcs. 6:2, 8:2 and 10:2 FTOHs were detected in 40-50% of impregnating agents. Further investigation by Fast Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry (FAB-MS) on a set of AFFF samples allowed the characterization of 8 different PFAS classes as major components in these formulations. Results demonstrated that numerous and diversified PFAS are currently used in specific com. products, implying significant human exposure and environmental release that necessitate further research concerning their toxicol. impact.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XitFOhsb7K&md5=1e516b32ccdc9634a4b576fda4a679bb
30. 30

    Herzke, D.; Olsson, E.; Posner, S. Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Consumer Products in Norway – A Pilot Study. Chemosphere 2012, 88 (8), 980– 987,  DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.035

    Google Scholar

    30

    Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in consumer products in Norway - A pilot study

    Herzke, Dorte; Olsson, Elisabeth; Posner, Stefan

    Chemosphere (2012), 88 (8), 980-987CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN:0045-6535. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are used in numerous industrial and consumer products because of their special chem. properties, for instance the ability to repel both water and oil. A broad variety of PFAS have been introduced into the Norwegian market through industrial use (e.g. via fire fighting foams and paints) as well as in treated customer products such as textiles and coated paper. Our present knowledge of the exact chem. PFAS compns. in prepns. using perfluorinated compds. is limited. This lack of knowledge means that it is difficult to provide an accurate assessment of human exposure to these compds. or to the amt. of waste that may contain treated products. It is a growing concern that these potentially harmful compds. can now be found throughout the global environment. Samples of consumer products and prepns. were collected in Norway, with supplemental samples from Sweden. In 27 of the 30 analyzed consumer products and prepns. a no. of polyfluorinated substances that were analyzed were detected but this does not exclude the occurrence of unknown PFAS. Notable was that perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), which has been strictly regulated in Norway since 2007, was found in amts. close to or exceeding the EU regulatory level in 4 of the 30 analyzed products, all within the leather or carpet product groups. High amts. of fluorotelomer alcs. (FTOHs) were found in waterproofing agents, carpets and textiles, consistent with earlier findings by Fiedler et al. (2010). The presence of PFAS in a broad range of consumer products can give rise to a const. diffuse human exposure that might eventually result in harm to humans.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38Xlt1ylsrs%253D&md5=eddc0cb439ce40aa819322d0175c80c0
31. 31

    Fiedler, S.; Pfister, G.; Schramm, K.-W. Poly- and Perfluorinated Compounds in Household Consumer Products. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 2010, 92 (10), 1801– 1811,  DOI: 10.1080/02772248.2010.491482

    Google Scholar

    31

    Poly- and perfluorinated compounds in household consumer products

    Fiedler, Stefan; Pfister, Gerd; Schramm, Karl-Werner

    Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry (2010), 92 (10), 1801-1811CODEN: TECSDY; ISSN:0277-2248. (Taylor & Francis Ltd.)

    Several household consumer products were analyzed for their content of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), and fluorotelomer alcs. (FTOH) by nanoflow ultra performance liq. chromatog.-mass spectrometry and gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry. Among the investigated products, which are applied as sprays, were impregnating agents, cleaning agents, lubricants, and conditioners. In 14 of the 26 products analyzed, at least one polyfluorinated compd. (PFC) was detected in 14 samples. 8:2 FTOH was the dominating PFC with concns. up to 149 μg/mL-1. The max. concn. of PFOA was 14.5 μg/mL-1, whereas PFOS was not detected in any sample. Investigated PFCs were mostly found in impregnating agents and lubricants, but were not detected in cleaning agents and conditioners. In FTOH-contg. impregnating agents, similar ratios between 6:2 FTOH, 8:2 FTOH, and 10:2 FTOH were found. FTOH proportions in PFC-contg. lubricants were similar as well. Total human exposure to PFC from consumer product aerosols for three different scenarios was estd. to be between 42.8 and 464 ng/kg-1 per day.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXhtlSht7rN&md5=bf6a2b2b047852309ac335d07af815be
32. 32

    Schaider, L. A.; Ackerman, J. M.; Rudel, R. A. Septic Systems as Sources of Organic Wastewater Compounds in Domestic Drinking Water Wells in a Shallow Sand and Gravel Aquifer. Sci. Total Environ. 2016, 547, 470– 481,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.081

    Google Scholar

    32

    Septic systems as sources of organic wastewater compounds in domestic drinking water wells in a shallow sand and gravel aquifer

    Schaider, Laurel A.; Ackerman, Janet M.; Rudel, Ruthann A.

    Science of the Total Environment (2016), 547 (), 470-481CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)

    Domestic drinking water wells serve 44 million people in the US and are common globally. They are often located in areas served by onsite wastewater treatment systems, including septic systems, which can be sources of biol. and chem. pollutants to groundwater. We tested 20 domestic drinking water wells in a sand and gravel aquifer on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA, for 117 org. wastewater compds. (OWCs) and for inorg. markers of septic system impact. We detected 27 OWCs, including 12 pharmaceuticals, 5 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), 4 organophosphate flame retardants, and an artificial sweetener (acesulfame). Maximum concns. of several PFASs and pharmaceuticals were relatively high compared to public drinking water supplies in the US. The no. of detected OWCs and total concns. of pharmaceuticals and of PFASs were pos. correlated with nitrate, B, and acesulfame and neg. correlated with well depth. These wells were all located in areas served exclusively by onsite wastewater treatment systems, which are likely the main source of the OWCs in these wells, although landfill leachate may also be a source. Our results suggest that current regulations to protect domestic wells from pathogens in septic system discharges do not prevent OWCs from reaching domestic wells, and that nitrate, a commonly measured drinking water contaminant, is a useful screening tool for OWCs in domestic wells. Nitrate concns. of 1 mg/L NO3--N, which are tenfold higher than local background and 10-fold lower than the US federal drinking water std., were assocd. with wastewater impacts from OWCs in this study.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhtlOlu7s%253D&md5=0785c707a75e0c4e3ef00e24e16f3cad
33. 33

    Ruyle, B. J.; Pickard, H. M.; LeBlanc, D. R.; Tokranov, A. K.; Thackray, C. P.; Hu, X. C.; Vecitis, C. D.; Sunderland, E. M. Isolating the AFFF Signature in Coastal Watersheds Using Oxidizable PFAS Precursors and Unexplained Organofluorine. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2021, 55, 3686– 3695,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07296

    Google Scholar

    33

    Isolating the AFFF signature in coastal watersheds using oxidizable PFAS precursors and unexplained organofluorine

    Ruyle, Bridger J.; Pickard, Heidi M.; LeBlanc, Denis R.; Tokranov, Andrea K.; Thackray, Colin P.; Hu, Xindi C.; Vecitis, Chad D.; Sunderland, Elsie M.

    Environmental Science & Technology (2021), 55 (6), 3686-3695CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

    Water supplies for millions of U.S. individuals exceed max. contaminant levels for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Contemporary and legacy use of aq. film forming foams (AFFF) is a major contamination source. However, diverse PFAS sources are present within watersheds, making it difficult to isolate their predominant origins. Here we examine PFAS source signatures among six adjacent coastal watersheds on Cape Cod, MA, U.S.A. using multivariate clustering techniques. A distinct signature of AFFF contamination enriched in precursors with six perfluorinated carbons (C6) was identified in watersheds with an AFFF source, while others were enriched in C4 precursors. Principal component anal. of PFAS compn. in impacted watersheds showed a decline in precursor compn. relative to AFFF stocks and a corresponding increase in terminal perfluoroalkyl sulfonates with < C6 but not those with ≥ C6. Prior work shows that in AFFF stocks, all extractable organofluorine (EOF) can be explained by targeted PFAS and precursors inferred using Bayesian inference on the total oxidizable precursor assay. Using the same techniques for the first time in impacted watersheds, we find that only 24%-63% of the EOF can be explained by targeted PFAS and oxidizable precursors. Our work thus indicates the presence of large non-AFFF organofluorine sources in these coastal watersheds.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXls1Ons7s%253D&md5=b44df92ffedffaa05f9388ab59a0f46c
34. 34

    Costanza, J.; Arshadi, M.; Abriola, L. M.; Pennell, K. D. Accumulation of PFOA and PFOS at the Air–Water Interface. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 2019, 6 (8), 487– 491,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00355

    Google Scholar

    34

    Accumulation of PFOA and PFOS at the Air-Water Interface

    Costanza, Jed; Arshadi, Masoud; Abriola, Linda M.; Pennell, Kurt D.

    Environmental Science & Technology Letters (2019), 6 (8), 487-491CODEN: ESTLCU; ISSN:2328-8930. (American Chemical Society)

    Knowledge of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) accumulation at the air-water interface is crit. to understanding the fate and transport of these substances in subsurface environments. The surface tension of aq. solns. contg. PFOA and PFOS at concns. ranging from 0.1 to >1000 mg/L and with dissolved solids (i.e., cations and anions) commonly found in groundwater was measured using the Wilhelmy plate method. The surface tensions of solns. contg. dissolved solids were lower than those for ultrapure water, indicating an increase in the surface excess of PFOA and PFOS in the presence of dissolved solids. An equation for the surface excess of PFOA and PFOS with total dissolved solids was developed by fitting the measured surface tension values, which ranged from 72.0 to 16.7 mN/m, to the Szyszkowski equation. On the basis of mass distribution calcns. for a representative unsatd., fine-grained soil, up to 78% of the PFOA and PFOS mass will accumulate at the air-water interface, with the remaining mass dissolved in water and adsorbed on the solids.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhsVarsLzF&md5=c145773db94437b6ca226948546d43e6
35. 35

    Psillakis, E.; Cheng, J.; Hoffmann, M. R.; Colussi, A. J. Enrichment Factors of Perfluoroalkyl Oxoanions at the Air/Water Interface. J. Phys. Chem. A 2009, 113 (31), 8826– 8829,  DOI: 10.1021/jp902795m

    Google Scholar

    35

    Enrichment Factors of Perfluoroalkyl Oxoanions at the Air/Water Interface

    Psillakis, Elefteria; Cheng, Jie; Hoffmann, M. R.; Colussi, A. J.

    Journal of Physical Chemistry A (2009), 113 (31), 8826-8829CODEN: JPCAFH; ISSN:1089-5639. (American Chemical Society)

    The refractory, water-bound perfluoro-n-alkyl carboxylate F(CF2)nCO2- and sulfonate F(CF2)nSO3- surfactant anions reach remote locations by mechanisms that are not well understood. We report expts. in which the relative concns. of these anions on the surface of microdroplets produced by nebulizing their aq. solns. are measured via electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Enrichment factors f (relative to Br-: f(Br-) ≡ 1) increase with n, asymptotically reaching f[F(CF2)nSO3-] ∼2 f[F(CF2)nCO2-] ∼200 f(Br-) values above n ∼8. The larger f values for F(CF2)nSO3- over their F(CF2)nCO2- congeners are consistent with a closer approach of the bulkier, less hydrated -SO3- headgroup to the air/water interface. A hyperbolic, rather than the predicted linear log f[F(CF2)nCO2-] vs. n dependence suggests the onset of conformational restrictions to interfacial enrichment above n ∼4. Marine aerosols produced from contaminated ocean surface waters are therefore expected to be highly enriched in F(CF2)nCO2-/F(CF2)nSO3- species.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1MXmsFGmu7c%253D&md5=8099eef370facb3d1bd717b3074a0aea
36. 36

    Høisæter, Å.; Pfaff, A.; Breedveld, G. D. Leaching and Transport of PFAS from Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF) in the Unsaturated Soil at a Firefighting Training Facility under Cold Climatic Conditions. J. Contam. Hydrol. 2019, 222, 112– 122,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2019.02.010

    Google Scholar

    36

    Leaching and transport of PFAS from aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) in the unsaturated soil at a firefighting training facility under cold climatic conditions

    Hoisaeter ¡ÑÜAse; Pfaff Anja; Breedveld Gijs D

    Journal of contaminant hydrology (2019), 222 (), 112-122 ISSN:.

