Download Hi-Res ImageDownload to MS-PowerPointCite This:Environ. Sci. Technol. 2016, 50, 10, 4895-4904

FeatureMarch 24, 2016

“What We Breathe Impacts Our Health: Improving Understanding of the Link between Air Pollution and Health”
Click to copy article linkArticle link copied!

View Author Information

Open PDF

Environmental Science & Technology

Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2016, 50, 10, 4895–4904

Click to copy citationCitation copied!

https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b03827

Published March 24, 2016

Request reuse permissions

Abstract

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

Air pollution contributes to the premature deaths of millions of people each year around the world, and air quality problems are growing in many developing nations. While past policy efforts have succeeded in reducing particulate matter and trace gases in North America and Europe, adverse health effects are found at even these lower levels of air pollution. Future policy actions will benefit from improved understanding of the interactions and health effects of different chemical species and source categories. Achieving this new understanding requires air pollution scientists and engineers to work increasingly closely with health scientists. In particular, research is needed to better understand the chemical and physical properties of complex air pollutant mixtures, and to use new observations provided by satellites, advanced in situ measurement techniques, and distributed micro monitoring networks, coupled with models, to better characterize air pollution exposure for epidemiological and toxicological research, and to better quantify the effects of specific source sectors and mitigation strategies.

This publication is licensed for personal use by The American Chemical Society.

Subjects

Synopsis

Introduction

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

What we breathe impacts our health. Over the past 20 years, evidence for adverse health effects of ambient air pollution has grown dramatically. (1, 2) It is now widely recognized that exposure to outdoor air pollution contributes to a broad array of acute and chronic health effects, ranging from minor physiological impacts to death from respiratory and cardiovascular disease. (3, 4) It is also recognized that the effects on human health are large and widespread. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study (5) ranked exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) as the seventh most important risk factor contributing to global mortality, responsible for 2.9 (95% uncertainty interval: 2.8–3.1) million premature deaths in 2013; in East Asia, it was the fifth largest contributor. Household air pollution from solid fuel combustion ranked eighth globally (second in South Asia), responsible for 2.9 (2.5–3.3) million deaths. These two risk factors are the most important environmental exposures for health globally, comparable in impact to other risk factors that are more widely appreciated, such as tobacco smoking, alcohol use, and high body-mass index. It is estimated that in 2013, 87% of the global population lived in areas exceeding the WHO’s air quality guideline for annual average PM_2.5 (10 μg m^–3). (6) The most highly polluted areas are often megacities that also have high population, particularly in South and East Asia, (7, 8) and while highly populated regions of Asia have a large burden of disease from air pollution, health effects of air pollution occur globally (Figure 1) and include rural populations. Future increases in global urbanization, particularly in rapidly developing countries, and aging of global populations will likely increase the size of the population vulnerable to air pollution. These trends suggest that reductions in emissions will be required to prevent increases in health effects. (9)

Figure 1. Total rate of health burden in 2013 due to exposure to ambient PM_2.5 pollution (disability-adjusted life-years per year per 100 000 population), from the Global Burden of Disease 2013 (Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington).

In recent decades, governments have adopted standards for specific air pollutants that are measured widely, including ozone and indicators of particulate matter such as PM_2.5. These standards, along with emission controls and technological changes, have been remarkably effective at driving air quality improvements in North America (10) and Western Europe, though ozone, NO₂, PM_2.5, and PM₁₀ standards are still violated in some regions. The improvements in PM_2.5 air quality have brought demonstrable increases in life expectancy in the US. (11)

Despite this progress in understanding air pollution and its health effects, and in controlling air pollution in some parts of the world, scientific understanding of air pollution and its health effects is incomplete in ways that are important for air pollution management and public health. In particular, both gaseous and particulate air pollution consist of complex mixtures with chemical and physical characteristics that vary over space and time. These pollutants result from sources with different emission characteristics, and from photochemical reactions that transform air pollutants while they are transported and mix with pollutants from other sources. As indicators of this mixture, individual pollutants such as PM_2.5 and ozone have demonstrated associations with human health. Still the effects of the complex mixtures themselves are far less understood. (12) Therefore, several motivating scientific questions currently exist that are also important for policy:

What specific characteristics and components of air pollution, or specific mixtures of air pollutants, are responsible for specific health effects?
How important are certain source sectors and source regions for air pollution health effects in a particular location, region, or globally?
Would other indicators of complex air pollution mixtures and their interactions with human health be more effective for future air quality management?
What are the human health implications of alternative future strategies for emissions controls and energy use?

In this paper, we discuss recent changes in global air pollution, and in our understanding of air pollution and its health effects, and consider how research in this area can best provide useful information to inform policy decisions in the coming decades. We suggest that addressing the motivating questions above, and moving the field forward in the coming decades, requires stronger interactions between health scientists—including researchers in toxicology, exposure science, epidemiology, and clinical medicine—and air pollution scientists from the perspectives of atmospheric science, chemistry, physics, and engineering. We focus on research in these two communities that aims to better understand the health effects of ambient air pollution. We summarize recent progress in each of these communities, and in research through which these communities have interacted, that we believe capture the most important scientific advances in recent years. Finally, we offer suggestions for future research that builds on these results.

The Changing Nature of Global Air Pollution

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

Air pollutant concentrations around the world continue to change due to demographic, societal, economic, and technological development, along with the implementation of air quality regulations in large parts of the world. Broadly, concentrations of key air pollutants are generally decreasing in North America and Europe while they are increasing in China, India, and many less industrialized regions. In North America and Europe, decreases of roughly 1.5–4% yr^–1 have been observed for PM_2.5, PM₁₀ and sulfate, from 1990 to 2009; decreases in carbonaceous PM of 2.5–7.5% yr^–1 have also been observed in North America. (13) Trends in global estimates of PM_2.5 since the late 1990s show decreases over the eastern U.S., but increases over the Middle East, eastern and southern Asia, Latin America, and Africa (Figure 2). (14) High PM concentrations are particularly pronounced in China and India, exemplified by the extremely high pollution episodes of January 2013 in northeast China, where measured PM_2.5 daily average concentrations exceeded 500 μg m^–3, (15) 20 times the 24-h World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guideline.

Figure 2. Ratio of estimated annual average PM_2.5 concentrations in 2013 to 1990, at 0.1° × 0.1° resolution, following methods of Brauer et al. (2016). Red indicates a large relative increase during this period; green indicates decreases.

Tropospheric ozone in the Northern Hemisphere is observed to show a rise in the baseline levels (concentrations unaffected by local pollution), with decreases and increases in peak values depending on region. Ozone concentrations have decreased since the 1990s in the eastern U.S., (16) while over North America and Europe there are indications of rising baseline and declining peak ozone levels, (17, 18) reflecting the changing roles of regional and remote ozone sources. Over Asia, ozone increases of about 0.5–1% yr^–1 have been observed since the 1990s. (16) Satellite observations of NO₂, an important ozone precursor, indicate increases of more than a factor of 2 in Asia, and decreases in Europe and North America (30–50%) over the last two decades. (19, 20)

In addition to these broad trends, the mixture of air pollution from different sources within each world region is changing. For example, while anthropogenic SO₂ emissions have decreased substantially between 1990 and 2011 in Western Europe (−77%) and North America (−65%), they have increased rapidly in Asia (+63%). (21) Air pollution is already severe in some large African cities, and is poised to quickly intensify due to the rapid growth in urban population and relative lack of emission controls. (22) Looking to the future, climate change may have significant effects on ozone, PM_2.5, and other pollutants, (23) and fire emissions may be significantly influenced by both changes in climate and fire management practices. (24, 25)

Progress in Characterizing Air Pollution

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

Over recent decades, knowledge of atmospheric composition and its chemistry and physics has grown tremendously, even though air pollutants are not currently monitored in many cities around the world. New and improved instruments, including aerosol mass spectrometers, and proton transfer reaction mass spectrometers, (26) have led revolutionary progress in measuring atmospheric chemical components in ambient environments with high time resolution, especially components in PM and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). (27) Novel analysis methods also more directly investigate the characteristics of aerosol components that may lead to health effects, such as the formation of reactive oxygen species in aerosol that may cause oxidative stress. (28, 29) This improved chemical analysis has supported investigation of the importance of specific chemical species for health. In some cases, motivation for understanding the health effects of chemical species has come from the atmospheric science community, such as for isocyanic acid from wood smoke. (30)

Instruments have also been made increasingly mobile to better characterize concentrations and human exposure (31) through mobile and wearable monitors (32, 33) deployed in a variety of microenvironments including near roadways. (34) Low-cost instruments are being developed and deployed in micronetworks to characterize fine-scale variations in air pollutant concentrations and human exposure, and to extend monitoring to new locations. (35) But as these low-cost and portable monitors have not demonstrated the same accuracy as more established methods, they are best used in conjunction with other methods, for example to provide understanding of spatial variation while more established methods may correct for bias. Finally, satellite observations of many air pollutants, such as PM_2.5, NO₂, O₃, CO, and formaldehyde, now offer global coverage with remarkable spatial and temporal resolution (Figure 3). Satellite-derived PM_2.5 estimates exhibit a high degree of consistency with ground-based observations globally, (36) in long-term trends, (14) and at the regional scale. (37, 38) Observations from satellites, together with ground-based observations, have been critical in constraining the magnitude and trends in global emissions and air pollutant concentrations, and in quantifying the intercontinental transport of pollutants. (39)

Figure 3. Satellite image showing a thick river of haze over the Indo-Gangetic Plain on January 10, 2013, as captured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite. Image courtesy of NASA Earth Observatory. (http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=80148).

The improved understanding of chemical and other atmospheric processes has been successfully incorporated into models that simulate the transport and transformation of air pollutants at local, regional, and global scales. In addition to improving model processes, global atmospheric models can now simulate global atmospheric chemistry at horizontal resolutions below 1° × 1°, and regional models can simulate air quality over a continent at resolutions below 10 × 10 km. Modeling at finer scale is important as concentrations can vary strongly within urban regions, where population density is high, to avoid spatial misalignment and biases. (40) Models continue to face challenges such as limitations of existing emission inventories, in representing explicit chemical process such as those forming secondary organic aerosols, (41) and in correctly simulating multidecadal changes in air pollution. Nonetheless these models provide the potential to estimate human exposures to ambient pollutant concentrations at fine temporal and spatial scales and by emission source sector. New modeling systems are aiming to better estimate the concentrations to which individuals are exposed by combining coarse-resolution model estimates or satellite observations with land use regression modeling. (42)

Despite this progress, substantial challenges remain to better characterize the mixtures of gases and particles that make up air pollution, and to improve this understanding throughout the world. The measurement techniques used for routine monitoring are also imperfect. For example, it is widely recognized that the U.S. Federal Reference method for NO₂, and several international methods that are based on it, measures more than just NO₂, capturing more oxidized nitrogen compounds. (43, 44)

Progress in Understanding Air Pollution Health Effects

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

Our understanding of air pollution health effects has a strong foundation in toxicological and short-term epidemiological studies focusing on individual pollutants. Long-term epidemiological studies provide evidence for relatively large health effects of chronic, long-term exposure to PM (e.g., as measured by PM_2.5) and ozone. (4, 45, 46) Associations between exposure to pollution and health have been observed in North America, Europe, and Asia, despite large differences in source composition, pollutant concentrations, and population health characteristics. (47) However, some studies have identified differences in health estimates for particles by region and by season, which may relate to differences in source contributions and chemical composition, or have identified different effects based on particle source or composition. (48-52)

While past studies have focused on individual pollutants, often while controlling for variations in other pollutants, the epidemiology community recognizes that health effects may relate to the body’s response to complex mixtures of air pollution. (53) Unravelling the contributions and interactions of individual components or sources in a multipollutant mixture is a growing research focus, but also prone to fundamental difficulties, as epidemiological studies must account for complex correlations between different pollutants and between the contributions of multiple sources, and both toxicological and epidemiological studies suggest that pollutants in combination may have synergistic or nonlinear impacts. (54, 55)

Nevertheless, some recent research that investigates the health impacts of particular sources suggests that specific sources, especially combustion sources, produce pollutant mixtures that may be more harmful than others. Such differences in toxicity would not be apparent in analyses of total PM_2.5 mass. (55) For example, recent studies have shown that sources like fuel oil combustion, coal combustion, traffic, and traffic-related particle pollution may have greater health risks than total PM_2.5 mass, or than regional sources and associated components such as sulfates and nitrates. (50, 52, 55-57) Likewise, a meta-analysis of studies focused on black carbon (BC) as an indicator for combustion PM, finding that the increase in life expectancy of a hypothetical traffic abatement policy was 4–9 times greater when evaluated for the BC reduction than for an equivalent reduction of PM_2.5 mass. (58) Another study found greater toxicological effects for particles from incomplete combustion sources resulting from two-wheel vehicles and domestic fires than from diesel vehicles. (59) Although this literature is growing, the evidence to date is not entirely consistent in identifying the most harmful sources or chemical components, and has not excluded any specific PM source, component, or size fraction from being a contributor to PM toxicity. (60, 61)

Analyses of relationships between sources and health outcomes depend on imperfect indicators of the specific sources (like NO₂ or BC for traffic) or imperfect source estimates based on modeled approaches (e.g., source factorization methods), and these relationships are difficult to extrapolate to other regions or time periods that have different sources, chemistry, meteorology, and exposure and population characteristics. For example, the BC emissions from traffic in the US are markedly different than those in Europe, which has more diesel vehicles.

Past epidemiological studies have largely used measured pollutant concentrations at fixed monitors to represent the exposure of large populations. The relationship between air pollutant concentrations at finer scales and at these fixed monitors has become a subject of increased interest, as have efforts to attempt to characterize personal exposure through micro networks and wearable monitors, as well as using land use regression to estimate fine-scale variations. (62) In particular, there is a demand for information regarding near-road exposures and residential combustion, in different settings around the world, as both occur near where people live and work.

Finally, as most epidemiological evidence derives from studies in North America and Europe, there is a critical need for more research to be conducted in other regions, capturing effects over a wider range of concentrations, pollutant mixtures, and population, exposure, and health characteristics.

Policy Context

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

Where air pollution has been reduced, such as in North America and Europe, improvements have been forced by regulations and related public policies, and enabled by the development of improved emission control technologies, such as scrubbers on power plants and catalytic converters on motor vehicles, or by changes in energy sources and use. While initiatives of individual national governments have driven air pollution control in North America, international actions have always been important in Europe, including those undertaken through the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution. (63) As the importance of air pollution for global health, and of intercontinental air pollution transport, has increasingly been recognized, international initiatives are now playing an increasing role in addressing global air pollution, including recent resolutions by the United Nations Environment Assembly (64) and the World Health Assembly, (65) and the creation of the Climate and Clean Air Coalition. (66) In this global framework, the air quality management experiences in North America and Europe may be useful as other nations design regulations that adapt to their social, economic, and political circumstances, including the importance of different emissions sources, such as the need to better address emissions from open biomass burning in developing countries. There is clearly a need to improve understanding of local air pollution problems in cities throughout the world, starting with ambient measurements and the creation of emission inventories, (8) with the aim to constrain the relative contributions of different sources to pollutant concentrations and health effects. Likewise, there is a need to develop efficient and affordable energy sources and transportation options, providing alternatives to current practices, especially in developing nations.

There is also increasing interest in the relationships between actions to improve air quality and actions to address climate change. Actions to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions often reduce coemitted air pollutants from the same sources, and studies of the cobenefits of GHG reductions have found that the monetized benefits of air quality and health improvements are comparable to, or may exceed, the direct costs of GHG reductions. (67-69) Similarly, actions that focus on reductions in short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs), including black carbon and ozone precursors, have been shown to bring substantial air quality and health improvements in addition to slowing the rate of climate change. (70) Given these strong links between air pollution and climate change, policies can be better coordinated to address both problems simultaneously.

Research Directions

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

In atmospheric science, fundamental research is needed on the chemical and physical properties of air pollutant mixtures as emissions from a variety of sources mix and age photochemically. (71, 72) This research includes improving our mechanistic understanding of chemical interactions at the atmosphere–biosphere interface, including the effects of biological particles. (73, 74) Epidemiologic studies, which are currently limited by the availability of exposure estimates and rely heavily on pollutants that are measured widely and routinely, should consider other air pollutants suspected to be important for health, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), metals, reactive oxygen species, and other chemical components of PM. Particle size is likely also important for health, suggesting the importance of measures such as ultrafine PM and particle number concentrations. (75, 76) Atmospheric science can contribute by developing low-cost methods of measuring these pollutants, as well as making monitors for other pollutants more accurate and less expensive. (31, 35) Adoption of new instrumentation on a wider scale should be encouraged, (77) including in routine networks, and information on measurement uncertainty should be provided for incorporation into health studies. Likewise, there is a need to improve atmospheric models through improvements in the descriptions of fundamental processes and optimal assimilation of atmospheric observations, to better constrain emission estimates and quantify source-receptor relationships.

Atmospheric science is now entering an era of data proliferation provided by satellite observations and comparatively affordable and easily deployed sensors, including wearable monitors. (31) An important challenge is to extract more information from these observations, and to combine these data with more accurate monitoring techniques to better represent human exposure, using high resolution air quality models and advanced data assimilation methods. For example, active research is now improving methods of inferring aerosol composition or near-ground ozone from satellite observations. (78, 79) Recent work has statistically combined the available surface measurements with global atmospheric modeling and satellite observations to yield estimates of global PM_2.5 surface concentrations at fine resolution, (6) and other studies have applied comparable methods for similar purposes. (80-82) The recent availability of global estimates have been influential in catalyzing consideration of air pollution as an important determinant of population health and as an important sustainable development metric. (83) While North America and Europe have a longer history of air pollution monitoring and a more detailed characterization of ambient concentrations, substantial challenges exist in better characterizing pollutant mixtures at fine spatial and temporal scales. Even greater challenges exist across much of Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America, where available measurements are severely limited.

More work is needed to improve these approaches and to expand them to additional key pollutants, through improved measurement technology, more widespread surface observations, improvements to satellite retrievals, and advancements in models. It is critically important that the quality and coverage of surface monitoring networks and satellite observations be not only maintained but expanded. Similar observational needs from the climate community regarding SLCPs suggest that investments can be leveraged to benefit both communities. Likewise, increased attention is needed to better understand how ambient concentration relates to the actual exposure of individuals as they move through indoor and outdoor environments in their daily activities.

Improved estimates of air pollutant concentrations at fine spatial and temporal resolution could then be used to estimate exposure for air pollution epidemiology, as more spatially resolved concentration estimates can improve quantification of exposure-health relationships. (84) Especially needed would be source apportionment of PM and modeling to identify exposure due to emissions from particular sources. And by estimating exposures for larger populations globally, epidemiological research can address a wider range of conditions. While North America and Europe have successfully reduced air pollution, it is important to continue to research the further benefits to human health of achieving lower concentrations, as current evidence suggests that health effects occur at concentrations below current standards. (1, 2) Meanwhile, the very high concentrations found in the most polluted regions strongly impact human health. Examination of a wide range of exposures, pollutant mixtures, and population health status is therefore important for epidemiology. In this context, better relating research on the health effects of exposure from indoor cookstoves with that from ambient air pollution will prove fruitful. Similarly, relationships between air pollutants, meteorological parameters (temperature, humidity), and other parameters like allergens should be investigated and will be important for anticipating the effects of future climate change. Finally, intervention studies following rapid changes in air pollutant concentrations have proven very useful in understanding health effects, (85) and opportunities to research such interventions should be identified and pursued. To support epidemiological studies under a wider range of conditions, epidemiologists need to engage with health authorities to improve the collection of high-quality and relevant health data. Ideally, health data would be collected with spatial and temporal resolution that approaches that of the available concentration data.

Health effects science can also be improved by aiming for a better understanding of the biological mechanisms by which specific pollutants impact neurological, cardiovascular, respiratory, and other aspects of human health. Research that combines advanced experimental techniques that characterize atmospheric composition properties, and biological markers in “real life” situations, could contribute to understanding of specific biological mechanisms. One promising approach to investigating biological mechanisms would involve heavily instrumented urban supersites where detailed measurements of air pollutants and modeling are coordinated with intensive toxicological and population health research aimed at particular hypotheses. Such work can explore relevant chemical pathways by better combining detailed atmospheric chemistry with detailed biochemical and medical information. For example, new air quality measurements including online detection of short-lived hazardous compounds, such as organic radicals and reactive oxygen intermediates in particles, could be combined with toxicological experiments including the determination of oxidative stress in cell cultures exposed to ambient air and epidemiological investigations on airway, cardiovascular, and inflammatory diseases.

A Path Forward

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

Research on air pollution and health is at an important cross-road. Tremendous progress has been made in reducing air pollution and improving public health in North America and Europe through regulation and related public policy actions targeting PM_2.5, ozone, and other individual pollutant species. For areas that are developing rapidly, such as India and China, development decisions, for example concerning energy use, in upcoming decades will have enormous implications for air quality and health. In the future, air pollution control efforts would benefit from a more specific understanding of the chemical species and source categories that have the greatest influences on human health, including developing risk functions separately for different sources (e.g., coal combustion and traffic), allowing control actions to be better prioritized. Achieving this new understanding requires progress in individual disciplines, as well as greater interdisciplinary interactions. This new understanding of air pollution health effects can yield improved policies and regulations that more specifically and effectively target particular chemical components and/or sources of air pollution, bringing greater public health benefits at potentially lower cost. While there is ample evidence of the health effects of air pollution to drive decision-making in polluted regions, better understanding can more effectively prioritize control actions among many sources of air pollution, where resources are lacking. In North America and Europe, continued improvements may come at a higher cost, and understanding the differential effects of sources can better prioritize decisions. Further work is needed to incorporate this emerging understanding of health effects into improved model simulations and assessments of human health outcomes, providing better quantification of the health benefits of different actions to mitigate emissions. For example, recent research has identified the importance of different emission sectors for global air quality and health. (86-88) Such tools can then better inform choices of new energy technologies globally over the next century, as we confront the overlapping challenges posed by energy security, air pollution, and climate change, while meeting the energy needs of a growing global population and economy.

The research communities of air pollution science and air pollution health have been traditionally somewhat segregated, as its practitioners often have different disciplinary backgrounds, use different techniques and language, and attend separate meetings. Moving the field forward in the coming decades requires more effective interactions, so that each community can better understand the new findings, and capabilities, limitations, and priorities for research of the other. Interdisciplinary collaborations need to be supported and rewarded through increased funding for interdisciplinary research and by valuing such collaborations in promotion decisions. Through better educational opportunities, junior air pollution scientists should be exposed to the challenges of understanding human health, and vice versa. Meetings should better encourage interdisciplinary dialogue and break down disciplinary boundaries. Since air pollution is important globally, it is important that these improvements should take place internationally.

Acquired knowledge regarding air pollution health effects, coupled with the increased capacity to measure air pollutants via expanded ground-level monitoring networks, satellite-based estimates, and low cost specialized sensors, and with better atmospheric models linking emissions to ambient air pollution and personal exposures, can inform more effective strategies to reduce pollution and population exposure in the regions with the most considerable air pollution problems, especially those that currently lack the capacity to address them. Such developments are on the critical path to reducing the substantial burden of disease due to air pollution.

Author Information

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

Corresponding Authors
- J. Jason West - Environmental Sciences & Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States; Email: [email protected]
- Aaron Cohen - Health Effects Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02110, United States; Email: [email protected]
- Frank Dentener - European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, I. 21027 Ispra, Italy; Email: [email protected]
- Tong Zhu - State Key Lab for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Email: [email protected]
Authors
- Bert Brunekreef - Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Universiteit Utrecht, and Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CJ Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Ben Armstrong - Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
- Michelle L. Bell - School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Michael Brauer - School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Gregory Carmichael - Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Dan L. Costa - Air, Climate & Energy Research Program, Office of Research & Development, Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina 27705, United States
- Douglas W. Dockery - Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Michael Kleeman - Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Michal Krzyzanowski - Environmental Research Group, King’s College London, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
- Nino Künzli - Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Catherine Liousse - Laboratoire d’ Aérologie, CNRS-Université de Toulouse, Toulouse 31400, France
- Shih-Chun Candice Lung - Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Randall V. Martin - Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada; Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Ulrich Pöschl - Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- C. Arden Pope III - Economics, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
- James M. Roberts - Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Armistead G. Russell - Civil & Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Christine Wiedinmyer - Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
Notes
The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Acknowledgment

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

The views presented in this paper were stimulated by a workshop held in Boston in October, 2011: “Atmospheric Chemistry and Health: current knowledge and future directions”. The authors thank the International Commission on Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Pollution (iCACGP), the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry Project (IGAC), the Health Effects Institute (HEI), the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), and the European Commission for providing travel and logistical support to this meeting. J.J.W. was supported by the U.S. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, grant #1R21ES022600-01. The National Center for Atmospheric Research is operated by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research under the sponsorship of the National Science Foundation. The contribution from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration was supported by the NOAA Health of the Atmosphere Initiative. The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect the policy of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, European Commission, or sponsoring organizations. We thank five anonymous reviewers for their comments.

References

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

This article references 88 other publications.

