Microbial Responses to Biochar Soil Amendment and Influential Factors: A Three-Level Meta-Analysis

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1. 1

   Lehmann, J.; Bossio, D. A.; Kögel-Knabner, I.; Rillig, M. C. The Concept and Future Prospects of Soil Health. Nat. Rev. Earth Environ. 2020, 1 (10), 544– 553,  DOI: 10.1038/s43017-020-0080-8

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   1

   The concept and future prospects of soil health

   Lehmann Johannes; Lehmann Johannes; Lehmann Johannes; Kogel-Knabner Ingrid; Bossio Deborah A; Kogel-Knabner Ingrid; Rillig Matthias C; Rillig Matthias C

   Nature reviews. Earth & environment (2020), 1 (10), 544-553 ISSN:.

   Soil health is the continued capacity of soil to function as a vital living ecosystem that sustains plants, animals and humans, and connects agricultural and soil science to policy, stakeholder needs and sustainable supply chain management. Historically, soil assessments focused on crop production, but today soil health also includes the role of soil in water quality, climate change and human health. However, quantifying soil health is still dominated by chemical indicators, despite growing appreciation of the importance of soil biodiversity, due to limited functional knowledge and lack of effective methods. In this Perspective, the definition and history of soil health are described and compared to other soil concepts. We outline ecosystem services provided by soils, the indicators used to measure soil functionality, and their integration into informative soil health indices. Scientists should embrace soil health as an overarching principle that contributes to sustainability goals, rather than only a property to measure. TOC BLURB: Soil health is essential to crop production, but is also key to many ecosystem services. In this Perspective, the definition, impact and quantification of soil health are examined, and the needs in soil health research are outlined.

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2. 2

   Hersh, B.; Mirkouei, A.; Sessions, J.; Rezaie, B.; You, Y. A Review and Future Directions on Enhancing Sustainability Benefits across Food-Energy-Water Systems: The Potential Role of Biochar-Derived Products. AIMS Environ. Sci. 2019, 6, 379– 416,  DOI: 10.3934/environsci.2019.5.379

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   A review and future directions on enhancing sustainability benefits across food-energy-water systems: the potential role of biochar-derived products

   Hersh, Benjamin; Mirkouei, Amin; Sessions, John; Rezaie, Behnaz; You, Yaqi

   AIMS Environmental Science (2019), 6 (5), 379-416CODEN: AESICA; ISSN:2372-0352. (AIMS Press)

   A review. The future of food-energy-water resources is an ever-increasing global concern due to a growing std. of living and population. This study presents opportunities for sustainable growth based on the previous research and developments across food-energy-water systems through biomass-based products (bioproducts), such as biochar, an emerging byproduct of biofuel prodn. Bioproducts are in a nascent stage, but are growing steadily with improvements in prodn. technologies and other cost-reducing strategies. Perspectives on solns. and opportunities that can promote the socio-economic resilience and ecol. integrity of regional food-energy-water resources are identified through narrative and systematic literature reviews. These solns. are examd. within the context of the environmental and economic parameters that influence stakeholders' decisions concerning the adoption and use of technol. solns. Biochar has shown to be one of these products with the ability to improve productivity, particularly, in org. farming through increased water-nutrient holding capacity, org.-matter efficiency, and carbon sequestration. Addnl., biochar sorption abilities and textural features have shown to be a special soln. for removing a large range of contaminants (e.g., metals and toluene) from water. However, biomass collection, transportation, and conversion costs have been identified as major challenges to produce market-responsive bioproducts. It is concluded that the recent interest in food-energy-water systems has led to research opportunities in bioproducts that can, in turn, bridge the gaps and provide ground-breaking developments for future research and growth. It is also concluded that there is an essential need for solns.-oriented projects across the food-energy-water nexus at both domestic and global level.

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3. 3

   Lehmann, J.; Rillig, M. C.; Thies, J.; Masiello, C. A.; Hockaday, W. C.; Crowley, D. Biochar Effects on Soil Biota – A Review. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2011, 43 (9), 1812– 1836,  DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.04.022

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   3

   Biochar effects on soil biota - A review

   Lehmann, Johannes; Rillig, Matthias C.; Thies, Janice; Masiello, Caroline A.; Hockaday, William C.; Crowley, David

   Soil Biology & Biochemistry (2011), 43 (9), 1812-1836CODEN: SBIOAH; ISSN:0038-0717. (Elsevier B.V.)

   A review. Soil amendment with biochar is evaluated globally as a means to improve soil fertility and to mitigate climate change. However, the effects of biochar on soil biota have received much less attention than its effects on soil chem. properties. A review of the literature reveals a significant no. of early studies on biochar-type materials as soil amendments either for managing pathogens, as inoculant carriers or for manipulative expts. to sorb signaling compds. or toxins. However, no studies exist in the soil biol. literature that recognize the obsd. large variations of biochar physico-chem. properties. This shortcoming has hampered insight into mechanisms by which biochar influences soil microorganisms, fauna and plant roots. Addnl. factors limiting meaningful interpretation of many datasets are the clearly demonstrated sorption properties that interfere with std. extn. procedures for soil microbial biomass or enzyme assays, and the confounding effects of varying amts. of minerals. In most studies, microbial biomass has been found to increase as a result of biochar addns., with significant changes in microbial community compn. and enzyme activities that may explain biogeochem. effects of biochar on element cycles, plant pathogens, and crop growth. Yet, very little is known about the mechanisms through which biochar affects microbial abundance and community compn. The effects of biochar on soil fauna are even less understood than its effects on microorganisms, apart from several notable studies on earthworms. It is clear, however, that sorption phenomena, pH and phys. properties of biochars such as pore structure, surface area and mineral matter play important roles in detg. how different biochars affect soil biota. Observations on microbial dynamics lead to the conclusion of a possible improved resource use due to co-location of various resources in and around biochars. Sorption and thereby inactivation of growth-inhibiting substances likely plays a role for increased abundance of soil biota. No evidence exists so far for direct neg. effects of biochars on plant roots. Occasionally obsd. decreases in abundance of mycorrhizal fungi are likely caused by concomitant increases in nutrient availability, reducing the need for symbionts. In the short term, the release of a variety of org. mols. from fresh biochar may in some cases be responsible for increases or decreases in abundance and activity of soil biota. A road map for future biochar research must include a systematic appreciation of different biochar-types and basic manipulative expts. that unambiguously identify the interactions between biochar and soil biota.

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   Biederman, L. A.; Harpole, W. S. Biochar and Its Effects on Plant Productivity and Nutrient Cycling: A Meta-Analysis. GCB Bioenergy 2013, 5 (2), 202– 214,  DOI: 10.1111/gcbb.12037

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   Biochar and its effects on plant productivity and nutrient cycling: a meta-analysis

   Biederman, Lori A.; Harpole, W. Stanley

   GCB Bioenergy (2013), 5 (2), 202-214CODEN: GBCIA7; ISSN:1757-1693. (Wiley-Blackwell)

   Biochar is a carbon-rich coproduct resulting from pyrolyzing biomass. When applied to the soil it resists decompn., effectively sequestering the applied carbon and mitigating anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Other promoted benefits of biochar application to soil include increased plant productivity and reduced nutrient leaching. However, the effects of biochar are variable and it remains unclear if recent enthusiasm can be justified. We evaluate ecosystem responses to biochar application with a meta-anal. of 371 independent studies culled from 114 published manuscripts. We find that despite variability introduced by soil and climate, the addn. of biochar to soils resulted, on av., in increased aboveground productivity, crop yield, soil microbial biomass, rhizobia nodulation, plant K tissue concn., soil phosphorus (P), soil potassium (K), total soil nitrogen (N), and total soil carbon (C) compared with control conditions. Soil pH also tended to increase, becoming less acidic, following the addn. of biochar. Variables that showed no significant mean response to biochar included belowground productivity, the ratio of aboveground : belowground biomass, mycorrhizal colonization of roots, plant tissue N, and soil P concn., and soil inorg. N. Addnl. analyses found no detectable relationship between the amt. of biochar added and aboveground productivity. Our results provide the first quant. review of the effects of biochar on multiple ecosystem functions and the central tendencies suggest that biochar holds promise in being a win-win-win soln. to energy, carbon storage, and ecosystem function. However, biochar's impacts on a fourth component, the downstream nontarget environments, remain unknown and present a crit. research gap.

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5. 5

   Borchard, N.; Schirrmann, M.; Cayuela, M. L.; Kammann, C.; Wrage-Mönnig, N.; Estavillo, J. M.; Fuertes-Mendizábal, T.; Sigua, G.; Spokas, K.; Ippolito, J. A.; Novak, J. Biochar, Soil and Land-Use Interactions That Reduce Nitrate Leaching and N2O Emissions: A Meta-Analysis. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 651, 2354– 2364,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.060

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   Biochar, soil and land-use interactions that reduce nitrate leaching and N2O emissions: A meta-analysis

   Borchard, Nils; Schirrmann, Michael; Cayuela, Maria Luz; Kammann, Claudia; Wrage-Monnig, Nicole; Estavillo, Jose M.; Fuertes-Mendizabal, Teresa; Sigua, Gilbert; Spokas, Kurt; Ippolito, James A.; Novak, Jeff

   Science of the Total Environment (2019), 651 (Part_2), 2354-2364CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)

   A review. Biochar can reduce both nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and nitrate (NO3-) leaching, but refining biochar's use for estg. these types of losses remains elusive. For example, biochar properties such as ash content and labile org. compds. may induce transient effects that alter N-based losses. Thus, the aim of this meta-anal. was to assess interactions between biochar-induced effects on N2O emissions and NO3- retention, regarding the duration of expts. as well as soil and land use properties. Data were compiled from 88 peer-reviewed publications resulting in 608 observations up to May 2016 and corresponding response ratios were used to perform a random effects meta-anal., testing biochar's impact on cumulative N2O emissions, soil NO3- concns. and leaching in temperate, semi-arid, sub-tropical, and tropical climate. The overall N2O emissions redn. was 38%, but N2O emission redns. tended to be negligible after one year. Overall, soil NO3- concns. remained unaffected while NO3- leaching was reduced by 13% with biochar; greater leaching redns. (>26%) occurred over longer exptl. times (i.e. >30 days). Biochar had the strongest N2O-emission reducing effect in paddy soils (Anthrosols) and sandy soils (Arenosols). The use of biochar reduced both N2O emissions and NO3- leaching in arable farming and horticulture, but it did not affect these losses in grasslands and perennial crops. In conclusion, the time-dependent impact on N2O emissions and NO3- leaching is a crucial factor that needs to be considered in order to develop and test resilient and sustainable biochar-based N loss mitigation strategies. Our results provide a valuable starting point for future biochar-based N loss mitigation studies.

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   Jansson, J. K.; Hofmockel, K. S. The Soil Microbiome-from Metagenomics to Metaphenomics. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2018, 43, 162– 168,  DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2018.01.013

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   The soil microbiome - from metagenomics to metaphenomics

   Jansson, Janet K.; Hofmockel, Kirsten S.

   Current Opinion in Microbiology (2018), 43 (), 162-168CODEN: COMIF7; ISSN:1369-5274. (Elsevier Ltd.)