    The contaminant situation at a Norwegian firefighting training facility (FTF) was investigated 15 years after the use of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) based aqueous film forming foams (AFFF) products had ceased. Detailed mapping of the soil and groundwater at the FTF field site in 2016, revealed high concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). PFOS accounted for 96% of the total PFAS concentration in the soil with concentrations ranging from <0.3 μg/kg to 6500 μg/kg. The average concentration of PFOS in the groundwater down-gradient of the site was 22 μg/l (6.5-44.4 μg/l), accounting for 71% of the total PFAS concentration. To get a better understanding of the historic fate of AFFF used at the site, unsaturated column studies were performed with pristine soil with a similar texture and mineralogy as found at the FTF and the same PFOS containing AFFF used at the site. Transport and attenuation processes governing PFAS behavior were studied with focus on cold climate conditions and infiltration during snow melting, the main groundwater recharge process at the FTF. Low and high water infiltration rates of respectively 4.9 and 9.7 mm/day were applied for 14 and 7 weeks, thereby applying the same amount of water, but changing the aqueous saturation of the soil columns. The low infiltration rate represented 2 years of snow melting, while the high infiltration rate can be considered to mimic the extra water added in the areas with intensive firefighting training. In the low infiltration experiment PFOS was not detected in the column leachate over the complete 14 weeks. With high infiltration PFOS was detected after 14 days and concentrations increased from 20 ng/l to 2200 ng/l at the end of the experiment (49 days). Soil was extracted from the columns in 5 cm layers and showed PFOS concentrations in the range < 0.21-1700 μg/kg in the low infiltration column. A clear maximum was observed at a soil depth of 30 cm. No PFOS was detected below 60 cm depth. In the high infiltration column PFOS concentration ranged from 7.4 to 1000 μg/kg, with highest concentrations found at 22-32 cm depth. In this case PFOS was detected down to the deepest sample (~90 cm). Based on the field study, retardation factors for the average vertical transport of PFOS in the unsaturated zone were estimated to be 33-42 and 16-21 for the areas with a low and high AFFF impact, respectively. The estimated retardation factors for the column experiments were much lower at 6.5 and 5.8 for low and high infiltration, respectively. This study showed that PFOS is strongly attenuated in the unsaturated zone and mobility is dependent on infiltration rate. The results also suggest that the attenuation rate increases with time.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BB3cbkvVWnuw%253D%253D&md5=0f2fe9374ed52f0a4b839e3fa3b02a82
37. 37

    Xiao, F.; Simcik, M. F.; Halbach, T. R.; Gulliver, J. S. Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in Soils and Groundwater of a U.S. Metropolitan Area: Migration and Implications for Human Exposure. Water Res. 2015, 72, 64– 74,  DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.09.052

    Google Scholar

    37

    Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in soils and groundwater of a U.S. metropolitan area: Migration and implications for human exposure

    Xiao, Feng; Simcik, Matt F.; Halbach, Thomas R.; Gulliver, John S.

    Water Research (2015), 72 (), 64-74CODEN: WATRAG; ISSN:0043-1354. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) are emerging anthropogenic compds. that have recently become the target of global concern due to their ubiquitous presence in the environment, persistence, and bioaccumulative properties. This study was carried out to investigate the migration of PFOS and PFOA in soils and groundwater in a U.S. metropolitan area.We obsd. elevated levels in surface soils (median: 12.2 ng PFOS/g dw and 8.0 ng PFOA/g dw), which were much higher than the soil-screening levels for groundwater protection developed in this study. The measured levels in subsurface soils show a general increase with depth, suggesting a downward movement toward the groundwater table and a potential risk of aquifer contamination. Furthermore, concns. of PFOS and PFOA in monitoring wells in the source zone varied insignificantly over 5 years (2009-2013), suggesting limited or no change in either the source or the magnitude of the source. The anal. also shows that natural processes of dispersion and diln. can significantly attenuate the groundwater contamination; the adsorption on aquifer solids, on the other hand, appears to have limited effects on the transport of PFOS and PFOA in the aquifer. The probabilistic exposure assessment indicates that ingestion of contaminated groundwater constitutes a much more important exposure route than ingestion of contaminated soil. Overall, the results suggest that (i) the transport of PFOS and PFOA is retarded in the vadose zone, but not in the aquifer; (ii) the groundwater contamination of PFOS and PFOA often follows their release to surface soils by years, if not decades; and (iii) the aquifer can be a major source of exposure for communities living near point sources.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhslGju73I&md5=4cc650abefa511f4023a4f1b1646c3d6
38. 38

    Campos Pereira, H.; Ullberg, M.; Kleja, D. B.; Gustafsson, J. P.; Ahrens, L. Sorption of Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) to an Organic Soil Horizon – Effect of Cation Composition and PH. Chemosphere 2018, 207, 183– 191,  DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.012

    Google Scholar

    38

    Sorption of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) to an organic soil horizon-effect of cation composition and pH

    Campos Pereira, Hugo; Ullberg, Malin; Kleja, Dan Berggren; Gustafsson, Jon Petter; Ahrens, Lutz

    Chemosphere (2018), 207 (), 183-191CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN:0045-6535. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    Accurate prediction of the sorption of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in soils is essential for environmental risk assessment. We investigated the effect of soln. pH and calcd. soil org. matter (SOM) net charge on the sorption of 14 PFASs onto an org. soil as a function of pH and added concns. of Al3+, Ca2+ and Na+. Often, the org. C-normalized partitioning coeffs. (KOC) showed a neg. relationship to both pH (Δlog KOC/ΔpH = -0.32 ± 0.11 log units) and the SOM bulk net neg. charge (Δlog KOC = -1.41 ± 0.40 per log unit molc g-1). Moreover, perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs) sorbed more strongly than perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) and the PFAS sorption increased with increasing perfluorocarbon chain length with 0.60 and 0.83 log KOC units per CF2 moiety for C3-C10 PFCAs and C4, C6, and C8 PFSAs, resp. The effects of cation treatment and SOM bulk net charge were evident for many PFASs with low to moderate sorption (C5-C8 PFCAs and C6 PFSA). However for the most strongly sorbing and most long-chained PFASs (C9-C11 and C13 PFCAs, C8 PFSA and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA)), smaller effects of cations were seen, and instead sorption was more strongly related to the pH value. This suggests that the most long-chained PFASs, similar to other hydrophobic org. compds., are preferentially sorbed to the highly condensed domains of the humin fraction, while shorter-chained PFASs are bound to a larger extent to humic and fulvic acid, where cation effects are significant.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhtVSgs7vM&md5=3110c6ae4a79a86312341bdda4bc13b5
39. 39

    Campos-Pereira, H.; Makselon, J.; Kleja, D. B.; Prater, I.; Kögel-Knabner, I.; Ahrens, L.; Gustafsson, J. P. Binding of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) by Organic Soil Materials with Different Structural Composition – Charge- and Concentration-Dependent Sorption Behavior. Chemosphere 2022, 297, 134167,  DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134167

    Google Scholar

    39

    Binding of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) by organic soil materials with different structural composition - Charge- and concentration-dependent sorption behavior

    Campos-Pereira, Hugo; Makselon, Jennifer; Kleja, Dan B.; Prater, Isabel; Koegel-Knabner, Ingrid; Ahrens, Lutz; Gustafsson, Jon Petter

    Chemosphere (2022), 297 (), 134167CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN:0045-6535. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    The charge- and concn.-dependent sorption behavior of a range of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) was studied for three org. soil samples with different org. matter quality, one Spodosol Oe horizon (Mor Oe) and two Sphagnum peats with different degrees of decompn. (Peat Oi and Peat Oe). Sorption to the two peat materials was, on av., four times stronger compared to that onto the Mor Oe material. In particular, longer-chained PFASs were more strongly bound by the two peats as compared to the Mor Oe sample. The combined results of batch sorption expts. and 13C NMR spectroscopy suggested sorption to be pos. related to the content of carbohydrates (i.e., O-alkyl carbon). Sorption of all PFAS subclasses was inversely related to the pH value in all soils, with the largest pH effects being obsd. for perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) with C10 and C11 perfluorocarbon chain lengths. Exptl. detd. sorption isotherms onto the poorly humified Peat Oi did not deviate significantly from linearity for most substances, while for the Mor Oe horizon, sorption nonlinearity was generally more pronounced. This work should prove useful in assessing PFAS sorption and leaching in org. soil horizons within environmental risk assessment.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38XmsFCrsbs%253D&md5=671340617469b623cbb1145f5e2cf2c3
40. 40

    Ahrens, L.; Yeung, L. W. Y.; Taniyasu, S.; Lam, P. K. S.; Yamashita, N. Partitioning of Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctane Sulfonamide (PFOSA) between Water and Sediment. Chemosphere 2011, 85 (5), 731– 737,  DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.046

    Google Scholar

    40

    Partitioning of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA) between water and sediment

    Ahrens, Lutz; Yeung, Leo W. Y.; Taniyasu, Sachi; Lam, Paul K. S.; Yamashita, Nobuyoshi

    Chemosphere (2011), 85 (5), 731-737CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN:0045-6535. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    Lab. partitioning expts. were conducted to elucidate the sorption behavior and partitioning of perfluoroalkyl compds. (PFCs). Three different sediment types were used and sep. spiked with perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA) at low environmentally realistic concns. PFOA, PFOS and PFOSA were mainly distributed in the dissolved phase at low suspended solid concns., indicating their long-range transport potential in the marine environment. In all cases, the equil. isotherms were linear and the org. C normalized partition coeffs. (KOC) decreased in the following order: PFOSA (log KOC = 4.1 ± 0.35 cm3 g-1) > PFOS (3.7 ± 0.56 cm3 g-1) > PFOA (2.4 ± 0.12 cm3 g-1). The level of org. content had a significant influence on the partitioning. For the sediment with negligible org. content the d. of the sediment became the most important factor influencing the partitioning. Ultimately, data on the partitioning of PFCs between aq. media and suspended solids are essential for modeling their transport and environmental fate.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXhsVehsbjN&md5=fda0445783cfe80e5d07a22e780eef11
41. 41

    Du, Z.; Deng, S.; Bei, Y.; Huang, Q.; Wang, B.; Huang, J.; Yu, G. Adsorption Behavior and Mechanism of Perfluorinated Compounds on Various Adsorbents─A Review. J. Hazard. Mater. 2014, 274, 443– 454,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.04.038

    Google Scholar

    41

    Adsorption behavior and mechanism of perfluorinated compounds on various adsorbents-A review

    Du, Ziwen; Deng, Shubo; Bei, Yue; Huang, Qian; Wang, Bin; Huang, Jun; Yu, Gang

    Journal of Hazardous Materials (2014), 274 (), 443-454CODEN: JHMAD9; ISSN:0304-3894. (Elsevier B.V.)