1
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Integrated Science Assessment for Ozone and Related Photochemical Oxidants, EPA 600/R-10/076F, 2013.
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
2
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Integrated Science Assessment for Particulate Matter, EPA/600/R-08/139F, 2009.
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
3
Brook, R. D.; Rajagopalan, S.; Pope, C. A.; Brook, J. R.; Bhatnagar, A.; Diez-Roux, A. V.; Holguin, F.; Hong, Y. L.; Luepker, R. V.; Mittleman, M. A.; Peters, A.; Siscovick, D.; Smith, S. C.; Whitsel, L.; Kaufman, J. D.; Epidemiol, A. H. A. C.; Dis, C. K. C.; Metab, C. N. P. A. Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease An Update to the Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Circulation 2010, 121 (21) 2331– 2378 DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1
Google Scholar
3
Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease: An Update to the Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Brook, Robert D.; Rajagopalan, Sanjay; Pope, C. Arden, III; Brook, Jeffrey R.; Bhatnagar, Aruni; Diez-Roux, Ana V.; Holguin, Fernando; Hong, Yuling; Luepker, Russell V.; Mittleman, Murray A.; Peters, Annette; Siscovick, David; Smith, Sidney C., Jr.; Whitsel, Laurie; Kaufman, Joel D.
Circulation (2010), 121 (21), 2331-2378CODEN: CIRCAZ; ISSN:0009-7322. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins)
A review. In 2004, the first American Heart Assocn. scientific statement on "Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease" concluded that exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution contributes to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In the interim, numerous studies have expanded our understanding of this assocn. and further elucidated the physiol. and mol. mechanisms involved. The main objective of this updated American Heart Assocn. scientific statement is to provide a comprehensive review of the new evidence linking PM exposure with cardiovascular disease, with a specific focus on highlighting the clin. implications for researchers and healthcare providers. The writing group also sought to provide expert consensus opinions on many aspects of the current state of science and updated suggestions for areas of future research. On the basis of the findings of this review, several new conclusions were reached, including the following: Exposure to PM < 2.5 μm in diam. (PM2.5) over a few hours to weeks can trigger cardiovascular disease-related mortality and nonfatal events; longer-term exposure (eg, a few years) increases the risk for cardiovascular mortality to an even greater extent than exposures over a few days and reduces life expectancy within more highly exposed segments of the population by several months to a few years; redns. in PM levels are assocd. with decreases in cardiovascular mortality within a time frame as short as a few years; and many credible pathol. mechanisms have been elucidated that lend biol. plausibility to these findings. It is the opinion of the writing group that the overall evidence is consistent with a causal relationship between PM2.5 exposure and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This body of evidence has grown and been strengthened substantially since the first American Heart Assocn. scientific statement was published. Finally, PM2.5 exposure is deemed a modifiable factor that contributes to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXmslGmu78%253D&md5=bbe8d6ace13d0364865a8364e5b6000b
4
Burnett, R. T.; Pope, C. A.; Ezzati, M.; Olives, C.; Lim, S. S.; Mehta, S.; Shin, H. H.; Singh, G.; Hubbell, B.; Brauer, M.; Anderson, H. R.; Smith, K. R.; Balmes, J. R.; Bruce, N. G.; Kan, H. D.; Laden, F.; Pruss-Ustun, A.; Michelle, C. T.; Gapstur, S. M.; Diver, W. R.; Cohen, A. An Integrated Risk Function for Estimating the Global Burden of Disease Attributable to Ambient Fine Particulate Matter Exposure Environ. Health Perspect. 2014, 122 (4) 397– 403 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1307049
Google Scholar
4
An integrated risk function for estimating the global burden of disease attributable to ambient fine particulate matter exposure
Burnett Richard T; Pope C Arden 3rd; Ezzati Majid; Olives Casey; Lim Stephen S; Mehta Sumi; Shin Hwashin H; Singh Gitanjali; Hubbell Bryan; Brauer Michael; Anderson H Ross; Smith Kirk R; Balmes John R; Bruce Nigel G; Kan Haidong; Laden Francine; Pruss-Ustun Annette; Turner Michelle C; Gapstur Susan M; Diver W Ryan; Cohen Aaron
Environmental health perspectives (2014), 122 (4), 397-403 ISSN:.
BACKGROUND: Estimating the burden of disease attributable to long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in ambient air requires knowledge of both the shape and magnitude of the relative risk (RR) function. However, adequate direct evidence to identify the shape of the mortality RR functions at the high ambient concentrations observed in many places in the world is lacking. OBJECTIVE: We developed RR functions over the entire global exposure range for causes of mortality in adults: ischemic heart disease (IHD), cerebrovascular disease (stroke), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer (LC). We also developed RR functions for the incidence of acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) that can be used to estimate mortality and lost-years of healthy life in children < 5 years of age. METHODS: We fit an integrated exposure-response (IER) model by integrating available RR information from studies of ambient air pollution (AAP), second hand tobacco smoke, household solid cooking fuel, and active smoking (AS). AS exposures were converted to estimated annual PM2.5 exposure equivalents using inhaled doses of particle mass. We derived population attributable fractions (PAFs) for every country based on estimated worldwide ambient PM2.5 concentrations. RESULTS: The IER model was a superior predictor of RR compared with seven other forms previously used in burden assessments. The percent PAF attributable to AAP exposure varied among countries from 2 to 41 for IHD, 1 to 43 for stroke, < 1 to 21 for COPD, < 1 to 25 for LC, and < 1 to 38 for ALRI. CONCLUSIONS: We developed a fine particulate mass-based RR model that covered the global range of exposure by integrating RR information from different combustion types that generate emissions of particulate matter. The model can be updated as new RR information becomes available.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC2cvjvFWnsA%253D%253D&md5=4ce6aad41a1f1cd5bcdd31aa405d8416
5
Forouzanfar, M. H.; Alexander, L.; Anderson, H. R.; Bachman, V. F.; Biryukov, S. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Lancet 2015, 386 (10010) 2287– 2323 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00128-2
Google Scholar
5
Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
Forouzanfar Mohammad H; Alexander Lily; Anderson H Ross; Bachman Victoria F; Biryukov Stan; Brauer Michael; Burnett Richard; Casey Daniel; Coates Matthew M; Cohen Aaron; Delwiche Kristen; Estep Kara; Frostad Joseph J; Astha K C; Kyu Hmwe H; Moradi-Lakeh Maziar; Ng Marie; Slepak Erica Leigh; Thomas Bernadette A; Wagner Joseph; Aasvang Gunn Marit; Abbafati Cristiana; Abbasoglu Ozgoren Ayse; Abd-Allah Foad; Abera Semaw F; Aboyans Victor; Abraham Biju; Abraham Jerry Puthenpurakal; Abubakar Ibrahim; Abu-Rmeileh Niveen M E; Aburto Tania C; Achoki Tom; Adelekan Ademola; Adofo Koranteng; Adou Arsene K; Adsuar Jose C; Afshin Ashkan; Agardh Emilie E; Al Khabouri Mazin J; Al Lami Faris H; Alam Sayed Saidul; Alasfoor Deena; Albittar Mohammed I; Alegretti Miguel A; Aleman Alicia V; Alemu Zewdie A; Alfonso-Cristancho Rafael; Alhabib Samia; Ali Raghib; Ali Mohammed K; Alla Francois; Allebeck Peter; Allen Peter J; Alsharif Ubai; Alvarez Elena; Alvis-Guzman Nelson; Amankwaa Adansi A; Amare Azmeraw T; Ameh Emmanuel A; Ameli Omid; Amini Heresh; Ammar Walid; Anderson Benjamin O; Antonio Carl Abelardo T; Anwari Palwasha; Argeseanu Cunningham Solveig; Arnlov Johan; Arsenijevic Valentina S Arsic; Artaman Al; Asghar Rana J; Assadi Reza; Atkins Lydia S; Atkinson Charles; Avila Marco A; Awuah Baffour; Badawi Alaa; Bahit Maria C; Bakfalouni Talal; Balakrishnan Kalpana; Balalla Shivanthi; Balu Ravi Kumar; Banerjee Amitava; Barber Ryan M; Barker-Collo Suzanne L; Barquera Simon; Barregard Lars; Barrero Lope H; Barrientos-Gutierrez Tonatiuh; Basto-Abreu Ana C; Basu Arindam; Basu Sanjay; Basulaiman Mohammed O; Batis Ruvalcaba Carolina; Beardsley Justin; Bedi Neeraj; Bekele Tolesa; Bell Michelle L; Benjet Corina; Bennett Derrick A; Benzian Habib; Bernabe Eduardo; Beyene Tariku J; Bhala Neeraj; Bhalla Ashish; Bhutta Zulfiqar A; Bikbov Boris; Bin Abdulhak Aref A; Blore Jed D; Blyth Fiona M; Bohensky Megan A; Bora Basara Berrak; Borges Guilherme; Bornstein Natan M; Bose Dipan; Boufous Soufiane; Bourne Rupert R; Brainin Michael; Brazinova Alexandra; Breitborde Nicholas J; Brenner Hermann; Briggs Adam D M; Broday David M; Brooks Peter M; Bruce Nigel G; Brugha Traolach S; Brunekreef Bert; Buchbinder Rachelle; Bui Linh N; Bukhman Gene; Bulloch Andrew G; Burch Michael; Burney Peter G J; Campos-Nonato Ismael R; Campuzano Julio C; Cantoral Alejandra J; Caravanos Jack; Cardenas Rosario; Cardis Elisabeth; Carpenter David O; Caso Valeria; Castaneda-Orjuela Carlos A; Castro Ruben E; Catala-Lopez Ferran; Cavalleri Fiorella; Cavlin Alanur; Chadha Vineet K; Chang Jung-Chen; Charlson Fiona J; Chen Honglei; Chen Wanqing; Chen Zhengming; Chiang Peggy P; Chimed-Ochir Odgerel; Chowdhury Rajiv; Christophi Costas A; Chuang Ting-Wu; Chugh Sumeet S; Cirillo Massimo; Classen Thomas K D; Colistro Valentina; Colomar Mercedes; Colquhoun Samantha M; Contreras Alejandra G; Cooper Cyrus; Cooperrider Kimberly; Cooper Leslie T; Coresh Josef; Courville Karen J; Criqui Michael H; Cuevas-Nasu Lucia; Damsere-Derry James; Danawi Hadi; Dandona Lalit; Dandona Rakhi; Dargan Paul I; Davis Adrian; Davitoiu Dragos V; Dayama Anand; de Castro E Filipa; De la Cruz-Gongora Vanessa; De Leo Diego; de Lima Graca; Degenhardt Louisa; del Pozo-Cruz Borja; Dellavalle Robert P; Deribe Kebede; Derrett Sarah; Des Jarlais Don C; Dessalegn Muluken; deVeber Gabrielle A; Devries Karen M; Dharmaratne Samath D; Dherani Mukesh K; Dicker Daniel; Ding Eric L; Dokova Klara; Dorsey E Ray; Driscoll Tim R; Duan Leilei; Durrani Adnan M; Ebel Beth E; Ellenbogen Richard G; Elshrek Yousef M; Endres Matthias; Ermakov Sergey P; Erskine Holly E; Eshrati Babak; Esteghamati Alireza; Fahimi Saman; Faraon Emerito Jose A; Farzadfar Farshad; Fay Derek F J; Feigin Valery L; Feigl Andrea B; Fereshtehnejad Seyed-Mohammad; Ferrari Alize J; Ferri Cleusa P; Flaxman Abraham D; Fleming Thomas D; Foigt Nataliya; Foreman Kyle J; Paleo Urbano Fra; Franklin Richard C; Gabbe Belinda; Gaffikin Lynne; Gakidou Emmanuela; Gamkrelidze Amiran; Gankpe Fortune G; Gansevoort Ron T; Garcia-Guerra Francisco A; Gasana Evariste; Geleijnse Johanna M; Gessner Bradford D; Gething Pete; Gibney Katherine B; Gillum Richard F; Ginawi Ibrahim A M; Giroud Maurice; Giussani Giorgia; Goenka Shifalika; Goginashvili Ketevan; Gomez Dantes Hector; Gona Philimon; Gonzalez de Cosio Teresita; Gonzalez-Castell Dinorah; Gotay Carolyn C; Goto Atsushi; Gouda Hebe N; Guerrant Richard L; Gugnani Harish C; Guillemin Francis; Gunnell David; Gupta Rahul; Gupta Rajeev; Gutierrez Reyna A; Hafezi-Nejad Nima; Hagan Holly; Hagstromer Maria; Halasa Yara A; Hamadeh Randah R; Hammami Mouhanad; Hankey Graeme J; Hao Yuantao; Harb Hilda L; Haregu Tilahun Nigatu; Haro Josep Maria; Havmoeller Rasmus; Hay Simon I; Hedayati Mohammad T; Heredia-Pi Ileana B; Hernandez Lucia; Heuton Kyle R; Heydarpour Pouria; Hijar Martha; Hoek Hans W; Hoffman Howard J; Hornberger John C; Hosgood H Dean; Hoy Damian G; Hsairi Mohamed; Hu Guoqing; Hu Howard; Huang Cheng; Huang John J; Hubbell Bryan J; Huiart Laetitia; Husseini Abdullatif; Iannarone Marissa L; Iburg Kim M; Idrisov Bulat T; Ikeda Nayu; Innos Kaire; Inoue Manami; Islami Farhad; Ismayilova Samaya; Jacobsen Kathryn H; Jansen Henrica A; Jarvis Deborah L; Jassal Simerjot K; Jauregui Alejandra; Jayaraman Sudha; Jeemon Panniyammakal; Jensen Paul N; Jha Vivekanand; Jiang Fan; Jiang Guohong; Jiang Ying; Jonas Jost B; Juel Knud; Kan Haidong; Kany Roseline Sidibe S; Karam Nadim E; Karch Andre; Karema Corine K; Karthikeyan Ganesan; Kaul Anil; Kawakami Norito; Kazi Dhruv S; Kemp Andrew H; Kengne Andre P; Keren Andre; Khader Yousef S; Khalifa Shams Eldin Ali Hassan; Khan Ejaz A; Khang Young-Ho; Khatibzadeh Shahab; Khonelidze Irma; Kieling Christian; Kim Daniel; Kim Sungroul; Kim Yunjin; Kimokoti Ruth W; Kinfu Yohannes; Kinge Jonas M; Kissela Brett M; Kivipelto Miia; Knibbs Luke D; Knudsen Ann Kristin; Kokubo Yoshihiro; Kose M Rifat; Kosen Soewarta; Kraemer Alexander; Kravchenko Michael; Krishnaswami Sanjay; Kromhout Hans; Ku Tiffany; Kuate Defo Barthelemy; Kucuk Bicer Burcu; Kuipers Ernst J; Kulkarni Chanda; Kulkarni Veena S; Kumar G Anil; Kwan Gene F; Lai Taavi; Lakshmana Balaji Arjun; Lalloo Ratilal; Lallukka Tea; Lam Hilton; Lan Qing; Lansingh Van C; Larson Heidi J; Larsson Anders; Laryea Dennis O; Lavados Pablo M; Lawrynowicz Alicia E; Leasher Janet L; Lee Jong-Tae; Leigh James; Leung Ricky; Levi Miriam; Li Yichong; Li Yongmei; Liang Juan; Liang Xiaofeng; Lim Stephen S; Lindsay M Patrice; Lipshultz Steven E; Liu Shiwei; Liu Yang; Lloyd Belinda K; Logroscino Giancarlo; London Stephanie J; Lopez Nancy; Lortet-Tieulent Joannie; Lotufo Paulo A; Lozano Rafael; Lunevicius Raimundas; Ma Jixiang; Ma Stefan; Machado Vasco M P; MacIntyre Michael F; Magis-Rodriguez Carlos; Mahdi Abbas A; Majdan Marek; Malekzadeh Reza; Mangalam Srikanth; Mapoma Christopher C; Marape Marape; Marcenes Wagner; Margolis David J; Margono Christopher; Marks Guy B; Martin Randall V; Marzan Melvin B; Mashal Mohammad T; Masiye Felix; Mason-Jones Amanda J; Matsushita Kunihiro; Matzopoulos Richard; Mayosi Bongani M; Mazorodze Tasara T; McKay Abigail C; McKee Martin; McLain Abigail; Meaney Peter A; Medina Catalina; Mehndiratta Man Mohan; Mejia-Rodriguez Fabiola; Mekonnen Wubegzier; Melaku Yohannes A; Meltzer Michele; Memish Ziad A; Mendoza Walter; Mensah George A; Meretoja Atte; Mhimbira Francis Apolinary; Micha Renata; Miller Ted R; Mills Edward J; Misganaw Awoke; Mishra Santosh; Mohamed Ibrahim Norlinah; Mohammad Karzan A; Mokdad Ali H; Mola Glen L; Monasta Lorenzo; Montanez Hernandez Julio C; Montico Marcella; Moore Ami R; Morawska Lidia; Mori Rintaro; Moschandreas Joanna; Moturi Wilkister N; Mozaffarian Dariush; Mueller Ulrich O; Mukaigawara Mitsuru; Mullany Erin C; Murthy Kinnari S; Naghavi Mohsen; Nahas Ziad; Naheed Aliya; Naidoo Kovin S; Naldi Luigi; Nand Devina; Nangia Vinay; Narayan K M Venkat; Nash Denis; Neal Bruce; Nejjari Chakib; Neupane Sudan P; Newton Charles R; Ngalesoni Frida N; Ngirabega Jean de Dieu; Nguyen Grant; Nguyen Nhung T; Nieuwenhuijsen Mark J; Nisar Muhammad I; Nogueira Jose R; Nolla Joan M; Nolte Sandra; Norheim Ole F; Norman Rosana E; Norrving Bo; Nyakarahuka Luke; Oh In-Hwan; Ohkubo Takayoshi; Olusanya Bolajoko O; Omer Saad B; Opio John Nelson; Orozco Ricardo; Pagcatipunan Rodolfo S Jr; Pain Amanda W; Pandian Jeyaraj D; Panelo Carlo Irwin A; Papachristou Christina; Park Eun-Kee; Parry Charles D; Paternina Caicedo Angel J; Patten Scott B; Paul Vinod K; Pavlin Boris I; Pearce Neil; Pedraza Lilia S; Pedroza Andrea; Pejin Stokic Ljiljana; Pekericli Ayfer; Pereira David M; Perez-Padilla Rogelio; Perez-Ruiz Fernando; Perico Norberto; Perry Samuel A L; Pervaiz Aslam; Pesudovs Konrad; Peterson Carrie B; Petzold Max; Phillips Michael R; Phua Hwee Pin; Plass Dietrich; Poenaru Dan; Polanczyk Guilherme V; Polinder Suzanne; Pond Constance D; Pope C Arden; Pope Daniel; Popova Svetlana; Pourmalek Farshad; Powles John; Prabhakaran Dorairaj; Prasad Noela M; Qato Dima M; Quezada Amado D; Quistberg D Alex A; Racape Lionel; Rafay Anwar; Rahimi Kazem; Rahimi-Movaghar Vafa; Rahman Sajjad Ur; Raju Murugesan; Rakovac Ivo; Rana Saleem M; Rao Mayuree; Razavi Homie; Reddy K Srinath; Refaat Amany H; Rehm Jurgen; Remuzzi Giuseppe; Ribeiro Antonio L; Riccio Patricia M; Richardson Lee; Riederer Anne; Robinson Margaret; Roca Anna; Rodriguez Alina; Rojas-Rueda David; Romieu Isabelle; Ronfani Luca; Room Robin; Roy Nobhojit; Ruhago George M; Rushton Lesley; Sabin Nsanzimana; Sacco Ralph L; Saha Sukanta; Sahathevan Ramesh; Sahraian Mohammad Ali; Salomon Joshua A; Salvo Deborah; Sampson Uchechukwu K; Sanabria Juan R; Sanchez Luz Maria; Sanchez-Pimienta Tania G; Sanchez-Riera Lidia; Sandar Logan; Santos Itamar S; Sapkota Amir; Satpathy Maheswar; Saunders James E; Sawhney Monika; Saylan Mete I; Scarborough Peter; Schmidt Jurgen C; Schneider Ione J C; Schottker Ben; Schwebel David C; Scott James G; Seedat Soraya; Sepanlou Sadaf G; Serdar Berrin; Servan-Mori Edson E; Shaddick Gavin; Shahraz Saeid; Levy Teresa Shamah; Shangguan Siyi; She Jun; Sheikhbahaei Sara; Shibuya Kenji; Shin Hwashin H; Shinohara Yukito; Shiri Rahman; Shishani Kawkab; Shiue Ivy; Sigfusdottir Inga D; Silberberg Donald H; Simard Edgar P; Sindi Shireen; Singh Abhishek; Singh Gitanjali M; Singh Jasvinder A; Skirbekk Vegard; Sliwa Karen; Soljak Michael; Soneji Samir; Soreide Kjetil; Soshnikov Sergey; Sposato Luciano A; Sreeramareddy Chandrashekhar T; Stapelberg Nicolas J C; Stathopoulou Vasiliki; Steckling Nadine; Stein Dan J; Stein Murray B; Stephens Natalie; Stockl Heidi; Straif Kurt; Stroumpoulis Konstantinos; Sturua Lela; Sunguya Bruno F; Swaminathan Soumya; Swaroop Mamta; Sykes Bryan L; Tabb Karen M; Takahashi Ken; Talongwa Roberto T; Tandon Nikhil; Tanne David; Tanner Marcel; Tavakkoli Mohammad; Te Ao Braden J; Teixeira Carolina M; Tellez Rojo Martha M; Terkawi Abdullah S; Texcalac-Sangrador Jose Luis; Thackway Sarah V; Thomson Blake; Thorne-Lyman Andrew L; Thrift Amanda G; Thurston George D; Tillmann Taavi; Tobollik Myriam; Tonelli Marcello; Topouzis Fotis; Towbin Jeffrey A; Toyoshima Hideaki; Traebert Jefferson; Tran Bach X; Trasande Leonardo; Trillini Matias; Trujillo Ulises; Dimbuene Zacharie Tsala; Tsilimbaris Miltiadis; Tuzcu Emin Murat; Uchendu Uche S; Ukwaja Kingsley N; Uzun Selen B; van de Vijver Steven; Van Dingenen Rita; van Gool Coen H; van Os Jim; Varakin Yuri Y; Vasankari Tommi J; Vasconcelos Ana Maria N; Vavilala Monica S; Veerman Lennert J; Velasquez-Melendez Gustavo; Venketasubramanian N; Vijayakumar Lakshmi; Villalpando Salvador; Violante Francesco S; Vlassov Vasiliy Victorovich; Vollset Stein Emil; Wagner Gregory R; Waller Stephen G; Wallin Mitchell T; Wan Xia; Wang Haidong; Wang JianLi; Wang Linhong; Wang Wenzhi; Wang Yanping; Warouw Tati S; Watts Charlotte H; Weichenthal Scott; Weiderpass Elisabete; Weintraub Robert G; Werdecker Andrea; Wessells K Ryan; Westerman Ronny; Whiteford Harvey A; Wilkinson James D; Williams Hywel C; Williams Thomas N; Woldeyohannes Solomon M; Wolfe Charles D A; Wong John Q; Woolf Anthony D; Wright Jonathan L; Wurtz Brittany; Xu Gelin; Yan Lijing L; Yang Gonghuan; Yano Yuichiro; Ye Pengpeng; Yenesew Muluken; Yentur Gokalp K; Yip Paul; Yonemoto Naohiro; Yoon Seok-Jun; Younis Mustafa Z; Younoussi Zourkaleini; Yu Chuanhua; Zaki Maysaa E; Zhao Yong; Zheng Yingfeng; Zhou Maigeng; Zhu Jun; Zhu Shankuan; Zou Xiaonong; Zunt Joseph R; Lopez Alan D; Vos Theo; Murray Christopher J
Lancet (London, England) (2015), 386 (10010), 2287-323 ISSN:.
BACKGROUND: The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor study 2013 (GBD 2013) is the first of a series of annual updates of the GBD. Risk factor quantification, particularly of modifiable risk factors, can help to identify emerging threats to population health and opportunities for prevention. The GBD 2013 provides a timely opportunity to update the comparative risk assessment with new data for exposure, relative risks, and evidence on the appropriate counterfactual risk distribution. METHODS: Attributable deaths, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) have been estimated for 79 risks or clusters of risks using the GBD 2010 methods. Risk-outcome pairs meeting explicit evidence criteria were assessed for 188 countries for the period 1990-2013 by age and sex using three inputs: risk exposure, relative risks, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL). Risks are organised into a hierarchy with blocks of behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks at the first level of the hierarchy. The next level in the hierarchy includes nine clusters of related risks and two individual risks, with more detail provided at levels 3 and 4 of the hierarchy. Compared with GBD 2010, six new risk factors have been added: handwashing practices, occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, childhood wasting, childhood stunting, unsafe sex, and low glomerular filtration rate. For most risks, data for exposure were synthesised with a Bayesian meta-regression method, DisMod-MR 2.0, or spatial-temporal Gaussian process regression. Relative risks were based on meta-regressions of published cohort and intervention studies. Attributable burden for clusters of risks and all risks combined took into account evidence on the mediation of some risks such as high body-mass index (BMI) through other risks such as high systolic blood pressure and high cholesterol. FINDINGS: All risks combined account for 57·2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 55·8-58·5) of deaths and 41·6% (40·1-43·0) of DALYs. Risks quantified account for 87·9% (86·5-89·3) of cardiovascular disease DALYs, ranging to a low of 0% for neonatal disorders and neglected tropical diseases and malaria. In terms of global DALYs in 2013, six risks or clusters of risks each caused more than 5% of DALYs: dietary risks accounting for 11·3 million deaths and 241·4 million DALYs, high systolic blood pressure for 10·4 million deaths and 208·1 million DALYs, child and maternal malnutrition for 1·7 million deaths and 176·9 million DALYs, tobacco smoke for 6·1 million deaths and 143·5 million DALYs, air pollution for 5·5 million deaths and 141·5 million DALYs, and high BMI for 4·4 million deaths and 134·0 million DALYs. Risk factor patterns vary across regions and countries and with time. In sub-Saharan Africa, the leading risk factors are child and maternal malnutrition, unsafe sex, and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing. In women, in nearly all countries in the Americas, north Africa, and the Middle East, and in many other high-income countries, high BMI is the leading risk factor, with high systolic blood pressure as the leading risk in most of Central and Eastern Europe and south and east Asia. For men, high systolic blood pressure or tobacco use are the leading risks in nearly all high-income countries, in north Africa and the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. For men and women, unsafe sex is the leading risk in a corridor from Kenya to South Africa. INTERPRETATION: Behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks can explain half of global mortality and more than one-third of global DALYs providing many opportunities for prevention. Of the larger risks, the attributable burden of high BMI has increased in the past 23 years. In view of the prominence of behavioural risk factors, behavioural and social science research on interventions for these risks should be strengthened. Many prevention and primary care policy options are available now to act on key risks. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC283hsl2qsw%253D%253D&md5=da2db569ab4ee824e6e5738b093b3874
6
Brauer, M.; Freedman, G.; Frostad, J.; van Donkelaar, A.; Martin, R. V.; Dentener, F.; van Dingenen, R.; Estep, K.; Amini, H.; Apte, J. S.; Balakrishnan, K.; Barragard, L.; Broday, D.; Feigin, V.; Ghosh, S.; Hopke, P. K.; Knibbs, L. D.; Kokubo, Y.; Liu, Y.; Ma, S.; Morawska, L.; Texcalac Sangrador, J. L.; Shaddick, G.; Anderson, H. R.; Vos, T.; Forouzanfar, M. H.; Burnett, R. T.; Cohen, A. Ambient air pollution exposure estimation for the Global Burden of Disease 2013 Environ. Sci. Technol. 2016, 50, 79– 88 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03709
Google Scholar
6
Ambient Air Pollution Exposure Estimation for the Global Burden of Disease 2013
Brauer, Michael; Freedman, Greg; Frostad, Joseph; van Donkelaar, Aaron; Martin, Randall V.; Dentener, Frank; Dingenen, Rita van; Estep, Kara; Amini, Heresh; Apte, Joshua S.; Balakrishnan, Kalpana; Barregard, Lars; Broday, David; Feigin, Valery; Ghosh, Santu; Hopke, Philip K.; Knibbs, Luke D.; Kokubo, Yoshihiro; Liu, Yang; Ma, Stefan; Morawska, Lidia; Sangrador, Jose Luis Texcalac; Shaddick, Gavin; Anderson, H. Ross; Vos, Theo; Forouzanfar, Mohammad H.; Burnett, Richard T.; Cohen, Aaron
Environmental Science & Technology (2016), 50 (1), 79-88CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
Ambient air pollution exposure is a major risk factor for global disease. Assessing the impact of air pollution on population health and evaluating trends relative to other major risk factors requires regularly updated, accurate, spatially resolved exposure ests. This work combined satellite-based ests., chem. transport model simulations, and ground measurements from 79 countries to produce global ests. of annual av. fine particle (PM2.5) and O3 concns. at 0.1° × 0.1° spatial resoln. for 5-yr intervals from 1990 to 2010 and year 2013. These ests. were used to assess population-weighted mean concns. for 1990-2013 for 188 countries. In 2013, 87% of the world population lived in areas exceeding the World Health Organization air quality guideline (10 μg/m3 PM2.5 annual av.). From 1990 to 2013, global population-weighted PM2.5 increased 20.4%, driven by trends in southern and southeastern Asia and China. Decreases in population-weighted mean PM2.5 concns. were evident in most high income countries. Population-weighted mean O3 concns. increased globally 8.9% from 1990 to 2013, with increases in most countries; modest decreases occurred in North America, parts of Europe, and several southeastern Asia countries.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhvVyit7bM&md5=0ff17c54d051acef99c5a703b91d4c2f
7
Parrish, D. D.; Zhu, T. Clean Air for Megacities Science 2009, 326 (5953) 674– 675 DOI: 10.1126/science.1176064
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
8
Zhu, T.; Melamed, M.; Parrish, D.; Gauss, M.; Gallardo Klenner, L.; Lawrence, M.; Konare, A.; Liousse, C., Eds.; Impacts of Megacities on Air Pollution and Climate, WMO/IGAC GAW Report 205, ISBN 978–0–9882867–0–2, Geneva, Switzerland, 2012.
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
9
Apte, J. S.; Marshall, J. D.; Cohen, A. J.; Brauer, M. Addressing Global Mortality from Ambient PM2.5 Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49, 8057– 8066 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01236
Google Scholar
9
Addressing Global Mortality from Ambient PM2.5
Apte, Joshua S.; Marshall, Julian D.; Cohen, Aaron J.; Brauer, Michael
Environmental Science & Technology (2015), 49 (13), 8057-8066CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has a large, well-documented global burden of disease. This work used high-resoln. (10 km, global-coverage) concn. data and cause-specific integrated exposure-response functions developed for the Global Burden of Disease 2010 to assess how regional and global improvements in ambient air quality could reduce attributable mortality from PM2.5. Overall, an aggressive global program of PM2.5 mitigation in accord with World Health Organization interim guidelines could avoid 750,000 (23%) of the 3.2 million deaths/yr currently (2010) attributable to ambient PM2.5. Modest improvements in PM2.5 in relatively clean regions (North America, Europe) would result in surprisingly large avoided mortality, due to demog. factors and the non-linear concn.-response relationship which describes the risk of PM in relation to several important causes of death. Major air quality improvements would be required to substantially reduce mortality from PM2.5 in more polluted regions, e.g., China and India. Forecasted demog. and epidemiol. transitions in India and China imply that to maintain PM2.5-attributable mortality rates (deaths/100,000 people-yr) const., av. PM2.5 concns. would need to decline by ∼20-30% over the next 15 years to merely offset increases in PM2.5-attributable mortality from aging populations. An effective program to deliver clean air to the most polluted regions could avoid several hundred thousand premature deaths each year.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhtVShtb3P&md5=9deade47f08dc87bbe7572d6199be8e4
10
Bachmann, J. Will the Circle Be Unbroken: A History of the US National Ambient Air Quality Standards J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 2007, 57, 652– 697 DOI: 10.3155/1047-3289.57.10.1151
Google Scholar
10
Will the circle be unbroken: a history of the U.S. national ambient air quality standards
Bachmann, John
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (2007), 57 (6), 652-697CODEN: JAWAFC; ISSN:1096-2247. (Air & Waste Management Association)
A review. In celebration of the 100th anniversary of the Air & Waste Management Assocn., this review examines the history of air quality management (AQM) in the United States over the last century, with an emphasis on the ambient stds. programs established by the landmark 1970 Clean Air Act (CAA) Amendments. The current CAA system is a hybrid of several distinct air pollution control philosophies, including the recursive or circular system driven by ambient stds. Although this evolving system has resulted in tremendous improvements in air quality, it has been far from perfect in terms of timeliness and effectiveness. The paper looks at several periods in the history of the U.S. program, including:. (1) 1900-1970, Spanning the early smoke abatement and smog control programs, the first federal involvement, and the development of a hybrid AQM approach in the 1970 CAA;. (2) 1971-1976, When the first National Ambient Air Quality Stds. (NAAQS) were set and implemented;. (3) 1977-1993, A period of the first revisions to the stds., new CAA Amendments, delays in implementation and decision-making, and key science/policy/legislative developments that would alter both the focus and scale of air pollution programs and how they are implemented; and. (4) 1993-2006, The second and third wave of NAAQS revisions and their implementation in the context of the 1990 CAA. This discussion examines where NAAQS have helped drive implementation programs and how improvements in both effects and air quality/control sciences influenced policy and legislation to enhance the effectiveness of the system over time. The review concludes with a look toward the future of AQM, emphasizing challenges and ways to meet them. The most significant of these is the need to make more efficient progress toward air quality goals, while adjusting the system to address the growing intersections between air quality management and climate change.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2sXnsVSgtrY%253D&md5=522dffd654e97610f335f66089543f64
11
Pope, C. A.; Ezzati, M.; Dockery, D. W. Fine-Particulate Air Pollution and Life Expectancy in the United States N. Engl. J. Med. 2009, 360 (4) 376– 386 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMsa0805646
Google Scholar
11
Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the United States
Pope, C. Arden, III; Ezzati, Majid; Dockery, Douglas W.
New England Journal of Medicine (2009), 360 (4), 376-386CODEN: NEJMAG; ISSN:0028-4793. (Massachusetts Medical Society)