   A review. Soil microorganisms carry out important processes, including support of plant growth and cycling of carbon and other nutrients. However, the majority of soil microbes have not yet been isolated and their functions are largely unknown. Although metagenomic sequencing reveals microbial identities and functional gene information, it includes DNA from microbes with vastly varying physiol. states. Therefore, metagenomics is only predictive of community functional potential. We posit that the next frontier lies in understanding the metaphenome, the product of the combined genetic potential of the microbiome and available resources. Here we describe examples of opportunities towards gaining understanding of the soil metaphenome.

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   Trivedi, P.; Leach, J. E.; Tringe, S. G.; Sa, T.; Singh, B. K. Plant–Microbiome Interactions: From Community Assembly to Plant Health. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2020, 18, 607– 621,  DOI: 10.1038/s41579-020-0412-1

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   Plant-microbiome interactions: from community assembly to plant health

   Trivedi, Pankaj; Leach, Jan E.; Tringe, Susannah G.; Sa, Tongmin; Singh, Brajesh K.

   Nature Reviews Microbiology (2020), 18 (11), 607-621CODEN: NRMACK; ISSN:1740-1526. (Nature Research)

   Abstr.: Healthy plants host diverse but taxonomically structured communities of microorganisms, the plant microbiota, that colonize every accessible plant tissue. Plant-assocd. microbiomes confer fitness advantages to the plant host, including growth promotion, nutrient uptake, stress tolerance and resistance to pathogens. In this Review, we explore how plant microbiome research has unravelled the complex network of genetic, biochem., phys. and metabolic interactions among the plant, the assocd. microbial communities and the environment. We also discuss how those interactions shape the assembly of plant-assocd. microbiomes and modulate their beneficial traits, such as nutrient acquisition and plant health, in addn. to highlighting knowledge gaps and future directions.

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   Nielsen, S.; Minchin, T.; Kimber, S.; van Zwieten, L.; Gilbert, J.; Munroe, P.; Joseph, S.; Thomas, T. Comparative Analysis of the Microbial Communities in Agricultural Soil Amended with Enhanced Biochars or Traditional Fertilisers. Agric., Ecosyst. Environ. 2014, 191, 73– 82,  DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2014.04.006

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9. 9

   Zhang, L.; Xiang, Y.; Jing, Y.; Zhang, R. Biochar Amendment Effects on the Activities of Soil Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Hydrolytic Enzymes: A Meta-Analysis. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2019, 26 (22), 22990– 23001,  DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05604-1

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   Biochar amendment effects on the activities of soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus hydrolytic enzymes: a meta-analysis

   Zhang, Leiyi; Xiang, Yangzhou; Jing, Yiming; Zhang, Renduo

   Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2019), 26 (22), 22990-23001CODEN: ESPLEC; ISSN:0944-1344. (Springer)

   Meta-anal. of effects of biochar amendment on soil enzyme activities (SEAs) related to carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) cycling.. Results showed that biochar addns. to soils overall increased the N- and P-cycling SEAs by 14 and 11%, resp. The enhancement of the N- and P-cycling SEAs was mainly attributable to the microbial stimulation by biochar properties (i.e., nutrient content and porosity) and soil nutrients (e.g., soil org. C and total N). The enhancement was the most significant under the conditions with biochars produced at low temps. and using feedstock materials with high nutrient content, and biochar applications in acidic or neutral soils, coarse or fine soils, and farmland soils. Biochar addns. to soils overall reduced the C-cycling SEAs by 6.3%. The C-cycling SEAs were greatly suppressed under the conditions with low and very high biochar loads, biochars produced at high temps. and with feedstock materials of herb and lignocellulose, and biochar applications in alk., fine, and forest soils. The results were mainly related to the adsorption and inhibition effects of biochars and soil properties (e.g., liming effect, high biochar porosity and arom. C content) on fungi and the enzymes. Biochar feedstock, C/N and load, and soil total N were the main influential factors on the SEAs.

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10. 10

    Meng, L.; Sun, T.; Li, M.; Saleem, M.; Zhang, Q.; Wang, C. Soil-Applied Biochar Increases Microbial Diversity and Wheat Plant Performance under Herbicide Fomesafen Stress. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2019, 171, 75– 83,  DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.065

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    10

    Soil-applied biochar increases microbial diversity and wheat plant performance under herbicide fomesafen stress

    Meng, Lulu; Sun, Tong; Li, Mengyao; Saleem, Muhammad; Zhang, Qingming; Wang, Caixia

    Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety (2019), 171 (), 75-83CODEN: EESADV; ISSN:0147-6513. (Elsevier B.V.)

    The herbicide "fomesafen" causes phytotoxicity to the rotational wheat crop and may reduce its yield. Considering that biochar may improve remediation and biophys. conditions of the contaminated soil environments to benefit plant growth. Here, we investigated the impacts of three levels of the wheat straw-derived biochar (1%, 2%, and 4% (wt./wt.)) on growth, physiol. properties, and rhizosphere microbial communities of the wheat (Triticum aestivum) seedlings under the fomesafen stress using high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that biochar amended into soil significantly reduced the uptake of wheat to fomesafen and thereby eliminate its toxicity to wheat seedlings. Moreover, biochar increased the abundance and diversity of plant beneficial bacterial and fungal taxa in the rhizosphere of wheat seedlings. Compared with the three addn. amts., amendment with 2% of biochar has the best effects to reduce the toxicity of fomesafen on wheat seedlings and maintain the balance of soil microbial community structure in soil contaminated with fomesafen (1.0 mg kg-1). Overall, our results suggest that the level of biochar application influences the structure and diversity of soil microbiome (and mycobiome) and plant performance under abiotic stress conditions.

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11. 11

    Pokharel, P.; Ma, Z.; Chang, S. X. Biochar Increases Soil Microbial Biomass with Changes in Extra- and Intracellular Enzyme Activities: A Global Meta-Analysis. Biochar 2020, 2 (1), 65– 79,  DOI: 10.1007/s42773-020-00039-1

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12. 12

    Ennis, C. J.; Evans, A. G.; Islam, M.; Ralebitso-Senior, T. K.; Senior, E. Biochar: Carbon Sequestration, Land Remediation, and Impacts on Soil Microbiology. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 42 (22), 2311– 2364,  DOI: 10.1080/10643389.2011.574115

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    12

    Biochar: Carbon Sequestration, Land Remediation, and Impacts on Soil Microbiology

    Ennis, Christopher J.; Evans, A. Garry; Islam, Meez; Ralebitso-Senior, T. Komang; Senior, Eric

    Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology (2012), 42 (22), 2311-2364CODEN: CRETEK; ISSN:1064-3389. (Taylor & Francis, Inc.)

    A review. Biochar-charcoal used to amend land and sequester carbon-is attracting considerable interest. Its distinctive phys./chem./biol. properties, including high water-holding capacity, large surface area, cation exchange capacity, elemental compn., and pore size/vol./distribution, effect its recognized impacts, esp. on microbial communities. These are explored in the context of agriculture, composting, and land remediation/restoration. Considerable focus is given to mycorrhizal assocns., which are central to exploitation in environmental technologies involving biochar. The characteristics of biochar, its availability for nutrient cycling, including the beneficial and potentially neg./inhibitory impacts, and the requisite multidisciplinary anal. (physicochem., microbiol., and mol.) to study these in detail, are explored.

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13. 13

    Imparato, V.; Hansen, V.; Santos, S. S.; Nielsen, T. K.; Giagnoni, L.; Hauggaard-Nielsen, H.; Johansen, A.; Renella, G.; Winding, A. Gasification Biochar Has Limited Effects on Functional and Structural Diversity of Soil Microbial Communities in a Temperate Agroecosystem. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2016, 99, 128– 136,  DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.05.004

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    13

    Gasification biochar has limited effects on functional and structural diversity of soil microbial communities in a temperate agroecosystem

    Imparato, Valentina; Hansen, Veronika; Santos, Susana S.; Nielsen, Tue Kjaergaard; Giagnoni, Laura; Hauggaard-Nielsen, Henrik; Johansen, Anders; Renella, Giancarlo; Winding, Anne

    Soil Biology & Biochemistry (2016), 99 (), 128-136CODEN: SBIOAH; ISSN:0038-0717. (Elsevier B.V.)

    Biochar may enhance soil fertility and carbon (C) sequestration but there is still a lack of comprehensive understanding of its effects on soil microbial communities and functioning. This study tested the differential effects of two doses (6-8 and 0.8-1.4 t ha-1 for High and Low doses, resp.) of wheat straw gasification biochar (GBC) and fresh straw incorporated as soil amendments into an agricultural field in Denmark. Soils were analyzed three months after the amendments for pH, total org. matter, microbial biomass (ATP), ten enzymic activities, catabolic potential by substrate-induced respiration (MicroResp), soil toxicity test (BioTox) and bacterial community structure (Illumina 16S rRNA gene sequencing). No significant effect of biochar treatment was obsd. regarding ATP content, catabolic community profiles and soil toxicity. The higher dose of GBC increased phenol oxidase activity and soil pH, and decreased the cellulase activity. No major effect of high dose GBC was obsd. on the soil community diversity, and only minor effect on the community compn., with an increase in the relative abundance of a single OTU assocd. with Acidobacteria_Gp16. Addn. of low dose of GBC caused an increase in the relative abundance of the rare members in the microbial communities thus increasing the diversity of soil microorganisms. A comparable effect was obsd. with the addn. of fresh straw. Overall, our results indicated that GBC as soil amendment had a limited effect on the functional and structural diversity of soil microbial communities in a Danish temperate agroecosystem.

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    Jenkins, J. R.; Viger, M.; Arnold, E. C.; Harris, Z. M.; Ventura, M.; Miglietta, F.; Girardin, C.; Edwards, R. J.; Rumpel, C.; Fornasier, F.; Zavalloni, C.; Tonon, G.; Alberti, G.; Taylor, G. Biochar Alters the Soil Microbiome and Soil Function: Results of next-Generation Amplicon Sequencing across Europe. GCB Bioenergy 2017, 9 (3), 591– 612,  DOI: 10.1111/gcbb.12371

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    14

    Biochar alters the soil microbiome and soil function: results of next-generation amplicon sequencing across Europe

    Jenkins, Joseph R.; Viger, Maud; Arnold, Elizabeth C.; Harris, Zoe M.; Ventura, Maurizio; Miglietta, Franco; Girardin, Cyril; Edwards, Richard J.; Rumpel, Cornelia; Fornasier, Flavio; Zavalloni, Costanza; Tonon, Giustino; Alberti, Giorgio; Taylor, Gail

    GCB Bioenergy (2017), 9 (3), 591-612CODEN: GBCIA7; ISSN:1757-1693. (Wiley-Blackwell)

    Wide-scale application of biochar to soil has been suggested as a mechanism to offset increases in CO2 emissions through the long-term sequestration of a carbon rich and inert substance to the soil, but the implications of this for soil diversity and function remain to be detd. Biochar is capable of inducing changes in soil bacterial communities, but the exact impacts of its application are poorly understood. Using three European sites [UK SRC, short rotation coppice, French grassland (FR) and Italian SRF, short rotation forestry (IT)] treated with identical biochar applications, we undertook 16S and ITS amplicon DNA sequencing. In addn., we carried out assessments of community change over time and N and P mobilization in the UK. Significant changes in bacterial and community structure occurred due to treatment, although the nature of the changes varied by site. STAMP differential abundance anal. showed enrichment of Gemmatimonadete and Acidobacteria in UK biochar plots 1 yr after application, while control plots exhibited enriched Gemmataceae, Isosphaeraceae and Koribacteraceae. Increased mobility of ammonium and phosphates was also detected after 1 yr, coupled with a shift from acid to alk. phosphomonoesterase activity, which may suggest an ecol. and functional shift towards a more copiotrophic ecol. Italy also exhibited enrichments, in both the Proteobacteria (driven by an increase in the order Rhizobiales) and the Gemmatimonadetes. No significant change in the abundance of individual taxa was noted in FR, although a small significant change in unweighted UNIFRAC occurred, indicating variation in the identities of taxa present due to treatment. Fungal β diversity was affected by treatment in IT and FR, but was unaffected in UK samples. The effects of time and site were greater than that of biochar application in UK samples. Overall, this report gives a tantalizing view of the soil microbiome at several sites across Europe and suggests that although application of biochar has significant effects on microbial communities, these may be small compared with the highly variable soil microbiome that is found in different soils and changes with time.