    A review. Perfluorinated compds. (PFCs) have drawn great attention recently due to their wide distribution in aquatic environments and potential toxic to animals and human beings. Adsorption not only is an effective technol. to remove PFCs from H2O or wastewater, but also affects PFC distribution at solid-liq. interfaces and their fate in aquatic environments. This article reviews the adsorption behavior of different PFCs (mainly perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoate) on various adsorptive materials. Some effective adsorbents are introduced in detail in terms of their prepn., characteristics, effects of soln. chem. and PFC properties on adsorption. Adsorption mechanisms of PFCs on different adsorbents are summarized, and various interactions including electrostatic interaction, hydrophobic interaction, ligand exchange, and H bond are fully reviewed. The adsorbents with amine groups generally have high adsorption capacity for PFCs, and formation of micelles/hemi-micelles plays an important role in achieving high adsorption capacity of perfluorinated surfactants on some porous adsorbents. Hydrophobic interaction is mainly responsible for PFC adsorption, but the difference between PFCs and traditional hydrocarbons has not clearly clarified. This review paper would be helpful for the prepn. of effective adsorbents for PFC removal and understanding interfacial process of PFCs during their transport and fate in aquatic environments.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXovVejsrc%253D&md5=614d4125ba9b594b2baa36b327a6a108
42. 42

    Alves, A. V.; Tsianou, M.; Alexandridis, P. Fluorinated Surfactant Adsorption on Mineral Surfaces: Implications for PFAS Fate and Transport in the Environment. Surfaces 2020, 3 (4), 516– 566,  DOI: 10.3390/surfaces3040037

    Google Scholar

    42

    Fluorinated surfactant adsorption on mineral surfaces: implications for PFAS fate and transport in the environment

    Alves, Anthony V.; Tsianou, Marina; Alexandridis, Paschalis

    Surfaces (Basel, Switzerland) (2020), 3 (4), 516-566CODEN: SURFCY; ISSN:2571-9637. (MDPI AG)

    Fluorinated surfactants, which fall under the class of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), are amphiphilic mols. that comprise hydrophobic fluorocarbon chains and hydrophilic head-groups. Fluorinated surfactants have been utilized in many applications, e.g., fiber-fighting foams, paints, household/kitchenware items, product packaging, and fabrics. These compds. then made their way into the environment, and have been detected in soil, fresh water, and seawater. From there, they can enter human bodies. Fluorinated surfactants are persistent in water and soil environments, and their adsorption onto mineral surfaces contributes to this persistence. This review examines how fluorinated surfactants adsorb onto mineral surfaces, by analyzing the thermodn. and kinetics of adsorption, and the underlying mechanisms. Adsorption of fluorinated surfactants onto mineral surfaces can be explained by electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and ligand and ion exchange. The aq. pH, varying salt or humic acid concns., and the surfactant chem. can influence the adsorption of fluorinated surfactants onto mineral surfaces. Further research is needed on fluorinated surfactant adsorbent materials to treat drinking water, and on strategies that can modulate the fate of these compds. in specific environmental locations.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXlsVehu7k%253D&md5=c54063a7d847ecf612fa3d42c93cc100
43. 43

    Belitz, K.; Fram, M. S.; Johnson, T. D. Metrics for Assessing the Quality of Groundwater Used for Public Supply, CA, USA: Equivalent-Population and Area. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49 (14), 8330– 8338,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00265

    Google Scholar

    43

    Metrics for Assessing the Quality of Groundwater Used for Public Supply, CA, USA: Equivalent-Population and Area

    Belitz, Kenneth; Fram, Miranda S.; Johnson, Tyler D.

    Environmental Science & Technology (2015), 49 (14), 8330-8338CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

    Data from 11000 public supply wells in 87 study areas were used to assess the quality of nearly all of the groundwater used for public supply in California. Two metrics were developed for quantifying groundwater quality: area with high concns. (km2 or proportion) and equiv.-population relying upon groundwater with high concns. (no. of people or proportion). Concns. are considered high if they are above a human-health benchmark. When expressed as proportions, the metrics are area-weighted and population-weighted detection frequencies. On a statewide-scale, ∼20% of the groundwater used for public supply has high concns. for one or more constituents (23% by area and 18% by equiv.-population). On the basis of both area and equiv.-population, trace elements are more prevalent at high concns. than either nitrate or org. compds. at the statewide-scale, in eight of nine hydrogeol. provinces, and in about three-quarters of the study areas. At a statewide-scale, nitrate is more prevalent than org. compds. based on area, but not on the basis of equiv.-population. The approach developed for this paper, unlike many studies, recognizes the importance of appropriately weighting information when changing scales, and is broadly applicable to other areas.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhtVOktr7I&md5=0d5fd5b69da88b84709e3685d9a9de09
44. 44

    Belitz, K.; Jurgens, B.; Landon, M. K.; Fram, M. S.; Johnson, T. Estimation of aquifer scale proportion using equal area grids: Assessment of regional scale groundwater quality. Water Resour. Res. 2010, 46(11), W11550. DOI: 10.1029/2010WR009321

    Google Scholar

    44

    Estimation of aquifer scale proportion using equal area grids: Assessment of regional scale groundwater quality

    Belitz, Kenneth; Jurgens, Bryant; Landon, Matthew K.; Fram, Miranda S.; Johnson, Tyler

    Water Resources Research (2010), 46 (11), W11550/1-W11550/14CODEN: WRERAQ; ISSN:0043-1397. (American Geophysical Union)

    The proportion of an aquifer with constituent concns. above a specified threshold (high concns.) is taken as a nondimensional measure of regional scale water quality. If computed on the basis of area, it can be referred to as the aquifer scale proportion. A spatially unbiased est. of aquifer scale proportion and a confidence interval for that est. are obtained through the use of equal area grids and the binomial distribution. Traditionally, the confidence interval for a binomial proportion is computed using either the std. interval or the exact interval. Research from the statistics literature has shown that the std. interval should not be used and that the exact interval is overly conservative. On the basis of coverage probability and interval width, the Jeffreys interval is preferred. If more than one sample per cell is available, cell declustering is used to est. the aquifer scale proportion, and Kish's design effect may be useful for estg. an effective no. of samples. The binomial distribution is also used to quantify the adequacy of a grid with a given no. of cells for identifying a small target, defined as a constituent that is present at high concns. in a small proportion of the aquifer. Case studies illustrate a consistency between approaches that use one well per grid cell and many wells per cell. The methods presented in this paper provide a quant. basis for designing a sampling program and for utilizing existing data.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXhsVKltLk%253D&md5=b66fba63bf17b0246090ca8b227436d8
45. 45

    Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection. Wisconsin Groundwater Quality: Agricultural Chemicals in Wisconsin Groundwater April 2017; ARM-PUB-264; Madison, 2017; p 55. https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/Programs_Services/GroundwaterReports.aspx (accessed 2022-02-01).

    Google Scholar

    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
46. 46

    Nitka, A. L.; DeVita, W. M.; McGinley, P. M. Evaluating a Chemical Source-Tracing Suite for Septic System Nitrate in Household Wells. Water Res. 2019, 148, 438– 445,  DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.019

    Google Scholar

    46

    Evaluating a chemical source-tracing suite for septic system nitrate in household wells

    Nitka, A. L.; DeVita, W. M.; McGinley, P. M.

    Water Research (2019), 148 (), 438-445CODEN: WATRAG; ISSN:0043-1354. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    Reducing human and ecol.risks of groundwater nitrate contamination requires understanding the source of nitrate. Land use practices, such as agriculture and residential development, can increase groundwater nitrate concns. This study evaluated a chem.source-tracing suite that paired anal.of agricultural herbicide metabolites and human wastewater constituents. The source-tracing suite was tested in an area subject to nitrate from both agriculture and on-site waste ("septic") systems. Monitoring wells showed that agricultural contamination was deeper (>5 m) in the aquifer consistent with its origin a greater distance from wells and that on-site waste ("septic system") contamination was shallower in the aquifer (<3 m). Repeated sampling of seventeen household wells showed evidence of both agricultural and on-site waste contamination in wells with higher nitrate concns. The artificial sweeteners sucralose and acesulfame and the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole were the only septic system indicators consistently detected. Less persistent compds., such as caffeine and acetaminophen, were never detected in the household wells indicating they were attenuated over the distance between septic system and well and reducing their utility as a tracer of septic system nitrate. Overall, there was a pos.relationship between sucralose, acesulfame and nitrate in wells with low levels of agricultural contamination although the relationship varied between wells.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXitFSjsbzF&md5=55a5420a2e3dfab964b5ebeeb4b8e96f
47. 47

    International Organization for Standardization. Draft International Standard ISO/DIS 21675:2018(E): Water Quality─Determination of Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances (PFAS) in Water─Method Using Solid Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) , 2018.

    Google Scholar

    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
48. 48

    Postle, J. K.; Rheineck, B. D.; Allen, P. E.; Baldock, J. O.; Cook, C. J.; Zogbaum, R.; VandenBrook, J. P. Chloroacetanilide Herbicide Metabolites in Wisconsin Groundwater: 2001 Survey Results. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38 (20), 5339– 5343,  DOI: 10.1021/es040399h

    Google Scholar

    48

    Chloroacetanilide Herbicide Metabolites in Wisconsin Groundwater: 2001 Survey Results

    Postle, Jeffrey K.; Rheineck, Bruce D.; Allen, Paula E.; Baldock, Jon O.; Cook, Cody J.; Zogbaum, Randy; VandenBrook, James P.

    Environmental Science and Technology (2004), 38 (20), 5339-5343CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

    A survey of agricultural chems. in Wisconsin groundwater was conducted between Oct., 2000, and Apr., 2001, to obtain a current picture of agricultural chems. in groundwater used for private drinking water. A stratified, random sampling procedure was used to select 336 sampling locations. Water from private drinking water wells randomly selected from within the 336 sampling locations was analyzed for 18 compds., including herbicides, herbicide metabolites, and nitrate. This report focuses on the frequency and concn. of chloroacetanilide herbicides and their metabolites. Anal. of data resulted in an estd. proportion of 38 ±5.0% of wells that contained detectable levels of an herbicide or herbicide metabolite. The most commonly detected compd. was alachlor ethanesulfonic acid (ESA) deriv. with a proportion est. of 28 ±4.6%. Other detected compds. in order of prevalence were metolachlor ESA, metolachlor oxanilic acid (OA) deriv., alachlor OA, acetochlor ESA, and parent alachlor. Ests. of the mean concn. for the analytes detected ranged from 0.15 ±0.082 μg/L for acetochlor ESA to 1.8 ±0.60 μg/L for alachlor OA. Water quality stds. have not been developed for these chloroacetanilide herbicide metabolites. The results of this survey emphasize the need for toxicol. assessments of herbicide metabolite compds. and establishment of water quality stds. at the state and federal levels.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2cXnt1eht7w%253D&md5=3d7adf5ebdd3b82702021c99e2a3d514
49. 49

    National Agricultural Statistics Service. 2022 State Agriculture Overview Wisconsin. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Quick_Stats/Ag_Overview/stateOverview.php?state=WISCONSIN (accessed 2023-07-08).

    Google Scholar

    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
50. 50

    Aga, D. S.; Thurman, E. M. Formation and Transport of the Sulfonic Acid Metabolites of Alachlor and Metolachlor in Soil. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 35 (12), 2455– 2460,  DOI: 10.1021/es991264s

    Google Scholar

    50

    Formation and transport of the sulfonic acid metabolites of alachlor and metolachlor in soil

    Aga, D. S.; Thurman, E. M.

    Environmental Science and Technology (2001), 35 (12), 2455-2460CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

    Alachlor and metolachlor are dechlorinated and transformed into their corresponding ethane sulfonic acid (ESA) metabolites in soil. In a field-disappearance study, it was shown that alachlor ESA was formed at a faster rate and at concns. 2-4 times higher than metolachlor ESA, conforming with the obsd. longer disappearance half-life of metolachlor (15.5 d) in the field as compared to alachlor (8 d). Runoff data also showed higher concns. of alachlor ESA as compared to metolachlor ESA, even though they were applied at the same levels. Data from soil cores showed transport of the ESA compds. in soil to as far down as 75-90 cm below the surface, at concns. ranging from less than 0.5 μg/L to about 50 μg/L. In contrast, no parent herbicide was detected at these depths. This observation correlates with the higher log Koc values for alachlor (3.33) and metolachlor (3.01) relative to their corresponding ESA metabolites, alachlor ESA (2.26), and metolachlor ESA (2.29).

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD3MXivFyntLY%253D&md5=40c344d2a2317f6775edf9801338166a
51. 51

    Zimmerman, L. R.; Hostetler, K. A.; Thurman, E. M. Methods of Analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey Organic Geochemistry Research Group-Determination of Chloroacetanilide Herbicide Metabolites in Water Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detection and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry . U.S.G.S. Open-File Report 00-182, 2000. https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0182/report.pdf.