Exposure to fine-particulate air pollution has been assocd. with increased morbidity and mortality, suggesting that sustained redns. in pollution exposure should result in improved life expectancy. This study directly evaluated the changes in life expectancy assocd. with differential changes in fine-particulate air pollution that occurred in the United States during the 1980s and 1990s. The authors compiled data on life expectancy, socioeconomic status, and demog. characteristics for 211 county units in the 51 U.S. metropolitan areas with matching data on fine-particulate air pollution for the late 1970s and early 1980s and the late 1990s and early 2000s. Regression models were used to est. the assocn. between redns. in pollution and changes in life expectancy, with adjustment for changes in socioeconomic and demog. variables and in proxy indicators for the prevalence of cigarette smoking. A decrease of 10 μg per cubic meter in the concn. of fine particulate matter was assocd. with an estd. increase in mean (± SE) life expectancy of 0.61 ± 0.20 yr (P = 0.004). The estd. effect of reduced exposure to pollution on life expectancy was not highly sensitive to adjustment for changes in socioeconomic, demog., or proxy variables for the prevalence of smoking or to the restriction of observations to relatively large counties. Redns. in air pollution accounted for as much as 15% of the overall increase in life expectancy in the study areas. A redn. in exposure to ambient fine-particulate air pollution contributed to significant and measurable improvements in life expectancy in the United States.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1MXhtVSltr8%253D&md5=5033a22aa3fda3604d97be40374873d8
12
Dominici, F.; Peng, R. D.; Barr, C. D.; Bell, M. L. Protecting Human Health From Air Pollution Shifting From a Single-pollutant to a Multipollutant Approach Epidemiology 2010, 21 (2) 187– 194 DOI: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181cc86e8
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
13
Hartmann, D. L.; Tank, A. M. G. K.; Rusticucci, M.; Alexander, L. V.; Bronnimann, S.; Charabi, Y.; Dentener, F. J.; Dlugokencky, E. J.; Easterling, D. R.; Kaplan, A.; Soden, B. J.; Thorne, P. W.; Wild, M.; Zhai, P. M., Observations: Atmosphere and Surface. In Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on climate Change; Stocker, T. F.; Qin, D.; Plattner, G.-K.; Tignor, M.; Allen, S. K.; Boschung, J.; Nauels, A.; Xia, Y.; Bex, V.; Midgley, P. M., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: New York, NY, 2013.
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
14
Boys, B. L.; Martin, R. V.; van Donkelaar, A.; MacDonell, R. J.; Hsu, N. C.; Cooper, M. J.; Yantosca, R. M.; Lu, Z.; Streets, D. G.; Zhang, Q.; Wang, S. W. Fifteen-Year Global Time Series of Satellite-Derived Fine Particulate Matter Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48 (19) 11109– 11118 DOI: 10.1021/es502113p
Google Scholar
14
Fifteen-Year Global Time Series of Satellite-Derived Fine Particulate Matter
Boys, B. L.; Martin, R. V.; van Donkelaar, A.; MacDonell, R. J.; Hsu, N. C.; Cooper, M. J.; Yantosca, R. M.; Lu, Z.; Streets, D. G.; Zhang, Q.; Wang, S. W.
Environmental Science & Technology (2014), 48 (19), 11109-11118CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a leading environmental risk factor for premature mortality. This work used aerosol optical depth (AOD) measurements from 2 satellite instruments, multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer and sea viewing wide field of vision sensor, to produce a unified 15-yr global time series (1998-2012) of ground-level PM2.5 concns. at a 1° x 1° resoln. The GEOS-chem chem. transport model related each individual AOD retrieval to ground-level PM2.5 concn. Four broad areas displaying significant, spatially coherent, annual trends were examd. in detail: eastern USA (-0.39 ± 0.10 μg/m3-yr), Arabian Peninsula (0.81 ± 0.21 μg/m3-yr), southern Asia (0.93 ± 0.22 μg/m3-yr), and eastern Asia (0.79 ± 0.27 μg/m3-yr). Over the dense in-situ observation period, 1999-2012, the linear tendency for the eastern USA (-0.37 ± 0.13 μg/m3-yr) agreed well with in-situ measurements (-0.38 ± 0.06 μg/m3-yr). A GEOS-Chem simulation showed secondary inorg. aerosols largely explained the obsd. PM2.5 trend over the eastern USA and southern and eastern Asia; mineral dust largely explained the obsd. trend over the Arabian Peninsula.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhsVOntL7F&md5=7da0219c9c69350c750ccc34b7e4c36f
15
Wang, Y. S.; Yao, L.; Wang, L. L.; Liu, Z. R.; Ji, D. S.; Tang, G. Q.; Zhang, J. K.; Sun, Y.; Hu, B.; Xin, J. Y. Mechanism for the formation of the January 2013 heavy haze pollution episode over central and eastern China Sci. China: Earth Sci. 2014, 57 (1) 14– 25 DOI: 10.1007/s11430-013-4773-4
Google Scholar
15
Mechanism for the formation of the January 2013 heavy haze pollution episode over central and eastern China
Wang, Yue Si; Yao, Li; Wang, Li Li; Liu, Zi Rui; Ji, Dong Sheng; Tang, Gui Qian; Zhang, Jun Ke; Sun, Yang; Hu, Bo; Xin, Jin Yuan
Science China: Earth Sciences (2014), 57 (1), 14-25CODEN: SCESCI; ISSN:1869-1897. (Springer)
In Jan. 2013, a long-lasting episode of severe haze occurred in central and eastern China, and it attracted attention from all sectors of society. The process and evolution of haze pollution episodes were obsd. by the "Forming Mechanism and Control Strategies of Haze in China" group using an intensive aerosol and trace gases campaign that simultaneously obtained data at 11 ground-based observing sites in the CARE-China network. The characteristics and formation mechanism of haze pollution episodes were discussed. Five haze pollution episodes were identified in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Jing-Jin-Ji) area; the two most severe episodes occurred during 9-15 Jan. and 25-31 Jan. During these two haze pollution episodes, the max. hourly PM2.5 mass concns. in Beijing were 680 and 530 μg m-3, resp. The process and evolution of haze pollution episodes in other major cities in the Jing-Jin-Ji area, such as Shijiazhuang and Tianjin were almost the same as those obsd. in Beijing. The external cause of the severe haze episodes was the unusual atm. circulation, the depression of strong cold air activities and the very unfavorable dispersion due to geog. and meteorol. conditions. However, the internal cause was the quick secondary transformation of primary gaseous pollutants to secondary aerosols, which contributed to the "explosive growth" and "sustained growth" of PM2.5. Particularly, the abnormally high amt. of nitric oxide (NOx) in the haze episodes, produced by fossil fuel combustion and vehicle emissions, played a direct or indirect role in the quick secondary transformation of coal-burning sulfur dioxide (SO2) to sulfate aerosols. Furthermore, gaseous pollutants were transformed into secondary aerosols through heterogeneous reactions on the surface of fine particles, which can change the particle's size and chem. compn. Consequently, the proportion of secondary inorg. ions, such as sulfate and nitrate, gradually increased, which enhances particle hygroscopicity and thereby accelerating formation of the haze pollution.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhvVGru7bE&md5=69323a22610888d562f82866b9b00509
16
Cooper, O. R.; Parrish, D. D.; Ziemke, J.; Balashov, N. V.; Cupeiro, M.; Galbally, I. E.; Gilge, S.; Horowitz, L.; Jensen, N. R.; Lamarque, J.-F.; Naik, V.; Oltmans, S. J.; Schwab, J.; Shindell, D. T.; Thompson, A. M.; Thouret, V.; Wang, Y.; Zbinden, R. M. Global distribution and trends of tropospheric ozone: An observation-based review Elementa 2014, 2, 000029 DOI: 10.12952/journal.elementa.000029
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
17
Cooper, O. R.; Gao, R. S.; Tarasick, D.; Leblanc, T.; Sweeney, C. Long-term ozone trends at rural ozone monitoring sites across the United States, 1990–2010 J. Geophys. Res., Atmos. 2012, 117, D22307 DOI: 10.1029/2012JD018261
Google Scholar
17
Long-term ozone trends at rural ozone monitoring sites across the United States, 1990-2010
Cooper, Owen R.; Gao, Ru-Shan; Tarasick, David; Leblanc, Thierry; Sweeney, Colm
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (2012), 117 (D22), D22307/1-D22307/24, 24 pp.CODEN: JGRDE3; ISSN:2169-8996. (Wiley-Blackwell)
This anal. provides an up-to-date assessment of long-term (1990-2010) rural ozone trends using all available data in the Western (12 sites) and Eastern (41 sites) USA. Rather than focus solely on av. ozone values or air quality std. violations, we consider the full range of ozone values, reporting trends for the 5th, 50th and 95th percentiles. Domestic ozone precursor emissions decreased strongly during 1990-2010. Accordingly 83%, 66% and 20% of summertime eastern U.S. sites experienced statistically significant ozone decreases in the 95th, 50th and 5th percentiles, resp. During spring 43% of the eastern sites have statistically significant ozone decreases for the 95th percentile with no sites showing a significant increase. At the 50th percentile there is little overall change in the Eastern U.S. In contrast, only 17% (2 sites) and 8% (1 site) of summertime Western U.S. sites have statistically significant ozone decreases in the 95th and 50th percentiles, resp. During spring no western site has a significant decrease, while 50% have a significant median increase. This dichotomy in U.S. ozone trends is discussed in terms of changing anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions. Consideration is given to the concept that increasing baseline ozone flowing into the western U.S. is counteracting ozone redns. due to domestic emission redns. An update to the springtime free tropospheric ozone trend above western North America shows that ozone has increased significantly from 1995 to 2011 at the rate of 0.41 ± 0.27 ppbv yr-1. Finally, the ozone changes are examd. in relation to regional temp. trends.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXht1Wmt77J&md5=64e4e2e56ea32127303d55e208107006
18
Wilson, R. C.; Fleming, Z. L.; Monks, P. S.; Clain, G.; Henne, S.; Konovalov, I. B.; Szopa, S.; Menut, L. Have primary emission reduction measures reduced ozone across Europe? An analysis of European rural background ozone trends 1996–2005 Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2012, 12 (1) 437– 454 DOI: 10.5194/acp-12-437-2012
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
19
Hilboll, A.; Richter, A.; Burrows, J. P. Long-term changes of tropospheric NO2 over megacities derived from multiple satellite instruments Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2013, 13 (8) 4145– 4169 DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-4145-2013
Google Scholar
19
Long-term changes of tropospheric NO2 over megacities derived from multiple satellite instruments
Hilboll, A.; Richter, A.; Burrows, J. P.
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2013), 13 (8), 4145-4169, 25 pp.CODEN: ACPTCE; ISSN:1680-7324. (Copernicus Publications)
Tropospheric NO2, a key pollutant in particular in cities, has been measured from space since the mid-1990s by the GOME, SCIAMACHY, OMI, and GOME-2 instruments. These data provide a unique global long-term dataset of tropospheric pollution. However, the observations differ in spatial resoln., local time of measurement, viewing geometry, and other details. All these factors can severely impact the retrieved NO2 columns. In this study, we present three ways to account for instrumental differences in trend analyses of the NO2 columns derived from satellite measurements, while preserving the individual instruments' spatial resolns. For combining measurements from GOME and SCIAMACHY into one consistent time series, we develop a method to explicitly account for the instruments' difference in ground pixel size (40 × 320 km2 vs. 30 × 60 km2). This is esp. important when analyzing NO2 changes over small, localised sources like, e.g. megacities. The method is based on spatial averaging of the measured earthshine spectra and extn. of a spatial pattern of the resoln. effect. Furthermore, two empirical corrections, which summarise all instrumental differences by including instrument-dependent offsets in a fitted trend function, are developed. These methods are applied to data from GOME and SCIAMACHY sep., to the combined time series, and to an extended dataset comprising also GOME-2 and OMI measurements. All approaches show consistent trends of tropospheric NO2 for a selection of areas on both regional and city scales, for the first time allowing consistent trend anal. of the full time series at high spatial resoln. Compared to previous studies, the longer study period leads to significantly reduced uncertainties. We show that measured tropospheric NO2 columns have been strongly increasing over China, the Middle East, and India, with values over east-central China tripling from 1996 to 2011. All parts of the developed world, including Western Europe, the United States, and Japan, show significantly decreasing NO2 amts. in the same time period. On a megacity level, individual trends can be as large as +27.2 ± 3.9 %yr-1 and +20.7 ± 1.9 %yr-1 in Dhaka and Baghdad, resp., while Los Angeles shows a very strong decrease of -6.00 ± 0.72 %yr-1. Most megacities in China, India, and the Middle East show increasing NO2 columns of +5 to 10 %yr-1, leading to a doubling to tripling within the study period.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhslGitrjP&md5=22e859209877a33e00ce869d0f507bd2
20
Geddes, J. A.; Martin, R. V.; Boys, B. L.; van Donkelaar, A. Long-term trends worldwide in ambient NO₂ concentrations inferred from satellite observations Environ. Health Perspect. 2016, 124, 281– 289 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409567
Google Scholar
20
Long-term trends worldwide in ambient NO2 concentrations inferred from satellite observations
Geddes, Jeffrey A.; Martin, Randall V.; Boys, Brian L.; van Donkelaar, Aaron
Environmental Health Perspectives (2016), 124 (3), 281-289CODEN: EVHPAZ; ISSN:1552-9924. (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health)
Background: Air pollution is assocd. with morbidity and premature mortality. Satellite remote sensing provides globally consistent decadal-scale observations of ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO2) pollution. Objective: We detd. global population-weighted annual mean NO2 concns. from 1996 through 2012. Methods: We used observations of NO2 tropospheric column densities from three satellite instruments in combination with chem. transport modeling to produce a global 17-yr record of ground-level NO2 at 0.1 ° × 0.1 ° resoln. We calcd. linear trends in population-weighted annual mean NO2 (PWMNO2) concns. in different regions around the world. Results: We found that PWMNO2 in high-income North America (Canada and the United States) decreased more steeply than in any other region, having declined at a rate of -4.7%/yr [95% confidence interval (CI): -5.3, -4.1]. PWMNO2 decreased in western Europe at a rate of -2.5%/yr (95% CI: -3.0, -2.1). The highest PWMNO2 occurred in high-income Asia Pacific (predominantly Japan and South Korea) in 1996, with a subsequent decrease of -2.1%/yr (95% CI: -2.7, -1.5). In contrast, PWMNO2 almost tripled in East Asia (China, North Korea, and Taiwan) at a rate of 6.7%/yr (95% CI: 6.0, 7.3). The satellite-derived ests. of trends in ground-level NO2 were consistent with regional trends inferred from data obtained from ground-station monitoring networks in North America (within 0.7%/yr) and Europe (within 0.3%/yr). Our rankings of regional av. NO2 and long-term trends differed from the satellite-derived ests. of fine particulate matter reported elsewhere, demonstrating the utility of both indicators to describe changing pollutant mixts. Conclusions: Long-term trends in satellite-derived ambient NO2 provide new information about changing global exposure to ambient air pollution.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXmtFyhs7Y%253D&md5=964f0794d2f1ccc5ee41638017c427c1
21
Klimont, Z.; Smith, S. J.; Cofala, J. The last decade of global anthropogenic sulfur dioxide: 2000–2011 emissions Environ. Res. Lett. 2013, 8 (1) 014003 DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/014003
Google Scholar
21
The last decade of global anthropogenic sulfur dioxide: 2000-2011 emissions
Klimont, Z.; Smith, S. J.; Cofala, J.
Environmental Research Letters (2013), 8 (1), 014003CODEN: ERLNAL; ISSN:1748-9326. (IOP Publishing Ltd.)
The evolution of global and regional anthropogenic SO2 emissions in the last decade has been estd. through a bottom-up calcn. After increasing until about 2006, we est. a declining trend continuing until 2011. However, there is strong spatial variability, with North America and Europe continuing to reduce emissions, with an increasing role of Asia and international shipping. China remains a key contributor, but the introduction of stricter emission limits followed by an ambitious program of installing flue gas desulfurization on power plants resulted in a significant decline in emissions from the energy sector and stabilization of total Chinese SO2 emissions. Comparable mitigation strategies are not yet present in several other Asian countries and industrial sectors in general, while emissions from international shipping are expected to start declining soon following an international agreement to reduce the sulfur content of fuel oil. The estd. trends in global SO2 emissions are within the range of representative concn. pathway (RCP) projections and the uncertainty previously estd. for the year 2005.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhsFeisb3F&md5=0baecab9161b1fbb9a2695fc697675c6
22
Liousse, C.; Assamoi, E.; Criqui, P.; Granier, C.; Rosset, R. Explosive growth in African combustion emissions from 2005 to 2030 Environ. Res. Lett. 2014, 9 (3) 035003 DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/9/3/035003
Google Scholar
22
Explosive growth in African combustion emissions from 2005 to 2030
Liousse, C.; Assamoi, E.; Criqui, P.; Granier, C.; Rosset, R.
Environmental Research Letters (2014), 9 (3), 035003CODEN: ERLNAL; ISSN:1748-9326. (IOP Publishing Ltd.)
Emissions of gases and particles from the combustion of fossil fuels and biofuels in Africa are expected to increase significantly in the near future due to the rapid growth of African cities and megacities. There is currently no regional emissions inventory that provides ests. of anthropogenic combustion for the African continent. This work provides a quantification of the evolution of African combustion emissions from 2005 to 2030, using a bottom-up method. This inventory predicts very large increases in black carbon, org. carbon, CO, NOx, SO2 and non-methane hydrocarbon emissions if no emission regulations are implemented. This paper discusses the effectiveness of scenarios involving certain fuels, specific to Africa in each activity sector and each region (western, eastern, northern and southern Africa), to reduce the emissions. The estd. trends in African emissions are consistent with emissions provided by global inventories, but they display a larger range of values. African combustion emissions contributed significantly to global emissions in 2005. This contribution will increase more significantly by 2030: org. carbon emissions will for example make up 50% of the global emissions in 2030. Furthermore, we show that the magnitude of African anthropogenic emissions could be similar to African biomass burning emissions around 2030.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXjt1ait7o%253D&md5=a122716cd1045c76b88ca236bab1a07c
23
Fiore, A. M.; Naik, V.; Leibensperger, E. M. Air Quality and Climate Connections J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 2015, 65 (6) 645– 685 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2015.1040526
Google Scholar
23
Air Quality and Climate Connections
Fiore, Arlene M.; Naik, Vaishali; Leibensperger, Eric M.
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (2015), 65 (6), 645-685CODEN: JAWAFC; ISSN:1096-2247. (Taylor & Francis Ltd.)
Multiple linkages connect air quality and climate change. Many air pollutant sources also emit carbon dioxide (CO2), the dominant anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG). The two main contributors to non-attainment of U. S. ambient air quality stds., ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM), interact with radiation, forcing climate change. PM warms by absorbing sunlight (e.g., black carbon) or cools by scattering sunlight (e.g., sulfates) and interacts with clouds; these radiative and microphys. interactions can induce changes in pptn. and regional circulation patterns. Climate change is expected to degrade air quality in many polluted regions by changing air pollution meteorol. (ventilation and diln.), pptn. and other removal processes, and by triggering some amplifying responses in atm. chem. and in anthropogenic and natural sources. Together, these processes shape distributions and extreme episodes of O3 and PM. Global modeling indicates that as air pollution programs reduce SO2 to meet health and other air quality goals, near-term warming accelerates due to "unmasking" of warming induced by rising CO2. Air pollutant controls on CH4, a potent GHG and precursor to global O3 levels, and on sources with high black carbon (BC) to org. carbon (OC) ratios could offset near-term warming induced by SO2 emission redns., while reducing global background O3 and regionally high levels of PM. Lowering peak warming requires decreasing atm. CO2, which for some source categories would also reduce co-emitted air pollutants or their precursors. Model projections for alternative climate and air quality scenarios indicate a wide range for U. S. surface O3 and fine PM, although regional projections may be confounded by interannual to decadal natural climate variability. Continued implementation of U. S. NOx emission controls guards against rising pollution levels triggered either by climate change or by global emission growth. Improved accuracy and trends in emission inventories are crit. for accountability analyses of historical and projected air pollution and climate mitigation policies. Implications: The expansion of U. S. air pollution policy to protect climate provides an opportunity for joint mitigation, with CH4 a prime target. BC redns. in developing nations would lower the global health burden, and for BC-rich sources (e.g., diesel) may lessen warming. Controls on these emissions could offset near-term warming induced by health-motivated redns. of sulfate (cooling). Wildfires, dust, and other natural PM and O3 sources may increase with climate warming, posing challenges to implementing and attaining air quality stds. Accountability analyses for recent and projected air pollution and climate control strategies should underpin estd. benefits and trade-offs of future policies.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXptFeltbo%253D&md5=b6626a41738a4c9ecdce0b6800d3f20f
24
Pechony, O.; Shindell, D. T. Driving forces of global wildfires over the past millennium and the forthcoming century Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2010, 107 (45) 19167– 19170 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1003669107
Google Scholar
24
Driving forces of global wildfires over the past millennium and the forthcoming century
Pechony, O.; Shindell, D. T.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2010), 107 (45), 19167-19170, S19167/1-S19167/6CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)
Recent bursts in the incidence of large wildfires worldwide have raised concerns about the influence climate change and humans might have on future fire activity. Comparatively little is known, however, about the relative importance of these factors in shaping global fire history. Here we use fire and climate modeling, combined with land cover and population ests., to gain a better understanding of the forces driving global fire trends. Our model successfully .reproduces global fire activity record over the last millennium and reveals distinct regimes in global fire behavior. We find that during the preindustrial period, the global fire regime was strongly driven by pptn. (rather than temp.), shifting to an anthropogenic-driven regime with the Industrial Revolution. Our future projections indicate an impending shift to a temp.-driven global fire regime in the 21st century, creating an unprecedentedly fire-prone environment. These results suggest a possibility that in the future climate will play a considerably stronger role in driving global fire trends, outweighing direct human influence on fire (both ignition and suppression), a reversal from the situation during the last two centuries.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXhsVGru7rO&md5=b145c5184969bd2de6aa2317d10ef82f
25
Yue, X.; Mickley, L. J.; Logan, J. A.; Hudman, R. C.; Martin, M. V.; Yantosca, R. M. Impact of 2050 climate change on North American wildfire: consequences for ozone air quality Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2015, 15, 10033– 10055 DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-10033-2015
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
26
de Gouw, J.; Warneke, C. Measurements of volatile organic compounds in the earths atmosphere using proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry Mass Spectrom. Rev. 2007, 26 (2) 223– 257 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20119
Google Scholar
26
Measurements of volatile organic compounds in the earth's atmosphere using proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry
de Gouw, Joost; Warneke, Carsten
Mass Spectrometry Reviews (2007), 26 (2), 223-257CODEN: MSRVD3; ISSN:0277-7037. (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)
A review. Proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) allows real-time measurements of volatile org. compds. (VOCs) in air with a high sensitivity and a fast time response. The use of PTR-MS in atm. research has expanded rapidly in recent years, and much has been learned about the instrument response and specificity of the technique in the anal. of air from different regions of the atm. This paper aims to review the progress that has been made. The theory of operation is described and allows the response of the instrument to be described for different operating conditions. More accurate detns. of the instrument response involve calibrations using std. mixts., and some results are shown. Much has been learned about the specificity of PTR-MS from inter-comparison studies as well the coupling of PTR-MS with a gas chromatog. interface. The literature on this issue is reviewed and summarized for many VOCs of atm. interest. Some highlights of airborne measurements by PTR-MS are presented, including the results obtained in fresh and aged forest-fire and urban plumes. Finally, the recent work that is focused on improving the technique is discussed.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2sXjtlKqtrY%253D&md5=d360b9694f696705ba4da11c4feb006e
27
Jimenez, J. L.; Canagaratna, M. R.; Donahue, N. M.; Prevot, A. S. H.; Zhang, Q.; Kroll, J. H.; DeCarlo, P. F.; Allan, J. D.; Coe, H.; Ng, N. L.; Aiken, A. C.; Docherty, K. S.; Ulbrich, I. M.; Grieshop, A. P.; Robinson, A. L.; Duplissy, J.; Smith, J. D.; Wilson, K. R.; Lanz, V. A.; Hueglin, C.; Sun, Y. L.; Tian, J.; Laaksonen, A.; Raatikainen, T.; Rautiainen, J.; Vaattovaara, P.; Ehn, M.; Kulmala, M.; Tomlinson, J. M.; Collins, D. R.; Cubison, M. J.; Dunlea, E. J.; Huffman, J. A.; Onasch, T. B.; Alfarra, M. R.; Williams, P. I.; Bower, K.; Kondo, Y.; Schneider, J.; Drewnick, F.; Borrmann, S.; Weimer, S.; Demerjian, K.; Salcedo, D.; Cottrell, L.; Griffin, R.; Takami, A.; Miyoshi, T.; Hatakeyama, S.; Shimono, A.; Sun, J. Y.; Zhang, Y. M.; Dzepina, K.; Kimmel, J. R.; Sueper, D.; Jayne, J. T.; Herndon, S. C.; Trimborn, A. M.; Williams, L. R.; Wood, E. C.; Middlebrook, A. M.; Kolb, C. E.; Baltensperger, U.; Worsnop, D. R. Evolution of Organic Aerosols in the Atmosphere Science 2009, 326 (5959) 1525– 1529 DOI: 10.1126/science.1180353
Google Scholar
27
Evolution of Organic Aerosols in the Atmosphere
Jimenez, J. L.; Canagaratna, M. R.; Donahue, N. M.; Prevot, A. S. H.; Zhang, Q.; Kroll, J. H.; DeCarlo, P. F.; Allan, J. D.; Coe, H.; Ng, N. L.; Aiken, A. C.; Docherty, K. S.; Ulbrich, I. M.; Grieshop, A. P.; Robinson, A. L.; Duplissy, J.; Smith, J. D.; Wilson, K. R.; Lanz, V. A.; Hueglin, C.; Sun, Y. L.; Tian, J.; Laaksonen, A.; Raatikainen, T.; Rautiainen, J.; Vaattovaara, P.; Ehn, M.; Kulmala, M.; Tomlinson, J. M.; Collins, D. R.; Cubison, M. J.; Dunlea, J.; Huffman, J. A.; Onasch, T. B.; Alfarra, M. R.; Williams, P. I.; Bower, K.; Kondo, Y.; Schneider, J.; Drewnick, F.; Borrmann, S.; Weimer, S.; Demerjian, K.; Salcedo, D.; Cottrell, L.; Griffin, R.; Takami, A.; Miyoshi, T.; Hatakeyama, S.; Shimono, A.; Sun, J. Y.; Zhang, Y. M.; Dzepina, K.; Kimmel, J. R.; Sueper, D.; Jayne, J. T.; Herndon, S. C.; Trimborn, A. M.; Williams, L. R.; Wood, E. C.; Middlebrook, A. M.; Kolb, C. E.; Baltensperger, U.; Worsnop, D. R.
Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2009), 326 (5959), 1525-1529CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)
Org. aerosol (OA) particles affect climate forcing and human health, but their sources and evolution are poorly characterized. A unifying model framework describing the atm. evolution of OA which is constrained by high time resolved measurements of its compn., volatility, and oxidn. state is presented. OA and OA precursor gases evolve by becoming increasingly oxidized, less volatile, and more hygroscopic, leading to the formation of oxygenated org. aerosols (OOA), with concns. comparable to those of SO42- aerosols throughout the Northern Hemisphere. This model framework captures the dynamic aging behavior obsd. in the atm. and lab.; it serves as a basis to improve regional and global model parameterizations.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1MXhsFensbjE&md5=dd5505995c2591c0540180493b0020ee
28
Shiraiwa, M.; Sosedova, Y.; Rouviere, A.; Yang, H.; Zhang, Y. Y.; Abbatt, J. P. D.; Ammann, M.; Poschl, U. The role of long-lived reactive oxygen intermediates in the reaction of ozone with aerosol particles Nat. Chem. 2011, 3 (4) 291– 295 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.988
Google Scholar
28
The role of long-lived reactive oxygen intermediates in the reaction of ozone with aerosol particles
Shiraiwa, Manabu; Sosedova, Yulia; Rouviere, Aureile; Yang, Hong; Zhang, Yingyi; Abbatt, Jonathan P. D.; Ammann, Markus; Poschl, Ulrich
Nature Chemistry (2011), 3 (4), 291-295CODEN: NCAHBB; ISSN:1755-4330. (Nature Publishing Group)
Heterogeneous reactions of O3 with aerosol particles are of central importance to air quality. They are studied extensively, but mol. mechanisms and kinetics are unresolved. Based on new exptl. data and calcns., this work showed long-lived reactive O intermediates (ROI) are formed. The chem. lifetime of these intermediates is >100 s, much longer than the surface residence time of mol. O3 (∼10-9 s). ROI explain and resolve apparent discrepancies between earlier quantum mech. calcns. and kinetic expts. They play a key role in the chem. transformation and adverse health effects of toxic, allergenic airborne particulate matter, e.g., soot, polycyclic arom. hydrocarbons, and proteins. ROI may also be involved in the decompn. of O3 on mineral dust and in formation and growth of secondary org. aerosols. Also, ROI may contribute to the coupling of atm. and biospheric multi-phase processes.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXjvVKru74%253D&md5=bcf134a0991721c02a2d7a21f07a5665