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15. 15

    European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability. Biochar Application to Soils: A Critical Scientific Review of Effects on Soil Properties, Processes and Functions; Publications Office: LU, 2010.

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16. 16

    Xiao, X.; Chen, B.; Chen, Z.; Zhu, L.; Schnoor, J. L. Insight into Multiple and Multilevel Structures of Biochars and Their Potential Environmental Applications: A Critical Review. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2018, 52 (9), 5027– 5047,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06487

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    16

    Insight into Multiple and Multilevel Structures of Biochars and Their Potential Environmental Applications: A Critical Review

    Xiao, Xin; Chen, Baoliang; Chen, Zaiming; Zhu, Lizhong; Schnoor, Jerald L.

    Environmental Science & Technology (2018), 52 (9), 5027-5047CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

    Biochar is the carbon-rich product of the pyrolysis of biomass under oxygen-limited conditions, and it has received increasing attention due to its multiple functions in the fields of climate change mitigation, sustainable agriculture, environmental control, and novel materials. To design a "smart" biochar for environmentally sustainable applications, one must understand recent advances in biochar mol. structures and explore potential applications to generalize upon structure-application relationships. In this review, multiple and multilevel structures of biochars are interpreted based on their elemental compns., phase components, surface properties, and mol. structures. Applications such as carbon fixators, fertilizers, sorbents, and carbon-based materials are highlighted based on the biochar multilevel structures as well as their structure-application relationships. Further studies are suggested for more detailed biochar structural anal. and sepn. and for the combination of macroscopic and microscopic information to develop a higher-level biochar structural design for selective applications.

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17. 17

    Wang, L.; Ok, Y. S.; Tsang, D. C. W.; Alessi, D. S.; Rinklebe, J.; Wang, H.; Mašek, O.; Hou, R.; O’Connor, D.; Hou, D. New Trends in Biochar Pyrolysis and Modification Strategies: Feedstock, Pyrolysis Conditions, Sustainability Concerns and Implications for Soil Amendment. Soil Use Manage. 2020, 36 (3), 358– 386,  DOI: 10.1111/sum.12592

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18. 18

    Joseph, S.; Cowie, A. L.; Van Zwieten, L.; Bolan, N.; Budai, A.; Buss, W.; Cayuela, M. L.; Graber, E. R.; Ippolito, J. A.; Kuzyakov, Y.; Luo, Y.; Ok, Y. S.; Palansooriya, K. N.; Shepherd, J.; Stephens, S.; Weng, Z.; Lehmann, J. How Biochar Works, and When It Doesn’t: A Review of Mechanisms Controlling Soil and Plant Responses to Biochar. GCB Bioenergy 2021, 13 (11), 1731– 1764,  DOI: 10.1111/gcbb.12885

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    18

    How biochar works, and when it doesn't: A review of mechanisms controlling soil and plant responses to biochar

    Joseph, Stephen; Cowie, Annette L.; Van Zwieten, Lukas; Bolan, Nanthi; Budai, Alice; Buss, Wolfram; Cayuela, Maria Luz; Graber, Ellen R.; Ippolito, James A.; Kuzyakov, Yakov; Luo, Yu; Ok, Yong Sik; Palansooriya, Kumuduni N.; Shepherd, Jessica; Stephens, Scott; Weng, Zhe; Lehmann, Johannes

    GCB Bioenergy (2021), 13 (11), 1731-1764CODEN: GBCIA7; ISSN:1757-1693. (Wiley-Blackwell)

    A review. We synthesized 20 years of research to explain the interrelated processes that det. soil and plant responses to biochar. The properties of biochar and its effects within agricultural ecosystems largely depend on feedstock and pyrolysis conditions. We describe three stages of reactions of biochar in soil: dissoln. (1-3 wk); reactive surface development (1-6 mo); and aging (beyond 6 mo). As biochar ages, it is incorporated into soil aggregates, protecting the biochar carbon and promoting the stabilization of rhizodeposits and microbial products. Biochar carbon persists in soil for hundreds to thousands of years. By increasing pH, porosity, and water availability, biochars can create favorable conditions for root development and microbial functions. Biochars can catalyze biotic and abiotic reactions, particularly in the rhizosphere, that increase nutrient supply and uptake by plants, reduce phytotoxins, stimulate plant development, and increase resilience to disease and environmental stressors. Meta-analyses found that, on av., biochars increase P availability by a factor of 4.6; decrease plant tissue concn. of heavy metals by 17%-39%; build soil org. carbon through neg. priming by 3.8% (range -21% to +20%); and reduce non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions from soil by 12%-50%. Meta-analyses show av. crop yield increases of 10%-42% with biochar addn., with greatest increases in low-nutrient P-sorbing acidic soils (common in the tropics), and in sandy soils in drylands due to increase in nutrient retention and water holding capacity. Studies report a wide range of plant responses to biochars due to the diversity of biochars and contexts in which biochars have been applied. Crop yields increase strongly if site-specific soil constraints and nutrient and water limitations are mitigated by appropriate biochar formulations. Biochars can be tailored to address site constraints through feedstock selection, by modifying pyrolysis conditions, through pre- or post-prodn. treatments, or co-application with org. or mineral fertilizers. We demonstrate how, when used wisely, biochar mitigates climate change and supports food security and the circular economy.

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19. 19

    Gurevitch, J.; Koricheva, J.; Nakagawa, S.; Stewart, G. Meta-Analysis and the Science of Research Synthesis. Nature 2018, 555 (7695), 175– 182,  DOI: 10.1038/nature25753

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    19

    Meta-analysis and the science of research synthesis

    Gurevitch, Jessica; Koricheva, Julia; Nakagawa, Shinichi; Stewart, Gavin

    Nature (London, United Kingdom) (2018), 555 (7695), 175-182CODEN: NATUAS; ISSN:0028-0836. (Nature Research)

    Meta-anal. is the quant., scientific synthesis of research results. Since the term and modern approaches to research synthesis were first introduced in the 1970s, meta-anal. has had a revolutionary effect in many scientific fields, helping to establish evidence-based practice and to resolve seemingly contradictory research outcomes. At the same time, its implementation has engendered criticism and controversy, in some cases general and others specific to particular disciplines. Here we take the opportunity provided by the recent fortieth anniversary of meta-anal. to reflect on the accomplishments, limitations, recent advances and directions for future developments in the field of research synthesis.

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20. 20

    Gao, S.; DeLuca, T. H.; Cleveland, C. C. Biochar Additions Alter Phosphorus and Nitrogen Availability in Agricultural Ecosystems: A Meta-Analysis. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 654, 463– 472,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.124

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    20

    Biochar additions alter phosphorus and nitrogen availability in agricultural ecosystems: A meta-analysis

    Gao, Si; DeLuca, Thomas H.; Cleveland, Cory C.

    Science of the Total Environment (2019), 654 (), 463-472CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)

    A review. Biochar is a carbon (C) rich product of thermochem. conversion of org. material that is used as a soil amendment due to its resistance to decompn. and its influence on nutrient dynamics; however, individual studies on biochar effects on phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) have proven inconsistent. Herein, we performed a meta-anal. of 124 published studies to evaluate the influence of biochar on available P, microbial biomass P (MBP), and inorg. N (NO3--N and NH4+-N) in global agricultural ecosystems. Overall, the results showed that biochar applications significantly increased surface soil available P by 45% and MBP by 48% across the full range of biochar characteristics, soil type, or exptl. conditions. By contrast, biochar addn. to soil reduced NO3-N concns. by 12% and NH4+-N by 11%, but in most cases biochar added in combination with org. fertilizer significantly increased soil NH4+-N compared to controls. Biochar C:N ratio and biochar source (feedstock) strongly influenced soil P availability response to biochar where inorg. N was most influenced by biochar C:N ratio and soil pH. Biochar made from manure or other low C:N ratio materials, generated at low temps., or applied at high rates were generally more effective at enhancing soil available P. It is important, however, to note that most neg. results were obsd. in short-term (<6 mo) where long-term studies (>12 mo) tended to result in neutral to modest pos. effects on both P and N. This meta-anal. indicates that biochar generally enhances soil P availability when added to soils alone or in combination with fertilizer. These findings provide a scientific basis for developing more rational strategies toward widespread adoption of biochar as a soil amendment for agricultural P and N management.

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21. 21

    Cayuela, M. L.; van Zwieten, L.; Singh, B. P.; Jeffery, S.; Roig, A.; Sánchez-Monedero, M. Biochar’s Role in Mitigating Soil Nitrous Oxide Emissions: A Review and Meta-Analysis. Agric., Ecosyst. Environ. 2014, 191, 5– 16,  DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2013.10.009

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    21

    Biochar's role in mitigating soil nitrous oxide emissions: A review and meta-analysis

    Cayuela, M. L.; van Zwieten, L.; Singh, B. P.; Jeffery, S.; Roig, A.; Sanchez-Monedero, M. A.

    Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment (2014), 191 (), 5-16CODEN: AEENDO; ISSN:0167-8809. (Elsevier B.V.)

    A review. More than two thirds of global nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions originate from soil, mainly assocd. with the extensive use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers in agriculture. Although the interaction of black carbon with the N cycle has been long recognized, the impact of biochar on N2O emissions has only recently been studied. Herein we reflect on proposed hypotheses to explain N2O decrease with biochar, linking them to specific mechanisms for N2O formation and consumption in soil. Moreover, to assist in elucidating key mechanisms in which biochar may act in mitigating emissions of N2O, we undertook a meta-anal. using published literature from 2007 to 2013. This quant. anal. used 30 studies with 261 exptl. treatments. Overall, we found that biochar reduced soil N2O emissions by 54% in lab. and field studies. The biochar feedstock, pyrolysis conditions and C/N ratio were shown to be key factors influencing emissions of N2O while a direct correlation was found between the biochar application rate and N2O emission redns. Interactions between soil texture and biochar and the chem. form of N fertilizer applied with biochar were also found to have a major influence on soil N2O emissions. While there is clear evidence that, in many cases, emissions of N2O are reduced, there is still a significant lack in understanding of the key mechanisms which result in these changed emissions. As such, we have guided readers with suggestions to address specific research gaps, which we anticipate will enhance our knowledge and understanding of biochar's N2O emission mitigation potential.