    Google Scholar

    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
52. 52

    Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources-GIS Services Section. Wiscland 2 Land Cover User Guide: Madison, WI, USA, 2016. https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/maps/WISCLAND (accessed 2023-03-17).

    Google Scholar

    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
53. 53

    Johnson, T. D.; Belitz, K. Assigning Land Use to Supply Wells for the Statistical Characterization of Regional Groundwater Quality: Correlating Urban Land Use and VOC Occurrence. J. Hydrol. 2009, 370 (1–4), 100– 108,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.02.056

    Google Scholar

    53

    Assigning land use to supply wells for the statistical characterization of regional groundwater quality: Correlating urban land use and VOC occurrence

    Johnson, Tyler D.; Belitz, Kenneth

    Journal of Hydrology (Amsterdam, Netherlands) (2009), 370 (1-4), 100-108CODEN: JHYDA7; ISSN:0022-1694. (Elsevier B.V.)

    Summary: Many national and regional groundwater studies have correlated land use "near" a well, often using a 500 m radius circle, with water quality. However, the use of a 500 m circle may seem counterintuitive given that contributing areas are expected to extend up-gradient from wells, and not be circular in shape. The objective of this study was to evaluate if a 500 m circle is adequate for assigning land use to a well for the statistical correlation between urban land use and the occurrence of volatile org. compds. (VOCs). Land use and VOC data came from 277 supply wells in four study areas in California. Land use was computed using ten different-sized circles and wedges (250 m to 10 km in radius), and three different-sized "searchlights" (1-2 km in length). We define these shapes as contributing area surrogates (CASs), recognizing that a simple shape is at best a surrogate for the actual contributing area. The presence or absence of correlation between land use and the occurrence of VOCs was evaluated using Kendall's tau (τ). Values of τ were within 10% of one another for wedges and circles ranging in size from 500 m to 2 km, with correlations remaining statistically significant (p < 0.05) for all CAS sizes and shapes, suggesting that a 500 m circular CAS is adequate for assigning land use to a well. Addnl. evaluation indicated that urban land use is autocorrelated at distances ranging from 8 to 36 km. Thus, urban land use in a 500 m CAS is likely to be predictive of urban land use in the actual contributing area.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1MXlsVKlsb8%253D&md5=dfc4263f6802f039a24f79e404f530b5
54. 54

    Helsel, D. R.; Hirsch, R. M.; Ryberg, K. R.; Archfield, S. A.; Gilroy, E. J. Statistical Methods in Water Resources. U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods; U.S. Geological Survey, 2020; Chapter A3 book 4, p 458. https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/tm4A3.

    Google Scholar

    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
55. 55

    Holm, S. A Simple Sequentially Rejective Multiple Test Proceedure. Scand. J. Stat. 1979, 6, 65– 70

    Google Scholar

    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
56. 56

    Smalling, K. L.; Romanok, K. M.; Bradley, P. M.; Morriss, M. C.; Gray, J. L.; Kanagy, L. K.; Gordon, S. E.; Williams, B. M.; Breitmeyer, S. E.; Jones, D. K.; DeCicco, L. A.; Eagles-Smith, C. A.; Wagner, T. Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in United States Tapwater: Comparison of Underserved Private-Well and Public-Supply Exposures and Associated Health Implications. Environ. Int. 2023, 178, 108033,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108033

    Google Scholar

    56

    Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in United States tapwater: Comparison of underserved private-well and public-supply exposures and associated health implications

    Smalling, Kelly L.; Romanok, Kristin M.; Bradley, Paul M.; Morriss, Mathew C.; Gray, James L.; Kanagy, Leslie K.; Gordon, Stephanie E.; Williams, Brianna M.; Breitmeyer, Sara E.; Jones, Daniel K.; DeCicco, Laura A.; Eagles-Smith, Collin A.; Wagner, Tyler

    Environment International (2023), 178 (), 108033CODEN: ENVIDV; ISSN:0160-4120. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    Drinking-water quality is a rising concern in the United States (US), emphasizing the need to broadly assess exposures and potential health effects at the point-of-use. Drinking-water exposures to per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a national concern, however, there is limited information on PFAS in residential tapwater at the point-of-use, esp. from private-wells. We conducted a national reconnaissance to compare human PFAS exposures in unregulated private-well and regulated public-supply tapwater. Tapwater from 716 locations (269 private-wells; 447 public supply) across the US was collected during 2016-2021 including three locations where temporal sampling was conducted. Concns. of PFAS were assessed by three labs. and compared with land-use and potential-source metrics to explore drivers of contamination. The no. of individual PFAS obsd. ranged from 1 to 9 (median: 2) with corresponding cumulative concns. (sum of detected PFAS) ranging from 0.348 to 346 ng/L. Seventeen PFAS were obsd. at least once with PFBS, PFHxS and PFOA obsd. most frequently in approx. 15% of the samples. Across the US, PFAS profiles and estd. median cumulative concns. were similar among private wells and public-supply tapwater. We est. that at least one PFAS could be detected in about 45% of US drinking-water samples. These detection probabilities varied spatially with limited temporal variation in concns./nos. of PFAS detected. Benchmark screening approaches indicated potential human exposure risk was dominated by PFOA and PFOS, when detected. Potential source and land-use information was related to cumulative PFAS concns., and the no. of PFAS detected; however, corresponding relations with specific PFAS were limited likely due to low detection frequencies and higher detection limits. Information generated supports the need for further assessments of cumulative health risks of PFAS as a class and in combination with other co-occurring contaminants, particularly in unmonitored private-wells where information is limited or not available.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3sXhtlyktrvO&md5=101012c60c2478765318ff79efab3822
57. 57

    Helsel, D. R. Statistics for Censored Environmental Data Using Minitab and R, 2nd ed.; Wiley Series in Statistics in Practice; Wiley: Denver, 2012.

    Google Scholar

    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
58. 58

    Lee, L. NADA (Version 1.6–1.1) Nondetects and Data Analysis for Environmental Data. https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/NADA/versions/1.6-1.1 (accessed 2023-06-22).

    Google Scholar

    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
59. 59

    Wisconsin, D. N. R. WI PFAS Aqueous and Non-Aqueous Matrices Method Expectations Document. https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/topic/labCert/PFAS.html (accessed 2023-07-08).

    Google Scholar

    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
60. 60

    Brusseau, M. L. Assessing the Potential Contributions of Additional Retention Processes to PFAS Retardation in the Subsurface. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 613–614, 176– 185,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.065

    Google Scholar

    60

    Assessing the potential contributions of additional retention processes to PFAS retardation in the subsurface

    Brusseau, Mark L.

    Science of the Total Environment (2018), 613-614 (), 176-185CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)

    A comprehensive understanding of the transport and fate of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the subsurface is crit. for accurate risk assessments and design of effective remedial actions. A multi-process retention model is proposed to account for potential addnl. sources of retardation for PFAS transport in source zones. These include partitioning to the soil atm., adsorption at air-water interfaces, partitioning to trapped org. liqs. (NAPL), and adsorption at NAPL-water interfaces. An initial assessment of the relative magnitudes and significance of these retention processes was conducted for two PFAS of primary concern, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and an example precursor (fluorotelomer alc., FTOH). The illustrative evaluation was conducted using measured porous-medium properties representative of a sandy vadose-zone soil. Data collected from the literature were used to det. measured or estd. values for the relevant distribution coeffs., which were in turn used to calc. retardation factors for the model system. The results showed that adsorption at the air-water interface was a primary source of retention for both PFOA and PFOS, contributing approx. 50% of total retention for the conditions employed. Adsorption to NAPL-water interfaces and partitioning to bulk NAPL were also shown to be significant sources of retention. NAPL partitioning was the predominant source of retention for FTOH, contributing ∼ 98% of total retention. These results indicate that these addnl. processes may be, in some cases, significant sources of retention for subsurface transport of PFAS. The specific magnitudes and significance of the individual retention processes will depend upon the properties and conditions of the specific system of interest (e.g., PFAS constituent and concn., porous medium, aq. chem., fluid saturations, co-contaminants). In cases wherein these addnl. retention processes are significant, retardation of PFAS in source areas would likely be greater than what is typically estd. based on the std. assumption of solid-phase adsorption as the sole retention mechanism. This has significant ramifications for accurate detn. of the migration potential and magnitude of mass flux to groundwater, as well as for calcns. of contaminant mass residing in source zones. Both of which have crit. implications for human-health risk assessments.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhsV2rtLbF&md5=e7484570abd5fddd3e0dbead2d53df41
61. 61

    Lindstrom, A. B.; Strynar, M. J.; Delinsky, A. D.; Nakayama, S. F.; McMillan, L.; Libelo, E. L.; Neill, M.; Thomas, L. Application of WWTP Biosolids and Resulting Perfluorinated Compound Contamination of Surface and Well Water in Decatur, Alabama, USA. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45 (19), 8015– 8021,  DOI: 10.1021/es1039425

    Google Scholar

    61

    Application of WWTP biosolids and resulting perfluorinated compound contamination of surface and well water in Decatur, Alabama, USA

    Lindstrom, Andrew B.; Strynar, Mark J.; Delinsky, Amy D.; Nakayama, Shoji F.; McMillan, Larry; Libelo, E. Laurence; Neill, Michael; Thomas, Lee

    Environmental Science & Technology (2011), 45 (19), 8015-8021CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

    Perfluorinated chems. (PFCs) such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) have been produced and used in a wide range of industrial and consumer products for many decades. Their resistance to degrdn. has led to their widespread distribution in the environment, but little is known about how humans become exposed. Recent studies have demonstrated that the application of PFC contaminated biosolids can have important effects on local environments, ultimately leading to demonstrable human exposures. This manuscript describes a situation in Decatur, Alabama where PFC contaminated biosolids from a local municipal wastewater treatment facility that had received waste from local fluorochem. facilities were used as a soil amendment in local agricultural fields for as many as twelve years. Ten target PFCs were measured in surface and groundwater samples. Results show that surface and well water in the vicinity of these fields had elevated PFC concns., with 22% of the samples exceeding the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Provisional Health Advisory level for PFOA in drinking water of 400 ng/L. Water/soil concn. ratios as high as 0.34 for perfluorohexanoic acid, 0.17 for perfluoroheptanoic acid, and 0.04 for PFOA verify decreasing mobility from soils with increasing chain length while indicating that relatively high transport from soils to surface and well water is possible.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXkvFyrsrk%253D&md5=1912333ee6d81401e55fbaa042aa97cf
62. 62

    Ellis, D. A.; Martin, J. W.; De Silva, A. O.; Mabury, S. A.; Hurley, M. D.; Sulbaek Andersen, M. P.; Wallington, T. J. Degradation of Fluorotelomer Alcohols: A Likely Atmospheric Source of Perfluorinated Carboxylic Acids. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38 (12), 3316– 3321,  DOI: 10.1021/es049860w

    Google Scholar

    62

    Degradation of Fluorotelomer Alcohols: A Likely Atmospheric Source of Perfluorinated Carboxylic Acids

    Ellis, David A.; Martin, Jonathan W.; De Silva, Amila O.; Mabury, Scott A.; Hurley, Michael D.; Sulbaek Andersen, Mads P.; Wallington, Timothy J.