29
Verma, V.; Fang, T.; Guo, H.; King, L.; Bates, J. T.; Peltier, R. E.; Edgerton, E.; Russell, A. G.; Weber, R. J. Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM2.5 in the southeastern United States: spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2014, 14 (23) 12915– 12930 DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-12915-2014
Google Scholar
29
Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM2.5 in the Southeastern United States: spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment
Verma, V.; Fang, T.; Guo, H.; King, L.; Bates, J. T.; Peltier, R. E.; Edgerton, E.; Russell, A. G.; Weber, R. J.
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2014), 14 (23), 12915-12930, 16 pp.CODEN: ACPTCE; ISSN:1680-7324. (Copernicus Publications)
We assess the potential of the water-sol. fraction of atm. fine aerosols in the Southeastern United States to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and identify major ROS-assocd. emission sources. ROS-generation potential of particles was quantified by the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay and involved anal. of fine particulate matter (PM) extd. from high-vol. quartz filters (23 h integrated samples) collected at various sites in different environmental settings in the southeast, including three urban-Atlanta sites, in addn. to a rural site. Paired sampling was conducted with one fixed site in Atlanta (Jefferson Street), representative of the urban environment, with the others rotating among different sites, for ∼250 days between June 2012 and Sept. 2013 (N = 483). A simple linear regression between the DTT activity and aerosol chem. components revealed strong assocns. between PM ROSgeneration potential and secondary org. aerosol (WSOC - water-sol. org. carbon) in summer, and biomass burning markers in winter. Redox-active metals were also somewhat correlated with the DTT activity, but mostly at urban and roadside sites. Pos. matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to apportion the relative contribution of various sources to the ROS-generation potential of water-sol. PM2.5 in urban Atlanta. PMF showed that vehicular emissions contribute uniformly throughout the year (12-25 %), while secondary oxidn. processes dominated the DTT activity in summer (46%) and biomass burning in winter (47%). Road dust was significant only during drier periods (∼12% in summr and fall). Source apportionment by chem. mass balance (CMB) was reasonably consistent with PMF, but with higher contribution from vehicular emissions (32%). Given the spatially large data set of PM sampled over an extended period, the study reconciles the results from previous work that showed only region- or season-specific aerosol components or sources contributing to PM ROS activity, possibly due to smaller sample sizes. The ubiquitous nature of the major sources of PM-assocd. ROS suggests widespread population exposures to aerosol components that have the ability to catalyze the prodn. of oxidants in vivo.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXitFGgtbbO&md5=83b7d579255971841ee349ee5db3a598
30
Roberts, J. M.; Veres, P. R.; Cochran, A. K.; Warneke, C.; Burling, I. R.; Yokelson, R. J.; Lerner, B.; Gilman, J. B.; Kuster, W. C.; Fall, R.; de Gouw, J. Isocyanic acid in the atmosphere and its possible link to smoke-related health effects (vol 108, pg 8966, 2011) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2011, 108 (41) 17234– 17234 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1103352108
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
31
Snyder, E. G.; Watkins, T. H.; Solomon, P. A.; Thoma, E. D.; Williams, R. W.; Hagler, G. S. W.; Shelow, D.; Hindin, D. A.; Kilaru, V. J.; Preuss, P. W. The Changing Paradigm of Air Pollution Monitoring Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47 (20) 11369– 11377 DOI: 10.1021/es4022602
Google Scholar
31
The Changing Paradigm of Air Pollution Monitoring
Snyder, Emily G.; Watkins, Timothy H.; Solomon, Paul A.; Thoma, Eben D.; Williams, Ronald W.; Hagler, Gayle S. W.; Shelow, David; Hindin, David A.; Kilaru, Vasu J.; Preuss, Peter W.
Environmental Science & Technology (2013), 47 (20), 11369-11377CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
The air pollution monitoring paradigm is rapidly changing due to recent advances in: development of portable, lower-cost air pollution sensors which report data in near-real time at high-time resoln.; increased computational and visualization capabilities; and wireless communication/infrastructure. It is possible these advances can support traditional air quality monitoring by supplementing ambient air monitoring and enhancing compliance monitoring. Sensors are beginning to provide individuals and communities necessary tools to understand their environmental exposure; these individual and community-based data strategies can be developed to reduce pollution exposure and to understand links to health indicators. Topics discussed include: current state of sensor science; supplementing routine ambient air monitoring networks; expanding the conversation with communities and citizens; enhancing source compliance monitoring; monitoring personal exposure; challenges; and opportunities for solns.: a changing role for government.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhtlektr3L&md5=04be15e19300cd103b92f730f8d805f3
32
Dionisio, K. L.; Rooney, M. S.; Arku, R. E.; Friedman, A. B.; Hughes, A. F.; Vallarino, J.; Agyei-Mensah, S.; Spengler, J. D.; Ezzati, M. Within-Neighborhood Patterns and Sources of Particle Pollution: Mobile Monitoring and Geographic Information System Analysis in Four Communities in Accra, Ghana Environ. Health Perspect. 2010, 118 (5) 607– 613 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0901365
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
33
Lung, S. C. C.; Hsiao, P. K.; Wen, T. Y.; Liu, C. H.; Fu, C. B.; Cheng, Y. T. Variability of intra-urban exposure to particulate matter and CO from Asian-type community pollution sources Atmos. Environ. 2014, 83, 6– 13 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.10.046
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
34
Larson, T.; Henderson, S. B.; Brauer, M. Mobile Monitoring of Particle Light Absorption Coefficient in an Urban Area as a Basis for Land Use Regression Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43 (13) 4672– 4678 DOI: 10.1021/es803068e
Google Scholar
34
Mobile Monitoring of Particle Light Absorption Coefficient in an Urban Area as a Basis for Land Use Regression
Larson, Timothy; Henderson, Sarah B.; Brauer, Michael
Environmental Science & Technology (2009), 43 (13), 4672-4678CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
Land use regression (LUR) is used to map air pollutant concn. spatial variability for risk assessment, epidemiol., and air quality management. Conventional LUR requires long-term measurements at multiple sites, so application to particulate matter has been limited. Mobile monitoring characterized spatial variability in carbon black concns. for LUR modeling. A particle soot absorption photometer in a moving vehicle measured the absorption coeff. (σap) in summer during peak afternoon traffic at 39 sites. LUR modeled the mean and 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentile values of the distribution of 10-s measurements for each site. Model performance (detd. by R2) was higher for the 25th and 50th percentiles (0.72 and 0.68, resp.) than for the mean, 75th, and 90th percentiles (0.51, 0.55, and 0.54, resp.). Performance was similar to that reported for conventional LUR models of NO2 and NO in this region (116 sites) and better than that for mean σap from fixed-location samplers (25 sites). Models of the mean, 75th, and 90th percentiles favored predictors describing truck, rather than total, traffic. This approach is applicable to other urban areas to facilitate development of LUR models for particulate matter.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1MXktFemu7Y%253D&md5=2272c625e697e1b1f41abb4c1b3ed6ee
35
Mead, M. I.; Popoola, O. A. M.; Stewart, G. B.; Landshoff, P.; Calleja, M.; Hayes, M.; Baldovi, J. J.; McLeod, M. W.; Hodgson, T. F.; Dicks, J.; Lewis, A.; Cohen, J.; Baron, R.; Saffell, J. R.; Jones, R. L. The use of electrochemical sensors for monitoring urban air quality in low-cost, high-density networks Atmos. Environ. 2013, 70, 186– 203 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.11.060
Google Scholar
35
Use of electrochemical sensors for monitoring urban air quality in low-cost, high-density network
Mead, M. I.; Popoola, O. A. M.; Stewart, G. B.; Landshoff, P.; Calleja, M.; Hayes, M.; Baldovi, J. J.; McLeod, M. W.; Hodgson, T. F.; Dicks, J.; Lewis, A.; Cohen, J.; Baron, R.; Saffell, J. R.; Jones, R. L.
Atmospheric Environment (2013), 70 (), 186-203CODEN: AENVEQ; ISSN:1352-2310. (Elsevier Ltd.)
Measurements at appropriate spatial and temporal scales are essential for understanding and monitoring spatially heterogeneous environments with complex and highly variable emission sources, such as in urban areas. However, the costs and complexity of conventional air quality measurement methods means that measurement networks are generally extremely sparse. In this paper we show that miniature, low-cost electrochem. gas sensors, traditionally used for sensing at parts-per-million (ppm) mixing ratios can, when suitably configured and operated, be used for parts-per-billion (ppb) level studies for gases relevant to urban air quality. Sensor nodes, in this case consisting of multiple individual electrochem. sensors, can be low-cost and highly portable, thus allowing the deployment of scalable high-d. air quality sensor networks at fine spatial and temporal scales, and in both static and mobile configurations. In this paper we provide evidence for the performance of electrochem. sensors at the parts-per-billion level, and then outline results obtained from deployments of networks of sensor nodes in both an autonomous, high-d., static network in the wider Cambridge (UK) area, and as mobile networks for quantification of personal exposure. Examples are presented of measurements obtained with both highly portable devices held by pedestrians and cyclists, and static devices attached to street furniture. The widely varying mixing ratios reported by this study confirm that the urban environment cannot be fully characterised using sparse, static networks, and that measurement networks with higher resoln. (both spatially and temporally) are required to quantify air quality at the scales which are present in the urban environment. We conclude that the instruments described here, and the low-cost/high-d. measurement philosophy which underpins it, have the potential to provide a far more complete assessment of the high-granularity air quality structure generally obsd. in the urban environment, and could ultimately be used for quantification of human exposure as well as for monitoring and legislative purposes.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXjslKmurg%253D&md5=fac1c1d89e2f94af9117fc584a522ae8
36
van Donkelaar, A.; Martin, R. V.; Brauer, M.; Boys, B. L. Use of Satellite Observations for Long-Term Exposure Assessment of Global Concentrations of Fine Particulate Matter Environ. Health Perspect. 2015, 123 (2) 135– 143 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1408646
Google Scholar
36
Use of satellite observations for long-term exposure assessment of global concentrations of fine particulate matter
van Donkelaar Aaron; Martin Randall V; Brauer Michael; Boys Brian L
Environmental health perspectives (2015), 123 (2), 135-43 ISSN:.
BACKGROUND: More than a decade of satellite observations offers global information about the trend and magnitude of human exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5). OBJECTIVE: In this study, we developed improved global exposure estimates of ambient PM2.5 mass and trend using PM2.5 concentrations inferred from multiple satellite instruments. METHODS: We combined three satellite-derived PM2.5 sources to produce global PM2.5 estimates at about 10 km × 10 km from 1998 through 2012. For each source, we related total column retrievals of aerosol optical depth to near-ground PM2.5 using the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model to represent local aerosol optical properties and vertical profiles. We collected 210 global ground-based PM2.5 observations from the literature to evaluate our satellite-based estimates with values measured in areas other than North America and Europe. RESULTS: We estimated that global population-weighted ambient PM2.5 concentrations increased 0.55 μg/m3/year (95% CI: 0.43, 0.67) (2.1%/year; 95% CI: 1.6, 2.6) from 1998 through 2012. Increasing PM2.5 in some developing regions drove this global change, despite decreasing PM2.5 in some developed regions. The estimated proportion of the population of East Asia living above the World Health Organization (WHO) Interim Target-1 of 35 μg/m3 increased from 51% in 1998-2000 to 70% in 2010-2012. In contrast, the North American proportion above the WHO Air Quality Guideline of 10 μg/m3 fell from 62% in 1998-2000 to 19% in 2010-2012. We found significant agreement between satellite-derived estimates and ground-based measurements outside North America and Europe (r = 0.81; n = 210; slope = 0.68). The low bias in satellite-derived estimates suggests that true global concentrations could be even greater. CONCLUSIONS: Satellite observations provide insight into global long-term changes in ambient PM2.5 concentrations. Satellite-derived estimates and ground-based PM2.5 observations from this study are available for public use.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC2M3jtVaisA%253D%253D&md5=1178880e6f850f7acacdb93ea2c50f02
37
Kloog, I.; Chudnovsky, A. A.; Just, A. C.; Nordio, F.; Koutrakis, P.; Coull, B. A.; Lyapustin, A.; Wang, Y. J.; Schwartz, J. A new hybrid spatio-temporal model for estimating daily multi-year PM2.5 concentrations across northeastern USA using high resolution aerosol optical depth data Atmos. Environ. 2014, 95, 581– 590 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.07.014
Google Scholar
37
A new hybrid spatio-temporal model for estimating daily multi-year PM2.5 concentrations across northeastern USA using high resolution aerosol optical depth data
Kloog, Itai; Chudnovsky, Alexandra A.; Just, Allan C.; Nordio, Francesco; Koutrakis, Petros; Coull, Brent A.; Lyapustin, Alexei; Wang, Yujie; Schwartz, Joel
Atmospheric Environment (2014), 95 (), 581-590CODEN: AENVEQ; ISSN:1352-2310. (Elsevier Ltd.)
The use of satellite-based aerosol optical depth (AOD) to est. fine particulate matter (PM2.5) for epidemiol. studies has increased substantially over the past few years. These recent studies often report moderate predictive power, which can generate downward bias in effect ests. In addn., AOD measurements have only moderate spatial resoln., and have substantial missing data. We make use of recent advances in MODIS satellite data processing algorithms Multi-Angle Implementation of Atm. Correction (MAIAC), which allow us to use 1 km (vs. currently available 10 km) resoln. AOD data. We developed and cross validated models to predict daily PM2.5 at a 1 × 1 km resoln. across the northeastern USA (New England, New York and New Jersey) for the years 2003-2011, allowing us to better differentiate daily and long term exposure between urban, suburban, and rural areas. Addnl., we developed an approach that allows us to generate daily high-resoln. 200 m localized predictions representing deviations from the area 1 × 1 km grid predictions. We used mixed models regressing PM2.5 measurements against day-specific random intercepts, and fixed and random AOD and temp. slopes. We then use generalized additive mixed models with spatial smoothing to generate grid cell predictions when AOD was missing. Finally, to get 200 m localized predictions, we regressed the residuals from the final model for each monitor against the local spatial and temporal variables at each monitoring site. Our model performance was excellent (mean out-of-sample R2 = 0.88). The spatial and temporal components of the out-of-sample results also presented very good fits to the withheld data (R2 = 0.87, R2 = 0.87). In addn., our results revealed very little bias in the predicted concns. (Slope of predictions vs. withheld observations = 0.99). Our daily model results show high predictive accuracy at high spatial resolns. and will be useful in reconstructing exposure histories for epidemiol. studies across this region.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXht1Cnsr3L&md5=eb3e933d739ed280a98c7fb43075d476
38
Ma, Z. W.; Hu, X. F.; Huang, L.; Bi, J.; Liu, Y. Estimating Ground-Level PM2.5 in China Using Satellite Remote Sensing Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48 (13) 7436– 7444 DOI: 10.1021/es5009399
Google Scholar
38
Estimating Ground-Level PM2.5 in China Using Satellite Remote Sensing
Ma, Zongwei; Hu, Xuefei; Huang, Lei; Bi, Jun; Liu, Yang
Environmental Science & Technology (2014), 48 (13), 7436-7444CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
Estg. ground-level PM2.5 from satellite-derived aerosol optical depth (AOD) using a spatial statistical model is a promising new method to evaluate the spatial and temporal characteristics of PM2.5 exposure in a large geog. region. However, studies outside North America have been limited due to the lack of ground PM2.5 measurements to calibrate the model. Taking advantage of the newly established national monitoring network, we developed a national-scale geog. weighted regression (GWR) model to est. daily PM2.5 concns. in China with fused satellite AOD as the primary predictor. The results showed that the meteorol. and land use information can greatly improve model performance. The overall cross-validation (CV) R2 is 0.64 and root mean squared prediction error (RMSE) is 32.98 μg/m3. The mean prediction error (MPE) of the predicted annual PM2.5 is 8.28 μg/m3. Our predicted annual PM2.5 concns. indicated that over 96% of the Chinese population lives in areas that exceed the Chinese National Ambient Air Quality Std. (CNAAQS) Level 2 std. Our results also confirmed satellite-derived AOD in conjunction with meteorol. fields and land use information can be successfully applied to extend the ground PM2.5 monitoring network in China.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXpt1yqsrs%253D&md5=00fe05f7ca3d36ff090287cb15ad5cf2
39
Yu, H. B.; Remer, L. A.; Chin, M.; Bian, H. S.; Tan, Q.; Yuan, T. L.; Zhang, Y. Aerosols from Overseas Rival Domestic Emissions over North America Science 2012, 337 (6094) 566– 569 DOI: 10.1126/science.1217576
Google Scholar
39
Aerosols from Overseas Rival Domestic Emissions over North America
Yu, Hongbin; Remer, Lorraine A.; Chin, Mian; Bian, Huisheng; Tan, Qian; Yuan, Tianle; Zhang, Yan
Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2012), 337 (6094), 566-569CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)
Many types of aerosols have lifetimes long enough for their transcontinental transport, making them potentially important contributors to air quality and climate change in remote locations. We est. that the mass of aerosols arriving at North American shores from overseas is comparable with the total mass of particulates emitted domestically. Curbing domestic emissions of particulates and precursor gases, therefore, is not sufficient to mitigate aerosol impacts in North America. The imported contribution is dominated by dust leaving Asia, not by combustion-generated particles. Thus, even a redn. of industrial emissions of the emerging economies of Asia could be overwhelmed by an increase of dust emissions due to changes in meteorol. conditions and potential desertification.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XhtFWhsbnM&md5=c377efd76fedaad188e83c589fa02507
40
Punger, E. M.; West, J. J. The effect of grid resolution on estimates of the burden of ozone and fine particulate matter on premature mortality in the USA Air Qual., Atmos. Health 2013, 6 (3) 563– 573 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-013-0197-8
Google Scholar
40
The effect of grid resolution on estimates of the burden of ozone and fine particulate matter on premature mortality in the USA
Punger, Elizabeth M.; West, J. Jason
Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health (2013), 6 (3), 563-573CODEN: AQAHAX; ISSN:1873-9326. (Springer)
Assessments of human health impacts assocd. with outdoor air pollution often use air quality models to represent exposure, but involve uncertainties due to coarse model resoln. Here, we quantify how ests. of mortality in the USA attributable to ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) at coarse resoln. differ from those at finer resoln. Using the finest modeled concns. (12 km), we est. that 66,000 (95% CI, 39,300-84,500) all-cause and 21,400 (5,600-34,200) respiratory deaths per yr are attributable to PM2.5 and O3 concns. above low-concn. thresholds, resp. Using model results at 36 km resoln. gives mortality burdens that are 11 % higher for PM2.5 and 12% higher for O3 than the 12-km ests., suggesting a modest pos. bias. We also scale modeled concns. at 12 km to coarser resolns. by simple averaging and repeat the mortality assessment at multiple resolns. from 24 to 408 km, including the resolns. of global models; in doing so, we account for the effect of resoln. on population exposure. Coarse grid resolns. produce mortality ests. that are substantially biased low for PM2.5 (30-40 % lower than the 12-km est. at >250 km resoln.), but less than 6% higher for O3 at any resoln. Mortality ests. for primary PM2.5 species show greater bias at coarse resoln. than secondary species. These results suggest that coarse resoln. global models (>100 km) are likely biased low for PM2.5 health effects. For ozone, biases due to coarse resoln. may be much smaller, and the effect on modeled chem. likely dominates.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhsFCrsLvO&md5=447165911aa2e44e3154d91ed2b37946
41
Surratt, J. D.; Chan, A. W. H.; Eddingsaas, N. C.; Chan, M. N.; Loza, C. L.; Kwan, A. J.; Hersey, S. P.; Flagan, R. C.; Wennberg, P. O.; Seinfeld, J. H. Reactive intermediates revealed in secondary organic aerosol formation from isoprene Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2010, 107 (15) 6640– 6645 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0911114107
Google Scholar
41
Reactive intermediates revealed in secondary organic aerosol formation from isoprene
Surratt, Jason D.; Chan, Arthur W. H.; Eddingsaas, Nathan C.; Chan, Mannin; Loza, Christine L.; Kwan, Alan J.; Hersey, Scott P.; Flagan, Richard C.; Wennberg, Paul O.; Seinfeld, John H.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2010), 107 (15), 6640-6645, S6640/1-S6640/10CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)
Isoprene is a significant source of atm. org. aerosol; however, the oxidn. pathways that lead to secondary org. aerosol (SOA) have remained elusive. Here, we identify the role of two key reactive intermediates, epoxydiols of isoprene (IEPOX = β-IEPOX + δ-IEPOX) and methacryloylperoxynitrate (MPAN), which are formed during isoprene oxidn. under low- and high-NOx conditions, resp. Isoprene low-NOx SOA is enhanced in the presence of acidified sulfate seed aerosol (mass yield 28.6%) over that in the presence of neutral aerosol (mass yield 1.3%). Increased uptake of IEPOX by acid-catalyzed particle-phase reactions is shown to explain this enhancement. Under high-NOx conditions, isoprene SOA formation occurs through oxidn. of its second-generation product, MPAN. The similarity of the compn. of SOA formed from the photooxidn. of MPAN to that formed from isoprene and methacrolein demonstrates the role of MPAN in the formation of isoprene high-NOx SOA. Reactions of IEPOX and MPAN in the presence of anthropogenic pollutants (i.e., acidic aerosol produced from the oxidn. of SO2 and NO2, resp.) could be a substantial source of "missing urban SOA" not included in current atm. models.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXltFSjsL0%253D&md5=e4774b105b66f9b33ac5bcbc0053f2fb
42
Vienneau, D.; de Hoogh, K.; Bechle, M. J.; Beelen, R.; van Donkelaar, A.; Martin, R. V.; Millet, D. B.; Hoek, G.; Marshall, J. D. Western European Land Use Regression Incorporating Satellite- and Ground-Based Measurements of NO2 and PM10 Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47 (23) 13555– 13564 DOI: 10.1021/es403089q
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
43
National Research Council. Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution; National Academy Press: Washington, DC, 1991.
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
44
Dunlea, E. J.; Herndon, S. C.; Nelson, D. D.; Volkamer, R. M.; San Martini, F.; Sheehy, P. M.; Zahniser, M. S.; Shorter, J. H.; Wormhoudt, J. C.; Lamb, B. K.; Allwine, E. J.; Gaffney, J. S.; Marley, N. A.; Grutter, M.; Marquez, C.; Blanco, S.; Cardenas, B.; Retama, A.; Villegas, C. R. R.; Kolb, C. E.; Molina, L. T.; Molina, M. J. Evaluation of nitrogen dioxide chemiluminescence monitors in a polluted urban environment Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2007, 7 (10) 2691– 2704 DOI: 10.5194/acp-7-2691-2007
Google Scholar
44
Evaluation of nitrogen dioxide chemiluminescence monitors in a polluted urban environment
Dunlea, E. J.; Herndon, S. C.; Nelson, D. D.; Volkamer, R. M.; San Martini, F.; Sheehy, P. M.; Zahniser, M. S.; Shorter, J. H.; Wormhoudt, J. C.; Lamb, B. K.; Allwine, E. J.; Gaffney, J. S.; Marley, N. A.; Grutter, M.; Marquez, C.; Blanco, S.; Cardenas, B.; Retama, A.; Villegas, C. R. Ramos; Kolb, C. E.; Molina, L. T.; Molina, M. J.
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2007), 7 (10), 2691-2704CODEN: ACPTCE; ISSN:1680-7316. (European Geosciences Union)
Data from a recent field campaign in Mexico City are used to evaluate the performance of the EPA Federal Ref. Method for monitoring the ambient concns. of NO2. Measurements of NO2 from std. chemiluminescence monitors equipped with molybdenum oxide converters are compared with those from Tunable IR Laser Differential Absorption Spectroscopy (TILDAS) and Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) instruments. A significant interference in the chemiluminescence measurement is shown to account for up to 50% of ambient NO2 concn. during afternoon hours. As expected, this interference correlates well with non-NOx reactive nitrogen species (NOz) as well as with ambient O3 concns., indicating a photochem. source for the interfering species. A combination of ambient gas phase nitric acid and alkyl and multifunctional alkyl nitrates is deduced to be the primary cause of the interference. Observations at four locations at varying proximities to emission sources indicate that the percentage contribution of HNO3 to the interference decreases with time as the air parcel ages. Alkyl and multifunctional alkyl nitrate concns. are calcd. to reach concns. as high as several ppb inside the city, on par with the highest values previously obsd. in other urban locations. Averaged over the MCMA-2003 field campaign, the chemiluminescence monitor interference resulted in an av. measured NO2 concn. up to 22% greater than that from co-located spectroscopic measurements. Thus, this interference has the potential to initiate regulatory action in areas that are close to non-attainment and may mislead atm. photochem. models used to assess control strategies for photochem. oxidants.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2sXnsl2isLg%253D&md5=0e795e2c6c25a09b8e159156c554103c
45
Jerrett, M.; Burnett, R. T.; Pope, C. A.; Ito, K.; Thurston, G.; Krewski, D.; Shi, Y. L.; Calle, E.; Thun, M. Long-Term Ozone Exposure and Mortality N. Engl. J. Med. 2009, 360 (11) 1085– 1095 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0803894
Google Scholar
45
Long-term ozone exposure and mortality
Jerrett, Michael; Burnett, Richard T.; Pope, C. Arden, III; Ito, Kazuhiko; Thurston, George; Krewski, Daniel; Shi, Yuanli; Calle, Eugenia; Thun, Michael
New England Journal of Medicine (2009), 360 (11), 1085-1095CODEN: NEJMAG; ISSN:0028-4793. (Massachusetts Medical Society)
Although many studies have linked elevations in tropospheric ozone to adverse health outcomes, the effect of long-term exposure to ozone on air pollution-related mortality remains uncertain. The authors examd. the potential contribution of exposure to ozone to the risk of death from cardiopulmonary causes and specifically to death from respiratory causes. Data from the study cohort of the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II were correlated with air-pollution data from 96 metropolitan statistical areas in the United States. Data were analyzed from 448,850 subjects, with 118,777 deaths in an 18-yr follow-up period. Data on daily max. ozone concns. were obtained from Apr. 1 to Sept. 30 for the years 1977 through 2000. Data on concns. of fine particulate matter (particles that are ≤2.5 μm in aerodynamic diam. [PM2.5]) were obtained for the years 1999 and 2000. Assocns. between ozone concns. and the risk of death were evaluated with the use of std. and multilevel Cox regression models. In single-pollutant models, increased concns. of either PM2.5 or ozone were significantly assocd. with an increased risk of death from cardiopulmonary causes. In two-pollutant models, PM2.5 was assocd. with the risk of death from cardiovascular causes, whereas ozone was assocd. with the risk of death from respiratory causes. The estd. relative risk of death from respiratory causes that was assocd. with an increment in ozone concn. of 10 ppb was 1.040 (95% confidence interval, 1.010-1.067). The assocn. of ozone with the risk of death from respiratory causes was insensitive to adjustment for confounders and to the type of statistical model used. Thus, in this large study, the authors were not able to detect an effect of ozone on the risk of death from cardiovascular causes when the concn. of PM2.5 was taken into account. The authors did, however, demonstrate a significant increase in the risk of death from respiratory causes in assocn. with an increase in ozone concn.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1MXjtFyisLc%253D&md5=47877ee73ebfa088f7d4d4ff1d13f9b4
46
Beelen, R.; Raaschou-Nielsen, O.; Stafoggia, M.; Andersen, Z. J.; Weinmayr, G.; Hoffmann, B.; Wolf, K.; Samoli, E.; Fischer, P.; Nieuwenhuijsen, M.; Vineis, P.; Xun, W. W.; Katsouyanni, K.; Dimakopoulou, K.; Oudin, A.; Forsberg, B.; Modig, L.; Havulinna, A. S.; Lanki, T.; Turunen, A.; Oftedal, B.; Nystad, W.; Nafstad, P.; De Faire, U.; Pedersen, N. L.; Ostenson, C. G.; Fratiglioni, L.; Penell, J.; Korek, M.; Pershagen, G.; Eriksen, K. T.; Overvad, K.; Ellermann, T.; Eeftens, M.; Peeters, P. H.; Meliefste, K.; Wang, M.; Bueno-de-Mesquita, B.; Sugiri, D.; Kramer, U.; Heinrich, J.; de Hoogh, K.; Key, T.; Peters, A.; Hampel, R.; Concin, H.; Nagel, G.; Ineichen, A.; Schaffner, E.; Probst-Hensch, N.; Kunzli, N.; Schindler, C.; Schikowski, T.; Adam, M.; Phuleria, H.; Vilier, A.; Clavel-Chapelon, F.; Declercq, C.; Grioni, S.; Krogh, V.; Tsai, M. Y.; Ricceri, F.; Sacerdote, C.; Galassi, C.; Migliore, E.; Ranzi, A.; Cesaroni, G.; Badaloni, C.; Forastiere, F.; Tamayo, I.; Amiano, P.; Dorronsoro, M.; Katsoulis, M.; Trichopoulou, A.; Brunekreef, B.; Hoek, G. Effects of long-term exposure to air pollution on natural-cause mortality: an analysis of 22 European cohorts within the multicentre ESCAPE project Lancet 2014, 383 (9919) 785– 795 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62158-3