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22. 22

    Song, X.; Pan, G.; Zhang, C.; Zhang, L.; Wang, H. Effects of Biochar Application on Fluxes of Three Biogenic Greenhouse Gases: A Meta-analysis. Ecosyst. Health Sustain. 2016, 2 (2), e01202  DOI: 10.1002/ehs2.1202

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23. 23

    Zhang, L.; Jing, Y.; Xiang, Y.; Zhang, R.; Lu, H. Responses of Soil Microbial Community Structure Changes and Activities to Biochar Addition: A Meta-Analysis. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 643, 926– 935,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.231

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    23

    Responses of soil microbial community structure changes and activities to biochar addition: A meta-analysis

    Zhang, Leiyi; Jing, Yiming; Xiang, Yangzhou; Zhang, Renduo; Lu, Haibo

    Science of the Total Environment (2018), 643 (), 926-935CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)

    The objective of this study was to investigate responses of soil microbial community structure changes and activities to biochar addn. under different biochar characteristics, soil properties, and expt. conditions. A meta-anal. was conducted based on 265 datasets from 49 published studies. Results showed that biochar addn. significantly increased the ratios of soil fungi to bacteria (F/B) and the ratios of Gram-pos. bacteria to Gram-neg. bacteria (G+/G-), and microbial biomass and activities. The enhancement of F/B ratios was most significant with addn. of biochars produced at low temps. to soils with lower pH and nutrients in a long-term condition, which improved ecosystem stability of agricultural soils. The F/B ratios were mainly affected by biochar nutrients, soil nutrients, and soil pH values. Biochar nutrients and structural properties (i.e., surface area and porosity) also played the important role in enhancing G+/G-, total microbial biomass, and activities of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes. The G+/G- ratios increased the most with addn. of biochars produced with medium temps. and residue accompanied with fertilizers in dry land (dried farmland) soils. High biochar load greatly improved the total phospholipid fatty acids, and activities of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes in fine/coarse, paddy soils, and soils with low nutrients, in turn increased the soil nutrient cycling. In addn., the structural properties of biochars were the most influencing factor to increase total microbial biomass and actinomycete activity. Overall, the enhancement of microbial activities and community structure shifts under biochar addn. should promote soil nutrients cycling and carbon sequestration, and improve crop yields.

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24. 24

    Xiao, Z.; Rasmann, S.; Yue, L.; Lian, F.; Zou, H.; Wang, Z. The Effect of Biochar Amendment on N-Cycling Genes in Soils: A Meta-Analysis. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 696, 133984,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133984

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    24

    The effect of biochar amendment on N-cycling genes in soils: A meta-analysis

    Xiao, Zhenggao; Rasmann, Sergio; Yue, Le; Lian, Fei; Zou, Hua; Wang, Zhenyu

    Science of the Total Environment (2019), 696 (), 133984CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)

    Nitrogen (N) cycling by soil microbes can be estd. by quantifying the abundance of microbial functional genes (MFG) involved in N-transformation processes. In agro-ecosystems, biochars are regularly applied for increasing soil fertility and stability. In turn, it has been shown that biochar amendment can alter soil N cycling by altering MFG abundance and richness. However, the general patterns and mechanisms of how biochar amendment modifies N-cycling gene abundance have not been synthesized to date. Here, we addressed this knowledge gap by performing a meta-anal. of existing literatures up to 2019. We included five main marker genes involved in N cycling: nifH, amoA, nirK, nirS and nosZ. We found that biochar addn. significantly increased the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), nirK, nirS and nosZ by an av. of 25.3%, 32.0%, 14.6% and 17.0%, resp. Particularly, biochar amendment increased the abundances of most N-cycling genes when soil pH changed from very acidic (pH < 5) to acidic (pH: 5.5-6.5). Exptl. conditions, cover plants, biochar pyrolysis temp. and fertilizer application were also important factors regulating the response of most N-cycling genes to biochar amendment. Moreover, soil pH significantly correlated with ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) abundance, while we found that most genes involved in nitrification and denitrification were not significantly correlated with each other across studies. Our results contribute to developing quant. models of microbially-mediated N-transforming processes in response to biochar addn., and stimulate research on how to use biochar amendment for reducing reactive N gas emissions and enhancing N bioavailability to crop plants in agro-ecosystems.

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25. 25

    Li, X.; Wang, T.; Chang, S. X.; Jiang, X.; Song, Y. Biochar Increases Soil Microbial Biomass but Has Variable Effects on Microbial Diversity: A Meta-Analysis. Sci. Total Environ. 2020, 749, 141593,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141593

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    25

    Biochar increases soil microbial biomass but has variable effects on microbial diversity: A meta-analysis

    Li, Xiaona; Wang, Tao; Chang, Scott X.; Jiang, Xin; Song, Yang

    Science of the Total Environment (2020), 749 (), 141593CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)

    Biochar has been extensively studied as a soil amendment for carbon sequestration and for improving soil quality; however, a systematic understanding of the responses of soil microbial biomass and diversity to biochar addn. is lacking. Here, a meta-anal. of 999 paired data points from 194 studies shows that biochar increases microbial biomass but has variable effects on microbial diversity. Generally, the effects of biochar on microbial biomass are dependent on biochar properties, while that on microbial diversity is dependent on soil properties. The application of biochar, particularly that produced under low temp. and from nutrient-rich feedstocks, could better increase soil microbial biomass (based on phospholipid fatty acid anal. (MBCPLFA)) and diversity. The increases of total microbial biomass with biochar addn. are greater in the field than in lab. studies, in sandy than in clay soils, and when measured by fumigation-extn. (MBCFE) than by MBCPLFA. The bacterial biomass only significantly increases in lab. studies and fungal biomass only in soils with pH ≤ 7.5 and soil org. carbon ≤30 g kg-1. The increases in total microbial diversity with biochar addn. were greater in acidic and sandy soils with low soil org. carbon content and in lab. incubation studies. In addn., long-term and low-rate addn. of biochar always increases microbial diversity. To better guide the use of biochar as a soil amendment, we suggest that establishing long-term and field studies, using a std. method for measuring microbial communities, on different soil types should be our emphasis in future research.

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26. 26

    Van den Noortgate, W.; López-López, J. A.; Marín-Martínez, F.; Sánchez-Meca, J. Three-Level Meta-Analysis of Dependent Effect Sizes. Behav. Res. Methods 2013, 45 (2), 576– 594,  DOI: 10.3758/s13428-012-0261-6

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    26

    Three-level meta-analysis of dependent effect sizes

    Van den Noortgate Wim; Lopez-Lopez Jose Antonio; Marin-Martinez Fulgencio; Sanchez-Meca Julio

    Behavior research methods (2013), 45 (2), 576-94 ISSN:.

    Although dependence in effect sizes is ubiquitous, commonly used meta-analytic methods assume independent effect sizes. We describe and illustrate three-level extensions of a mixed effects meta-analytic model that accounts for various sources of dependence within and across studies, because multilevel extensions of meta-analytic models still are not well known. We also present a three-level model for the common case where, within studies, multiple effect sizes are calculated using the same sample. Whereas this approach is relatively simple and does not require imputing values for the unknown sampling covariances, it has hardly been used, and its performance has not been empirically investigated. Therefore, we set up a simulation study, showing that also in this situation, a three-level approach yields valid results: Estimates of the treatment effects and the corresponding standard errors are unbiased.

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27. 27

    Sera, F.; Armstrong, B.; Blangiardo, M.; Gasparrini, A. An Extended Mixed-effects Framework for Meta-analysis. Stat. Med. 2019, 38 (29), 5429– 5444,  DOI: 10.1002/sim.8362

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    27

    An extended mixed-effects framework for meta-analysis

    Sera Francesco; Armstrong Benedict; Gasparrini Antonio; Sera Francesco; Armstrong Benedict; Gasparrini Antonio; Blangiardo Marta

    Statistics in medicine (2019), 38 (29), 5429-5444 ISSN:.

    Standard methods for meta-analysis are limited to pooling tasks in which a single effect size is estimated from a set of independent studies. However, this setting can be too restrictive for modern meta-analytical applications. In this contribution, we illustrate a general framework for meta-analysis based on linear mixed-effects models, where potentially complex patterns of effect sizes are modeled through an extended and flexible structure of fixed and random terms. This definition includes, as special cases, a variety of meta-analytical models that have been separately proposed in the literature, such as multivariate, network, multilevel, dose-response, and longitudinal meta-analysis and meta-regression. The availability of a unified framework for meta-analysis, complemented with the implementation in a freely available and fully documented software, will provide researchers with a flexible tool for addressing nonstandard pooling problems.

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28. 28

    Moher, D.; Liberati, A.; Tetzlaff, J.; Altman, D. G.; The PRISMA Group Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med. 2009, 6 (7), e1000097  DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097

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29. 29

    FAO Rome; IIASA. Harmonized World Soil Database: Italy, Laxenburg, Austria, 2012.

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30. 30

    Glaser, B.; Lehr, V.-I. Biochar Effects on Phosphorus Availability in Agricultural Soils: A Meta-Analysis. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9 (1), 9338,  DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45693-z

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    30

    Biochar effects on phosphorus availability in agricultural soils: A meta-analysis

    Glaser Bruno; Lehr Verena-Isabell

    Scientific reports (2019), 9 (1), 9338 ISSN:.

    Phosphorus (P) is a limiting nutrient for plants and an essential element for all life on Earth. As the resources of phosphate rock are depleting, new management tools for environmentally friendly P fertilizers are needed. In order to achieve this, recent studies have proposed to use biochar, a carbon-rich solid product of thermochemical conversion of biomass with minimal or zero oxygen supply, as slow-release P fertilizer. However, the effects of biochar on plant-available P in soils have been reported to be variable. Therefore, we quantitatively evaluated existing peer-reviewed data using meta-analysis to draw general conclusions. In the present study, we evaluated 108 pairwise comparisons to their response of biochar application on P availability in soils. Our results indicate that biochar can act as a short-, mid-, and long-term P fertilizer with its effect depending on feedstock, pyrolysis temperature and application amount. Overall, the addition of biochar significantly increased the P availability in agricultural soil by a factor of 4.6 (95% confidence interval 3.4-5.9), independent of the used feedstock for biochar production. Only biochar application amounts above 10 Mg ha(-1) and biochar produced at temperatures lower than 600 °C significantly increased the P availability of agricultural soils. The application of biochar to acid (pH < 6.5) and neutral soils (pH 6.5-7.5) significantly increased plant-P availability by a factor of 5.1 and 2.4, respectively (95% confidence interval 3.5-6.7 and 1.4-3.4, respectively), while there was no significant effect in alkaline soils (pH > 7.5). Taken together, this meta-analysis shows that biochar significantly enhances plant-available P in biochar-amended soils at least for five years.

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    USDA, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Farming in the 21st Century: A Practical Approach to Improve Soil Health: Washington, DC, 2012.

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    Koricheva, J., Gurevitch, J., Mengersen, K., Eds. In Handbook of Meta-Analysis in Ecology and Evolution; Princeton University Press: Princeton, 2013.