    Environmental Science and Technology (2004), 38 (12), 3316-3321CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

    Human and animal tissues collected in urban and remote global locations contain persistent and bioaccumulative perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs). The source of PFCAs was previously unknown. Here we present smog chamber studies that indicate fluorotelomer alcs. (FTOHs) can degrade in the atm. to yield a homologous series of PFCAs. Atm. degrdn. of FTOHs is likely to contribute to the widespread dissemination of PFCAs. After their bioaccumulation potential is accounted for, the pattern of PFCAs yielded from FTOHs could account for the distinct contamination profile of PFCAs obsd. in Arctic animals. Furthermore, polar bear liver was shown to contain predominately linear isomers (>99%) of perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), while both branched and linear isomers were obsd. for perfluorooctanoic acid, strongly suggesting a sole input of PFNA from "telomer"-based products. The significance of the gas-phase peroxy radical cross-reactions that produce PFCAs has not been recognized previously. Such reactions are expected to occur during the atm. degrdn. of all polyfluorinated materials, necessitating a reexamn. of the environmental fate and impact of this important class of industrial chems.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2cXjvVShsb0%253D&md5=5b656f9c9be7c019312f11d033059cec
63. 63

    Harding-Marjanovic, K. C.; Houtz, E. F.; Yi, S.; Field, J. A.; Sedlak, D. L.; Alvarez-Cohen, L. Aerobic Biotransformation of Fluorotelomer Thioether Amido Sulfonate (Lodyne) in AFFF-Amended Microcosms. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49 (13), 7666– 7674,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01219

    Google Scholar

    63

    Aerobic Biotransformation of Fluorotelomer Thioether Amido Sulfonate (Lodyne) in AFFF-Amended Microcosms

    Harding-Marjanovic, Katie C.; Houtz, Erika F.; Yi, Shan; Field, Jennifer A.; Sedlak, David L.; Alvarez-Cohen, Lisa

    Environmental Science & Technology (2015), 49 (13), 7666-7674CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

    The aerobic biotransformation pathways of 4:2, 6:2, and 8:2 fluorotelomer thioether amido sulfonate (FtTAoS) were characterized by detg. the fate of the compds. in soil and medium microcosms amended with an aq. film-forming foam (AFFF) soln. The biotransformation of FtTAoS occurred in live microcosms over ∼40 days and produced 4:2, 6:2, and 8:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (FtS), 6:2 fluorotelomer unsatd. carboxylic acid (FtUCA), 5:3 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid (FtCA), and C4-C8 perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs). Two biotransformation products corresponding to singly and doubly oxygenated forms of 6:2 FtTAoS were also identified through high resoln. mass spectrometry (MS) anal. and liq. chromatog. tandem-MS. An oxidative assay was used to indirectly quantify the total concn. of polyfluorinated compds. and check the mass balance. The assay produced near complete mass recovery of FtTAoS after biotransformation, with 10% (mol/mol) of the amended FtTAoS accounted for in FtS, FtCA, and PFCA products. The transformation rates of identified products appear to be slow relative to FtTAoS, indicating that some intermediates may persist in the environment. This study confirms some of the sources of FtS and PFCAs in groundwater and soil at AFFF-impacted sites and suggests that fluorinated intermediates that are not routinely measured during the biotransformation of PFASs may accumulate.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXps1Sns7k%253D&md5=7951a5df7682fe54b1945d2d3c56ec5d
64. 64

    Washington, J. W.; Jenkins, T. M.; Weber, E. J. Identification of Unsaturated and 2H Polyfluorocarboxylate Homologous Series and Their Detection in Environmental Samples and as Polymer Degradation Products. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49 (22), 13256– 13263,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03379

    Google Scholar

    64

    Identification of Unsaturated and 2H Polyfluorocarboxylate Homologous Series and Their Detection in Environmental Samples and as Polymer Degradation Products

    Washington, John W.; Jenkins, Thomas M.; Weber, Eric J.

    Environmental Science & Technology (2015), 49 (22), 13256-13263CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

    A pair of homologous series of polyfluorinated degrdn. products have been identified, both having structures similar to perfluorocarboxylic acids but (i) having a H substitution for F on the α carbon for 2H polyfluorocarboxylic acids (2HPFCAs) and (ii) bearing a double bond between the α-β carbons for the unsatd. PFCAs (2uPFCAs). Obtaining an authentic sample contg. 2uPFOA and 2HPFOA, we optimized a mass-spectrometric multiple-reaction-monitoring (MS/MS) technique and then identified uPFCA and HPFCA homologous series in sludge-applied agricultural soils and fodder grasses for cattle grazing. Anal. of samples from a degrdn. expt. of com. fluorotelomer-based polymers (FTPs), the dominant product of the fluorotelomer industry, confirmed that com. FTPs are a potential source of uPFCAs and HPFCAs to the environment. We further confirmed the identity of the uPFCAs by imposing high-energy ionization to decarboxylate the uPFCAs then focused on the fluorinated chains in the first MS quadrupole. We also employed this high-energy ionization to decarboxylate and analyze PFCAs by MS/MS (for the first time, to our knowledge). In exploratory efforts, we report the possible detection of unsatd. perfluorooctanesulfonate in environmental samples, having a conceptual double-bond structure analogous to uPFOA. Using microcosms spiked with fluorotelomer compds., we found 2uPFOA and 2HPFOA to be generated from unsatd. 8:2 fluorotelomer acid (8:2 FTUCA) and propose β- and α-oxidn. mechanisms for generation of these compds. from 8:2 FTUCA. In light of these exptl. results, we also reexamd. the proposed biodegrdn. pathways of 8:2 fluorotelomer alc.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhs1Oqtb7O&md5=df1c2ec356f4586a22c705071d3aa78f
65. 65

    Washington, J. W.; Jenkins, T. M.; Rankin, K.; Naile, J. E. Decades-Scale Degradation of Commercial, Side-Chain, Fluorotelomer-Based Polymers in Soils and Water. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49 (2), 915– 923,  DOI: 10.1021/es504347u

    Google Scholar

    65

    Decades-Scale Degradation of Commercial, Side-Chain, Fluorotelomer-Based Polymers in Soils and Water

    Washington, John W.; Jenkins, Thomas M.; Rankin, Keegan; Naile, Jonathan E.

    Environmental Science & Technology (2015), 49 (2), 915-923CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

    Fluorotelomer-based polymers (FTPs) are the primary product of the fluorotelomer industry. We report on a 376-day study of the degradability of 2 com. acrylate-linked FTPs in 4 satd. soils and in water. Using an exhaustive serial extn., we report GC/MS and LC/MS/MS results for 50 species including fluorotelomer alcs. and acids, and perfluorocarboxylates. Modeling of 7 sampling rounds, each consisting of ≥5 replicate microcosm treatments, for one com. FTP in one soil yielded half-life ests. of 65-112 yr and, when the other com. FTP and soils were evaluated, the estd. half-lives ranged from 33 to 112 yr. Exptl. controls, consisting of com. FTP in water, degraded roughly at the same rate as in soil. A follow-up expt., with com. FTP in pH 10 water, degraded roughly 10-fold faster than the circumneutral control suggesting that com. FTPs can undergo OH--mediated hydrolysis. 8:2 Fluorotelomer alc. generated from FTP degrdn. in soil was more stable than without FTP present suggesting a clathrate guest-host assocn. with the FTP. To our knowledge, these are the only degradability-test results for com. FTPs that have been generated using exhaustive extn. procedures. They unambiguously show that com. FTPs, the primary product of the fluorotelomer industry, are a source of fluorotelomer and perfluorinated compds. to the environment.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhvFynt7%252FO&md5=7134028a89a38f66b851270004364495
66. 66

    Washington, J. W.; Jenkins, T. M. Abiotic Hydrolysis of Fluorotelomer-Based Polymers as a Source of Perfluorocarboxylates at the Global Scale. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49 (24), 14129– 14135,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03686

    Google Scholar

    66

    Abiotic Hydrolysis of Fluorotelomer-Based Polymers as a Source of Perfluorocarboxylates at the Global Scale

    Washington, John W.; Jenkins, Thomas M.

    Environmental Science & Technology (2015), 49 (24), 14129-14135CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

    Fluorotelomer-based polymers (FTPs) are the main product of the fluorotelomer industry. For nearly 10 years, whether FTPs degrade to form perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorocarboxylate (PFCA) homologues has been vigorously contested. Here we show that circum-neutral abiotic hydrolysis of a com. FTP proceeds with half-life ests. of 55-89 years and that base-mediated hydrolysis overtakes neutral hydrolysis at about pH = 10, with a half-life of ∼0.7 years at pH ∼ 12. Considered in light of the large prodn. vol. of FTPs and the poor efficacy of conventional treatments for recovery of PFCAs from waste streams, these results suggest that FTPs manufd. to date potentially could increase PFCAs 4- to 8-fold over current oceanic loads, largely depending on the integrity of disposal units to contain PFCAs upon hydrolytic generation from FTPs.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhslGltrnK&md5=35709199f9e20c44275eb113b9b0437b
67. 67

    Barzen-Hanson, K. A.; Field, J. A. Discovery and Implications of C ₂ and C ₃ Perfluoroalkyl Sulfonates in Aqueous Film-Forming Foams and Groundwater. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 2015, 2 (4), 95– 99,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.5b00049

    Google Scholar

    67

    Discovery and Implications of C2 and C3 Perfluoroalkyl Sulfonates in Aqueous Film-Forming Foams and Groundwater

    Barzen-Hanson, Krista A.; Field, Jennifer A.

    Environmental Science & Technology Letters (2015), 2 (4), 95-99CODEN: ESTLCU; ISSN:2328-8930. (American Chemical Society)

    Historically, 3M aq. film-forming foams (AFFFs) were released at US military and civilian sites to extinguish hydrocarbon-based fuel fires. To date, only C4-C10 homologues of the perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs) are documented in 3M AFFFs. Perfluoroethanesulfonate (PFEtS) and perfluoropropanesulfonate (PFPrS), 2 ultra-short-chain PFSAs, were discovered by liq. chromatog. (LC) quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Once they were identified, PFEtS and PFPrS were then quantified in 5 3M AFFFs and in one groundwater sample from each of 11 US military bases by LC tandem mass spectrometry. Concns. of PFEtS and PFPrS in the 5 AFFFs were 7-13 and 120-270 mg/L, resp. For the groundwater, PFEtS was quantified in 8 of the 11 samples (11-7500 ng/L) and PFPrS in all samples (19-63000 ng/L). The high water soly., mobility, and detection frequency of these ultra-short-chain PFSAs indicate that groundwater contaminant plumes may be larger than previously believed, and their removal by conventional activated C will be challenging.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXksVeht78%253D&md5=7051ae9959bbf0055d816f77ce523d25
68. 68

    Barzen-Hanson, K. A.; Roberts, S. C.; Choyke, S.; Oetjen, K.; McAlees, A.; Riddell, N.; McCrindle, R.; Ferguson, P. L.; Higgins, C. P.; Field, J. A. Discovery of 40 Classes of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Historical Aqueous Film-Forming Foams (AFFFs) and AFFF-Impacted Groundwater. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51 (4), 2047– 2057,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05843

    Google Scholar

    68

    Discovery of 40 Classes of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Historical Aqueous Film-Forming Foams (AFFFs) and AFFF-Impacted Groundwater

    Barzen-Hanson, Krista A.; Roberts, Simon C.; Choyke, Sarah; Oetjen, Karl; McAlees, Alan; Riddell, Nicole; McCrindle, Robert; Ferguson, P. Lee; Higgins, Christopher P.; Field, Jennifer A.