Google Scholar
46
Effects of long-term exposure to air pollution on natural-cause mortality: an analysis of 22 European cohorts within the multicentre ESCAPE project
Beelen, Rob; Raaschou-Nielsen, Ole; Stafoggia, Massimo; Andersen, Zorana Jovanovic; Weinmayr, Gudrun; Hoffmann, Barbara; Wolf, Kathrin; Samoli, Evangelia; Fischer, Paul; Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark; Vineis, Paolo; Xun, Wei W.; Katsouyanni, Klea; Dimakopoulou, Konstantina; Oudin, Anna; Forsberg, Bertil; Modig, Lars; Havulinna, Aki S.; Lanki, Timo; Turunen, Anu; Oftedal, Bente; Nystad, Wenche; Nafstad, Per; De Faire, Ulf; Pedersen, Nancy L.; Ostenson, Claes-Goran; Fratiglioni, Laura; Penell, Johanna; Korek, Michal; Pershagen, Goran; Eriksen, Kirsten Thorup; Overvad, Kim; Ellermann, Thomas; Eeftens, Marloes; Peeters, Petra H.; Meliefste, Kees; Wang, Meng; Bueno-de-Mesquita, Bas; Sugiri, Dorothea; Kramer, Ursula; Heinrich, Joachim; de Hoogh, Kees; Key, Timothy; Peters, Annette; Hampel, Regina; Concin, Hans; Nagel, Gabriele; Ineichen, Alex; Schaffner, Emmanuel; Probst-Hensch, Nicole; Kunzli, Nino; Schindler, Christian; Schikowski, Tamara; Adam, Martin; Phuleria, Harish; Vilier, Alice; Clavel-Chapelon, Francoise; Declercq, Christophe; Grioni, Sara; Krogh, Vittorio; Tsai, Ming-Yi; Ricceri, Fulvio; Sacerdote, Carlotta; Galassi, Claudia; Migliore, Enrica; Ranzi, Andrea; Cesaroni, Giulia; Badaloni, Chiara; Forastiere, Francesco; Tamayo, Ibon; Amiano, Pilar; Dorronsoro, Miren; Katsoulis, Michail; Trichopoulou, Antonia; Brunekreef, Bert; Hoek, Gerard
Lancet (2014), 383 (9919), 785-795CODEN: LANCAO; ISSN:0140-6736. (Elsevier Ltd.)
Few studies on long-term exposure to air pollution and mortality have been reported from Europe. Within the multicenter European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE), we aimed to investigate the assocn. between natural-cause mortality and long-term exposure to several air pollutants.We used data from 22 European cohort studies, which created a total study population of 367,251 participants. All cohorts were general population samples, although some were restricted to one sex only. With a strictly standardized protocol, we assessed residential exposure to air pollutants as annual av. concns. of particulate matter (PM) with diams. of less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5), less than 10 μm (PM10), and between 10 μm and 2.5 μm (PMcoarse), PM2.5 absorbance, and annual av. concns. of nitrogen oxides (NO2 and NOx), with land use regression models. We also investigated two traffic intensity variables-traffic intensity on the nearest road (vehicles per day) and total traffic load on all major roads within a 100 m buffer. We did cohort-specific statistical analyses using confounder models with increasing adjustment for confounder variables, and Cox proportional hazards models with a common protocol. We obtained pooled effect ests. through a random-effects meta-anal.The total study population consisted of 367,251 participants who contributed 5,118,039 person-years at risk (av. follow-up 13.9 years), of whom 29,076 died from a natural cause during follow-up. A significantly increased hazard ratio (HR) for PM2.5 of 1.07 (95% CI 1.02-1.13) per 5 μg/m3 was recorded. No heterogeneity was noted between individual cohort effect ests. (I2 p value=0.95). HRs for PM2·5 remained significantly raised even when we included only participants exposed to pollutant concns. lower than the European annual mean limit value of 25 μg/m3 (HR 1.06, 95% CI 1.00-1.12) or below 20 μg/m3 (1.07, 1.01-1.13).Long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution was assocd. with natural-cause mortality, even within concn. ranges well below the present European annual mean limit value.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhvFyru7jP&md5=7009daddaa830dfc46fc0d32997e988d
47
Forastiere, F.; Kan, H.; Cohen, A., Updated exposure-response functions available for estimating mortality impacts. In WHO Expert Meeting: Methods and Tools for Assessing the Health Risks of Air Pollution at Local, National and International Level; World Health Organization: Copenhagen, 2014; p 74– 91http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/263629/WHO-Expert-Meeting-Methods-and-tools-for-assessing-the-health-risks-of-air-pollution-at-local,-national-and-international-level.pdf?ua=1 (accessed 22.04.2015).
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
48
Laden, F.; Neas, L. M.; Dockery, D. W.; Schwartz, J. Association of fine particulate matter from different sources with daily mortality in six US cities Environ. Health Perspect. 2000, 108 (10) 941– 947 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.00108941
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
49
Dominici, F.; McDermott, A.; Zeger, S. L.; Samet, J. M. National maps of the effects of particulate matter on mortality: Exploring geographical variation Environ. Health Perspect. 2003, 111 (1) 39– 43 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.5181
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
50
Bell, M. L.; Ebisu, K.; Leaderer, B. P.; Gent, J. F.; Lee, H. J.; Koutrakis, P.; Wang, Y.; Dominici, F.; Peng, R. D. Associations of PM2.5 Constituents and Sources with Hospital Admissions: Analysis of Four Counties in Connecticut and Massachusetts (USA) for Persons ≥ 65 Years of Age Environ. Health Perspect. 2014, 122 (2) 138– 144 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1306656
Google Scholar
50
Associations of PM2.5 constituents and sources with hospital admissions: analysis of four counties in Connecticut and Massachusetts (USA) for persons ≥ 65 years of age
Bell Michelle L; Ebisu Keita; Leaderer Brian P; Gent Janneane F; Lee Hyung Joo; Koutrakis Petros; Wang Yun; Dominici Francesca; Peng Roger D
Environmental health perspectives (2014), 122 (2), 138-44 ISSN:.
BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies have demonstrated associations between short-term exposure to PM2.5 and hospital admissions. The chemical composition of particles varies across locations and time periods. Identifying the most harmful constituents and sources is an important health and regulatory concern. OBJECTIVES: We examined pollutant sources for associations with risk of hospital admissions for cardiovascular and respiratory causes. METHODS: We obtained PM2.5 filter samples for four counties in Connecticut and Massachusetts and analyzed them for PM2.5 elements. Source apportionment was used to estimate daily PM2.5 contributions from sources (traffic, road dust, oil combustion, and sea salt as well as a regional source representing coal combustion and other sources). Associations between daily PM2.5 constituents and sources and risk of cardiovascular and respiratory hospitalizations for the Medicare population (> 333,000 persons ≥ 65 years of age) were estimated with time-series analyses (August 2000-February 2004). RESULTS: PM2.5 total mass and PM2.5 road dust contribution were associated with cardiovascular hospitalizations, as were the PM2.5 constituents calcium, black carbon, vanadium, and zinc. For respiratory hospitalizations, associations were observed with PM2.5 road dust, and sea salt as well as aluminum, calcium, chlorine, black carbon, nickel, silicon, titanium, and vanadium. Effect estimates were generally robust to adjustment by co-pollutants of other constituents. An interquartile range increase in same-day PM2.5 road dust (1.71 μg/m3) was associated with a 2.11% (95% CI: 1.09, 3.15%) and 3.47% (95% CI: 2.03, 4.94%) increase in cardiovascular and respiratory admissions, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest some particle sources and constituents are more harmful than others and that in this Connecticut/Massachusetts region the most harmful particles include black carbon, calcium, and road dust PM2.5.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC2c7kslKjtw%253D%253D&md5=1c502ff0a3592e90286407306214927f
51
Baumgartner, J.; Zhang, Y. X.; Schauer, J. J.; Huang, W.; Wang, Y. Q.; Ezzati, M. Highway proximity and black carbon from cookstoves as a risk factor for higher blood pressure in rural China Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2014, 111 (36) 13229– 13234 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1317176111
Google Scholar
51
Highway proximity and black carbon from cookstoves as a risk factor for higher blood pressure in rural China
Baumgartner, Jill; Zhang, Yuanxun; Schauer, James J.; Huang, Wei; Wang, Yuqin; Ezzati, Majid
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2014), 111 (36), 13229-13234CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)
Air pollution in China and other parts of Asia poses large health risks and is an important contributor to global climate change. Almost half of Chinese homes use biomass and coal fuels for cooking and heating. China's economic growth and infrastructure development has led to increased emissions from coal-fired power plants and an expanding fleet of motor vehicles. Black carbon (BC) from incomplete biomass and fossil fuel combustion is the most strongly light-absorbing component of particulate matter (PM) air pollution and the second most important climate-forcing human emission. PM compn. and sources may also be related to its human health impact. We enrolled 280 women living in a rural area of northwestern Yunnan where biomass fuels are commonly used. We measured their blood pressure, distance from major traffic routes, and daily exposure to BC (pyrolytic biomass combustion), water-sol. org. aerosol (org. aerosol from biomass combustion), and, in a subset, hopane markers (motor vehicle emissions) in winter and summer. BC had the strongest assocn. with systolic blood pressure (SBP) (4.3 mm Hg; P < 0.001), followed by PM mass and water-sol. org. mass. The effect of BC on SBP was almost three times greater in women living near the highway [6.2 mm Hg ; 95% confidence interval (CI), 3.6 to 8.9 vs. 2.6 mm Hg ; 95% CI, 0.1 to 5.2]. Our findings suggest that BC from combustion emissions is more strongly assocd. with blood pressure than PM mass, and that BC's health effects may be larger among women living near a highway and with greater exposure to motor vehicle emissions.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhsVarsbrP&md5=ed02f4ba296cf07e86896ebeea70ff09
52
Kioumourtzoglou, M. A.; Austin, E.; Koutrakis, P.; Dominici, F.; Schwartz, J.; Zanobetti, A. PM2.5 and survival among older adults: effect modification by particulate composition Epidemiology 2015, 26 (3) 321– 327 DOI: 10.1097/EDE.0000000000000269
Google Scholar
52
PM2.5 and survival among older adults: effect modification by particulate composition
Kioumourtzoglou Marianthi-Anna; Austin Elena; Koutrakis Petros; Dominici Francesca; Schwartz Joel; Zanobetti Antonella
Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) (2015), 26 (3), 321-7 ISSN:.
BACKGROUND: Fine particulate (PM2.5) air pollution has been consistently linked to survival, but reported effect estimates are geographically heterogeneous. Exposure to different types of particle mixtures may explain some of this variation. METHODS: We used k-means cluster analyses to identify cities with similar pollution profiles, (ie, PM2.5 composition) across the United States. We examined the impact of PM2.5 on survival, and its variation across clusters of cities with similar PM2.5 composition, among Medicare enrollees in 81 US cities (2000-2010). We used time-varying annual PM2.5 averages, measured at ambient central monitoring sites, as the exposure of interest. We ran by-city Cox models, adjusting for individual data on previous cardiopulmonary-related hospitalizations and stratifying by follow-up time, age, gender, and race. This eliminates confounding by factors varying across cities and long-term trends, focusing on year-to-year variations of air pollution around its city-specific mean and trend. We then pooled the city-specific effects using a random effects meta-regression. In this second stage, we also assessed effect modification by cluster membership and estimated cluster-specific PM2.5 effects. RESULTS: We followed more than 19 million subjects and observed more than 6 million deaths. We found a harmful impact of annual PM2.5 concentrations on survival (hazard ratio = 1.11 [95% confidence interval = 1.01, 1.23] per 10 μg/m). This effect was modified by particulate composition, with higher effects observed in clusters containing high concentrations of nickel, vanadium, and sulfate. For instance, our highest effect estimate was observed in cities with harbors in the Northwest, characterized by high nickel, vanadium, and elemental carbon concentrations (1.9 [1.1, 3.3]). We observed null or negative associations in clusters with high oceanic and crustal particles. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the association between PM2.5 composition and survival. Our findings indicate that long-term exposure to fuel oil combustion and power plant emissions have the highest impact on survival.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC2MngvVegsw%253D%253D&md5=bfebb38bea017ca6006ed8d40371b682
53
Darrow, L. A.; Klein, M.; Flanders, W. D.; Mulholland, J. A.; Tolbert, P. E.; Strickland, M. J. Air Pollution and Acute Respiratory Infections Among Children 0–4 Years of Age: An 18-Year Time-Series Study Am. J. Epidemiol. 2014, 180 (10) 968– 977 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwu234
Google Scholar
53
Air pollution and acute respiratory infections among children 0-4 years of age: an 18-year time-series study
Darrow Lyndsey A; Klein Mitchel; Flanders W Dana; Mulholland James A; Tolbert Paige E; Strickland Matthew J
American journal of epidemiology (2014), 180 (10), 968-77 ISSN:.
Upper and lower respiratory infections are common in early childhood and may be exacerbated by air pollution. We investigated short-term changes in ambient air pollutant concentrations, including speciated particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5), in relation to emergency department (ED) visits for respiratory infections in young children. Daily counts of ED visits for bronchitis and bronchiolitis (n = 80,399), pneumonia (n = 63,359), and upper respiratory infection (URI) (n = 359,246) among children 0-4 years of age were collected from hospitals in the Atlanta, Georgia, area for the period 1993-2010. Daily pollutant measurements were combined across monitoring stations using population weighting. In Poisson generalized linear models, 3-day moving average concentrations of ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and the organic carbon fraction of particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) were associated with ED visits for pneumonia and URI. Ozone associations were strongest and were observed at low (cold-season) concentrations; a 1-interquartile range increase predicted a 4% increase (95% confidence interval: 2%, 6%) in visits for URI and an 8% increase (95% confidence interval: 4%, 13%) in visits for pneumonia. Rate ratios tended to be higher in the 1- to 4-year age group compared with infants. Results suggest that primary traffic pollutants, ozone, and the organic carbon fraction of PM2.5 exacerbate upper and lower respiratory infections in early life, and that the carbon fraction of PM2.5 is a particularly harmful component of the ambient particulate matter mixture.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC2M3ht1emsA%253D%253D&md5=9ed1321bdee4cbd9c03c6404a46a02d2
54
Costa, D. L.; Dreher, K. L. Bioavailable transition metals in particulate matter mediate cardiopulmonary injury in healthy and compromised animal models Environ. Health Perspect. 1997, 105, 1053– 1060 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.97105s51053
Google Scholar
54
Bioavailable transition metals in particulate matter mediate cardiopulmonary injury in healthy and compromised animal models
Costa D L; Dreher K L
Environmental health perspectives (1997), 105 Suppl 5 (), 1053-60 ISSN:0091-6765.
Many epidemiologic reports associate ambient levels of particulate matter (PM) with human mortality and morbidity, particularly in people with preexisting cardiopulmonary disease (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, infection, asthma). Because much ambient PM is derived from combustion sources, we tested the hypothesis that the health effects of PM arise from anthropogenic PM that contains bioavailable transition metals. The PM samples studied derived from three emission sources (two oil and one coal fly ash) and four ambient airsheds (St. Louis, MO; Washington; Dusseldorf, Germany; and Ottawa, Canada). PM was administered to rats by intratracheal instillation in equimass or equimetal doses to address directly the influence of PM mass versus metal content on acute lung injury and inflammation. Our results indicated that the lung dose of bioavailable transition metal, not instilled PM mass, was the primary determinant of the acute inflammatory response for both the combustion source and ambient PM samples. Residual oil fly ash, a combustion PM rich in bioavailable metal, was evaluated in a rat model of cardiopulmonary disease (pulmonary vasculitis/hypertension) to ascertain whether the disease state augmented sensitivity to that PM. Significant mortality and enhanced airway responsiveness were observed. Analysis of the lavaged lung fluids suggested that the milieu of the inflamed lung amplified metal-mediated oxidant chemistry to jeopardize the compromised cardiopulmonary system. We propose that soluble metals from PM mediate the array of PM-associated injuries to the cardiopulmonary system of the healthy and at-risk compromised host.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADyaK1c%252FmtlCltQ%253D%253D&md5=55938bdc49546eb82be124d8e4c81fd2
55
Thurston, G. D.; Ito, K.; Lall, R.; Burnett, R. T.; Turner, M. C.; Krewski, D.; Shi, Y.; Jerrett, M.; Gapstur, S. M.; Diver, W. R.; Pope, C. A. NPACT Study 4. Mortality and Long-Term Exposure to PM_2.5 and Its Components in the American Cancer Society’S Cancer Prevent Study II cohort; Health Effects Institute: Boston, MA, 2013.
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
56
Bell, M. L.; Belanger, K.; Ebisu, K.; Gent, J. F.; Lee, H. J.; Koutrakis, P.; Leaderer, B. P. Prenatal Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and Birth Weight Variations by Particulate Constituents and Sources Epidemiology 2010, 21 (6) 884– 891 DOI: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181f2f405
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
57
Ostro, B.; Tobias, A.; Querol, X.; Alastuey, A.; Amato, F.; Pey, J.; Perez, N.; Sunyer, J. The Effects of Particulate Matter Sources on Daily Mortality: A Case-Crossover Study of Barcelona, Spain Environ. Health Perspect. 2011, 119 (12) 1781– 1787 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1103618
Google Scholar
57
The effects of particulate matter sources on daily mortality: a case-crossover study of Barcelona, Spain
Ostro, Bart; Tobias, Aurelio; Querol, Xavier; Alastuey, Andres; Amato, Fulvio; Pey, Jorge; Perez, Noemi; Sunyer, Jordi
Environmental Health Perspectives (2011), 119 (12), 1781-1787CODEN: EVHPAZ; ISSN:0091-6765. (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Services)
Dozens of studies link acute exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution with premature mortality and morbidity, but questions remain about which species and sources in the vast PM mixt. are responsible for the obsd. health effects. Although a few studies exist on the effects of species and sources in U.S. cities, European cities-which have a higher proportion of diesel engines and denser urban populations-have not been well characterized. Information on the effects of specific sources could aid in targeting pollution control and in articulating the biol. mechanisms of PM. Our study examd. the effects of various PM sources on daily mortality for 2003 through 2007 in Barcelona, a densely populated city in the northeast corner of Spain. Source apportionment for PM ≤ 2.5 μm and ≤ 10 μm in aerodynamic diam. (PM2.5 and PM10) using pos. matrix factorization identified eight different factors. Case-crossover regression anal. was used to est. the effects of each factor. Several sources of PM2.5, including vehicle exhaust, fuel oil combustion, secondary nitrate/orgs., minerals, secondary sulfate/orgs., and road dust, had statistically significant assocns. (p < 0.05) with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Also, in some cases relative risks for a resp. interquartile range increase in concn. were higher for specific sources than for total PM2.5 mass. These results along with those from our multisource models suggest that traffic, sulfate from shipping and long-range transport, and construction dust are important contributors to the adverse health effects linked to PM.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38Xns1OrtQ%253D%253D&md5=a4d84f10be7175ac53028a0bd3bec516
58
Janssen, N. A. H.; Hoek, G.; Simic-Lawson, M.; Fischer, P.; van Bree, L.; ten Brink, H.; Keuken, M.; Atkinson, R. W.; Anderson, H. R.; Brunekreef, B.; Cassee, F. R. Black Carbon as an Additional Indicator of the Adverse Health Effects of Airborne Particles Compared with PM10 and PM2.5 Environ. Health Perspect. 2011, 119 (12) 1691– 1699 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1003369
Google Scholar
58
Black carbon as an additional indicator of the adverse health effects of airborne particles compared with PM10 and PM2.5
Janssen, Nicole A. H.; Hoek, Gerard; Simic-Lawson, Milena; Fischer, Paul; van Bree, Leendert; ten Brink, Harry; Keuken, Menno; Atkinson, Richard W.; Anderson, H. Ross; Brunekreef, Bert; Cassee, Flemming R.
Environmental Health Perspectives (2011), 119 (12), 1691-1699CODEN: EVHPAZ; ISSN:0091-6765. (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Services)
Current air quality stds. for particulate matter (PM) use the PM mass concn. [PM with aerodynamic diams. ≤ 10 μm (PM10) or ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5)] as a metric. It has been suggested that particles from combustion sources are more relevant to human health than are particles from other sources, but the impact of policies directed at reducing PM from combustion processes is usually relatively small when effects are estd. for a redn. in the total mass concn. We evaluated the value of black carbon particles (BCP) as an addnl. indicator in air quality management. We performed a systematic review and meta-anal. of health effects of BCP compared with PM mass based on data from time-series studies and cohort studies that measured both exposures. We compared the potential health benefits of a hypothetical traffic abatement measure, using near-roadway concn. increments of BCP and PM2.5 based on data from prior studies. Estd. health effects of a 1-μg/m3 increase in exposure were greater for BCP than for PM10 or PM2.5, but estd. effects of an interquartile range increase were similar. Two-pollutant models in time-series studies suggested that the effect of BCP was more robust than the effect of PM mass. The estd. increase in life expectancy assocd. with a hypothetical traffic abatement measure was four to nine times higher when expressed in BCP compared with an equiv. change in PM2.5 mass. BCP is a valuable addnl. air quality indicator to evaluate the health risks of air quality dominated by primary combustion particles.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38Xns1Oksg%253D%253D&md5=78a0732f027fd5661c3605d08f9dba2a
59
Val, S.; Liousse, C.; Doumbia, E. T.; Galy-Lacaux, C.; Cachier, H.; Marchand, N.; Badel, A.; Gardrat, E.; Sylvestre, A.; Baeza-Squiban, A. Physico-chemical characterization of African urban aerosols (Bamako in Mali and Dakar in Senegal) and their toxic effects in human bronchial epithelial cells: Description of a worrying situation Part. Fibre Toxicol. 2013, 10, 10 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-10-10
Google Scholar
59
Physico-chemical characterization of African urban aerosols (Bamako in Mali and Dakar in Senegal) and their toxic effects in human bronchial epithelial cells: description of a worrying situation
Val, Stephanie; Liousse, Cathy; Doumbia, El Hadji Thierno; Galy-Lacaux, Corinne; Cachier, Helene; Marchand, Nicolas; Badel, Anne; Gardrat, Eric; Sylvestre, Alexandre; Baeza-Squiban, Armelle
Particle and Fibre Toxicology (2013), 10 (), 10CODEN: PFTABQ; ISSN:1743-8977. (BioMed Central Ltd.)
Background: The involvement of particulate matter (PM) in cardiorespiratory diseases is now established in developed countries whereas in developing areas such as Africa with a high level of specific pollution, PM pollution and its effects are poorly studied. Our objective was to characterize the biol. reactivity of urban African aerosols on human bronchial epithelial cells in relation to PM physico-chem. properties to identify toxic sources. Methods: Size-speciated aerosol chem. compn. was analyzed in Bamako (BK, Mali, 2 samples with one having desert dust event BK1) and Dakar (DK; Senegal) for Ultrafine UF, Fine F and Coarse C PM. PM reactivity was studied in human bronchial epithelial cells investigating six biomarkers (oxidative stress responsive genes and proinflammatory cytokines). Results: PM mass concns. were mainly distributed in coarse mode (60%) and were impressive in BK1 due to the desert dust event. BK2 and DK samples showed a high content of total carbon characteristic of urban areas. The DK sample had huge PAH quantities in bulk aerosol compared with BK that had more water sol. org. carbon and metals. Whatever the site, UF and F PM triggered the mRNA expression of the different biomarkers whereas coarse PM had little or no effect. The GM-CSF biomarker was the most discriminating and showed the strongest pro-inflammatory effect of BK2 PM. The anal. of gene expression signature and of their correlation with main PM compds. revealed that PM-induced responses are mainly related to org. compds. The toxicity of African aerosols is carried by the finest PM as with Parisian aerosols, but when considering PM mass concns., the African population is more highly exposed to toxic particulate pollution than French population. Regarding the prevailing sources in each site, aerosol biol. impacts are higher for incomplete combustion sources resulting from two-wheel vehicles and domestic fires than from diesel vehicles (Dakar). Desert dust events seem to produce fewer biol. impacts than anthropogenic sources. Discussion: Our study shows that combustion sources contribute to the high toxicity of F and UF PM of African urban aerosols, and underlines the importance of emission mitigation and the imperative need to evaluate and to regulate particulate pollution in Africa.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXns1Ors7o%253D&md5=76f811a4da61a2e75a0e4cc95558e294
60
Stanek, L. W.; Sacks, J. D.; Dutton, S. J.; Dubois, J. J. B. Attributing health effects to apportioned components and sources of particulate matter: An evaluation of collective results Atmos. Environ. 2011, 45 (32) 5655– 5663 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.07.023
Google Scholar
60
Attributing health effects to apportioned components and sources of particulate matter: An evaluation of collective results
Stanek, Lindsay Wichers; Sacks, Jason D.; Dutton, Steven J.; Dubois, Jean-Jacques B.
Atmospheric Environment (2011), 45 (32), 5655-5663CODEN: AENVEQ; ISSN:1352-2310. (Elsevier Ltd.)
A review. It has been hypothesized that the compn. of particulate matter (PM) may be a better predictor of health effects than PM mass alone. The regional differences in PM compn. and the heterogeneity in PM risk ests. in large multi-city epidemiol. studies are consistent with this hypothesis. Since 2005, efforts have been made to relate apportioned components and sources of PM with human health outcomes in epidemiol., controlled human exposure and toxicol. studies. We reviewed published studies that: (1) focused on short-term exposure to PM; (2) included at least five components of PM; (3) grouped them into factors or sources; and (4) used quant. methods to examine the relationship between the factors or sources and health effects. Examn. includes to det. if specific groups of PM components or sources of PM are consistently linked to specific health effects across studies. The studies suggest that cardiovascular effects may be assocd. with PM2.5 from crustal or combustion sources, including traffic, but at this time, no consistent relationships have emerged. Fewer studies evaluated respiratory health effects, and the evidence for assocns. was limited. Apportionment methods have linked a variety of health effects to multiple groups of PM components and sources of PM, but the collective evidence has not yet isolated factors or sources that would be closely and unequivocally related to specific health outcomes.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXhtFWksLvN&md5=495333e9ff476131bee5c61db04798d1
61
HEI NPACT Review Panel. Executive Summary. HEI’s National Particle Component Toxicity (NPACT) Initiative; Health Effects Institute: Boston, MA, 2013.
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
62
Novotny, E. V.; Bechle, M. J.; Millet, D. B.; Marshall, J. D. National Satellite-Based Land-Use Regression: NO2 in the United States Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45 (10) 4407– 4414 DOI: 10.1021/es103578x
Google Scholar
62
National Satellite-Based Land-Use Regression: NO2 in the United States
Novotny, Eric V.; Bechle, Matthew J.; Millet, Dylan B.; Marshall, Julian D.
Environmental Science & Technology (2011), 45 (10), 4407-4414CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
Land use regression models (LUR) est. outdoor air pollution at high spatial resoln. Previous LUR generally focused on individual cities. A LUR for year 2006 ground-level NO2 concns. throughout contiguous US is discussed. The approach used ground- and satellite-based NO2 measurements, and geog. characteristics (population d., land use [satellite-based data], distance to major and minor roads). Results provided reliable ests. of ambient NO2 air pollution measured by USEPA (R2 = 0.78; bias = 22%) at a spatial resoln. (∼30 m) capable of capturing within-urban and near-roadway NO2 gradients. Several aspects of temporal (time-of-day, day-of-week, season) and spatial (urban vs. rural; US region) variability in the model. Results were robust to spatial auto-correlation, to selection of an alternative input dataset, and to minor perturbations in input data (using 90% of the data to predict the remaining 10%). Modeled population-weighted (unweighted) mean outdoor concns. in the US was 10.7 (4.8) ppb. This approach could be implemented in other world areas given sufficient road network and pollutant monitoring data. To facilitate future use and evaluation of results, concn. ests. for the ∼8 million census blocks in the contiguous US are publicly available via the supporting information.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXlt1ShtLk%253D&md5=3d9453bc28ec25dc67153cb2030142d5
63
Keating, T. J.; West, J. J.; Farrell, A. E., Prospects for International Management of Intercontinental Air Pollution Transport. In Inter-continental Transport of Air Pollution; Stohl, A., Ed.; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, 2004; pp 295– 320.
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
64
United Nations Environment Assembly, Resolutions and decisions adopted by the United Nations Environment Assembly of the United Nations Environment Programme at its first session on 27 June 2014, http://www.unep.org/unea/download.asp?ID=5171, accessed July 9, 2015.