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    Hedges, L. V.; Gurevitch, J.; Curtis, P. S. The Meta-analysis of Response Ratios in Experimental Ecology. Ecology 1999, 80 (4), 1150– 1156,  DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[1150:TMAORR]2.0.CO;2

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    Cheung, M. W.-L. Modeling Dependent Effect Sizes with Three-Level Meta-Analyses: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach. Psychol. Methods 2014, 19 (2), 211– 229,  DOI: 10.1037/a0032968

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    34

    Modeling dependent effect sizes with three-level meta-analyses: a structural equation modeling approach

    Cheung Mike W-L

    Psychological methods (2014), 19 (2), 211-29 ISSN:.

    Meta-analysis is an indispensable tool used to synthesize research findings in the social, educational, medical, management, and behavioral sciences. Most meta-analytic models assume independence among effect sizes. However, effect sizes can be dependent for various reasons. For example, studies might report multiple effect sizes on the same construct, and effect sizes reported by participants from the same cultural group are likely to be more similar than those reported by other cultural groups. This article reviews the problems and common methods to handle dependent effect sizes. The objective of this article is to demonstrate how 3-level meta-analyses can be used to model dependent effect sizes. The advantages of the structural equation modeling approach over the multilevel approach with regard to conducting a 3-level meta-analysis are discussed. This article also seeks to extend the key concepts of Q statistics, I2, and R2 from 2-level meta-analyses to 3-level meta-analyses. The proposed procedures are implemented using the open source metaSEM package for the R statistical environment. Two real data sets are used to illustrate these procedures. New research directions related to 3-level meta-analyses are discussed.

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35. 35

    Higgins, J. P. T.; Thompson, S. G. Quantifying Heterogeneity in a Meta-Analysis. Stat. Med. 2002, 21 (11), 1539– 1558,  DOI: 10.1002/sim.1186

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    35

    Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis

    Higgins Julian P T; Thompson Simon G

    Statistics in medicine (2002), 21 (11), 1539-58 ISSN:0277-6715.

    The extent of heterogeneity in a meta-analysis partly determines the difficulty in drawing overall conclusions. This extent may be measured by estimating a between-study variance, but interpretation is then specific to a particular treatment effect metric. A test for the existence of heterogeneity exists, but depends on the number of studies in the meta-analysis. We develop measures of the impact of heterogeneity on a meta-analysis, from mathematical criteria, that are independent of the number of studies and the treatment effect metric. We derive and propose three suitable statistics: H is the square root of the chi2 heterogeneity statistic divided by its degrees of freedom; R is the ratio of the standard error of the underlying mean from a random effects meta-analysis to the standard error of a fixed effect meta-analytic estimate, and I2 is a transformation of (H) that describes the proportion of total variation in study estimates that is due to heterogeneity. We discuss interpretation, interval estimates and other properties of these measures and examine them in five example data sets showing different amounts of heterogeneity. We conclude that H and I2, which can usually be calculated for published meta-analyses, are particularly useful summaries of the impact of heterogeneity. One or both should be presented in published meta-analyses in preference to the test for heterogeneity.

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36. 36

    Hedges, L. V.; Olkin, I. Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis, 1st ed.; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, 1985; pp 1– 369.

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    Viechtbauer, W. Bias and Efficiency of Meta-Analytic Variance Estimators in the Random-Effects Model. J. Educ. Behav. Stat. 2005, 30 (3), 261– 293,  DOI: 10.3102/10769986030003261

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    Assink, M.; Wibbelink, C. J. M. Fitting Three-Level Meta-Analytic Models in R: A Step-by-Step Tutorial. Quant. Methods Psychol. 2016, 12 (3), 154– 174,  DOI: 10.20982/tqmp.12.3.p154

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    Zuur, A. F.; Ieno, E. N.; Walker, N.; Saveliev, A. A.; Smith, G. M. Mixed Effects Models and Extensions in Ecology with R, 1st ed.; Statistics for Biology and Health; Springer: New York, NY, 2009; pp 1– 574.

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40. 40

    Viechtbauer, W. Conducting Meta-Analyses in R with the Metafor Package. J. Stat. Softw. 2010, 36 (3), 1– 48,  DOI: 10.18637/jss.v036.i03

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    Wei, T. Corrplot: Visualization of a Correlation Matrix, 2013. http://cran.r-project.org/package=corrplot (accessed June 2, 2023).

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    Calcagno, V.; Mazancourt, C. d. Glmulti: An R Package for Easy Automated Model Selection with (Generalized) Linear Models. J. Stat. Softw. 2010, 34 (12), 1– 29,  DOI: 10.18637/jss.v034.i12

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    Wickham, H. Ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis, 2nd ed.; Use R!; Springer International Publishing: Cham, 2016.

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    Lüdecke, D.; Makowski, D.; Waggoner, P.; Patil, I. Performance: Assessment of Regression Models Performance , 2020.

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    Garvey, M.; Klose, H.; Fischer, R.; Lambertz, C.; Commandeur, U. Cellulases for Biomass Degradation: Comparing Recombinant Cellulase Expression Platforms. Trends Biotechnol. 2013, 31 (10), 581– 593,  DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.06.006

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    Cellulases for biomass degradation: comparing recombinant cellulase expression platforms

    Garvey, Megan; Klose, Holger; Fischer, Rainer; Lambertz, Camilla; Commandeur, Ulrich

    Trends in Biotechnology (2013), 31 (10), 581-593CODEN: TRBIDM; ISSN:0167-7799. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    A review. Improvement of cellulase expression has the potential to change the nature of the biofuel industry. Increasing the economic feasibility of cellulase systems would significantly broaden the range of practicable biomass conversion, lowering the environmental impact of our civilizations' fuel needs. Cellulases are derived from certain fungi and bacteria, which are often difficult to culture on an industrial scale. Accordingly, methods to recombinantly express important cellulases and other glycosyl hydrolase (GH) enzymes are under serious investigation. Herein, we examine the latest developments in bacterial, yeast, plant, and fungal expression systems. We discuss current strategies for producing cellulases, and evaluate the benefits and drawbacks in yield, stability, and activity of enzymes from each system, and the overall progress in the field.

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    Wolińska, A.; Stępniewska, Z. Dehydrogenase Activity in the Soil Environment. In Dehydrogenases; Canuto, R. A., Ed.; InTech, 2012.

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    Dunham-Cheatham, S. M.; You, Y. General Geochemistry and Microbiology Techniques. In Analytical Geomicrobiology; Kenney, J. P. L., Veeramani, H., Alessi, D. S., Eds.; Cambridge University Press, 2019; pp 3– 60.

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    Kulshrestha, S.; Tyagi, P.; Sindhi, V.; Yadavilli, K. S. Invertase and Its Applications – A Brief Review. J. Pharm. Res. 2013, 7 (9), 792– 797,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jopr.2013.07.014

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    Invertase and its applications - A brief review

    Kulshrestha, Samarth; Tyagi, Prasidhi; Sindhi, Vinita; Yadavilli, Kameshwar Sharma

    Journal of Pharmacy Research (Gurgaon, India) (2013), 7 (9), 792-797CODEN: JPROFW; ISSN:0974-6943. (Reed Elsevier India Pvt. Ltd.)

    A review. Invertase, also called beta-fructofuranosidase cleaving the terminal non-reducing beta-fructofuranoside residues, is a glycoprotein with an optimum pH 4.5 and stability at 50°C. It is widely distributed in the biosphere esp. in plants and microorganisms. Saccharomyces cerevisiae commonly called baker's yeast is the chief strain used for the prodn. and purifn. of the enzyme. Invertase in nature exists in different isoforms. In yeasts, it is present either as extracellular invertase or intracellular invertase. In plants, there are three isoforms each differing in biochem. properties and subcellular locations. Invertase in plants is essential not only for metab. but also help in osmoregulation, development and defense system. In humans, the enzyme acts as an immune booster, as an anti-oxidant, an antiseptic and helpful for bone cancer or stomach cancer patients in some cases. The present study focuses upon the invertase along with its application and purifn. from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Invertase from baker's yeast was purified by concg. the crude ext. with ammonium sulfate (70%), dialyzed using sample buffer (0.1 M Tris, pH 7.2) and followed by centrifugation. The resultant supernatant was then applied on DEAE-cellulose column equilibrated with Tris buffer. The enzyme was eluted with a step gradient of NaCl (0-0.5 M) in starting buffer. Fractions showing highest activity were pooled. The result contains the purifn. summary with the purifn. fold of 27.13 and recovery of 31.93%. For the better understanding the mechanism and structure of the purified enzyme characterization is essential.

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    Gul, S.; Whalen, J. K.; Thomas, B. W.; Sachdeva, V.; Deng, H. Physico-Chemical Properties and Microbial Responses in Biochar-Amended Soils: Mechanisms and Future Directions. Agric., Ecosyst. Environ. 2015, 206, 46– 59,  DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2015.03.015

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    49

    Physico-chemical properties and microbial responses in biochar-amended soils: Mechanisms and future directions

    Gul, Shamim; Whalen, Joann K.; Thomas, Ben W.; Sachdeva, Vanita; Deng, Hongyuan

    Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment (2015), 206 (), 46-59CODEN: AEENDO; ISSN:0167-8809. (Elsevier B.V.)

    Soil microbial communities are responsive to biochar amendments. As the residence time of biochar in soil is expected to be hundreds to thousands of years, the changes in microbial community structure and functions could persist for a long period of time. Given that biochar is being applied as a soil amendment in many parts of the world, the long-term consequences for soil microbial communities need to be considered. The objective of this review is to document how biochar creates new habitats and changes the soil environment for microorganisms, which may lead to changes in microbial abundance, community structure and activities. Our meta-anal. revealed that slow pyrolyzed biochars produced from various feedstocks at temps. from 300 °C to 600 °C consistently increased some physico-chem. properties (i.e., pH, cation exchange capacity and aggregation) and microbial parameters (i.e., abundance and community structure of microorganisms) in a vast no. of soils during short (≤90 days) lab. incubations and longer (1-3 years) field studies. The biochar-mediated changes in soil physico-chem. and biol. properties appeared to be a function of soil texture and biochar type based on its feedstock and prodn. temp., which dets. key biochar characteristics such as surface area, porosity and pH. Biochars derived from manure or crop residue feedstocks tend to promote microbial abundance more than wood-derived biochars. Biochars derived from wood and other lignocellulosic-rich feedstocks tend to exhibit beneficial effects on soil microbial abundance later (≥60 days) than biochars from manure or crop residue feedstocks. Coarse textured soils tend to have less aggregation, lower microbial biomass and lower enzyme activities when amended with slow pyrolyzed biochars produced at high temps. (>600 °C), but these biochars did not affect the physico-chem. and biol. properties of clayey soils. Further research is needed to evaluate the magnitude of biochar influence on soil microbial abundance and activities considering (1) the biochar particle size, surface area, porosity, nutrient content and pH, and (2) the soil org. matter (SOM) content and microbial abundance of the soil matrix. Once the microbial activities in the biochar-soil system are understood, they can be manipulated through org. and inorg. fertilizer applications to sustain or improve agricultural crop prodn.