    Environmental Science & Technology (2017), 51 (4), 2047-2057CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

    Aq. film-forming foams (AFFFs), contg. per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), are released into the environment during response to fire-related emergencies. Repeated historical applications of AFFF at military sites were a result of fire-fighter training exercises and equipment testing. Recent data on AFFF-impacted groundwater indicates that ∼25% of the PFASs remain unidentified. In an attempt to close the mass balance, a systematic evaluation of 3M and fluorotelomer-based AFFFs, com. products, and AFFF-impacted groundwaters from 15 U.S. military bases was conducted to identify the remaining PFASs. Liq. chromatog. quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used for compd. discovery. Nontarget anal. utilized Kendrick mass defect plots and a "nontarget" R script. Suspect screening compared masses with those of previously reported PFASs. Forty classes of novel anionic, zwitterionic, and cationic PFASs were discovered, and an addnl. 17 previously reported classes were obsd. for the first time in AFFF and/or AFFF-impacted groundwater. All 57 classes received an acronym and IUPAC-like name derived from collective author knowledge. Thirty-four of the 40 newly identified PFAS classes derive from electrochem. fluorination (ECF) processes, most of which have the same base structure. Of the newly discovered PFASs found only in AFFF-impacted groundwater, 11 of the 13 classes are ECF-derived, and the remaining two classes are fluorotelomer-derived, which suggests that both ECF- and fluorotelomer-based PFASs are persistent in the environment.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhtFKlt7w%253D&md5=14aaf20ddc723b3bb332e234913911fd
69. 69

    Chu, S.; Letcher, R. J. In Vitro Metabolic Formation of Perfluoroalkyl Sulfonamides from Copolymer Surfactants of Pre- and Post-2002 Scotchgard Fabric Protector Products. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48 (11), 6184– 6191,  DOI: 10.1021/es500169x

    Google Scholar

    69

    In Vitro Metabolic Formation of Perfluoroalkyl Sulfonamides from Copolymer Surfactants of Pre- and Post-2002 Scotchgard Fabric Protector Products

    Chu, Shaogang; Letcher, Robert J.

    Environmental Science & Technology (2014), 48 (11), 6184-6191CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

    Currently there is a scientific debate on whether fluorinated polymers (or copolymers) are a source, as a result of their degrdn. and subsequent formation, of perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluorinated alkanesulfonates (PFSAs). The present study investigated whether com. available fluorinated surfactants, such as Scotchgard fabric protector (3 M Company), can be metabolically degraded, using a model microsomal in vitro assay (Wistar-Han rats liver microsomes), and with concomitant formation of PFCAs, PFASs, and/or their precursors. The results showed that the main in vitro metabolite from the pre-2002 product was perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA), and coincident with the detection of the major fabric protector components, which contains the N-ethyl-perfluorooctanesulfonyl chem. moiety (C8F17SO2N(C2H5)-); the main in vitro metabolite of the post-2002 product was perfluorobutane sulfonamide (FBSA), which was coincident with the detection of the major fabric protector components, and contains the N-methyl-perfluorobutanesulfonyl chem. moiety (C4F9SO2N(CH3)-). FOSA or FBSA metabolite concns. increased over the 0-60 min microsomal incubation period. However, concns. of their small mol. precursors such as alkylated FOSAs or FBSAs were not detectable (< LODs) in these fabric protector original std. solns. Thus, the FOSA or FBSA metabolites were derived from the copolymer product itself rather than nonreacted reagents in the Scotchgard products. This result is consistent with reports of high concns. of PFASs detected in the plasma of persons in households where Scotchgard products are heavily used.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXnt1Cntbs%253D&md5=5cfb15377ff665815151715652e930f6
70. 70

    Munoz, G.; Michaud, A. M.; Liu, M.; Vo Duy, S.; Montenach, D.; Resseguier, C.; Watteau, F.; Sappin-Didier, V.; Feder, F.; Morvan, T.; Houot, S.; Desrosiers, M.; Liu, J.; Sauvé, S. Target and Nontarget Screening of PFAS in Biosolids, Composts, and Other Organic Waste Products for Land Application in France. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2022, 56 (10), 6056– 6068,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03697

    Google Scholar

    70

    Target and Nontarget Screening of PFAS in Biosolids, Composts, and Other Organic Waste Products for Land Application in France

    Munoz, Gabriel; Michaud, Aurelia Marcelline; Liu, Min; Vo Duy, Sung; Montenach, Denis; Resseguier, Camille; Watteau, Francoise; Sappin-Didier, Valerie; Feder, Frederic; Morvan, Thierry; Houot, Sabine; Desrosiers, Melanie; Liu, Jinxia; Sauve, Sebastien

    Environmental Science & Technology (2022), 56 (10), 6056-6068CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:1520-5851. (American Chemical Society)

    Zwitterionic, cationic, and anionic per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are increasingly reported in terrestrial and aquatic environments, but their inputs to agricultural lands are not fully understood. Here, we characterized PFAS in 47 org. waste products (OWP) applied in agricultural fields of France, including historical and recent materials. Overall, 160 PFAS from 42 classes were detected from target screening and homolog-based nontarget screening. Target PFAS were low in agriculture-derived wastes such as pig slurry, poultry manure, or dairy cattle manure (median .sum.46PFAS: 0.66 μg/kg dry matter). Higher PFAS levels were reported in urban and industrial wastes, paper mill sludge, sewage sludge, or residual household waste composts (median .sum.46PFAS: 220 μg/kg). Historical municipal biosolids and composts (1976-1998) were dominated by perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), N-Et perfluorooctanesulfonamido acetic acid (EtFOSAA), and cationic and zwitterionic electrochem. fluorination precursors to PFOS. Contemporaneous urban OWP (2009-2017) were rather dominated by zwitterionic fluorotelomers, which represented on av. 55% of .sum.160PFAS (max: 97%). The fluorotelomer sulfonamidopropyl betaines (X:2 FTSA-PrB, median: 110 μg/kg, max: 1300 μg/kg) were the emerging class with the highest occurrence and prevalence in contemporary urban OWP. They were also detected as early as 1985. The study informs for the first time that urban sludges and composts can be a significant repository of zwitterionic and cationic PFAS.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXit1Knsb%252FJ&md5=4c0b385e922df28dc2e47673bc230c06
71. 71

    Snider, D. M.; Roy, J. W.; Robertson, W. D.; Garda, D. I.; Spoelstra, J. Concentrations of Artificial Sweeteners and Their Ratios with Nutrients in Septic System Wastewater. Groundwater Monit. Rem. 2017, 37 (3), 94– 102,  DOI: 10.1111/gwmr.12229

    Google Scholar

    71

    Concentrations of Artificial Sweeteners and Their Ratios with Nutrients in Septic System Wastewater

    Snider, David M.; Roy, James W.; Robertson, William D.; Garda, Dorothy I.; Spoelstra, John

    Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation (2017), 37 (3), 94-102CODEN: GWMREV; ISSN:1069-3629. (Wiley-Blackwell)

    This study reports the first comprehensive data set of characteristic concns. of four artificial sweeteners: acesulfame (ACE), sucralose (SUC), saccharin (SAC), and cyclamate (CYC), and their ratios with nutrients, for untreated septic system wastewater. Samples were collected from the tanks of 19 different septic systems from across Ontario, Canada; these had a variety of usages, from single-family cottages to multiple-dwelling (campground or resort) facilities and had no addnl. treatment systems. The artificial sweetener concns. and their relative proportions were highly variable in some cases, both temporally for several individual tanks and from site-to-site. Variability tended to be lower for multiple-dwelling compared to single-dwelling systems. This variability likely reflects differing use of artificial sweetener-contg. products. The median concns. for the complete data set of all four artificial sweeteners (in a range of 10 to 60μg/L) were of a similar order of magnitude, but slightly higher, than has generally been reported for wastewater treatment plant influent (though these vary substantially globally). Both SUC and ACE provided adequate pos. linear relationships for dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus in the septic tanks, while a summation of ACE and SUC concns. also gave a strong correlation. In contrast, CYC and SAC showed poor linear correlation with these nutrients. These reported ranges for artificial sweetener concns. and ratios with nutrients may be used in future studies to est. the contributions of nutrients or other wastewater constituents (e.g., pharmaceuticals, bacteria, and viruses) from domestic septic systems to groundwater, including water supply or irrigation wells, and nearby surface water bodies.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhsFCrtb%252FI&md5=ab9c53514d753d47014d0a62e47d28c2
72. 72

    Schaider, L. A.; Rodgers, K. M.; Rudel, R. A. Review of Organic Wastewater Compound Concentrations and Removal in Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51 (13), 7304– 7317,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04778

    Google Scholar

    72

    Review of Organic Wastewater Compound Concentrations and Removal in Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems

    Schaider, Laurel A.; Rodgers, Kathryn M.; Rudel, Ruthann A.

    Environmental Science & Technology (2017), 51 (13), 7304-7317CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

    A review. Onsite wastewater treatment systems, such as septic systems, serve 20% of U. S. households and are common in areas not served by wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) globally. They can be sources of nutrients and pathogen pollution and have been linked to health effects in communities where they contaminate drinking water. However, few studies have evaluated their ability to remove org. wastewater compds. (OWCs) such as pharmaceuticals, hormones, and detergents. We synthesized results from 20 studies of 45 OWCs in conventional drainfield-based and alternative onsite wastewater treatment systems to characterize concns. and removal. For comparison, we synthesized 31 studies of these same OWCs in activated sludge WWTPs. OWC concns. and removal in drainfields varied widely and depended on wastewater sources and compd.-specific removal processes, primarily sorption and biotransformation. Compared to drainfields, alternative systems had similar median and higher max. concns., reflecting a wider range of system designs and redox conditions. OWC concns. and removal in drainfields were generally similar to those in conventional WWTPs. Persistent OWCs in groundwater and surface water can indicate the overall extent of septic system impact, while the presence of well-removed OWCs, such as caffeine and acetaminophen, may indicate discharges of poorly treated wastewater from failing or outdated septic systems.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXpvValurY%253D&md5=d02b1c3f5562e80daa4facb7f3627590
73. 73

    Li, D.; O’Brien, J. W.; Tscharke, B. J.; Okoffo, E. D.; Mueller, J. F.; Sun, H.; Thomas, K. V. Artificial Sweeteners in End-Use Biosolids in Australia. Water Res. 2021, 200, 117237,  DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117237

    Google Scholar

    73

    Artificial sweeteners in end-use biosolids in Australia

    Li, Dandan; O'Brien, Jake W.; Tscharke, Benjamin J.; Okoffo, Elvis D.; Mueller, Jochen F.; Sun, Hongwen; Thomas, Kevin V.

    Water Research (2021), 200 (), 117237CODEN: WATRAG; ISSN:0043-1354. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    Artificial sweeteners are contaminants of emerging concern that can enter the aquatic and terrestrial environments via wastewater effluent discharge and the environmental application of biosolids. The release of artificial sweeteners from the use of biosolids in Australia was assessed. The concn. of seven artificial sweeteners was quantified in biosolids samples collected from 71 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) across Australia during Census 2016. Sucralose, saccharin, acesulfame, aspartame and cyclamate were detected in biosolids samples at median concns. ranging from 0.18 ng/g (dry wt.) (range: < LOQ-34 ng/g) for cyclamate to 220 ng/g (range: <LOQ -3,670 ng/g) for sucralose, while neotame and neohesperidin dihydrochalcone were not detected. The relationship between the concn. of artificial sweeteners in biosolids and moisture content was assessed with the concn. of artificial sweeteners decreasing as dewatering time increased in a biosolids drying hall. The geometric means (± std. deviation) for per capita loads of individual artificial sweeteners ranged from 8.7 (1.6, 48) Μg year-1 person-1 for cyclamate to 4,000 (1,000, 15,000) Μg year-1 person-1for sucralose with 223 kg of artificial sweeteners released to terrestrial environment from biosolids end-use annually in Australia. Due to the low loads of artificial sweeteners in biosolids compared with wastewater effluent, risks assocd. with artificial sweeteners in biosolids are likely limited.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXhtFKru7rF&md5=1ecdb7643379652dcb5e60f47282ccd2
74. 74

    Berthod, L.; Roberts, G.; Sharpe, A.; Whitley, D. C.; Greenwood, R.; Mills, G. A. Effect of Sewage Sludge Type on the Partitioning Behaviour of Pharmaceuticals: A Meta-Analysis. Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol. 2016, 2 (1), 154– 163,  DOI: 10.1039/C5EW00171D

    Google Scholar

    74

    Effect of sewage sludge type on the partitioning behaviour of pharmaceuticals: a meta-analysis

    Berthod, L.; Roberts, G.; Sharpe, A.; Whitley, D. C.; Greenwood, R.; Mills, G. A.

    Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology (2016), 2 (1), 154-163CODEN: ESWRAR; ISSN:2053-1419. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

    Assessment of the fate of pharmaceutical residues in the environment involves the measurement or prediction of their sewage sludge partition coeff. (Kd). Sewage sludge can be classified into four types: primary, activated, secondary and digested, each one with different phys. and chem. properties. Published studies have measured Kd for pharmaceuticals in a variety of sludge types. This paper discusses the variability of reported Kd values of pharmaceuticals in different types of sewage sludge, using a dataset generated from the literature. Using a meta-anal. approach, it was shown that the measured Kd values depend on the type of sludge used in the test. Recommendations are given for the type of sludge to be used when studying the partitioning behavior of pharmaceuticals in waste water treatment plants. Activated sludge is preferred due to its more homogenous nature and the ease of collection of consistent samples at a plant. Weak statistical relationships were found between Kd values for activated and secondary sludge, and for activated and digested sludge. Pooling of Kd values for these sludge types is not recommended for preliminary fate and risk assessments. In contrast, statistical analyses found stronger similarities between Kd values reported for the same pharmaceutical in primary and activated sludges. This allows the pooling of exptl. values for these two sludge types to obtain a larger dataset for modeling purposes.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhslSqsb7J&md5=b3439d90c65d7afa2db24b84336dfe1a
75. 75

    Propp, V. R.; De Silva, A. O.; Spencer, C.; Brown, S. J.; Catingan, S. D.; Smith, J. E.; Roy, J. W. Organic Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Leachate of Historic Municipal Landfills. Environ. Pollut. 2021, 276, 116474,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116474

    Google Scholar

    75

    Organic contaminants of emerging concern in leachate of historic municipal landfills

    Propp, Victoria R.; De Silva, Amila O.; Spencer, Christine; Brown, Susan J.; Catingan, Sara D.; Smith, James E.; Roy, James W.

    Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2021), 276 (), 116474CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    Many types of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), including per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), have been found in leachate of operating municipal landfills. However, there is only limited information on CECs presence in leachate of historic landfills (≥3 decades since closure, often lacking engineered liners or leachate collection systems) at concns. that may pose a risk to nearby wells and surface water ecosystems. In this study, 48 samples of leachate-impacted groundwater were collected from 20 historic landfills in Ontario, Canada. The CECs measured included artificial sweeteners (ASs), PFAS, organophosphate esters (OPE), pharmaceuticals, bisphenols, sulfamic acid, perchlorate, and substituted phenols. The common presence of the AS saccharin, a known indicator of old landfill leachate, combined with mostly negligible levels of the AS acesulfame, an indicator of modern wastewater, revealed that most samples were strongly influenced by leachate and not cross-contaminated by wastewater (which can contain these same CECs). Several landfills, including ones closed in the 1960s, had total PFAS concns. similar to those previously measured at modern landfills, with a max. obsd. here of 12.7 μg/L. Notably elevated concns. of several OPE, sulfamic acid, cotinine, and bisphenols A and S were found at many 30-60 yr-old landfills. There was little indication of declining concns. with landfill age, suggesting historic landfills can be long-term sources of CECs to groundwater and that certain CECs may be useful tracers for historic landfill leachate. These findings provide guidance on which CECs may require monitoring at historic landfill sites and wastewater treatment plants receiving their effluent.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXltFygu7w%253D&md5=7e77a0fef2b5575d96e5cc9a03b054b6
76. 76

    U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Additional Information about High-Intensity Sweeteners Permitted for Use in Food in the United States. https://www.fda.gov/food/food-additives-petitions/additional-information-about-high-intensity-sweeteners-permitted-use-food-united-states (accessed 2023-03-04).

    Google Scholar

    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
77. 77

    Subedi, B.; Kannan, K. Fate of Artificial Sweeteners in Wastewater Treatment Plants in New York State, U.S.A. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48 (23), 13668– 13674,  DOI: 10.1021/es504769c

    Google Scholar

    77

    Fate of Artificial Sweeteners in Wastewater Treatment Plants in New York State, U.S.A.

    Subedi, Bikram; Kannan, Kurunthachalam

    Environmental Science & Technology (2014), 48 (23), 13668-13674CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

    Very few studies describe the fate of artificial sweeteners (ASWs) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In this study, mass loadings, removal efficiencies, and environmental emission of sucralose, saccharin, aspartame, and acesulfame were detd. based on the concns. measured in wastewater influent, primary effluent, effluent, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and sludge collected from two WWTPs in the Albany area of New York State, U.S.A. All ASWs were detected at a mean concn. that ranged from 0.13 (aspartame) to 29.4 μg/L (sucralose) in wastewater influent, 0.49 (aspartame) to 27.7 μg/L (sucralose) in primary influent, 0.11 (aspartame) to 29.6 μg/L (sucralose) in effluent, and from 0.08 (aspartame) to 0.65 μg/g dw (sucralose) in sludge. Aspartame was found in 92% of influent SPM samples at a mean concn. of 444 ng/g dw, followed by acesulfame (92 ng/g) and saccharin (49 ng/g). The fraction of the total mass of ASWs sorbed to SPM was in the rank order: aspartame (50.4%) > acesulfame (10.9%) > saccharin and sucralose (0.8%). The sorption coeffs. of ASWs ranged from 4.10 (saccharin) to 4540 L/kg (aspartame). Significant removal of aspartame (68.2%) and saccharin (90.3%) was found in WWTPs; however, sucralose and acesulfame were less efficiently removed (<2.0%). The total mass loading of sucralose, saccharin, and acesulfame in the WWTP that served a smaller population (∼15 000) was 1.3-1.5 times lower than that in another WWTP that served a larger population (∼100 000). The av. daily loading of sucralose in both WWTPs (18.5 g/d/1000 people) was ∼2 times higher than the av. loading of saccharin. The daily discharge of sucralose from the WWTPs was the highest (17.6 g/d/1000 people), followed by acesulfame (1.22 g/d/1000 people), and saccharin (1.07 g/d/1000 people). Approx., 1180 g of saccharin and 291 g of acesulfame were transformed in or removed daily from the two WWTPs. This is the first study to describe the fate of ASWs, including the fraction found in SPM and in sludge, in addn. to the aq. portion of wastewater in WWTPs.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhvVGrs7jN&md5=e05b5ba3e5335fe8594649ec21266526
78. 78

    Subedi, B.; Lee, S.; Moon, H.-B.; Kannan, K. Emission of Artificial Sweeteners, Select Pharmaceuticals, and Personal Care Products through Sewage Sludge from Wastewater Treatment Plants in Korea. Environ. Int. 2014, 68, 33– 40,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.03.006

    Google Scholar

    78

    Emission of artificial sweeteners, select pharmaceuticals, and personal care products through sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants in Korea

    Subedi, Bikram; Lee, Sunggyu; Moon, Hyo-Bang; Kannan, Kurunthachalam

    Environment International (2014), 68 (), 33-40CODEN: ENVIDV; ISSN:0160-4120. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    Concern over the occurrence of artificial sweeteners (ASWs) as well as pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the environment is growing, due to their high use and potential adverse effects on non-target organisms. The data for this study are drawn from a nationwide survey of ASWs in sewage sludge from 40 representative wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) that receive domestic (WWTPD), industrial (WWTPI), or mixed (domestic plus industrial; WWTPM) wastewaters in Korea. Five ASWs (concns. ranged from 7.08 to 5220 ng/g dry wt. [dw]) and ten PPCPs (4.95-6930 ng/g dw) were detd. in sludge. Aspartame (concns. ranged from 28.4 to 5220 ng/g dw) was detd. for the first time in sewage sludge. The median concns. of ASWs and PPCPs in sludge from domestic WWTPs were 0.8-2.5 and 1.0-3.4 times, resp., the concns. found in WWTPs that receive combined domestic and industrial wastewaters. Among the five ASWs analyzed, the median environmental emission rates of aspartame through domestic WWTPs (both sludge and effluent discharges combined) were calcd. to be 417 μg/capita/day, followed by sucralose (117 μg/capita/day), acesulfame (90 μg/capita/day), and saccharin (66 μg/capita/day). The per-capita emission rates of select PPCPs, such as antimicrobials (triclocarban: 158 μg/capita/day) and analgesics (acetaminophen: 59 μg/capita/day), were an order of magnitude higher than those calcd. for antimycotic (miconazole) and anthelmintic (thiabendazole) drugs analyzed in this study. Multiple linear regression anal. of measured concns. of ASWs and PPCPs in sludge revealed that several WWTP parameters, such as treatment capacity, population-served, sludge prodn. rate, and hydraulic retention time could influence the concns. found in sludge.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXovVGksbg%253D&md5=a0d28e2d6c41f9dde2bb84a423b45fc2
79. 79

    Huang, Y.; Guo, J.; Yan, P.; Gong, H.; Fang, F. Sorption-desorption behavior of sulfamethoxazole, carbamazepine, bisphenol A and 17α-ethinylestradiol in sewage sludge. J. Hazard. Mater. 2019, 368, 739– 745,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.01.063

    Google Scholar

    79

    Sorption-desorption behavior of sulfamethoxazole, carbamazepine, bisphenol A and 17α-ethinylestradiol in sewage sludge

    Huang, Yang; Guo, Jinsong; Yan, Peng; Gong, Hao; Fang, Fang

    Journal of Hazardous Materials (2019), 368 (), 739-745CODEN: JHMAD9; ISSN:0304-3894. (Elsevier B.V.)

    The occurrence of trace org. contaminants (TOrCs) at detectable levels in wastewater and surface waters led to a growing concern over the persistence of toxicol. effects in the environment. Sorption is significant process in municipal wastewater treatment plants to remove TOrCs due to low water soly. and high hydrophobic of most TOrCs. The work herein explored the sorption behavior of four typical TOrCs onto sludge solids. The sorption process was spontaneous and exothermic. Greater sorption amt. was obsd. for EE2 that 60.9% of EE2 in liq. phase was removed, followed by BPA (49.4%) and SMX (35.8%), while only 19.5% of CBZ was adsorbed. Sorption of CBZ, BPA and EE2 was primarily a phys. process dominated by partition function, while SMX was mainly sorbed through multiple interactions, and this strong affinity between SMX and activated sludge resulted in least desorption rate. Deep insight into the pathway of SMX in SBR revealed that total removal rate in a period was about 50.22%. Sorption process was obsd. in anaerobic stage, and biol. degrdn. was mainly occurred in aerobic stage with biodegrdn. rate of 29.18%.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXislCrtbw%253D&md5=408be3dd7b73aaed2bf62f5aa068cfa6
80. 80

    Schaider, L. A.; Rudel, R. A.; Ackerman, J. M.; Dunagan, S. C.; Brody, J. G. Pharmaceuticals, Perfluorosurfactants, and Other Organic Wastewater Compounds in Public Drinking Water Wells in a Shallow Sand and Gravel Aquifer. Sci. Total Environ. 2014, 468–469, 384– 393,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.067

    Google Scholar

    80

    Pharmaceuticals, perfluorosurfactants, and other organic wastewater compounds in public drinking water wells in a shallow sand and gravel aquifer

    Schaider, Laurel A.; Rudel, Ruthann A.; Ackerman, Janet M.; Dunagan, Sarah C.; Brody, Julia Green

    Science of the Total Environment (2014), 468-469 (), 384-393CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)