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
65
World Health Assembly. Health and the Environment: Addressing the health impact of air pollution. Sixty-Eighth World Health Assembly, A68/A/CONF./2 Rev.1, 26 May 2015. http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA68/A68_ACONF2Rev1-en.pdf (accessed July 9, 2015) .
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
66
Climate & Clean Air Coalition, http://www.ccacoalition.org/ (accessed July 9, 2015) .
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
67
Bell, M. L.; Davis, D. L.; Cifuentes, L. A.; Krupnick, A. J.; Morgenstern, R. D.; Thurston, G. D. Ancillary human health benefits of improved air quality resulting from climate change mitigation Environ. Health 2008, 7, 41 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069X-7-41
Google Scholar
67
Ancillary human health benefits of improved air quality resulting from climate change mitigation
Bell Michelle L; Davis Devra L; Cifuentes Luis A; Krupnick Alan J; Morgenstern Richard D; Thurston George D
Environmental health : a global access science source (2008), 7 (), 41 ISSN:.
BACKGROUND: Greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation policies can provide ancillary benefits in terms of short-term improvements in air quality and associated health benefits. Several studies have analyzed the ancillary impacts of GHG policies for a variety of locations, pollutants, and policies. In this paper we review the existing evidence on ancillary health benefits relating to air pollution from various GHG strategies and provide a framework for such analysis. METHODS: We evaluate techniques used in different stages of such research for estimation of: (1) changes in air pollutant concentrations; (2) avoided adverse health endpoints; and (3) economic valuation of health consequences. The limitations and merits of various methods are examined. Finally, we conclude with recommendations for ancillary benefits analysis and related research gaps in the relevant disciplines. RESULTS: We found that to date most assessments have focused their analysis more heavily on one aspect of the framework (e.g., economic analysis). While a wide range of methods was applied to various policies and regions, results from multiple studies provide strong evidence that the short-term public health and economic benefits of ancillary benefits related to GHG mitigation strategies are substantial. Further, results of these analyses are likely to be underestimates because there are a number of important unquantified health and economic endpoints. CONCLUSION: Remaining challenges include integrating the understanding of the relative toxicity of particulate matter by components or sources, developing better estimates of public health and environmental impacts on selected sub-populations, and devising new methods for evaluating heretofore unquantified and non-monetized benefits.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BD1crjtlWktQ%253D%253D&md5=cc0a3d477b50adb6ff3cd2ae5a1e06e7
68
Nemet, G. F.; Holloway, T.; Meier, P. Implications of incorporating air-quality co-benefits into climate change policymaking Environ. Res. Lett. 2010, 5 (1) 014007 DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/5/1/014007
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
69
West, J. J.; Smith, S. J.; Silva, R. A.; Naik, V.; Zhang, Y. Q.; Adelman, Z.; Fry, M. M.; Anenberg, S.; Horowitz, L. W.; Lamarque, J. F. Co-benefits of mitigating global greenhouse gas emissions for future air quality and human health Nat. Clim. Change 2013, 3 (10) 885– 889 DOI: 10.1038/nclimate2009
Google Scholar
69
Co-benefits of mitigating global greenhouse gas emissions for future air quality and human health
West, J. Jason; Smith, Steven J.; Silva, Raquel A.; Naik, Vaishali; Zhang, Yuqiang; Adelman, Zachariah; Fry, Meridith M.; Anenberg, Susan; Horowitz, Larry W.; Lamarque, Jean-Francois
Nature Climate Change (2013), 3 (10), 885-889CODEN: NCCACZ; ISSN:1758-6798. (Nature Publishing Group)
Actions to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions often reduce co-emitted air pollutants, bringing co-benefits for air quality and human health. Past studies typically evaluated near-term and local co-benefits, neglecting the long-range transport of air pollutants, long-term demog. changes, and the influence of climate change on air quality. Here we simulate the co-benefits of global GHG redns. on air quality and human health using a global atm. model and consistent future scenarios, via two mechanisms: reducing co-emitted air pollutants, and slowing climate change and its effect on air quality. We use new relationships between chronic mortality and exposure to fine particulate matter and ozone, global modeling methods and new future scenarios. Relative to a ref. scenario, global GHG mitigation avoids 0.5±0.2, 1.3±0.5 and 2.2±0.8 million premature deaths in 2030, 2050 and 2100. Global av. marginal co-benefits of avoided mortality are US$50-380 per tonne of CO2, which exceed previous ests., exceed marginal abatement costs in 2030 and 2050, and are within the low range of costs in 2100. East Asian co-benefits are 10-70 times the marginal cost in 2030. Air quality and health co-benefits, esp. as they are mainly local and near-term, provide strong addnl. motivation for transitioning to a low-carbon future.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhsV2jsLzN&md5=9b192c53a10486e6c6f37871291cbc9c
70
Shindell, D.; Kuylenstierna, J. C. I.; Vignati, E.; van Dingenen, R.; Amann, M.; Klimont, Z.; Anenberg, S. C.; Muller, N.; Janssens-Maenhout, G.; Raes, F.; Schwartz, J.; Faluvegi, G.; Pozzoli, L.; Kupiainen, K.; Hoglund-Isaksson, L.; Emberson, L.; Streets, D.; Ramanathan, V.; Hicks, K.; Oanh, N. T. K.; Milly, G.; Williams, M.; Demkine, V.; Fowler, D. Simultaneously Mitigating Near-Term Climate Change and Improving Human Health and Food Security Science 2012, 335 (6065) 183– 189 DOI: 10.1126/science.1210026
Google Scholar
70
Simultaneously Mitigating Near-Term Climate Change and Improving Human Health and Food Security
Shindell, Drew; Kuylenstierna, Johan C. I.; Vignati, Elisabetta; van Dingenen, Rita; Amann, Markus; Klimont, Zbigniew; Anenberg, Susan C.; Muller, Nicholas; Janssens-Maenhout, Greet; Raes, Frank; Schwartz, Joel; Faluvegi, Greg; Pozzoli, Luca; Kupiainen, Kaarle; Hoeglund-Isaksson, Lena; Emberson, Lisa; Streets, David; Ramanathan, V.; Hicks, Kevin; Oanh, N. T. Kim; Milly, George; Williams, Martin; Demkine, Volodymyr; Fowler, David
Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2012), 335 (6065), 183-189CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)
Tropospheric ozone and black carbon (BC) contribute to both degraded air quality and global warming. We considered ~400 emission control measures to reduce these pollutants by using current technol. and experience. We identified 14 measures targeting methane and BC emissions that reduce projected global mean warming ~0.5°C by 2050. This strategy avoids 0.7 to 4.7 million annual premature deaths from outdoor air pollution and increases annual crop yields by 30 to 135 million metric tons due to ozone redns. in 2030 and beyond. Benefits of methane emissions redns. are valued at 700 to 5000 per metric ton, which is well above typical marginal abatement costs (less than 250). The selected controls target different sources and influence climate on shorter time scales than those of carbon dioxide-redn. measures. Implementing both substantially reduces the risks of crossing the 2°C threshold.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XksVSmug%253D%253D&md5=518a6514022bdbb8ac0cac5e3a11a0cd
71
Carlton, A. G.; Pinder, R. W.; Bhave, P. V.; Pouliot, G. A. To What Extent Can Biogenic SOA be Controlled? Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44 (9) 3376– 3380 DOI: 10.1021/es903506b
Google Scholar
71
To What Extent Can Biogenic SOA be Controlled?
Carlton, Annmarie G.; Pinder, Robert W.; Bhave, Prakash V.; Pouliot, George A.
Environmental Science & Technology (2010), 44 (9), 3376-3380CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
The implicit assumption that biogenic secondary org. aerosol (SOA) is natural and cannot be controlled hinders effective air quality management. Anthropogenic pollution facilitates transformation of naturally-emitted volatile org. compds. (VOC) to the particle phase, enhancing ambient biogenic SOA concns. Thus, it is conceivable a portion of ambient biogenic SOA can be removed by controlling anthropogenic pollutant emissions. Direct measurement of the controllable fraction of biogenic SOA is not possible, but can be estd. using 3-dimensional photochem. air quality modeling. To examine this, 22 Community Multi-scale Air Quality model simulations were conducted over the continental US. Relative contributions of 5 emitted pollution classes (NOx, NH3, SOx, reactive non-methane C, primary carbonaceous particulate matter) on biogenic SOA were estd. by removing anthropogenic emissions of these pollutants, one at a time then all together. Model results demonstrated a strong effect of anthropogenic emissions on predicted biogenic SOA concns., suggesting >50% of biogenic SOA in the eastern US can be controlled. Since biogenic SOA is substantially enhanced by controllable emissions, classifying SOA as biogenic or anthropogenic based solely on VOC origin is not sufficient to describe the controllable fraction.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXksF2ms7s%253D&md5=07acf705556eea1d10dbdd0584a3e1de
72
Fuzzi, S.; Baltensperger, U.; Carslaw, K.; Decesari, S.; van Der Gon, H. D.; Facchini, M. C.; Fowler, D.; Koren, I.; Langford, B.; Lohmann, U.; Nemitz, E.; Pandis, S.; Riipinen, I.; Rudich, Y.; Schaap, M.; Slowik, J. G.; Spracklen, D. V.; Vignati, E.; Wild, M.; Williams, M.; Gilardoni, S. Particulate matter, air quality and climate: lessons learned and future needs Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2015, 15 (14) 8217– 8299 DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-8217-2015
Google Scholar
72
Particulate matter, air quality and climate: lessons learned and future needs
Fuzzi, S.; Baltensperger, U.; Carslaw, K.; Decesari, S.; van der Gon, H. Denier; Facchini, M. C.; Fowler, D.; Koren, I.; Langford, B.; Lohmann, U.; Nemitz, E.; Pandis, S.; Riipinen, I.; Rudich, Y.; Schaap, M.; Slowik, J. G.; Spracklen, D. V.; Vignati, E.; Wild, M.; Williams, M.; Gilardoni, S.
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2015), 15 (14), 8217-8299CODEN: ACPTCE; ISSN:1680-7324. (Copernicus Publications)
The literature on atm. particulate matter (PM), or atm. aerosol, has increased enormously over the last 2 decades and amts. now to some 1500-2000 papers per yr in the refereed literature. This is in part due to the enormous advances in measurement technologies, which have allowed for an increasingly accurate understanding of the chem. compn. and of the phys. properties of atm. particles and of their processes in the atm. The growing scientific interest in atm. aerosol particles is due to their high importance for environmental policy. In fact, particulate matter constitutes one of the most challenging problems both for air quality and for climate change policies. In this context, this paper reviews the most recent results within the atm. aerosol sciences and the policy needs, which have driven much of the increase in monitoring and mechanistic research over the last 2 decades. The synthesis reveals many new processes and developments in the science underpinning climate-aerosol interactions and effects of PM on human health and the environment. However, while airborne particulate matter is responsible for globally important influences on premature human mortality, we still do not know the relative importance of the different chem. components of PM for these effects. Likewise, the magnitude of the overall effects of PM on climate remains highly uncertain. Despite the uncertainty there are many things that could be done to mitigate local and global problems of atm. PM. Recent analyses have shown that reducing black carbon (BC) emissions, using known control measures, would reduce global warming and delay the time when anthropogenic effects on global temp. would exceed 2 °C. Likewise, cost-effective control measures on ammonia, an important agricultural precursor gas for secondary inorg. aerosols (SIA), would reduce regional eutrophication and PM concns. in large areas of Europe, China and the USA. Thus, there is much that could be done to reduce the effects of atm. PM on the climate and the health of the environment and the human population. A prioritized list of actions to mitigate the full range of effects of PM is currently undeliverable due to shortcomings in the knowledge of aerosol science; among the shortcomings, the roles of PM in global climate and the relative roles of different PM precursor sources and their response to climate and land use change over the remaining decades of this century are prominent. In any case, the evidence from this paper strongly advocates for an integrated approach to air quality and climate policies.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhtlertL%252FE&md5=618e50f4c44a8c719021e71b51174bce
73
Guan, T. J.; Yao, M. S.; Wang, J. X.; Fang, Y. H.; Hu, S. H.; Wang, Y.; Dutta, A.; Yang, J. N.; Wu, Y. S.; Hu, M.; Zhu, T. Airborne endotoxin in fine particulate matter in Beijing Atmos. Environ. 2014, 97, 35– 42 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.08.005
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
74
Pöschl, U.; Shiraiwa, M. Multiphase chemistry at the atmosphere-biosphere interface influencing climate and public health in the Anthropocene Chem. Rev. 2015, 115, 4440 DOI: 10.1021/cr500487s
Google Scholar
74
Multiphase chemistry at the atmosphere-biosphere interface influencing climate and public health in the anthropocene
Poschl Ulrich; Shiraiwa Manabu
Chemical reviews (2015), 115 (10), 4440-75 ISSN:.
There is no expanded citation for this reference.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC2MjitlOitQ%253D%253D&md5=fbd914ff88b8cec402419d8179d09a6b
75
Meng, X.; Ma, Y. J.; Chen, R. J.; Zhou, Z. J.; Chen, B. H.; Kan, H. D. Size-Fractionated Particle Number Concentrations and Daily Mortality in a Chinese City Environ. Health Perspect. 2013, 121 (10) 1174– 1178 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1206398
Google Scholar
75
Size-fractionated particle number concentrations and daily mortality in a Chinese City
Meng, Xia; Ma, Yanjun; Chen, Renjie; Zhou, Zhijun; Chen, Bingheng; Kan, Haidong
Environmental Health Perspectives (2013), 121 (10), 1174-1178, 5 pp.CODEN: EVHPAZ; ISSN:1552-9924. (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health)
Background: Assocns. between airborne particles and health outcomes have been documented worldwide; however, there is limited information regarding health effects assocd. with different particle sizes. Objectives: We explored the assocn. between size-fractionated particle no. concns. (PNCs) and daily mortality in Shenyang, China. Methods: We collected daily data on cause-specific mortality and PNCs for particles measuring 0.25-10 μm in diam. between 1 Dec. 2006 and 30 Nov. 2008. We used Quasi-Poisson regression generalized additive models to est. assocns. between PNCs and mortality, and we used natural spline smoothing functions to adjust for time-varying covariates and long-term and seasonal trends. Results: Mean nos. of daily deaths were 67, 32 and 7 for all natural causes, cardiovascular diseases, and respiratory diseases, resp. Interquartile range (IQR) increases in PNCs for particles measuring 0.25-0.50 μm were significantly assocd. with total and cardiovascular mortality, but not respiratory mortality. Effect ests. were larger for PNCs during the warm season than the cool season, and increased with decreasing particle size. IQR increases in PNCs of 0.25-0.28 μm, 0.35-0.40 μm, and 0.45-0.50 μm particles were assocd. with 2.41% (95% CI: 1.23, 3.58 %), 1.31% (95% CI: 0.52, 2.09 %), and 0.45% (95% CI: 0.04, 0.87 %) higher total mortality, resp. Assocns. were generally stable after adjustment for mass concns. of ambient particles and gaseous pollutants. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that particles <0.5 μm in diam. may be most responsible for adverse health effects of particulate air pollution and that adverse health effects may increase with decreasing particle size.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXmvVKisLY%253D&md5=d39f6b4c778b67dea6f634aca93e0122
76
Gong, J. C.; Zhu, T.; Kipen, H.; Wang, G. F.; Hu, M.; Guo, Q. F.; Ohman-Strickland, P.; Lu, S. E.; Wang, Y. D.; Zhu, P.; Rich, D. Q.; Huang, W.; Zhang, J. F. Comparisons of Ultrafine and Fine Particles in Their Associations with Biomarkers Reflecting Physiological Pathways Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48 (9) 5264– 5273 DOI: 10.1021/es5006016
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
77
Meier, R.; Eeftens, M.; Aguilera, I.; Phuleria, H. C.; Ineichen, A.; Davey, M.; Ragettli, M. S.; Fierz, M.; Schindler, C.; Probst-Hensch, N.; Tsai, M. Y.; Kunzli, N. Ambient Ultrafine Particle Levels at Residential and Reference Sites in Urban and Rural Switzerland Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49 (5) 2709– 2715 DOI: 10.1021/es505246m
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
78
Natraj, V.; Liu, X.; Kulawik, S.; Chance, K.; Chatfield, R.; Edwards, D. P.; Eldering, A.; Francis, G.; Kurosu, T.; Pickering, K.; Spurr, R.; Worden, H. Multi-spectral sensitivity studies for the retrieval of tropospheric and lowermost tropospheric ozone from simulated clear-sky GEO-CAPE measurements Atmos. Environ. 2011, 45 (39) 7151– 7165 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.09.014
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
79
Kahn, R. A.; Gaitley, B. J. An analysis of global aerosol type as retrieved by MISR Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 2015, 120 (9) 4248– 4281 DOI: 10.1002/2015JD023322
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
80
Bravo, M. A.; Fuentes, M.; Zhang, Y.; Burr, M. J.; Bell, M. L. Comparison of exposure estimation methods for air pollutants: Ambient monitoring data and regional air quality simulation Environ. Res. 2012, 116, 1– 10 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2012.04.008
Google Scholar
80
Comparison of exposure estimation methods for air pollutants: Ambient monitoring data and regional air quality simulation
Bravo, Mercedes A.; Fuentes, Montserrat; Zhang, Yang; Burr, Michael J.; Bell, Michelle L.
Environmental Research (2012), 116 (), 1-10CODEN: ENVRAL; ISSN:0013-9351. (Elsevier)
Air quality modeling could potentially improve exposure ests. for use in epidemiol. studies. We investigated this application of air quality modeling by estg. location-specific (point) and spatially-aggregated (county level) exposure concns. of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diam. less than or equal to 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) for the eastern U.S. in 2002 using the community multi-scale air quality (CMAQ) modeling system and a traditional approach using ambient monitors. The monitoring approach produced ests. for 370 and 454 counties for PM2.5 and O3, resp. Modeled ests. included 1861 counties, covering 50% more population. The population uncovered by monitors differed from those near monitors (e.g., urbanicity, race, education, age, unemployment, income, modeled pollutant levels). CMAQ overestimated O3 (annual normalized mean bias=4.30%), while modeled PM2.5 had an annual normalized mean bias of -2.09%, although bias varied seasonally, from 32% in Nov. to -27% in July. Epidemiol. may benefit from air quality modeling, with improved spatial and temporal resoln. and the ability to study populations far from monitors that may differ from those near monitors. However, model performance varied by measure of performance, season, and location. Thus, the appropriateness of using such modeled exposures in health studies depends on the pollutant and metric of concern, acceptable level of uncertainty, population of interest, study design, and other factors.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XotVansr0%253D&md5=4761d36cbf0b1b4a99382aa22fc1740a
81
Lee, H. J.; Kang, C. M.; Coull, B. A.; Bell, M. L.; Koutrakis, P. Assessment of primary and secondary ambient particle trends using satellite aerosol optical depth and ground speciation data in the New England region, United States Environ. Res. 2014, 133, 103– 110 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.04.006
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
82
Kloog, I.; Ridgway, B.; Koutrakis, P.; Coull, B. A.; Schwartz, J. D. Long- and Short-Term Exposure to PM2.5 and Mortality: Using Novel Exposure Models Epidemiology 2013, 24 (4) 555– 561 DOI: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e318294beaa
Google Scholar
82
Long- and short-term exposure to PM2.5 and mortality: using novel exposure models
Kloog Itai; Ridgway Bill; Koutrakis Petros; Coull Brent A; Schwartz Joel D
Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) (2013), 24 (4), 555-61 ISSN:.
BACKGROUND: Many studies have reported associations between ambient particulate matter (PM) and adverse health effects, focused on either short-term (acute) or long-term (chronic) PM exposures. For chronic effects, the studied cohorts have rarely been representative of the population. We present a novel exposure model combining satellite aerosol optical depth and land-use data to investigate both the long- and short-term effects of PM2.5 exposures on population mortality in Massachusetts, United States, for the years 2000-2008. METHODS: All deaths were geocoded. We performed two separate analyses: a time-series analysis (for short-term exposure) where counts in each geographic grid cell were regressed against cell-specific short-term PM2.5 exposure, temperature, socioeconomic data, lung cancer rates (as a surrogate for smoking), and a spline of time (to control for season and trends). In addition, for long-term exposure, we performed a relative incidence analysis using two long-term exposure metrics: regional 10 × 10 km PM2.5 predictions and local deviations from the cell average based on land use within 50 m of the residence. We tested whether these predicted the proportion of deaths from PM-related causes (cardiovascular and respiratory diseases). RESULTS: For short-term exposure, we found that for every 10-μg/m increase in PM 2.5 exposure there was a 2.8% increase in PM-related mortality (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.0-3.5). For the long-term exposure at the grid cell level, we found an odds ratio (OR) for every 10-μg/m increase in long-term PM2.5 exposure of 1.6 (CI = 1.5-1.8) for particle-related diseases. Local PM2.5 had an OR of 1.4 (CI = 1.3-1.5), which was independent of and additive to the grid cell effect. CONCLUSIONS: We have developed a novel PM2.5 exposure model based on remote sensing data to assess both short- and long-term human exposures. Our approach allows us to gain spatial resolution in acute effects and an assessment of long-term effects in the entire population rather than a selective sample from urban locations.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC3snjvF2hsA%253D%253D&md5=f9b7d69b4409c962abbb8a56592540c7
83
World Bank, World Development Indicators 2015; World Bank, 2015.
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
84
Jerrett, M.; Burnett, R. T.; Ma, R. J.; Pope, C. A.; Krewski, D.; Newbold, K. B.; Thurston, G.; Shi, Y. L.; Finkelstein, N.; Calle, E. E.; Thun, M. J. Spatial analysis of air pollution and mortality in Los Angeles Epidemiology 2005, 16 (6) 727– 736 DOI: 10.1097/01.ede.0000181630.15826.7d
Google Scholar
84
Spatial analysis of air pollution and mortality in Los Angeles
Jerrett Michael; Burnett Richard T; Ma Renjun; Pope C Arden 3rd; Krewski Daniel; Newbold K Bruce; Thurston George; Shi Yuanli; Finkelstein Norm; Calle Eugenia E; Thun Michael J
Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) (2005), 16 (6), 727-36 ISSN:1044-3983.
BACKGROUND: The assessment of air pollution exposure using only community average concentrations may lead to measurement error that lowers estimates of the health burden attributable to poor air quality. To test this hypothesis, we modeled the association between air pollution and mortality using small-area exposure measures in Los Angeles, California. METHODS: Data on 22,905 subjects were extracted from the American Cancer Society cohort for the period 1982-2000 (5,856 deaths). Pollution exposures were interpolated from 23 fine particle (PM2.5) and 42 ozone (O3) fixed-site monitors. Proximity to expressways was tested as a measure of traffic pollution. We assessed associations in standard and spatial multilevel Cox regression models. RESULTS: After controlling for 44 individual covariates, all-cause mortality had a relative risk (RR) of 1.17 (95% confidence interval=1.05-1.30) for an increase of 10 mug/m PM2.5 and a RR of 1.11 (0.99-1.25) with maximal control for both individual and contextual confounders. The RRs for mortality resulting from ischemic heart disease and lung cancer deaths were elevated, in the range of 1.24-1.6, depending on the model used. These PM results were robust to adjustments for O3 and expressway exposure. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest the chronic health effects associated with within-city gradients in exposure to PM2.5 may be even larger than previously reported across metropolitan areas. We observed effects nearly 3 times greater than in models relying on comparisons between communities. We also found specificity in cause of death, with PM2.5 associated more strongly with ischemic heart disease than with cardiopulmonary or all-cause mortality.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BD2MrmtlKnsQ%253D%253D&md5=a4c01307e943955569e54e9ed76c37bb
85
Clancy, L.; Goodman, P.; Sinclair, H.; Dockery, D. W. Effect of air-pollution control on death rates in Dublin, Ireland: an intervention study Lancet 2002, 360 (9341) 1210– 1214 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11281-5
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
86
Chafe, Z. A.; Brauer, M.; Klimont, Z.; Van Dingenen, R.; Mehta, S.; Rao, S.; Riahi, K.; Dentener, F.; Smith, K. R. Household Cooking with Solid Fuels Contributes to Ambient PM2.5 Air Pollution and the Burden of Disease Environ. Health Perspect. 2014, 122 (12) 1314– 1320 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1206340
Google Scholar
86
Household cooking with solid fuels contributes to ambient PM2.5 air pollution and the burden of disease
Chafe, Zoee A.; Brauer, Michael; Klimont, Zbigniew; Van Dingenen, Rita; Mehta, Sumi; Rao, Shilpa; Riahi, Keywan; Dentener, Frank; Smith, Kirk R.
Environmental Health Perspectives (2014), 122 (12), 1314-1320CODEN: EVHPAZ; ISSN:1552-9924. (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health)
BACKGROUND: Approx. 2.8 billion people cook with solid fuels. Research has focused on the health impacts of indoor exposure to fine particulate pollution. Here, for the 2010 Global Burden of Disease project (GBD 2010), we evaluated the impact of household cooking with solid fuels on regional population-weighted ambient PM2.5 (particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm) pollution (APM2.5). OBJECTIVES: We estd. the proportion and concns. of APM2.5 attributable to household cooking with solid fuels (PM2.5-cook) for the years 1990, 2005, and 2010 in 170 countries, and assocd. ill health. METHODS: We used an energy supply-driven emissions model (GAINS; Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies) and source-receptor model (TM5-FASST) to est. the proportion of APM2.5 produced by households and the proportion of household PM2.5 emissions from cooking with solid fuels. We estd. health effects using GBD 2010 data on ill health from APM2.5 exposure. RESULTS: In 2010, household cooking with solid fuels accounted for 12% of APM2.5 globally, varying from 0% of APM2.5 in five higher-income regions to 37% (2.8 μg/m3 of 6.9 μg/m3 total) in southern sub-Saharan Africa. PM2.5-cook constituted > 10% of APM2.5 in seven regions housing 4.4 billion people. South Asia showed the highest regional concn. of APM2.5 from household cooking (8.6 μg/m3). On the basis of GBD 2010, we est. that exposure to APM2.5 from cooking with solid fuels caused the loss of 370,000 lives and 9.9 million disability-adjusted life years globally in 2010. CONCLUSIONS: PM2.5 emissions from household cooking constitute an important portion of APM3.5 concns. in many places, including India and China. Efforts to improve ambient air quality will be hindered if household cooking conditions are not addressed.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhtlehsbo%253D&md5=a16a77a076f1e65517e49b4b74e1accf
87
Chambliss, S. E.; Silva, R.; West, J. J.; Zeinali, M.; Minjares, R. Estimating source-attributable health impacts of ambient fine particulate matter exposure: Global premature mortality from surface transportation emissions in 2005 Environ. Res. Lett. 2014, 9 (10) 104009 DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/9/10/104009
Google Scholar
There is no corresponding record for this reference.
88
Lelieveld, J.; Evans, J. S.; Fnais, M.; Giannadaki, D.; Pozzer, A. The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale Nature 2015, 525 (7569) 367– 371 DOI: 10.1038/nature15371
Google Scholar
88
The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale
Lelieveld, J.; Evans, J. S.; Fnais, M.; Giannadaki, D.; Pozzer, A.
Nature (London, United Kingdom) (2015), 525 (7569), 367-371CODEN: NATUAS; ISSN:0028-0836. (Nature Publishing Group)
Assessing the global burden of disease is based on epidemiol. cohort studies which connect premature mortality to a wide range of causes, including long-term health impacts of O3 and fine particulate matter (PM2.5). It is difficult to quantify premature mortality related to air pollution, notably in regions where air quality is not monitored, and because toxicity of particles from various sources may vary. This work used a global atm. chem. model to assess the link between premature mortality and 7 emission source categories in urban and rural environments. In accord with the global burden of disease for 2010 (S.S. Lim, et al., 2013), the authors calcd. outdoor air pollution, mostly PM2.5, led to 3.3 million (95% confidence interval, 1.61-4.81) premature deaths/yr worldwide, predominantly in Asia. It was primarily assumed that all particles were equally toxic, but a sensitivity study was conducted to account for differential toxicity. Results showed emissions from residential energy use (heating, cooking), prevalent in India and China, had the largest effect on premature mortality globally, even more dominant if carbonaceous particles are assumed to be most toxic. In much of the US and several other countries, traffic and power generation emissions are important. In eastern US, Europe, Russia, and East Asia, agricultural emissions provide the largest relative contribution to PM2.5, with estd. overall health impact dependent on particle toxicity assumptions. Model projections based on a business-as-usual emission scenario indicated the contribution of outdoor air pollution to premature mortality could double by 2050.
>> More from SciFinder ^®
https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhsFeisbnN&md5=cd4086d7557269bb261ef9c1b68fbe56