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    Nie, C.; Yang, X.; Niazi, N. K.; Xu, X.; Wen, Y.; Rinklebe, J.; Ok, Y. S.; Xu, S.; Wang, H. Impact of Sugarcane Bagasse-Derived Biochar on Heavy Metal Availability and Microbial Activity: A Field Study. Chemosphere 2018, 200, 274– 282,  DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.134

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    Impact of sugarcane bagasse-derived biochar on heavy metal availability and microbial activity: A field study

    Nie, Chengrong; Yang, Xing; Niazi, Nabeel Khan; Xu, Xiaoya; Wen, Yuhui; Rinklebe, Jorg; Ok, Yong Sik; Xu, Song; Wang, Hailong

    Chemosphere (2018), 200 (), 274-282CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN:0045-6535. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    In the current study, we conducted a field expt. using the test plant, Brassica chinesis L. (pak choi), to investigate the effect of sugarcane bagasse-derived biochar on the bioavailability of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and lead (Pb), and the health of soil microbiota in a contaminated soil. Biochar application significantly (P < 0.05) increased pak choi yield. Bioavailability of heavy metals to plant shoots and roots decreased with increasing biochar application rates (at 0, 1.5, 2.25 and 3.0 t ha-1). Sequential extn. of the biochar-treated and -untreated soil revealed that exchangeable Cd reduced whereas organically-bound fraction increased with increasing biochar rate. The labile fractions of Cu and Pb decreased, but the residual fraction increased in biochar-treated soils compared to the control. Urease, catalase and invertase activities, and the populations of bacteria and actinomycetes were significantly enhanced, whereas fungi population declined in biochar-treated soils. This study highlights that sugarcane bagasse biochar has the potential to support the remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals, and as such can improve the yield and quality of agricultural crops.

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    Huang, D.; Liu, L.; Zeng, G.; Xu, P.; Huang, C.; Deng, L.; Wang, R.; Wan, J. The Effects of Rice Straw Biochar on Indigenous Microbial Community and Enzymes Activity in Heavy Metal-Contaminated Sediment. Chemosphere 2017, 174, 545– 553,  DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.130

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    51

    The effects of rice straw biochar on indigenous microbial community and enzymes activity in heavy metal-contaminated sediment

    Huang, Danlian; Liu, Linshan; Zeng, Guangming; Xu, Piao; Huang, Chao; Deng, Linjing; Wang, Rongzhong; Wan, Jia

    Chemosphere (2017), 174 (), 545-553CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN:0045-6535. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    Owning to the potential in carbon sequestration and other environmental benefits, biochar has been widely used for in-situ environmental remediation. Understanding the biol. effects of biochar is essential. The goal of this study was to explore the response of indigenous microbes under the stress of different concns. of biochar. The results showed that biochar could significantly change physicochem. properties, enzymes activity and microbial community compn. depending on biochar concn. and incubation time. When the concn. of biochar was 50 mg kg-1, the activities of invertase and alk. phosphatase were obviously inhibited. Meanwhile, bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal 18S rRNA coding gene copies were decreased by 74% and 25%, resp. after 90 days of incubation. However, the activity of urease and alk. phosphatase, as well as bacterial and fungal abundance, were increased when sediment was treated with 10 mg kg-1 biochar. Relationships among physicochem. properties, heavy metals and microbes were analyzed by correlation anal. and redundancy anal. (RDA). Redundancy anal. showed physicochem. properties and heavy metals explained 92% of the variation in the bacterial DGGE profiles and org. matter content explained the majority (45%) of the variation. This study indicated that indigenous microbes could be affected by biochar either directly or indirectly via changing the physicochem. properties and heavy metals of sediment.

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    Ling, L.; Luo, Y.; Jiang, B.; Lv, J.; Meng, C.; Liao, Y.; Reid, B. J.; Ding, F.; Lu, Z.; Kuzyakov, Y.; Xu, J. Biochar Induces Mineralization of Soil Recalcitrant Components by Activation of Biochar Responsive Bacteria Groups. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2022, 172, 108778,  DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2022.108778

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    52

    Biochar induces mineralization of soil recalcitrant components by activation of biochar responsive bacteria groups

    Ling, Lu; Luo, Yu; Jiang, Bin; Lv, Jitao; Meng, Chunmei; Liao, Yuhong; Reid, Brian J.; Ding, Fan; Lu, Zhijiang; Kuzyakov, Yakov; Xu, Jianming

    Soil Biology & Biochemistry (2022), 172 (), 108778CODEN: SBIOAH; ISSN:0038-0717. (Elsevier B.V.)

    Amendment of soil with biochar induces a shift in microbial community structure and promotes faster mineralization of soil org. carbon (SOC), thus offsetting C sequestration effects. Whether biochar induces losses of labile or persistent SOC pools remains largely unknown, and the responsible decomposers await identification. Towards addressing these ends, a C3 soil was amended with Biochar500 or Biochar600 (pyrolyzed at 500°C and 600°C, resp.) produced from a C4-maize feedstock and incubated for 28 days. Combination of stable isotope 13C techniques, high-throughput sequencing and Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) allowed changes in soil chemodiversity and biodiversity, as well as their interactive effects on biochar induced SOC mineralization to be elucidated. Results indicated that: i) biochar addn. shifted the bacterial community towards dominance of Gemmatimonadetes, Bacteroidia, Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria classes, and coincidence with recalcitrant C components and neutral pH soil; ii) the persistent DOM components (such as condensed aroms. and tannin) were depleted in biochar amended soils, while labile DOM components (such as unsatd. hydrocarbons, lipids, carbohydrates and proteins/amino sugar) were relatively enriched, and; iii) Biochar600 promoted addnl. soil derived CO2 carbon loss over 28 days (93 mg C kg-1 soil). Collectively, these results suggested that the majority of soil derived CO2 efflux in biochar amended soils originated from recalcitrant components that were mineralized by the persistent org. matter decomposers. This research highlights the significance of biochar responsive taxa in changes of DOM chemodiversity and potential loss of SOC via mineralization.

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    Kuypers, M. M. M.; Marchant, H. K.; Kartal, B. The Microbial Nitrogen-Cycling Network. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2018, 16, 263– 276,  DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2018.9

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    The microbial nitrogen-cycling network

    Kuypers, Marcel M. M.; Marchant, Hannah K.; Kartal, Boran

    Nature Reviews Microbiology (2018), 16 (5), 263-276CODEN: NRMACK; ISSN:1740-1526. (Nature Research)

    A review. Nitrogen is an essential component of all living organisms and the main nutrient limiting life on our planet. By far, the largest inventory of freely accessible nitrogen is atm. dinitrogen, but most organisms rely on more bioavailable forms of nitrogen, such as ammonium and nitrate, for growth. The availability of these substrates depends on diverse nitrogen-transforming reactions that are carried out by complex networks of metabolically versatile microorganisms. In this Review, this paper summarize our current understanding of the microbial nitrogen-cycling network, including novel processes, their underlying biochem. pathways, the involved microorganisms, their environmental importance and industrial applications.

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    Hallin, S.; Philippot, L.; Löffler, F. E.; Sanford, R. A.; Jones, C. M. Genomics and Ecology of Novel N2O-Reducing Microorganisms. Trends Microbiol. 2018, 26 (1), 43– 55,  DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.07.003

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    Genomics and Ecology of Novel N2O-Reducing Microorganisms

    Hallin, Sara; Philippot, Laurent; Loeffler, Frank E.; Sanford, Robert A.; Jones, Christopher M.

    Trends in Microbiology (2018), 26 (1), 43-55CODEN: TRMIEA; ISSN:0966-842X. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    Microorganisms with the capacity to reduce the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) to harmless dinitrogen gas are receiving increased attention due to increasing N2O emissions (and our need to mitigate climate change) and to recent discoveries of novel N2O-reducing bacteria and archaea. The diversity of denitrifying and nondenitrifying microorganisms with capacity for N2O redn. was recently shown to be greater than previously expected. A formerly overlooked group (clade II) in the environment include a large fraction of nondenitrifying N2O reducers, which could be N2O sinks without major contribution to N2O formation. We review the recent advances about fundamental understanding of the genomics, physiol., and ecol. of N2O reducers and the importance of these findings for curbing N2O emissions.

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    Tian, H.; Xu, R.; Canadell, J. G.; Thompson, R. L.; Winiwarter, W.; Suntharalingam, P.; Davidson, E. A.; Ciais, P.; Jackson, R. B.; Janssens-Maenhout, G.; Prather, M. J.; Regnier, P.; Pan, N.; Pan, S.; Peters, G. P.; Shi, H.; Tubiello, F. N.; Zaehle, S.; Zhou, F.; Arneth, A.; Battaglia, G.; Berthet, S.; Bopp, L.; Bouwman, A. F.; Buitenhuis, E. T.; Chang, J.; Chipperfield, M. P.; Dangal, S. R. S.; Dlugokencky, E.; Elkins, J. W.; Eyre, B. D.; Fu, B.; Hall, B.; Ito, A.; Joos, F.; Krummel, P. B.; Landolfi, A.; Laruelle, G. G.; Lauerwald, R.; Li, W.; Lienert, S.; Maavara, T.; MacLeod, M.; Millet, D. B.; Olin, S.; Patra, P. K.; Prinn, R. G.; Raymond, P. A.; Ruiz, D. J.; van der Werf, G. R.; Vuichard, N.; Wang, J.; Weiss, R. F.; Wells, K. C.; Wilson, C.; Yang, J.; Yao, Y. A Comprehensive Quantification of Global Nitrous Oxide Sources and Sinks. Nature 2020, 586 (7828), 248– 256,  DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2780-0

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    A comprehensive quantification of global nitrous oxide sources and sinks

    Tian, Hanqin; Xu, Rongting; Canadell, Josep G.; Thompson, Rona L.; Winiwarter, Wilfried; Suntharalingam, Parvadha; Davidson, Eric A.; Ciais, Philippe; Jackson, Robert B.; Janssens-Maenhout, Greet; Prather, Michael J.; Regnier, Pierre; Pan, Naiqing; Pan, Shufen; Peters, Glen P.; Shi, Hao; Tubiello, Francesco N.; Zaehle, Sonke; Zhou, Feng; Arneth, Almut; Battaglia, Gianna; Berthet, Sarah; Bopp, Laurent; Bouwman, Alexander F.; Buitenhuis, Erik T.; Chang, Jinfeng; Chipperfield, Martyn P.; Dangal, Shree R. S.; Dlugokencky, Edward; Elkins, James W.; Eyre, Bradley D.; Fu, Bojie; Hall, Bradley; Ito, Akihiko; Joos, Fortunat; Krummel, Paul B.; Landolfi, Angela; Laruelle, Goulven G.; Lauerwald, Ronny; Li, Wei; Lienert, Sebastian; Maavara, Taylor; MacLeod, Michael; Millet, Dylan B.; Olin, Stefan; Patra, Prabir K.; Prinn, Ronald G.; Raymond, Peter A.; Ruiz, Daniel J.; van der Werf, Guido R.; Vuichard, Nicolas; Wang, Junjie; Weiss, Ray F.; Wells, Kelley C.; Wilson, Chris; Yang, Jia; Yao, Yuanzhi

    Nature (London, United Kingdom) (2020), 586 (7828), 248-256CODEN: NATUAS; ISSN:0028-0836. (Nature Research)

    Nitrous oxide (N2O), like carbon dioxide, is a long-lived greenhouse gas that accumulates in the atm. Over the past 150 years, increasing atm. N2O concns. have contributed to stratospheric ozone depletion1 and climate change, with the current rate of increase estd. at 2 per cent per decade. Existing national inventories do not provide a full picture of N2O emissions, owing to their omission of natural sources and limitations in methodol. for attributing anthropogenic sources. Here we present a global N2O inventory that incorporates both natural and anthropogenic sources and accounts for the interaction between nitrogen addns. and the biochem. processes that control N2O emissions. We use bottom-up (inventory, statistical extrapolation of flux measurements, process-based land and ocean modeling) and top-down (atm. inversion) approaches to provide a comprehensive quantification of global N2O sources and sinks resulting from 21 natural and human sectors between 1980 and 2016. Global N2O emissions were 17.0 (min.-max. ests.: 12.2-23.5) teragrams of nitrogen per yr (bottom-up) and 16.9 (15.9-17.7) teragrams of nitrogen per yr (top-down) between 2007 and 2016. Global human-induced emissions, which are dominated by nitrogen addns. to croplands, increased by 30% over the past four decades to 7.3 (4.2-11.4) teragrams of nitrogen per yr. This increase was mainly responsible for the growth in the atm. burden. Our findings point to growing N2O emissions in emerging economies-particularly Brazil, China and India. Anal. of process-based model ests. reveals an emerging N2O-climate feedback resulting from interactions between nitrogen addns. and climate change. The recent growth in N2O emissions exceeds some of the highest projected emission scenarios, underscoring the urgency to mitigate N2O emissions.