    Approx. 40% of U. S. residents rely on groundwater as a source of drinking water. Groundwater, esp. unconfined sand and gravel aquifers, is vulnerable to contamination from septic systems and infiltration of wastewater treatment plant effluent. The authors characterized concns. of pharmaceuticals, perfluorosurfactants, and other org. wastewater compds. (OWCs) in the unconfined sand and gravel aquifer of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA, where septic systems are prevalent. Raw water samples from 20 public drinking water supply wells on Cape Cod were tested for 92 OWCs, as well as surrogates of wastewater impact. Fifteen of 20 wells contained at least one OWC; the two most frequently-detected chems. were sulfamethoxazole (antibiotic) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (perfluorosurfactant). Maximum concns. of sulfamethoxazole (113 ng/L) and the anticonvulsant phenytoin (66 ng/L) matched or exceeded max. reported concns. in other U. S. public drinking water sources. The sum of pharmaceutical concns. and the no. of detected chems. were both significantly correlated with nitrate, boron, and extent of unsewered residential and com. development within 500 m, indicating that wastewater surrogates can be useful for identifying wells most likely to contain OWCs. Septic systems appear to be the primary source of OWCs in Cape Cod groundwater, although wastewater treatment plants and other sources were potential contributors to several wells. Drinking water supplies in unconfined aquifers where septic systems are prevalent may be among the most vulnerable to OWCs. The presence of mixts. of OWCs in drinking water raises human health concerns; a full evaluation of potential risks is limited by a lack of health-based guidelines and toxicity assessments.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhvFOisbzJ&md5=6c170f51414e9d77529c2f92e267b1c2
81. 81

    Li, F.; Duan, J.; Tian, S.; Ji, H.; Zhu, Y.; Wei, Z.; Zhao, D. Short-Chain per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Aquatic Systems: Occurrence, Impacts and Treatment. Chem. Eng. J. 2020, 380, 122506,  DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2019.122506

    Google Scholar

    81

    Short-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in aquatic systems: Occurrence, impacts and treatment

    Li, Fan; Duan, Jun; Tian, Shuting; Ji, Haodong; Zhu, Yangmo; Wei, Zongsu; Zhao, Dongye

    Chemical Engineering Journal (Amsterdam, Netherlands) (2020), 380 (), 122506CODEN: CMEJAJ; ISSN:1385-8947. (Elsevier B.V.)

    A review. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of anthropogenic compds. comprised of a perfluoroalkyl backbone and a terminal functional group. As our knowledge on their environmental and health impacts grow, PFAS have drawn increasing regulatory attention and research interest in recent years. While long-chain PFAS have been the center of active research in the past decade or so, and while industrial prodn. and applications of short-china PFAS continue to rise, very few studies have focused on the occurrence, fate, and transformation of short-chain PFAS in the environment. This review aimed to provide an updated overview of the state of the science about the fundamentals, occurrence, impacts and treatment of short-chain PFAS. The key findings from this review include: (1) Short-chain PFAS are more widely detected, more persistent and mobile in aquatic systems, and thus may pose more risks on the human and ecosystem health; (2) conventional adsorption, ion-exchange, and membrane filtration can remove short-chain PFAS, but are less effective than the long-chain homologues, and are challenged with poor material regeneration efficiency and disposal of process waste residual; (3) advanced oxidn. such as thermolysis and sonolysis can achieve complete mineralization, but come with a high process cost; and (4) direct photolysis, oxidn./redn., photocatalysis, and electrochem. reaction may degrade short-chain PFAS following similar degrdn. pathways as long-chain PFAS, but at a slower rate, and photocatalytic processes appear most promising. Overall, this review reveals an urgent need for developing more cost-effective treatment technologies for short-chain PFAS in drinking water, for advancing our knowledge on the environmental fate, transport and impacts of short-chain PFAS in the environment, and for developing science-based regulations for short-chain PFAS.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhs1CntLnN&md5=87ae82d6e2656f154e9f597908e6d668
82. 82

    Sorengard, M.; Kleja, D. B.; Ahrens, L. Stabilization of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) with Colloidal Activated Carbon (PlumeStop) as a Function of Soil Clay and Organic Matter Content. J. Environ. Manage. 2019, 249, 109345,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109345

    Google Scholar

    82

    Stabilization of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) with colloidal activated carbon (PlumeStop) as a function of soil clay and organic matter content

    Sorengard, M.; Kleja, Dan Berggren; Ahrens, Lutz

    Journal of Environmental Management (2019), 249 (), 109345CODEN: JEVMAW; ISSN:0301-4797. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    The global problem of contamination of drinking water sources and the aquatic environment with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) originating from highly contaminated soils is addressed in this study. For the first time, a colloidal activated carbon (AC) product (PlumeStop) was systematically assessed for PFASs stabilization in soil. Colloidal (particle size 0.1-1.1μm) AC has the advantage that field application is non-intrusive, comprising injection under high pressure in situ at PFAS-contaminated soil hotspots. In the assessment, 10 different soil mixts. with gradually increasing org. carbon and clay fractions were spiked with 18 different PFASs of varying perfluorocarbon chain length and four different functional groups and aged for one year. Equil. leaching tests showed that the ability of colloidal AC to increase sorption of PFASs to soil was highly dependent on PFAS perfluorocarbon chain length. The best treatment efficiency was obsd. for perfluorocarbon chain lengths 6-7 at which colloidal AC resulted in sorption of 81%, 85%, and 86% for perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTSA) and perfluorohexane sulfonate, (PFHxS), resp. Sorption of individual PFASs decreased significantly (p < 0.05) with increasing org. carbon content in soil treated with colloidal AC indicating stearic hindrance of the ACs pore structure. On the other hand, the sorption of the majority of PFASs increased significantly (p < 0.05) with increasing clay content in colloidal AC-treated soil, which can be explained by increase in surface area that colloidal AC can sorb to. Overall, the results indicate that the colloidal AC product tested can be useful in remediation approaches for certain PFASs under specific field conditions and PFAS contamination.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhslajsb%252FN&md5=1f3c90584afeefcb702fdaf22d572b10
83. 83

    Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. Project 1007 Focused Investigation Progress Report - Segment 1 (June 2021); Saint Paul, Minnesota, 2021. https://3msettlement.state.mn.us/projects/project-1007 (accessed 2023-02-05).

    Google Scholar

    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
84. 84

    Oliaei, F.; Kriens, D.; Weber, R.; Watson, A. PFOS and PFC Releases and Associated Pollution from a PFC Production Plant in Minnesota (USA). Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2013, 20 (4), 1977– 1992,  DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1275-4

    Google Scholar

    84

    PFOS and PFC releases and associated pollution from a PFC production plant in Minnesota (USA)

    Oliaei, Fardin; Kriens, Don; Weber, Roland; Watson, Alan

    Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2013), 20 (4), 1977-1992CODEN: ESPLEC; ISSN:0944-1344. (Springer)

    Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and PFOS-related substances have been listed as persistent org. pollutants in the Stockholm Convention. From August 2012, Parties to the Convention needed to address the use, storage, and disposal of PFOS-including prodn. sites and sites where PFOS wastes have been deposited-in their national implementation plans. The paper describes the pollution in Minnesota (USA) caused by the 3M Company at one of the largest per/polyfluorinated chem. (PFC) prodn. facilities. From early 1950s until the end of 2002, when 3M terminated PFOS and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) prodn., PFOS, PFOA, and other PFC prodn. wastes were disposed around the plant and in local disposal sites. Discharges from the site and releases from deposits caused widespread contamination of ground and surface waters including local drinking water wells. Fish in the river downstream were contaminated with PFOS to levels that led to fish consumption advisories. Human exposures resulted from ingesting contaminated drinking water, requiring installation of water treatment facilities and alternate water supplies. The crit. evaluation of the assessments done revealed a range of gaps in particular of human exposure where relevant exposure pathways including the entire exposure via food have not been taken into consideration. Currently, the exposure assessment of vulnerable groups such as children or Hmong minorities is inadequate and needs to be improved/validated by epidemiol. studies. The assessment methodol. described for this site may serve-with highlighted improvements-as a model for assessment of other PFOS/PFC prodn. sites in the Stockholm Convention implementation.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXksF2ltL0%253D&md5=cae0950af199b448d8d7a27056f81a6c
85. 85

    Schroeder, T.; Bond, D.; Foley, J. PFAS Soil and Groundwater Contamination via Industrial Airborne Emission and Land Deposition in SW Vermont and Eastern New York State, USA. Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts 2021, 23 (2), 291– 301,  DOI: 10.1039/D0EM00427H

    Google Scholar

    85

    PFAS soil and groundwater contamination via industrial airborne emission and land deposition in SW Vermont and Eastern New York State, USA

    Schroeder, Tim; Bond, David; Foley, Janet

    Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts (2021), 23 (2), 291-301CODEN: ESPICZ; ISSN:2050-7895. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

    In order to understand the extent to which airborne PFAS emission can impact soil and groundwater, we conducted a sampling campaign in areas of conserved forest lands near Bennington, VT/Hoosick Falls, NY. This has been home to sources of PFAS air-emissions from Teflon-coating operations for over 50 years. Since 2015, the Vermont and New York Departments of Environmental Conservation have documented ~ 1200 residential wells and two municipal water systems across a 200 km2 area contaminated with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). Given the large areal extent of the plume, and the fact that much of the contaminated area lies up-gradient and across rivers from manufs., we seek to det. if groundwater contamination could have resulted primarily from air-emission, land deposition, and subsequent leaching to infiltrating groundwater. Sampling of soils and groundwater in the Green Mountain National Forest (GMNF) downwind of factories shows that both soil and groundwater PFOA contamination extend uninterrupted from inhabited areas into conserved forest lands. Groundwater springs and seeps in the GMNF located 8 km downwind, but >300 m vertically above factories, contain up to 100 ppt PFOA. Our results indicate that air-emitted PFAS can contaminate groundwater and soil in areas outside of those normally considered down-gradient of a source with respect to regional groundwater flow.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXitFartg%253D%253D&md5=5f506c9184394b587f3772c3c4e15359
86. 86

    Washington, J. W.; Rosal, C. G.; McCord, J. P.; Strynar, M. J.; Lindstrom, A. B.; Bergman, E. L.; Goodrow, S. M.; Tadesse, H. K.; Pilant, A. N.; Washington, B. J.; Davis, M. J.; Stuart, B. G.; Jenkins, T. M. Nontargeted Mass-Spectral Detection of Chloroperfluoropolyether Carboxylates in New Jersey Soils. Science 2020, 368 (6495), 1103– 1107,  DOI: 10.1126/science.aba7127

    Google Scholar

    86

    Nontargeted mass-spectral detection of chloroperfluoropolyether carboxylates in New Jersey soils

    Washington, John W.; Rosal, Charlita G.; McCord, James P.; Strynar, Mark J.; Lindstrom, Andrew B.; Bergman, Erica L.; Goodrow, Sandra M.; Tadesse, Haile K.; Pilant, Andrew N.; Washington, Benjamin J.; Davis, Mary J.; Stuart, Brittany G.; Jenkins, Thomas M.

    Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2020), 368 (6495), 1103-1107CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:1095-9203. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)

    The toxicity and environmental persistence of anthropogenic per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are of global concern. To address legacy PFAS concerns in the United States, industry developed numerous replacement PFAS that commonly are treated as confidential information. To investigate the distribution of PFAS in New Jersey, soils collected from across the state were subjected to nontargeted mass-spectral analyses. Ten chloroperfluoropolyether carboxylates were tentatively identified, with at least three congeners in all samples. Nine congeners are ≥(CF2)7. Distinct chem. formulas and structures, as well as geog. distribution, suggest airborne transport from an industrial source. Lighter congeners dispersed more widely than heavier congeners, with the most widely dispersed detected in an in-stock New Hampshire sample. Addnl. data were used to develop a legacy-PFAS fingerprint for historical PFAS sources in New Jersey.

    >> More from SciFinder ^®

    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhtFSqtLzL&md5=46d3b99a372fe3f7a3d42be7d2c09751
87. 87

    Costello, M. C. S.; Lee, L. S. Sources, Fate, and Plant Uptake in Agricultural Systems of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances. Curr. Pollut. Rep. 2020,  DOI: 10.1007/s40726-020-00168-y

    Google Scholar

    There is no corresponding record for this reference.