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    Sinsabaugh, R. L.; Lauber, C. L.; Weintraub, M. N.; Ahmed, B.; Allison, S. D.; Crenshaw, C.; Contosta, A. R.; Cusack, D.; Frey, S.; Gallo, M. E.; Gartner, T. B.; Hobbie, S. E.; Holland, K.; Keeler, B. L.; Powers, J. S.; Stursova, M.; Takacs-Vesbach, C.; Waldrop, M. P.; Wallenstein, M. D.; Zak, D. R.; Zeglin, L. H. Stoichiometry of Soil Enzyme Activity at Global Scale: Stoichiometry of Soil Enzyme Activity. Ecol. Lett. 2008, 11 (11), 1252– 1264,  DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01245.x

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    Stoichiometry of soil enzyme activity at global scale

    Sinsabaugh Robert L; Lauber Christian L; Weintraub Michael N; Ahmed Bony; Allison Steven D; Crenshaw Chelsea; Contosta Alexandra R; Cusack Daniela; Frey Serita; Gallo Marcy E; Gartner Tracy B; Hobbie Sarah E; Holland Keri; Keeler Bonnie L; Powers Jennifer S; Stursova Martina; Takacs-Vesbach Cristina; Waldrop Mark P; Wallenstein Matthew D; Zak Donald R; Zeglin Lydia H

    Ecology letters (2008), 11 (11), 1252-1264 ISSN:.

    Extracellular enzymes are the proximate agents of organic matter decomposition and measures of these activities can be used as indicators of microbial nutrient demand. We conducted a global-scale meta-analysis of the seven-most widely measured soil enzyme activities, using data from 40 ecosystems. The activities of beta-1,4-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase, beta-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase and phosphatase g(-1) soil increased with organic matter concentration; leucine aminopeptidase, phenol oxidase and peroxidase activities showed no relationship. All activities were significantly related to soil pH. Specific activities, i.e. activity g(-1) soil organic matter, also varied in relation to soil pH for all enzymes. Relationships with mean annual temperature (MAT) and precipitation (MAP) were generally weak. For hydrolases, ratios of specific C, N and P acquisition activities converged on 1 : 1 : 1 but across ecosystems, the ratio of C : P acquisition was inversely related to MAP and MAT while the ratio of C : N acquisition increased with MAP. Oxidative activities were more variable than hydrolytic activities and increased with soil pH. Our analyses indicate that the enzymatic potential for hydrolyzing the labile components of soil organic matter is tied to substrate availability, soil pH and the stoichiometry of microbial nutrient demand. The enzymatic potential for oxidizing the recalcitrant fractions of soil organic material, which is a proximate control on soil organic matter accumulation, is most strongly related to soil pH. These trends provide insight into the biogeochemical processes that create global patterns in ecological stoichiometry and organic matter storage.

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    Dick, W. A.; Cheng, L.; Wang, P. Soil Acid and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity as pH Adjustment Indicators. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2000, 32 (13), 1915– 1919,  DOI: 10.1016/S0038-0717(00)00166-8

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    Soil acid and alkaline phosphatase activity as pH adjustment indicators

    Dick, W. A.; Cheng, L.; Wang, P.

    Soil Biology & Biochemistry (2000), 32 (13), 1915-1919CODEN: SBIOAH; ISSN:0038-0717. (Elsevier Science Ltd.)

    The potential of using alk. phosphatase (AlkP) and acid phosphatase (AcdP) activities, for detg. the optimum soil pH for crop prodn. and the amt. of lime required to achieve this optimum. Five acid soils, which varied widely in selected properties, were treated with CaCO3 at rates of 0, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 X the soil's lime requirement needs. To remove soil variations in abs. enzyme activity values, an AlkP/AcdP activity ratio was used to test soil response. The ratios of AlkP/AcdP responded immediately to the changes in pH caused by CaCO3 addns. and an AlkP/AcdP ratio of approx. 0.5 divided soils into those with appropriate pH adjustment and those still needing addnl. lime treatment. However, incubation of the lime-treated soils for 67 days followed by treating the soils with org. amendments (which included finely ground chicken manure and alfalfa residues) increased the AlkP/AcdP ratios to approx. 3.0. For cropping systems that rely heavily on natural biol. processes to maintain productivity, measuring the AlkP/AcdP ratio may be preferable to chem. approaches for evaluating effective soil pH and liming needs.

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    Wagg, C.; Bender, S. F.; Widmer, F.; van der Heijden, M. G. A. Soil Biodiversity and Soil Community Composition Determine Ecosystem Multifunctionality. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2014, 111 (14), 5266– 5270,  DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1320054111

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    58

    Soil biodiversity and soil community composition determine ecosystem multifunctionality

    Wagg, Cameron; Bender, S. Franz; Widmer, Franco; van der Heijden, Marcel G. A.

    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2014), 111 (14), 5266-5270CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)

    Biodiversity loss has become a global concern as evidence accumulates that it will neg. affect ecosystem services on which society depends. So far, most studies have focused on the ecol. consequences of above-ground biodiversity loss; yet a large part of Earth's biodiversity is literally hidden below ground. Whether redns. of biodiversity in soil communities below ground have consequences for the overall performance of an ecosystem remains unresolved. It is important to investigate this in view of recent observations that soil biodiversity is declining and that soil communities are changing upon land use intensification. We established soil communities differing in compn. and diversity and tested their impact on eight ecosystem functions in model grassland communities. We show that soil biodiversity loss and simplification of soil community compn. impair multiple ecosystem functions, including plant diversity, decompn., nutrient retention, and nutrient cycling. The av. response of all measured ecosystem functions (ecosystem multifunctionality) exhibited a strong pos. linear relationship to indicators of soil biodiversity, suggesting that soil community compn. is a key factor in regulating ecosystem functioning. Our results indicate that changes in soil communities and the loss of soil biodiversity threaten ecosystem multifunctionality and sustainability.

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59. 59

    Zhao, L.; Cao, X.; Mašek, O.; Zimmerman, A. Heterogeneity of Biochar Properties as a Function of Feedstock Sources and Production Temperatures. J. Hazard. Mater. 2013, 256–257, 1– 9,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.04.015

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    59

    Heterogeneity of biochar properties as a function of feedstock sources and production temperatures

    Zhao, Ling; Cao, Xinde; Masek, Ondrej; Zimmerman, Andrew

    Journal of Hazardous Materials (2013), 256-257 (), 1-9CODEN: JHMAD9; ISSN:0304-3894. (Elsevier B.V.)

    The aim was to quantify the effect of the 2 main categories of factors detg. the yield and properties of biochar, i.e., feedstock properties and prodn. conditions, here represented by the highest treatment temp. (HTT). To achieve this, a wide range of prodn. temps. (200-650°) and an extensive set of diverse feedstock (n =12) were used to calc. the sensitivity. The quant. evaluation was based on statistical anal. of coeffs. of variation, and thus derived indexes representing the extent of influence of the 2 factors, i.e., a feedstock-depended heterogeneity (HF) and a temp.-depended heterogeneity (HT). The results showed that both feedstock properties and prodn. conditions are important for detg. the yield and properties of biochar, but their resp. effect changes with the property or set of properties of interest. The biochar parameters most affected by feedstock properties were e.g., total org. C, fixed C, and mineral elements of biochar. On the other hand, biochar surface area and pH was mainly influenced by highest treatment temp. Biochar recalcitrance was mainly detd. by prodn. temp., while the potential total C sequestration (product of recalcitrance and pyrolysis C yield) depended more on feedstock. Overall, the work sheds some light on the relative importance of different biochar prodn. process parameters on the final biochar product, which is an important step towards designed biochar.

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60. 60

    Keiluweit, M.; Nico, P. S.; Johnson, M. G.; Kleber, M. Dynamic Molecular Structure of Plant Biomass-Derived Black Carbon (Biochar). Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44 (4), 1247– 1253,  DOI: 10.1021/es9031419

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    60

    Dynamic Molecular Structure of Plant Biomass-Derived Black Carbon (Biochar)

    Keiluweit, Marco; Nico, Peter S.; Johnson, Mark G.; Kleber, Markus

    Environmental Science & Technology (2010), 44 (4), 1247-1253CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

    Char black carbon (BC), the solid residue of incomplete combustion, is continuously being added to soil and sediment due to natural vegetation fires, anthropogenic pollution, and new C sequestration strategies (biochar). A mol.-level assessment of the phys. organization and chem. complexity of biomass-derived chars, specifically that of arom. C in char structures, is presented. BET-N2 surface area (SA), x-ray diffraction, synchrotron-based near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure, and Fourier transform IR spectroscopy showed how 2 plant materials (wood and grass) undergo analogous but quant. different physicochem. transitions as charring temp. increased from 100 to 700°. These changes suggested the existence of 4 distinct categories of char consisting of a unique mixt. of chem. phases and phys. states: transition chars whose precursor material cryst. character is preserved; amorphous chars whose heat-altered mols. and incipient arom. polycondensates are randomly mixed; composite chars consisting of poorly ordered graphene stacks embedded in amorphous phases; and turbo-stratic chars dominated by disordered graphitic crystallites. Mol. variations among the different char categories likely translate into differences in their ability to persist in the environment and function as environmental sorbents.

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61. 61

    Li, S.; Harris, S.; Anandhi, A.; Chen, G. Predicting Biochar Properties and Functions Based on Feedstock and Pyrolysis Temperature: A Review and Data Syntheses. J. Cleaner Prod. 2019, 215, 890– 902,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.106

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    61

    Predicting biochar properties and functions based on feedstock and pyrolysis temperature: A review and data syntheses

    Li, Simeng; Harris, Scott; Anandhi, Aavudai; Chen, Gang

    Journal of Cleaner Production (2019), 215 (), 890-902CODEN: JCROE8; ISSN:0959-6526. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    A review. Biochar has been widely studied as a soil amendment to improve soil properties. When different feedstocks are used to produce biochar under different pyrolysis conditions, the resulting biochar would typically differ in physicochem. properties, which consequently impact the agricultural and environmental performance of biochar in its real-world applications. In this work, based on previously reported data from independent studies, different biochar properties were synthesized as a continuum of pyrolysis temp. and feedstock type. Despite the fact that other factors besides pyrolysis temp. and feedstock type might also impact biochar properties, given the same category of feedstock, many crit. properties such as biochar yield, pH, cation exchange capacity, sp. surface area, ash content, volatile matter content, and elemental compn. have been found to well correlate with pyrolysis temp., showing p-values smaller than 0.05. At the same time, through meta-analyses, the effects of pyrolysis temp. and feedstock type on the agricultural and environmental impacts of biochar, including nitrogen retention, nitrous oxide emission and crop prodn., have been evaluated. The study has demonstrated that quant. approaches such as data syntheses and meta-analyses are potential for revealing predictive relationships that can link biochar prodn. with its properties and performance in real-world applications.

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62. 62

    Tomczyk, A.; Sokołowska, Z.; Boguta, P. Biochar Physicochemical Properties: Pyrolysis Temperature and Feedstock Kind Effects. Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol. 2020, 19 (1), 191– 215,  DOI: 10.1007/s11157-020-09523-3

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63. 63

    Kolton, M.; Graber, E. R.; Tsehansky, L.; Elad, Y.; Cytryn, E. Biochar-Stimulated Plant Performance Is Strongly Linked to Microbial Diversity and Metabolic Potential in the Rhizosphere. New Phytol. 2017, 213 (3), 1393– 1404,  DOI: 10.1111/nph.14253

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    63

    Biochar-stimulated plant performance is strongly linked to microbial diversity and metabolic potential in the rhizosphere

    Kolton, Max; Graber, Ellen R.; Tsehansky, Ludmila; Elad, Yigal; Cytryn, Eddie

    New Phytologist (2017), 213 (3), 1393-1404CODEN: NEPHAV; ISSN:0028-646X. (Wiley-Blackwell)

    Summary : The 'biochar effect' depicts a phenomenon in which biochar soil amendment enhances plant performance by promoting growth and suppressing disease. Although this phenomenon has been obsd. in numerous studies, the mode of action that explains it is currently unknown. In order to elucidate mechanisms responsible for the 'biochar effect', we comprehensively monitored tomato plant development and resistance to the foliar fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea, in biochar-amended and nonamended soils using native biochar and washed biochar, striped of labile chem. constituents. We concomitantly assessed bacterial community succession in the rhizosphere by high-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and carbon-source utilization profiling. Biochar had little impact on plant physiol. parameters. However, both native and washed biochar treatments were characterized by higher rhizosphere bacterial diversity and enhanced carbohydrate and phenolic compd. utilization rates coupled to stimulation of bacteria known to degrade phenolic compds. This study indicates that the 'biochar effect' is at least partially dictated by increased diversity and changes in metabolic potential in the rhizosphere microbiome, which is primarily triggered by the recalcitrant carbon backbone of the biochar and tightly bound compds. It corresponds to the growing consensus that soil amendments which enhance microbial diversity have important benefits to ecosystem functioning.

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64. 64

    Cayuela, M. L.; Sánchez-Monedero, M. A.; Roig, A.; Hanley, K.; Enders, A.; Lehmann, J. Biochar and Denitrification in Soils: When, How Much and Why Does Biochar Reduce N2O Emissions?. Sci. Rep. 2013, 3 (1), 1732,  DOI: 10.1038/srep01732

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    64

    Biochar and denitrification in soils: when, how much and why does biochar reduce N2O emissions?

    Cayuela, Maria Luz; Sanchez-Monedero, Miguel Angel; Roig, Asuncion; Hanley, Kelly; Enders, Akio; Lehmann, Johannes

    Scientific Reports (2013), 3 (), 1732, 7 pp.CODEN: SRCEC3; ISSN:2045-2322. (Nature Publishing Group)

    Agricultural soils represent the main source of anthropogenic N2O emissions. Recently, interactions of black carbon with the nitrogen cycle have been recognized and the use of biochar is being investigated as a means to reduce N2O emissions. However, the mechanisms of redn. remain unclear. Here we demonstrate the significant impact of biochar on denitrification, with a consistent decrease in N2O emissions by 10-90 % in 14 different agricultural soils. Using the 15N gas-flux method we obsd. a consistent redn. of the N2O/(N2 + N2O) ratio, which demonstrates that biochar facilitates the last step of denitrification. Biochar acid buffer capacity was identified as an important aspect for mitigation that was not primarily caused by a pH shift in soil. We propose the function of biochar as an "electron shuttle" that facilitates the transfer of electrons to soil denitrifying microorganisms, which together with its liming effect would promote the redn. of N2O to N2.

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65. 65

    Butterbach-Bahl, K.; Baggs, E. M.; Dannenmann, M.; Kiese, R.; Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S. Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Soils: How Well Do We Understand the Processes and Their Controls?. Philos. Trans. R. Soc., B 2013, 368 (1621), 20130122,  DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0122

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    65

    Nitrous oxide emissions from soils: how well do we understand the processes and their controls?

    Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus; Baggs, Elizabeth M.; Dannenmann, Michael; Kiese, Ralf; Zechmeister-Boltenstern, Sophie

    Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B: Biological Sciences (2013), 368 (1621), 20130122/1-20130122/13CODEN: PTRBAE; ISSN:0962-8436. (Royal Society)

    A review. Although it is well established that soils are the dominating source for atm. nitrous oxide (N2O), we are still struggling to fully understand the complexity of the underlying microbial prodn. and consumption processes and the links to biotic (e.g. inter- and intraspecies competition, food webs, plant-microbe interaction) and abiotic (e.g. soil climate, physics and chem.) factors. Recent work shows that a better understanding of the compn. and diversity of the microbial community across a variety of soils in different climates and under different land use, as well as plant-microbe interactions in the rhizosphere, may provide a key to better understand the variability of N2O fluxes at the soil-atm. interface. Moreover, recent insights into the regulation of the redn. of N2O to dinitrogen (N2) have increased our understanding of N2O exchange. This improved process understanding, building on the increased use of isotope tracing techniques and metagenomics, needs to go along with improvements in measurement techniques for N2O (and N2) emission in order to obtain robust field and lab. datasets for different ecosystem types. Advances in both fields are currently used to improve process descriptions in biogeochem. models, which may eventually be used not only to test our current process understanding from the microsite to the field level, but also used as tools for up-scaling emissions to landscapes and regions and to explore feedbacks of soil N2O emissions to changes in environmental conditions, land management and land use.

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66. 66

    Saquing, J. M.; Yu, Y.-H.; Chiu, P. C. Wood-Derived Black Carbon (Biochar) as a Microbial Electron Donor and Acceptor. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 2016, 3 (2), 62– 66,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.5b00354

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    66

    Wood-derived black carbon (biochar) as a microbial electron donor and acceptor

    Saquing, Jovita M.; Yu, Yu-Han; Chiu, Pei C.

    Environmental Science & Technology Letters (2016), 3 (2), 62-66CODEN: ESTLCU; ISSN:2328-8930. (American Chemical Society)

    Research on the environmental impacts of black C has focused largely on sorption. Besides being a strong geosorbent, black C is redox-active and may facilitate abiotic and microbial transformation. Using a wood-derived black C (biochar) and the bacterium Geobacter metallireducens (GS-15), we showed that air-oxidized biochar served as an electron acceptor to enable acetate oxidn., and that chem. or biol. reduced biochar served as an electron donor for nitrate redn. The bioavailable (to GS-15) electron storage capacities (ESCs) of the biochar, estd. on the basis of acetate oxidn. and nitrate redn., were 0.85 and 0.87 mmol e-/g, resp., comparable to the ESCs of humic substances and other biochars measured electrochem. We propose that black C should be regarded as a rechargeable reservoir of bioavailable electrons in anaerobic environments. The redox cycling of biochar in natural and engineered systems and its impact on microbial processes and contaminant fate merit further studies.

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67. 67

    Klüpfel, L.; Keiluweit, M.; Kleber, M.; Sander, M. Redox Properties of Plant Biomass-Derived Black Carbon (Biochar). Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48 (10), 5601– 5611,  DOI: 10.1021/es500906d

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    67

    Redox Properties of Plant Biomass-Derived Black Carbon (Biochar)

    Klupfel, Laura; Keiluweit, Marco; Kleber, Markus; Sander, Michael

    Environmental Science & Technology (2014), 48 (10), 5601-5611CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

    Soils and sediments worldwide contain appreciable amts. of thermally altered org. matter (chars). Chars contain electroactive quinoid functional groups and polycondensed arom. sheets that were recently shown to be of biogeochem. and envirotech. relevance. However, so far no systematic study of the redox properties of chars formed under different pyrolysis conditions was performed. Here, using mediated electrochem. anal., chars made from different feedstock and over a range of pyrolysis conditions are redox-active and reversibly accept and donate up to 2 mmol electrons per g of char. The anal. of 2 thermosequences revealed that chars produced at intermediate to high heat treatment temps. (HTTs) (400-700°) show the highest capacities to accept and donate electrons. Combined electrochem., elemental, and spectroscopic analyses of the thermosequence chars provide evidence that the pool of redox-active moieties is dominated by electron-donating, phenolic moieties in the low-HTT chars, by newly formed electron accepting quinone moieties in intermediate-HTT chars, and by electron accepting quinones and possibly condensed aroms. in the high-HTT chars. The authors propose to consider chars in environmental engineering applications that require controlled electron transfer reactions. Electroactive char components may also contribute to the redox properties of traditionally defined humic substances.

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68. 68

    Sun, T.; Levin, B. D. A.; Guzman, J. J. L.; Enders, A.; Muller, D. A.; Angenent, L. T.; Lehmann, J. Rapid Electron Transfer by the Carbon Matrix in Natural Pyrogenic Carbon. Nat. Commun. 2017, 8 (1), 14873,  DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14873

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    68

    Rapid electron transfer by the carbon matrix in natural pyrogenic carbon

    Sun, Tianran; Levin, Barnaby D. A.; Guzman, Juan J. L.; Enders, Akio; Muller, David A.; Angenent, Largus T.; Lehmann, Johannes

    Nature Communications (2017), 8 (), 14873CODEN: NCAOBW; ISSN:2041-1723. (Nature Publishing Group)

    Surface functional groups constitute major electroactive components in pyrogenic carbon. However, the electrochem. properties of pyrogenic carbon matrixes and the kinetic preference of functional groups or carbon matrixes for electron transfer remain unknown. Here, we show that environmentally relevant pyrogenic carbon with av. H/C and O/C ratios of less than 0.35 and 0.09 can directly transfer electrons more than three times faster than the charging and discharging cycles of surface functional groups and have a 1.5 V potential range for biogeochem. reactions that invoke electron transfer processes. Surface functional groups contribute to the overall electron flux of pyrogenic carbon to a lesser extent with greater pyrolysis temp. due to lower charging and discharging capacities, although the charging and discharging kinetics remain unchanged. This study could spur the development of a new generation of biogeochem. electron flux models that focus on the bacteria-carbon-mineral conductive network.

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