Cited By

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

This article is cited by 298 publications.

Qineng Wang, Huan Song, Huabin Dong, Song Guo, Maosheng Yao, Yi Wan, Keding Lu. Multiphase Radical Chemical Processes Induced by Air Pollutants and the Associated Health Effects. Environment & Health 2025, 3 (1) , 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1021/envhealth.4c00157
Aaron van Donkelaar, Randall V. Martin, Bonne Ford, Chi Li, Amanda J. Pappin, Siyuan Shen, Dandan Zhang. North American Fine Particulate Matter Chemical Composition for 2000–2022 from Satellites, Models, and Monitors: The Changing Contribution of Wildfires. ACS ES&T Air 2024, 1 (12) , 1589-1600. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestair.4c00151
Shira S. Presberg, Cara M. Waters, Sophie A. Lyon, Matthew J. Elrod. Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Atmospherically Relevant Acetalization Reactions. ACS Earth and Space Chemistry 2024, 8 (8) , 1634-1645. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.4c00136
Juan Casanova-Chafer, Rocio Garcia-Aboal, Pedro Atienzar, Eduard Llobet. Unraveling the Gas-Sensing Mechanisms of Lead-Free Perovskites Supported on Graphene. ACS Sensors 2022, 7 (12) , 3753-3763. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.2c01581
Aziz C. L. Mohammed, Sunniva B. Sheffield, Matthew J. Elrod. Kinetics Study of Acid-Catalyzed Sulfate Esterification Reactions for Atmospherically Relevant Polyols. ACS Earth and Space Chemistry 2022, 6 (12) , 3115-3122. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00306
Joses Grady Nathanael, Bing Yuan, Uta Wille. Oxidative Damage of Aliphatic Amino Acid Residues by the Environmental Pollutant NO3·: Impact of Water on the Reactivity. Environmental Science & Technology 2022, 56 (12) , 7687-7695. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c00863
Shakiba Zeinali, Janusz Pawliszyn. Green Portable Method for Simultaneous Investigation of Gaseous and Particle-Bound Air Pollutants in Indoor and Outdoor Environments. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2022, 10 (12) , 3981-3989. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c08626
Kevin C. Baldridge, Kearstin Edmonds, Thomas Dziubla, J. Zach Hilt, Rebecca E. Dutch, Dibakar Bhattacharyya. Demonstration of Hollow Fiber Membrane-Based Enclosed Space Air Remediation for Capture of an Aerosolized Synthetic SARS-CoV-2 Mimic and Pseudovirus Particles. ACS ES&T Engineering 2022, 2 (2) , 251-262. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestengg.1c00369
Guang-Lu Zhang, Minmin Zhang, Qian Shi, Zhongyao Jiang, Lili Tong, Zhenzhen Chen, Bo Tang. In Situ Construction of COF-Based Paper Serving as a Plasmonic Substrate for Enhanced PSI-MS Detection of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2021, 13 (36) , 43438-43448. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c13860
Juan Casanova-Chafer, Polona Umek, Selene Acosta, Carla Bittencourt, Eduard Llobet. Graphene Loading with Polypyrrole Nanoparticles for Trace-Level Detection of Ammonia at Room Temperature. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2021, 13 (34) , 40909-40921. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c10559
Sarah S. Petters, Tianqu Cui, Zhenfa Zhang, Avram Gold, V. Faye McNeill, Jason D. Surratt, Barbara J. Turpin. Organosulfates from Dark Aqueous Reactions of Isoprene-Derived Epoxydiols Under Cloud and Fog Conditions: Kinetics, Mechanism, and Effect of Reaction Environment on Regioselectivity of Sulfate Addition. ACS Earth and Space Chemistry 2021, 5 (3) , 474-486. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.0c00293
Matthew J. Elrod, Jane A. Sedlak, He Ren. Accurate Computational Model for the Hydration Extent of Atmospherically Relevant Carbonyls on Aqueous Atmospheric Particles. ACS Earth and Space Chemistry 2021, 5 (2) , 348-355. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.0c00322
He Ren, Jane A. Sedlak, Matthew J. Elrod. General Mechanism for Sulfate Radical Addition to Olefinic Volatile Organic Compounds in Secondary Organic Aerosol. Environmental Science & Technology 2021, 55 (3) , 1456-1465. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c05256
Erika Aoki, Jon N. Sarrimanolis, Sophie A. Lyon, Matthew J. Elrod. Determining the Relative Reactivity of Sulfate, Bisulfate, and Organosulfates with Epoxides on Secondary Organic Aerosol. ACS Earth and Space Chemistry 2020, 4 (10) , 1793-1801. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.0c00178
Biban Gill, Karl Jobst, Philip Britz-McKibbin. Rapid Screening of Urinary 1-Hydroxypyrene Glucuronide by Multisegment Injection–Capillary Electrophoresis–Tandem Mass Spectrometry: A High-Throughput Method for Biomonitoring of Recent Smoke Exposures. Analytical Chemistry 2020, 92 (19) , 13558-13564. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03212
Melanie S. Hammer, Aaron van Donkelaar, Chi Li, Alexei Lyapustin, Andrew M. Sayer, N. Christina Hsu, Robert C. Levy, Michael J. Garay, Olga V. Kalashnikova, Ralph A. Kahn, Michael Brauer, Joshua S. Apte, Daven K. Henze, Li Zhang, Qiang Zhang, Bonne Ford, Jeffrey R. Pierce, Randall V. Martin. Global Estimates and Long-Term Trends of Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations (1998–2018). Environmental Science & Technology 2020, 54 (13) , 7879-7890. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c01764
Michal Pardo, Xinghua Qiu, Ralf Zimmermann, Yinon Rudich. Particulate Matter Toxicity Is Nrf2 and Mitochondria Dependent: The Roles of Metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Chemical Research in Toxicology 2020, 33 (5) , 1110-1120. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00007
Haijie Tong, Yun Zhang, Alexander Filippi, Ting Wang, Chenpei Li, Fobang Liu, Denis Leppla, Ivan Kourtchev, Kai Wang, Helmi-Marja Keskinen, Janne T. Levula, Andrea M. Arangio, Fangxia Shen, Florian Ditas, Scot T. Martin, Paulo Artaxo, Ricardo H. M. Godoi, Carlos I. Yamamoto, Rodrigo A. F. de Souza, Ru-Jin Huang, Thomas Berkemeier, Yueshe Wang, Hang Su, Yafang Cheng, Francis D. Pope, Pingqing Fu, Maosheng Yao, Christopher Pöhlker, Tuukka Petäjä, Markku Kulmala, Meinrat O. Andreae, Manabu Shiraiwa, Ulrich Pöschl, Thorsten Hoffmann, Markus Kalberer. Radical Formation by Fine Particulate Matter Associated with Highly Oxygenated Molecules. Environmental Science & Technology 2019, 53 (21) , 12506-12518. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b05149
Scott D. Lowther, Kevin C. Jones, Xinming Wang, J. Duncan Whyatt, Oliver Wild, Douglas Booker. Particulate Matter Measurement Indoors: A Review of Metrics, Sensors, Needs, and Applications. Environmental Science & Technology 2019, 53 (20) , 11644-11656. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b03425
Luiza A. Mercante, Rafaela S. Andre, Luiz H. C. Mattoso, Daniel S. Correa. Electrospun Ceramic Nanofibers and Hybrid-Nanofiber Composites for Gas Sensing. ACS Applied Nano Materials 2019, 2 (7) , 4026-4042. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.9b01176
Joses G. Nathanael, Uta Wille. Oxidative Damage in Aliphatic Amino Acids and Di- and Tripeptides by the Environmental Free Radical Oxidant NO3•: The Role of the Amide Bond Revealed by Kinetic and Computational Studies. The Journal of Organic Chemistry 2019, 84 (6) , 3405-3418. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.joc.8b03224
Ling Jin, Jiawen Xie, Chris K. C. Wong, Serena K. Y. Chan, Gülcin Abbaszade, Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis, Ralf Zimmermann, Jun Li, Gan Zhang, Pingqing Fu, Xiangdong Li. Contributions of City-Specific Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) to Differential In Vitro Oxidative Stress and Toxicity Implications between Beijing and Guangzhou of China. Environmental Science & Technology 2019, 53 (5) , 2881-2891. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b00449
Jiawen Xie, Ling Jin, Tangtian He, Baowei Chen, Xiaosan Luo, Baihuan Feng, Wei Huang, Jun Li, Pingqing Fu, Xiangdong Li. Bacteria and Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs) in PM2.5 from China: Implications for Human Exposure. Environmental Science & Technology 2019, 53 (2) , 963-972. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b04630
Crystal L. Weagle, Graydon Snider, Chi Li, Aaron van Donkelaar, Sajeev Philip, Paul Bissonnette, Jaqueline Burke, John Jackson, Robyn Latimer, Emily Stone, Ihab Abboud, Clement Akoshile, Nguyen Xuan Anh, Jeffrey Robert Brook, Aaron Cohen, Jinlu Dong, Mark D. Gibson, Derek Griffith, Kebin B. He, Brent N. Holben, Ralph Kahn, Christoph A. Keller, Jong Sung Kim, Nofel Lagrosas, Puji Lestari, Yeo Lik Khian, Yang Liu, Eloise A. Marais, J. Vanderlei Martins, Amit Misra, Ulfi Muliane, Rizki Pratiwi, Eduardo J. Quel, Abdus Salam, Lior Segev, Sachchida N. Tripathi, Chien Wang, Qiang Zhang, Michael Brauer, Yinon Rudich, Randall V. Martin. Global Sources of Fine Particulate Matter: Interpretation of PM2.5 Chemical Composition Observed by SPARTAN using a Global Chemical Transport Model. Environmental Science & Technology 2018, 52 (20) , 11670-11681. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b01658
Peishi Gu, Hugh Z. Li, Qing Ye, Ellis S. Robinson, Joshua S. Apte, Allen L. Robinson, Albert A. Presto. Intracity Variability of Particulate Matter Exposure Is Driven by Carbonaceous Sources and Correlated with Land-Use Variables. Environmental Science & Technology 2018, 52 (20) , 11545-11554. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b03833
Nanyang Yu, Huiwei Guo, Jingping Yang, Ling Jin, Xuebing Wang, Wei Shi, Xiaowei Zhang, Hongxia Yu, Si Wei. Non-Target and Suspect Screening of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Airborne Particulate Matter in China. Environmental Science & Technology 2018, 52 (15) , 8205-8214. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02492
Chi Li, Randall V. Martin. Decadal Changes in Seasonal Variation of Atmospheric Haze over the Eastern United States: Connections with Anthropogenic Emissions and Implications for Aerosol Composition. Environmental Science & Technology Letters 2018, 5 (7) , 413-418. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.8b00295
Noah Kittner, Raj P. Fadadu, Heather L. Buckley, Megan R. Schwarzman, and Daniel M. Kammen . Trace Metal Content of Coal Exacerbates Air-Pollution-Related Health Risks: The Case of Lignite Coal in Kosovo. Environmental Science & Technology 2018, 52 (4) , 2359-2367. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b04254
Haoran Yu, Jinlai Wei, Yilan Cheng, Kiran Subedi, and Vishal Verma . Synergistic and Antagonistic Interactions among the Particulate Matter Components in Generating Reactive Oxygen Species Based on the Dithiothreitol Assay. Environmental Science & Technology 2018, 52 (4) , 2261-2270. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b04261
Manabu Shiraiwa, Kayo Ueda, Andrea Pozzer, Gerhard Lammel, Christopher J. Kampf, Akihiro Fushimi, Shinichi Enami, Andrea M. Arangio, Janine Fröhlich-Nowoisky, Yuji Fujitani, Akiko Furuyama, Pascale S. J. Lakey, Jos Lelieveld, Kurt Lucas, Yu Morino, Ulrich Pöschl, Satoshi Takahama, Akinori Takami, Haijie Tong, Bettina Weber, Ayako Yoshino, and Kei Sato . Aerosol Health Effects from Molecular to Global Scales. Environmental Science & Technology 2017, 51 (23) , 13545-13567. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b04417
Chi Li, Randall V. Martin, Aaron van Donkelaar, Brian L. Boys, Melanie S. Hammer, Jun-Wei Xu, Eloise A. Marais, Adam Reff, Madeleine Strum, David A. Ridley, Monica Crippa, Michael Brauer, and Qiang Zhang . Trends in Chemical Composition of Global and Regional Population-Weighted Fine Particulate Matter Estimated for 25 Years. Environmental Science & Technology 2017, 51 (19) , 11185-11195. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b02530
Wen Cui, Jieyuan Li, Fan Dong, Yanjuan Sun, Guangming Jiang, Wanglai Cen, S. C. Lee, and Zhongbiao Wu . Highly Efficient Performance and Conversion Pathway of Photocatalytic NO Oxidation on SrO-Clusters@Amorphous Carbon Nitride. Environmental Science & Technology 2017, 51 (18) , 10682-10690. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b00974
Heresh Amini, Christian Schindler, Vahid Hosseini, Masud Yunesian, and Nino Künzli . Land Use Regression Models for Alkylbenzenes in a Middle Eastern Megacity: Tehran Study of Exposure Prediction for Environmental Health Research (Tehran SEPEHR). Environmental Science & Technology 2017, 51 (15) , 8481-8490. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b02238
Sarah Suda Petters, Demetrios Pagonis, Megan S. Claflin, Ezra J. T. Levin, Markus D. Petters, Paul J. Ziemann, and Sonia M. Kreidenweis . Hygroscopicity of Organic Compounds as a Function of Carbon Chain Length and Carboxyl, Hydroperoxy, and Carbonyl Functional Groups. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A 2017, 121 (27) , 5164-5174. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.7b04114
Joshua S. Apte, Kyle P. Messier, Shahzad Gani, Michael Brauer, Thomas W. Kirchstetter, Melissa M. Lunden, Julian D. Marshall, Christopher J. Portier, Roel C.H. Vermeulen, and Steven P. Hamburg . High-Resolution Air Pollution Mapping with Google Street View Cars: Exploiting Big Data. Environmental Science & Technology 2017, 51 (12) , 6999-7008. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b00891
Kathrin Reinmuth-Selzle, Christopher J. Kampf, Kurt Lucas, Naama Lang-Yona, Janine Fröhlich-Nowoisky, Manabu Shiraiwa, Pascale S. J. Lakey, Senchao Lai, Fobang Liu, Anna T. Kunert, Kira Ziegler, Fangxia Shen, Rossella Sgarbanti, Bettina Weber, Iris Bellinghausen, Joachim Saloga, Michael G. Weller, Albert Duschl, Detlef Schuppan, and Ulrich Pöschl . Air Pollution and Climate Change Effects on Allergies in the Anthropocene: Abundance, Interaction, and Modification of Allergens and Adjuvants. Environmental Science & Technology 2017, 51 (8) , 4119-4141. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b04908
James B. Burkholder , Jonathan P. D. Abbatt , Ian Barnes , James M. Roberts , Megan L. Melamed , Markus Ammann , Allan K. Bertram , Christopher D. Cappa , Annmarie G. Carlton , Lucy J. Carpenter , John N. Crowley , Yael Dubowski , Christian George , Dwayne E. Heard , Hartmut Herrmann , Frank N. Keutsch , Jesse H. Kroll , V. Faye McNeill , Nga Lee Ng , Sergey A. Nizkorodov , John J. Orlando , Carl J. Percival , Bénédicte Picquet-Varrault , Yinon Rudich , Paul W. Seakins , Jason D. Surratt , Hiroshi Tanimoto , Joel A. Thornton , Zhu Tong , Geoffrey S. Tyndall , Andreas Wahner , Charles J. Weschler , Kevin R. Wilson , Paul J. Ziemann . The Essential Role for Laboratory Studies in Atmospheric Chemistry. Environmental Science & Technology 2017, 51 (5) , 2519-2528. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b04947
Kim J. Fernie, Luis Cruz-Martinez, Lisa Peters, Vince Palace, and Judit E.G. Smits . Inhaling Benzene, Toluene, Nitrogen Dioxide, and Sulfur Dioxide, Disrupts Thyroid Function in Captive American Kestrels (Falco sparverius). Environmental Science & Technology 2016, 50 (20) , 11311-11318. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b03026
Weijun Li, Lei Liu, Liang Xu. Importance of Microanalysis in Air Quality Studies. 2025, 55-74. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119554318.ch2
Zhenyu Jia, Jiawei Yin, Tiange Fang, Zhiwen Jiang, Chongzhi Zhong, Zeping Cao, Lin Wu, Ning Wei, Zhengyu Men, Lei Yang, Qijun Zhang, Hongjun Mao. Machine learning helps reveal key factors affecting tire wear particulate matter emissions. Environment International 2025, 195 , 109224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.109224
Dale A. Dickinson, Karen E. Iles. Environmental Health: Overview. 2025, 14-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-99967-0.00141-1
Fatma Ozturk Kirbay. Advanced Colorimetric Sensors: Cutting-Edge Materials and Smart Approaches. 2024https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1007936
Subhadeep Saha, Priya Das, Tanu Das, Partha Das, Tamal Basu Roy. A study about the impact of indoor air pollution on cognitive function among middle-aged and older adult people in India. Archives of Public Health 2024, 82 (1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-024-01286-5
Zelin AO, Honglei WANG, Can XU, Huixuan ZHU, Qiaoyue BAI, Huanwu LIU, Tianliang ZHAO. Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution and Ozone Generation Potential in Xi′an. EARTH AND ENVIRONMENT 2024, 52 (6) , 733-744. https://doi.org/10.3724/EE.1672-9250.2024.52.020
Siqi Chen, Fangmin Fei, Yaobin Song, Ming Dong, Aiping Wu, Hua Yu. Composition and Effects of Aerosol Particles Deposited on Urban Plant Leaves in Terrestrial and Aquatic Habitats. Plants 2024, 13 (21) , 3056. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13213056
Ankita Buwaniwal, Veena Sharma, Gagan Gupta, Sumit Rohj, Sandeep Kansal. Long term analysis of air quality parameters for Ludhiana, India: sources, trends and health impact. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 2024, 46 (11) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-024-02200-2
Francesco Di Maria, Federico Sisani, Daniela Cesari, Elza Bontempi. Supporting the investigation of health outcomes due to airborne emission by different approaches: current evidence for the waste incineration sector. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2024, 31 (48) , 58527-58540. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-34989-x
Emese Fazakas, Iulia A. Neamtiu, Eugen S. Gurzau. Health effects of air pollutant mixtures (volatile organic compounds, particulate matter, sulfur and nitrogen oxides) – a review of the literature. Reviews on Environmental Health 2024, 39 (3) , 459-478. https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2022-0252
Shikang Du, Siyu Chen, Shanling Cheng, Jiaqi He, Chuwei Liu, Lulu Lian, Chao Zhang, Dan Zhao, Nan Yin, Yawen Guan. Data-driven approach for air pollutant concentrations forecasting: A window-based multi-output GBRT approach. Atmospheric Research 2024, 307 , 107459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2024.107459
Provat K. Saha, Albert A. Presto, Allen L. Robinson. Hyper-local to regional exposure contrast of source-resolved PM2.5 components across the contiguous United States: implications for health assessment. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology 2024, 34 (5) , 836-844. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-023-00623-0
Dimitris Stratoulias, Narissara Nuthammachot, Racha Dejchanchaiwong, Perapong Tekasakul, Gregory R. Carmichael. Recent Developments in Satellite Remote Sensing for Air Pollution Surveillance in Support of Sustainable Development Goals. Remote Sensing 2024, 16 (16) , 2932. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16162932
Flávio B. Miguez, João P.C. Trigueiro, Ivana Lula, Emmanuel S. Moraes, Teresa D.Z. Atvars, Luiz F.C. de Oliveira, Frank Alexis, Roberto S. Nobuyasu, Frederico B. De Sousa. Photochromic sensing of La3+ and Lu3+ ions using poly(caprolactone) fibers doped with spiropyran dyes. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 2024, 452 , 115568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2024.115568
Yunfei Su, Yuhan Long, Xunzhe Yao, Chunying Chen, Wei Sun, Rui Zhao, Junke Zhang. Microscopic Characterization of Individual Aerosol Particles in a Typical Industrial City and Its Surrounding Rural Areas in China. Toxics 2024, 12 (7) , 525. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070525
Yu‐Chen Chiu, Uta Wille, Joses G. Nathanael. The Environmental Pollutant NO 3 ⋅ Rapidly Damages Alkene Moieties in Lipids Through Electron Transfer. European Journal of Organic Chemistry 2024, 27 (24) https://doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.202400155
Chongzhi Zhong, Jiaxing Sun, Zishu Liu, Haomiao Niu, Jing Zhang, Xiaoyu Liang, Jiawei Yin, Lin Wu, Jianfei Peng, Qijun Zhang, Hongjun Mao. Size distribution of brake wear particulate matter based on a brake dynamometer investigation. Frontiers in Future Transportation 2024, 5 https://doi.org/10.3389/ffutr.2024.1407660
Vikas Kumar Patel, Jayanarayanan Kuttippurath, Rahul Kashyap. Increased global cropland greening as a response to the unusual reduction in atmospheric PM₂.₅ concentrations during the COVID-19 lockdown period. Chemosphere 2024, 358 , 142147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142147
Nooshin Karimi Alavijeh, Mohammad Taher Ahmadi Shadmehri, Fatemeh Dehdar, Samane Zangoei, Nazia Nazeer. The role of renewable energy on life expectancy: evidence from method of moments quantile regression based on G-7 countries data. International Journal of Energy Sector Management 2024, 18 (4) , 767-788. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJESM-11-2022-0001
Binfan Jiang, Dehong Xia. Potential PM2.5 generation mechanism induced by ammonia-based SCR: Nucleation of SO3, H2O and NH3. Fuel 2024, 364 , 131114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2024.131114
, , , , , . États des aires marines protégées d’Afrique de l’Ouest 2022. 2024https://doi.org/10.2305/DEEZ7310
Henri Hakkarainen, Anssi Järvinen, Teemu Lepistö, Niina Kuittinen, Lassi Markkula, Tuukka Ihantola, Mo Yang, Maria-Viola Martikainen, Santtu Mikkonen, Hilkka Timonen, Minna Aurela, Luis Barreira, Mika Ihalainen, Sanna Saarikoski, Topi Rönkkö, Päivi Aakko-Saksa, Pasi Jalava. Effects of fuel composition and vehicle operating temperature on in vitro toxicity of exhaust emissions. Environmental Science: Atmospheres 2024, 4 (4) , 455-467. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3EA00136A
Gutema Jula, Dong-Gill Kim, Shemelis Nigatu. Potential of floriculture waste-derived charcoal briquettes as an alternative energy source and means of mitigating indoor air pollution in Ethiopia. Energy for Sustainable Development 2024, 79 , 101390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2024.101390
Minjuan Huang, Song Tao, Ke Zhu, Huiran Feng, Xiao Lu, Jian Hang, Xuemei Wang. Applicability of evaluation metrics/schemes for human health burden attributable to regional ozone pollution: A case study in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA), South China. Science of The Total Environment 2024, 914 , 169910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169910
Luan Nguyen, Thien Pham Huynh. Factors influencing carbon-labeled product purchase intentions: A case study in Vietnam. Innovative Marketing 2024, 20 (1) , 146-159. https://doi.org/10.21511/im.20(1).2024.13
Fanglin Wang, Steven Sai Hang Ho, Chung Ling Man, Linli Qu, Zhe Wang, Zhi Ning, Kin Fai Ho. Characteristics and sources of oxygenated VOCs in Hong Kong: Implications for ozone formation. Science of The Total Environment 2024, 912 , 169156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169156
Gabriela da Costa, Theotonio Pauliquevis, Eduardo Ferreira José Heise, Sanja Potgieter-Vermaak, Ana Flávia Locateli Godoi, Carlos Itsuo Yamamoto, Jéssica Caroline dos Santos-Silva, Ricardo Henrique Moreton Godoi. Spatialized PM2.5 during COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil’s most populous southern city: implications for post-pandemic era. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 2024, 46 (1) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-023-01809-z
Mohammed Saleh, Huthaifa I. Ashqar, Raed Alary, Esma Mahfouf Bouchareb, Raouf Bouchareb, Nadir Dizge, Deepanraj Balakrishnan. Biodiversity for ecosystem services and sustainable development goals. 2024, 81-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-95482-2.00005-5
Zi-Li Wang, Ze-Peng Deng, Fang Wang, Xiu-Li Wang, Yu-Zhong Wang, Fei Song. Dual-mode Janus Structural-Color films toward an integrated sensing device with synergistic optical and electrical outputs. Chemical Engineering Journal 2023, 478 , 147364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.147364
Tanvir Arfin, Anupama M Pillai, Nikhila Mathew, Abha Tirpude, Roshani Bang, Pabitra Mondal. An overview of atmospheric aerosol and their effects on human health. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2023, 30 (60) , 125347-125369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29652-w
Orthodoxia Zervaki, Dionysios D. Dionysiou, Pramod Kulkarni. Characterization of a multi-stage focusing nozzle for collection of spot samples for aerosol chemical analysis. Journal of Aerosol Science 2023, 174 , 106235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2023.106235
Zonghua Liu, Yulang Guo, Ming Zhang, Tianping Mao. Smog risk perception, corporate social responsibility, and green innovation: evidence from China. Social Responsibility Journal 2023, 19 (8) , 1419-1434. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-06-2021-0249
Jaewook Ryu, Seung Hyeun Lee, Sungyeon Kim, Joo-Won Jeong, Kyung Sook Kim, Seungyoon Nam, Ja-Eun Kim. Urban dust particles disrupt mitotic progression by dysregulating Aurora kinase B-related functions. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2023, 459 , 132238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132238
Vaishwik Patel, Arun Baskar, Steffi Tiburcius, Brodie Morrison, Bhavya Mod, Pradeep S. Tanwar, Prashant Kumar, Ajay Karakoti, Gurwinder Singh, Ajayan Vinu. Mesoporous Carbon Nitrides as Emerging Materials: Nanoarchitectonics and Biosensing Applications. Advanced Sensor Research 2023, 2 (9) https://doi.org/10.1002/adsr.202300024
Xiaopei Wang, Lingquan Meng, Yifeng Liu, Hongxu Wei. Facial Expressions of Urban Forest Visitors Jointly Exposed to Air Pollution and Regional Climate. Forests 2023, 14 (8) , 1571. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14081571
Lin Qiao, Yihe Zhang, Minghui Zheng, Yatai Li, Yuan Xue, Guangtao Fan, Qihong Deng. Screening for high-risk emerging contaminants in the atmosphere: Recent advances and new challenges. Chinese Science Bulletin 2023, 381 https://doi.org/10.1360/TB-2023-0449
Egide Kalisa, Maggie L. Clark, Theoneste Ntakirutimana, Mabano Amani, John Volckens. Exposure to indoor and outdoor air pollution in schools in Africa: Current status, knowledge gaps, and a call to action. Heliyon 2023, 9 (8) , e18450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18450
Eleni Dovrou, Steven Lelieveld, Ashmi Mishra, Ulrich Pöschl, Thomas Berkemeier. Influence of ambient and endogenous H 2 O 2 on reactive oxygen species concentrations and OH radical production in the respiratory tract. Environmental Science: Atmospheres 2023, 3 (7) , 1066-1074. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2EA00179A
Joses G. Nathanael, Uta Wille. Phenylalanine Residues Are Very Rapidly Damaged by Nitrate Radicals (NO 3 ⋅) in an Aqueous Environment. ChemBioChem 2023, 24 (12) https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.202200731
Gabriela Polezer, Sanja Potgieter-Vermaak, Andrea Oliveira, Leila D. Martins, Jéssica C. Santos-Silva, Camila A. B. Moreira, Theotonio Pauliquevis, Ana F. L. Godoi, Yara Tadano, Carlos I. Yamamoto, Ricardo H. M. Godoi. The new WHO air quality guidelines for PM2.5: predicament for small/medium cities. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 2023, 45 (5) , 1841-1860. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-022-01307-8
Giorgio Veratti, Michele Stortini, Roberta Amorati, Lidia Bressan, Giulia Giovannini, Stefano Bande, Francesca Bissardella, Stefania Ghigo, Elisabetta Angelino, Loris Colombo, Giuseppe Fossati, Giulia Malvestiti, Alessandro Marongiu, Alberto Dalla Fontana, Barbara Intini, Silvia Pillon. Impact of NOx and NH3 Emission Reduction on Particulate Matter across Po Valley: A LIFE-IP-PREPAIR Study. Atmosphere 2023, 14 (5) , 762. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14050762
Dustin T. Hill, Vikrant Jandev, Michael Petroni, Nader Atallah-Yunes, Kestas Bendinskas, Lynn S. Brann, Kevin Heffernan, David A. Larsen, James A. MacKenzie, Christopher D. Palmer, Patrick J. Parsons, Brooks B. Gump, Mary B. Collins. Airborne levels of cadmium are correlated with urinary cadmium concentrations among young children living in the New York state city of Syracuse, USA. Environmental Research 2023, 223 , 115450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.115450
Sarah Commodore, Steven Christopher, Bethany Wolf, Erik Svendsen. Assessment of trace elements directly from archived total suspended particulate filters by laser ablation ICP-MS: A case study of South Carolina. Journal of Trace Elements and Minerals 2023, 3 , 100041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemin.2022.100041
Pengfei Li, Jingyi Wu, Ruohan Wang, Hengyi Liu, Tong Zhu, Tao Xue. Source sectors underlying PM2.5-related deaths among children under 5 years of age in 17 low- and middle-income countries. Environment International 2023, 172 , 107756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2023.107756
Girija Kadlaskar, Antonia Piergies, Meghan Miller. Environmental Risk Factors for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. 2023, 209-242. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41709-2_9
Alessandro Bigi, Giorgio Veratti, Elisabeth Andrews, Martine Collaud Coen, Lorenzo Guerrieri, Vera Bernardoni, Dario Massabò, Luca Ferrero, Sergio Teggi, Grazia Ghermandi. Aerosol absorption using in situ filter-based photometers and ground-based sun photometry in the Po Valley urban atmosphere. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2023, 23 (23) , 14841-14869. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-14841-2023
. Chapter 23 : US Caribbean. Fifth National Climate Assessment. 2023https://doi.org/10.7930/NCA5.2023.CH23
Daniela Varrica, Maria Grazia Alaimo. Determination of Water-Soluble Trace Elements in the PM10 and PM2.5 of Palermo Town (Italy). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2023, 20 (1) , 724. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010724
Jing Cai, Yang Shen, Xia Meng, Yan Zhao, Yue Niu, Renjie Chen, Wenchong Du, Guangbin Quan, Anna L. Barnett, Gary Jones, Haidong Kan, Jing Hua. Association of developmental coordination disorder with early-life exposure to fine particulate matter in Chinese preschoolers. The Innovation 2023, 4 (1) , 100347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2022.100347
Jun-Wei Xu, Jintai Lin, Gan Luo, Jamiu Adeniran, Hao Kong. Foreign emissions exacerbate PM 2.5 pollution in China through nitrate chemistry. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2023, 23 (7) , 4149-4163. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4149-2023
Nabgha-e Amen, Syed Ali Musstjab Akber Shah Eqani, Khawar Bilal, Nadeem Ali, Nisreen Rajeh, David Adelman, Heqing Shen, Rainer Lohmann. Molecularly tracing of children exposure pathways to environmental organic pollutants and the Autism Spectrum Disorder Risk. Environmental Pollution 2022, 315 , 120381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120381
Shiyi Yang, Luyao Wen, Xuyang Chai, Yuanyuan Song, Xin Chen, Zhi-Feng Chen, Ruijin Li, Chuan Dong, Zenghua Qi, Zongwei Cai. The protective effects of taurine and fish oil supplementation on PM2.5-induced heart dysfunction among aged mice: A random double-blind study. Science of The Total Environment 2022, 851 , 157966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157966
Román Pérez Velasco, Dorota Jarosińska. Update of the WHO global air quality guidelines: Systematic reviews – An introduction. Environment International 2022, 170 , 107556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107556
Gabriele Messori, Dave Van Wees, Francesco S.R. Pausata, Juan C. Acosta Navarro, Abdel Hannachi, Frank J. Dentener. The impact of future atmospheric circulation changes over the Euro-Atlantic sector on urban PM2.5 concentrations. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology 2022, 70 (1) , 1468704. https://doi.org/10.1080/16000889.2018.1468704
Jingyuan Li, Maodong Fang, Zhiwen Yang, Zongyan Lv, Ning Wei, Fuwu Yan, Hongjun Mao. Impact of Illegal Application of Urea Regulator on Real-World Exhaust Nitrogen Oxygen and Particle Number Emissions. Atmosphere 2022, 13 (10) , 1739. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13101739
Egide Kalisa, Vincent Kuuire, Matthew Adams. A preliminary investigation comparing high-volume and low-volume air samplers for measurement of PAHs, NPAHs and airborne bacterial communities in atmospheric particulate matter. Environmental Science: Atmospheres 2022, 2 (5) , 1120-1131. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2EA00078D
Alexander Yang, Qian Tan, Chamara Rajapakshe, Mian Chin, Hongbin Yu. Global premature mortality by dust and pollution PM2.5 estimated from aerosol reanalysis of the modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications, version 2. Frontiers in Environmental Science 2022, 10 https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.975755
Eduard Buss, Tim-Lucas Rabbel, Viktor Horvat, Marko Krizmancic, Stjepan Bogdan, Mostafa Wahby, Heiko Hamann. PhytoNodes for Environmental Monitoring: Stimulus Classification based on Natural Plant Signals in an Interactive Energy-efficient Bio-hybrid System. 2022, 258-264. https://doi.org/10.1145/3524458.3547266
Dajeong Jeong, Changhyun Yoo, Sang-Wook Yeh, Jin-Ho Yoon, Daegyun Lee, Jae-Bum Lee, Jin-Young Choi. Statistical Seasonal Forecasting of Winter and Spring PM2.5 Concentrations Over the Korean Peninsula. Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 2022, 58 (4) , 549-561. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13143-022-00275-4
Sofia Eirini Chatoutsidou, Mihalis Lazaridis. Mass concentrations and elemental analysis of PM2.5 and PM10 in a coastal Mediterranean site: A holistic approach to identify contributing sources and varying factors. Science of The Total Environment 2022, 838 , 155980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155980
Sofia Anwar, Bilal Hussain, Muhammad Usman, Syed Asif Ali Naqvi, Ashfaq Ahmad Shah. Consumers’ switching intentions from conventional to green vehicles in the context of smog risk in Pakistan. Case Studies on Transport Policy 2022, 10 (3) , 1695-1705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2022.06.008
Li Li, Qiyuan Wang, Yong Zhang, Suixin Liu, Ting Zhang, Shuang Wang, Jie Tian, Yang Chen, Steven Sai Hang Ho, Yongming Han, Junji Cao. Impact of reduced anthropogenic emissions on chemical characteristics of urban aerosol by individual particle analysis. Chemosphere 2022, 303 , 135013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135013

Load more citations

Download PDF

Get e-Alerts

Environmental Science & Technology

Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2016, 50, 10, 4895–4904

Click to copy citationCitation copied!

https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b03827

Published March 24, 2016

Request reuse permissions

Article Views

Altmetric

Citations

298

Learn about these metrics

Article Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.

Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.

The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated.

Abstract
High Resolution Image
Download MS PowerPoint Slide
Figure 1
Figure 1. Total rate of health burden in 2013 due to exposure to ambient PM_2.5 pollution (disability-adjusted life-years per year per 100 000 population), from the Global Burden of Disease 2013 (Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington).
High Resolution Image
Download MS PowerPoint Slide
Figure 2
Figure 2. Ratio of estimated annual average PM_2.5 concentrations in 2013 to 1990, at 0.1° × 0.1° resolution, following methods of Brauer et al. (2016). Red indicates a large relative increase during this period; green indicates decreases.
High Resolution Image
Download MS PowerPoint Slide
Figure 3
Figure 3. Satellite image showing a thick river of haze over the Indo-Gangetic Plain on January 10, 2013, as captured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite. Image courtesy of NASA Earth Observatory. (http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=80148).
High Resolution Image
Download MS PowerPoint Slide
References
This article references 88 other publications.
1. 1
  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Integrated Science Assessment for Ozone and Related Photochemical Oxidants, EPA 600/R-10/076F, 2013.
  There is no corresponding record for this reference.
2. 2
  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Integrated Science Assessment for Particulate Matter, EPA/600/R-08/139F, 2009.
  There is no corresponding record for this reference.
3. 3
  Brook, R. D.; Rajagopalan, S.; Pope, C. A.; Brook, J. R.; Bhatnagar, A.; Diez-Roux, A. V.; Holguin, F.; Hong, Y. L.; Luepker, R. V.; Mittleman, M. A.; Peters, A.; Siscovick, D.; Smith, S. C.; Whitsel, L.; Kaufman, J. D.; Epidemiol, A. H. A. C.; Dis, C. K. C.; Metab, C. N. P. A. Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease An Update to the Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Circulation 2010, 121 (21) 2331– 2378 DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1
  3
  Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease: An Update to the Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
  Brook, Robert D.; Rajagopalan, Sanjay; Pope, C. Arden, III; Brook, Jeffrey R.; Bhatnagar, Aruni; Diez-Roux, Ana V.; Holguin, Fernando; Hong, Yuling; Luepker, Russell V.; Mittleman, Murray A.; Peters, Annette; Siscovick, David; Smith, Sidney C., Jr.; Whitsel, Laurie; Kaufman, Joel D.
  Circulation (2010), 121 (21), 2331-2378CODEN: CIRCAZ; ISSN:0009-7322. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins)
  A review. In 2004, the first American Heart Assocn. scientific statement on "Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease" concluded that exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution contributes to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In the interim, numerous studies have expanded our understanding of this assocn. and further elucidated the physiol. and mol. mechanisms involved. The main objective of this updated American Heart Assocn. scientific statement is to provide a comprehensive review of the new evidence linking PM exposure with cardiovascular disease, with a specific focus on highlighting the clin. implications for researchers and healthcare providers. The writing group also sought to provide expert consensus opinions on many aspects of the current state of science and updated suggestions for areas of future research. On the basis of the findings of this review, several new conclusions were reached, including the following: Exposure to PM < 2.5 μm in diam. (PM2.5) over a few hours to weeks can trigger cardiovascular disease-related mortality and nonfatal events; longer-term exposure (eg, a few years) increases the risk for cardiovascular mortality to an even greater extent than exposures over a few days and reduces life expectancy within more highly exposed segments of the population by several months to a few years; redns. in PM levels are assocd. with decreases in cardiovascular mortality within a time frame as short as a few years; and many credible pathol. mechanisms have been elucidated that lend biol. plausibility to these findings. It is the opinion of the writing group that the overall evidence is consistent with a causal relationship between PM2.5 exposure and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This body of evidence has grown and been strengthened substantially since the first American Heart Assocn. scientific statement was published. Finally, PM2.5 exposure is deemed a modifiable factor that contributes to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXmslGmu78%253D&md5=bbe8d6ace13d0364865a8364e5b6000b
4. 4
  Burnett, R. T.; Pope, C. A.; Ezzati, M.; Olives, C.; Lim, S. S.; Mehta, S.; Shin, H. H.; Singh, G.; Hubbell, B.; Brauer, M.; Anderson, H. R.; Smith, K. R.; Balmes, J. R.; Bruce, N. G.; Kan, H. D.; Laden, F.; Pruss-Ustun, A.; Michelle, C. T.; Gapstur, S. M.; Diver, W. R.; Cohen, A. An Integrated Risk Function for Estimating the Global Burden of Disease Attributable to Ambient Fine Particulate Matter Exposure Environ. Health Perspect. 2014, 122 (4) 397– 403 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1307049
  4
  An integrated risk function for estimating the global burden of disease attributable to ambient fine particulate matter exposure
  Burnett Richard T; Pope C Arden 3rd; Ezzati Majid; Olives Casey; Lim Stephen S; Mehta Sumi; Shin Hwashin H; Singh Gitanjali; Hubbell Bryan; Brauer Michael; Anderson H Ross; Smith Kirk R; Balmes John R; Bruce Nigel G; Kan Haidong; Laden Francine; Pruss-Ustun Annette; Turner Michelle C; Gapstur Susan M; Diver W Ryan; Cohen Aaron
  Environmental health perspectives (2014), 122 (4), 397-403 ISSN:.
  BACKGROUND: Estimating the burden of disease attributable to long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in ambient air requires knowledge of both the shape and magnitude of the relative risk (RR) function. However, adequate direct evidence to identify the shape of the mortality RR functions at the high ambient concentrations observed in many places in the world is lacking. OBJECTIVE: We developed RR functions over the entire global exposure range for causes of mortality in adults: ischemic heart disease (IHD), cerebrovascular disease (stroke), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer (LC). We also developed RR functions for the incidence of acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) that can be used to estimate mortality and lost-years of healthy life in children < 5 years of age. METHODS: We fit an integrated exposure-response (IER) model by integrating available RR information from studies of ambient air pollution (AAP), second hand tobacco smoke, household solid cooking fuel, and active smoking (AS). AS exposures were converted to estimated annual PM2.5 exposure equivalents using inhaled doses of particle mass. We derived population attributable fractions (PAFs) for every country based on estimated worldwide ambient PM2.5 concentrations. RESULTS: The IER model was a superior predictor of RR compared with seven other forms previously used in burden assessments. The percent PAF attributable to AAP exposure varied among countries from 2 to 41 for IHD, 1 to 43 for stroke, < 1 to 21 for COPD, < 1 to 25 for LC, and < 1 to 38 for ALRI. CONCLUSIONS: We developed a fine particulate mass-based RR model that covered the global range of exposure by integrating RR information from different combustion types that generate emissions of particulate matter. The model can be updated as new RR information becomes available.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC2cvjvFWnsA%253D%253D&md5=4ce6aad41a1f1cd5bcdd31aa405d8416
5. 5
  Forouzanfar, M. H.; Alexander, L.; Anderson, H. R.; Bachman, V. F.; Biryukov, S. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Lancet 2015, 386 (10010) 2287– 2323 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00128-2
  5
  Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
  Forouzanfar Mohammad H; Alexander Lily; Anderson H Ross; Bachman Victoria F; Biryukov Stan; Brauer Michael; Burnett Richard; Casey Daniel; Coates Matthew M; Cohen Aaron; Delwiche Kristen; Estep Kara; Frostad Joseph J; Astha K C; Kyu Hmwe H; Moradi-Lakeh Maziar; Ng Marie; Slepak Erica Leigh; Thomas Bernadette A; Wagner Joseph; Aasvang Gunn Marit; Abbafati Cristiana; Abbasoglu Ozgoren Ayse; Abd-Allah Foad; Abera Semaw F; Aboyans Victor; Abraham Biju; Abraham Jerry Puthenpurakal; Abubakar Ibrahim; Abu-Rmeileh Niveen M E; Aburto Tania C; Achoki Tom; Adelekan Ademola; Adofo Koranteng; Adou Arsene K; Adsuar Jose C; Afshin Ashkan; Agardh Emilie E; Al Khabouri Mazin J; Al Lami Faris H; Alam Sayed Saidul; Alasfoor Deena; Albittar Mohammed I; Alegretti Miguel A; Aleman Alicia V; Alemu Zewdie A; Alfonso-Cristancho Rafael; Alhabib Samia; Ali Raghib; Ali Mohammed K; Alla Francois; Allebeck Peter; Allen Peter J; Alsharif Ubai; Alvarez Elena; Alvis-Guzman Nelson; Amankwaa Adansi A; Amare Azmeraw T; Ameh Emmanuel A; Ameli Omid; Amini Heresh; Ammar Walid; Anderson Benjamin O; Antonio Carl Abelardo T; Anwari Palwasha; Argeseanu Cunningham Solveig; Arnlov Johan; Arsenijevic Valentina S Arsic; Artaman Al; Asghar Rana J; Assadi Reza; Atkins Lydia S; Atkinson Charles; Avila Marco A; Awuah Baffour; Badawi Alaa; Bahit Maria C; Bakfalouni Talal; Balakrishnan Kalpana; Balalla Shivanthi; Balu Ravi Kumar; Banerjee Amitava; Barber Ryan M; Barker-Collo Suzanne L; Barquera Simon; Barregard Lars; Barrero Lope H; Barrientos-Gutierrez Tonatiuh; Basto-Abreu Ana C; Basu Arindam; Basu Sanjay; Basulaiman Mohammed O; Batis Ruvalcaba Carolina; Beardsley Justin; Bedi Neeraj; Bekele Tolesa; Bell Michelle L; Benjet Corina; Bennett Derrick A; Benzian Habib; Bernabe Eduardo; Beyene Tariku J; Bhala Neeraj; Bhalla Ashish; Bhutta Zulfiqar A; Bikbov Boris; Bin Abdulhak Aref A; Blore Jed D; Blyth Fiona M; Bohensky Megan A; Bora Basara Berrak; Borges Guilherme; Bornstein Natan M; Bose Dipan; Boufous Soufiane; Bourne Rupert R; Brainin Michael; Brazinova Alexandra; Breitborde Nicholas J; Brenner Hermann; Briggs Adam D M; Broday David M; Brooks Peter M; Bruce Nigel G; Brugha Traolach S; Brunekreef Bert; Buchbinder Rachelle; Bui Linh N; Bukhman Gene; Bulloch Andrew G; Burch Michael; Burney Peter G J; Campos-Nonato Ismael R; Campuzano Julio C; Cantoral Alejandra J; Caravanos Jack; Cardenas Rosario; Cardis Elisabeth; Carpenter David O; Caso Valeria; Castaneda-Orjuela Carlos A; Castro Ruben E; Catala-Lopez Ferran; Cavalleri Fiorella; Cavlin Alanur; Chadha Vineet K; Chang Jung-Chen; Charlson Fiona J; Chen Honglei; Chen Wanqing; Chen Zhengming; Chiang Peggy P; Chimed-Ochir Odgerel; Chowdhury Rajiv; Christophi Costas A; Chuang Ting-Wu; Chugh Sumeet S; Cirillo Massimo; Classen Thomas K D; Colistro Valentina; Colomar Mercedes; Colquhoun Samantha M; Contreras Alejandra G; Cooper Cyrus; Cooperrider Kimberly; Cooper Leslie T; Coresh Josef; Courville Karen J; Criqui Michael H; Cuevas-Nasu Lucia; Damsere-Derry James; Danawi Hadi; Dandona Lalit; Dandona Rakhi; Dargan Paul I; Davis Adrian; Davitoiu Dragos V; Dayama Anand; de Castro E Filipa; De la Cruz-Gongora Vanessa; De Leo Diego; de Lima Graca; Degenhardt Louisa; del Pozo-Cruz Borja; Dellavalle Robert P; Deribe Kebede; Derrett Sarah; Des Jarlais Don C; Dessalegn Muluken; deVeber Gabrielle A; Devries Karen M; Dharmaratne Samath D; Dherani Mukesh K; Dicker Daniel; Ding Eric L; Dokova Klara; Dorsey E Ray; Driscoll Tim R; Duan Leilei; Durrani Adnan M; Ebel Beth E; Ellenbogen Richard G; Elshrek Yousef M; Endres Matthias; Ermakov Sergey P; Erskine Holly E; Eshrati Babak; Esteghamati Alireza; Fahimi Saman; Faraon Emerito Jose A; Farzadfar Farshad; Fay Derek F J; Feigin Valery L; Feigl Andrea B; Fereshtehnejad Seyed-Mohammad; Ferrari Alize J; Ferri Cleusa P; Flaxman Abraham D; Fleming Thomas D; Foigt Nataliya; Foreman Kyle J; Paleo Urbano Fra; Franklin Richard C; Gabbe Belinda; Gaffikin Lynne; Gakidou Emmanuela; Gamkrelidze Amiran; Gankpe Fortune G; Gansevoort Ron T; Garcia-Guerra Francisco A; Gasana Evariste; Geleijnse Johanna M; Gessner Bradford D; Gething Pete; Gibney Katherine B; Gillum Richard F; Ginawi Ibrahim A M; Giroud Maurice; Giussani Giorgia; Goenka Shifalika; Goginashvili Ketevan; Gomez Dantes Hector; Gona Philimon; Gonzalez de Cosio Teresita; Gonzalez-Castell Dinorah; Gotay Carolyn C; Goto Atsushi; Gouda Hebe N; Guerrant Richard L; Gugnani Harish C; Guillemin Francis; Gunnell David; Gupta Rahul; Gupta Rajeev; Gutierrez Reyna A; Hafezi-Nejad Nima; Hagan Holly; Hagstromer Maria; Halasa Yara A; Hamadeh Randah R; Hammami Mouhanad; Hankey Graeme J; Hao Yuantao; Harb Hilda L; Haregu Tilahun Nigatu; Haro Josep Maria; Havmoeller Rasmus; Hay Simon I; Hedayati Mohammad T; Heredia-Pi Ileana B; Hernandez Lucia; Heuton Kyle R; Heydarpour Pouria; Hijar Martha; Hoek Hans W; Hoffman Howard J; Hornberger John C; Hosgood H Dean; Hoy Damian G; Hsairi Mohamed; Hu Guoqing; Hu Howard; Huang Cheng; Huang John J; Hubbell Bryan J; Huiart Laetitia; Husseini Abdullatif; Iannarone Marissa L; Iburg Kim M; Idrisov Bulat T; Ikeda Nayu; Innos Kaire; Inoue Manami; Islami Farhad; Ismayilova Samaya; Jacobsen Kathryn H; Jansen Henrica A; Jarvis Deborah L; Jassal Simerjot K; Jauregui Alejandra; Jayaraman Sudha; Jeemon Panniyammakal; Jensen Paul N; Jha Vivekanand; Jiang Fan; Jiang Guohong; Jiang Ying; Jonas Jost B; Juel Knud; Kan Haidong; Kany Roseline Sidibe S; Karam Nadim E; Karch Andre; Karema Corine K; Karthikeyan Ganesan; Kaul Anil; Kawakami Norito; Kazi Dhruv S; Kemp Andrew H; Kengne Andre P; Keren Andre; Khader Yousef S; Khalifa Shams Eldin Ali Hassan; Khan Ejaz A; Khang Young-Ho; Khatibzadeh Shahab; Khonelidze Irma; Kieling Christian; Kim Daniel; Kim Sungroul; Kim Yunjin; Kimokoti Ruth W; Kinfu Yohannes; Kinge Jonas M; Kissela Brett M; Kivipelto Miia; Knibbs Luke D; Knudsen Ann Kristin; Kokubo Yoshihiro; Kose M Rifat; Kosen Soewarta; Kraemer Alexander; Kravchenko Michael; Krishnaswami Sanjay; Kromhout Hans; Ku Tiffany; Kuate Defo Barthelemy; Kucuk Bicer Burcu; Kuipers Ernst J; Kulkarni Chanda; Kulkarni Veena S; Kumar G Anil; Kwan Gene F; Lai Taavi; Lakshmana Balaji Arjun; Lalloo Ratilal; Lallukka Tea; Lam Hilton; Lan Qing; Lansingh Van C; Larson Heidi J; Larsson Anders; Laryea Dennis O; Lavados Pablo M; Lawrynowicz Alicia E; Leasher Janet L; Lee Jong-Tae; Leigh James; Leung Ricky; Levi Miriam; Li Yichong; Li Yongmei; Liang Juan; Liang Xiaofeng; Lim Stephen S; Lindsay M Patrice; Lipshultz Steven E; Liu Shiwei; Liu Yang; Lloyd Belinda K; Logroscino Giancarlo; London Stephanie J; Lopez Nancy; Lortet-Tieulent Joannie; Lotufo Paulo A; Lozano Rafael; Lunevicius Raimundas; Ma Jixiang; Ma Stefan; Machado Vasco M P; MacIntyre Michael F; Magis-Rodriguez Carlos; Mahdi Abbas A; Majdan Marek; Malekzadeh Reza; Mangalam Srikanth; Mapoma Christopher C; Marape Marape; Marcenes Wagner; Margolis David J; Margono Christopher; Marks Guy B; Martin Randall V; Marzan Melvin B; Mashal Mohammad T; Masiye Felix; Mason-Jones Amanda J; Matsushita Kunihiro; Matzopoulos Richard; Mayosi Bongani M; Mazorodze Tasara T; McKay Abigail C; McKee Martin; McLain Abigail; Meaney Peter A; Medina Catalina; Mehndiratta Man Mohan; Mejia-Rodriguez Fabiola; Mekonnen Wubegzier; Melaku Yohannes A; Meltzer Michele; Memish Ziad A; Mendoza Walter; Mensah George A; Meretoja Atte; Mhimbira Francis Apolinary; Micha Renata; Miller Ted R; Mills Edward J; Misganaw Awoke; Mishra Santosh; Mohamed Ibrahim Norlinah; Mohammad Karzan A; Mokdad Ali H; Mola Glen L; Monasta Lorenzo; Montanez Hernandez Julio C; Montico Marcella; Moore Ami R; Morawska Lidia; Mori Rintaro; Moschandreas Joanna; Moturi Wilkister N; Mozaffarian Dariush; Mueller Ulrich O; Mukaigawara Mitsuru; Mullany Erin C; Murthy Kinnari S; Naghavi Mohsen; Nahas Ziad; Naheed Aliya; Naidoo Kovin S; Naldi Luigi; Nand Devina; Nangia Vinay; Narayan K M Venkat; Nash Denis; Neal Bruce; Nejjari Chakib; Neupane Sudan P; Newton Charles R; Ngalesoni Frida N; Ngirabega Jean de Dieu; Nguyen Grant; Nguyen Nhung T; Nieuwenhuijsen Mark J; Nisar Muhammad I; Nogueira Jose R; Nolla Joan M; Nolte Sandra; Norheim Ole F; Norman Rosana E; Norrving Bo; Nyakarahuka Luke; Oh In-Hwan; Ohkubo Takayoshi; Olusanya Bolajoko O; Omer Saad B; Opio John Nelson; Orozco Ricardo; Pagcatipunan Rodolfo S Jr; Pain Amanda W; Pandian Jeyaraj D; Panelo Carlo Irwin A; Papachristou Christina; Park Eun-Kee; Parry Charles D; Paternina Caicedo Angel J; Patten Scott B; Paul Vinod K; Pavlin Boris I; Pearce Neil; Pedraza Lilia S; Pedroza Andrea; Pejin Stokic Ljiljana; Pekericli Ayfer; Pereira David M; Perez-Padilla Rogelio; Perez-Ruiz Fernando; Perico Norberto; Perry Samuel A L; Pervaiz Aslam; Pesudovs Konrad; Peterson Carrie B; Petzold Max; Phillips Michael R; Phua Hwee Pin; Plass Dietrich; Poenaru Dan; Polanczyk Guilherme V; Polinder Suzanne; Pond Constance D; Pope C Arden; Pope Daniel; Popova Svetlana; Pourmalek Farshad; Powles John; Prabhakaran Dorairaj; Prasad Noela M; Qato Dima M; Quezada Amado D; Quistberg D Alex A; Racape Lionel; Rafay Anwar; Rahimi Kazem; Rahimi-Movaghar Vafa; Rahman Sajjad Ur; Raju Murugesan; Rakovac Ivo; Rana Saleem M; Rao Mayuree; Razavi Homie; Reddy K Srinath; Refaat Amany H; Rehm Jurgen; Remuzzi Giuseppe; Ribeiro Antonio L; Riccio Patricia M; Richardson Lee; Riederer Anne; Robinson Margaret; Roca Anna; Rodriguez Alina; Rojas-Rueda David; Romieu Isabelle; Ronfani Luca; Room Robin; Roy Nobhojit; Ruhago George M; Rushton Lesley; Sabin Nsanzimana; Sacco Ralph L; Saha Sukanta; Sahathevan Ramesh; Sahraian Mohammad Ali; Salomon Joshua A; Salvo Deborah; Sampson Uchechukwu K; Sanabria Juan R; Sanchez Luz Maria; Sanchez-Pimienta Tania G; Sanchez-Riera Lidia; Sandar Logan; Santos Itamar S; Sapkota Amir; Satpathy Maheswar; Saunders James E; Sawhney Monika; Saylan Mete I; Scarborough Peter; Schmidt Jurgen C; Schneider Ione J C; Schottker Ben; Schwebel David C; Scott James G; Seedat Soraya; Sepanlou Sadaf G; Serdar Berrin; Servan-Mori Edson E; Shaddick Gavin; Shahraz Saeid; Levy Teresa Shamah; Shangguan Siyi; She Jun; Sheikhbahaei Sara; Shibuya Kenji; Shin Hwashin H; Shinohara Yukito; Shiri Rahman; Shishani Kawkab; Shiue Ivy; Sigfusdottir Inga D; Silberberg Donald H; Simard Edgar P; Sindi Shireen; Singh Abhishek; Singh Gitanjali M; Singh Jasvinder A; Skirbekk Vegard; Sliwa Karen; Soljak Michael; Soneji Samir; Soreide Kjetil; Soshnikov Sergey; Sposato Luciano A; Sreeramareddy Chandrashekhar T; Stapelberg Nicolas J C; Stathopoulou Vasiliki; Steckling Nadine; Stein Dan J; Stein Murray B; Stephens Natalie; Stockl Heidi; Straif Kurt; Stroumpoulis Konstantinos; Sturua Lela; Sunguya Bruno F; Swaminathan Soumya; Swaroop Mamta; Sykes Bryan L; Tabb Karen M; Takahashi Ken; Talongwa Roberto T; Tandon Nikhil; Tanne David; Tanner Marcel; Tavakkoli Mohammad; Te Ao Braden J; Teixeira Carolina M; Tellez Rojo Martha M; Terkawi Abdullah S; Texcalac-Sangrador Jose Luis; Thackway Sarah V; Thomson Blake; Thorne-Lyman Andrew L; Thrift Amanda G; Thurston George D; Tillmann Taavi; Tobollik Myriam; Tonelli Marcello; Topouzis Fotis; Towbin Jeffrey A; Toyoshima Hideaki; Traebert Jefferson; Tran Bach X; Trasande Leonardo; Trillini Matias; Trujillo Ulises; Dimbuene Zacharie Tsala; Tsilimbaris Miltiadis; Tuzcu Emin Murat; Uchendu Uche S; Ukwaja Kingsley N; Uzun Selen B; van de Vijver Steven; Van Dingenen Rita; van Gool Coen H; van Os Jim; Varakin Yuri Y; Vasankari Tommi J; Vasconcelos Ana Maria N; Vavilala Monica S; Veerman Lennert J; Velasquez-Melendez Gustavo; Venketasubramanian N; Vijayakumar Lakshmi; Villalpando Salvador; Violante Francesco S; Vlassov Vasiliy Victorovich; Vollset Stein Emil; Wagner Gregory R; Waller Stephen G; Wallin Mitchell T; Wan Xia; Wang Haidong; Wang JianLi; Wang Linhong; Wang Wenzhi; Wang Yanping; Warouw Tati S; Watts Charlotte H; Weichenthal Scott; Weiderpass Elisabete; Weintraub Robert G; Werdecker Andrea; Wessells K Ryan; Westerman Ronny; Whiteford Harvey A; Wilkinson James D; Williams Hywel C; Williams Thomas N; Woldeyohannes Solomon M; Wolfe Charles D A; Wong John Q; Woolf Anthony D; Wright Jonathan L; Wurtz Brittany; Xu Gelin; Yan Lijing L; Yang Gonghuan; Yano Yuichiro; Ye Pengpeng; Yenesew Muluken; Yentur Gokalp K; Yip Paul; Yonemoto Naohiro; Yoon Seok-Jun; Younis Mustafa Z; Younoussi Zourkaleini; Yu Chuanhua; Zaki Maysaa E; Zhao Yong; Zheng Yingfeng; Zhou Maigeng; Zhu Jun; Zhu Shankuan; Zou Xiaonong; Zunt Joseph R; Lopez Alan D; Vos Theo; Murray Christopher J
  Lancet (London, England) (2015), 386 (10010), 2287-323 ISSN:.
  BACKGROUND: The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor study 2013 (GBD 2013) is the first of a series of annual updates of the GBD. Risk factor quantification, particularly of modifiable risk factors, can help to identify emerging threats to population health and opportunities for prevention. The GBD 2013 provides a timely opportunity to update the comparative risk assessment with new data for exposure, relative risks, and evidence on the appropriate counterfactual risk distribution. METHODS: Attributable deaths, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) have been estimated for 79 risks or clusters of risks using the GBD 2010 methods. Risk-outcome pairs meeting explicit evidence criteria were assessed for 188 countries for the period 1990-2013 by age and sex using three inputs: risk exposure, relative risks, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL). Risks are organised into a hierarchy with blocks of behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks at the first level of the hierarchy. The next level in the hierarchy includes nine clusters of related risks and two individual risks, with more detail provided at levels 3 and 4 of the hierarchy. Compared with GBD 2010, six new risk factors have been added: handwashing practices, occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, childhood wasting, childhood stunting, unsafe sex, and low glomerular filtration rate. For most risks, data for exposure were synthesised with a Bayesian meta-regression method, DisMod-MR 2.0, or spatial-temporal Gaussian process regression. Relative risks were based on meta-regressions of published cohort and intervention studies. Attributable burden for clusters of risks and all risks combined took into account evidence on the mediation of some risks such as high body-mass index (BMI) through other risks such as high systolic blood pressure and high cholesterol. FINDINGS: All risks combined account for 57·2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 55·8-58·5) of deaths and 41·6% (40·1-43·0) of DALYs. Risks quantified account for 87·9% (86·5-89·3) of cardiovascular disease DALYs, ranging to a low of 0% for neonatal disorders and neglected tropical diseases and malaria. In terms of global DALYs in 2013, six risks or clusters of risks each caused more than 5% of DALYs: dietary risks accounting for 11·3 million deaths and 241·4 million DALYs, high systolic blood pressure for 10·4 million deaths and 208·1 million DALYs, child and maternal malnutrition for 1·7 million deaths and 176·9 million DALYs, tobacco smoke for 6·1 million deaths and 143·5 million DALYs, air pollution for 5·5 million deaths and 141·5 million DALYs, and high BMI for 4·4 million deaths and 134·0 million DALYs. Risk factor patterns vary across regions and countries and with time. In sub-Saharan Africa, the leading risk factors are child and maternal malnutrition, unsafe sex, and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing. In women, in nearly all countries in the Americas, north Africa, and the Middle East, and in many other high-income countries, high BMI is the leading risk factor, with high systolic blood pressure as the leading risk in most of Central and Eastern Europe and south and east Asia. For men, high systolic blood pressure or tobacco use are the leading risks in nearly all high-income countries, in north Africa and the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. For men and women, unsafe sex is the leading risk in a corridor from Kenya to South Africa. INTERPRETATION: Behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks can explain half of global mortality and more than one-third of global DALYs providing many opportunities for prevention. Of the larger risks, the attributable burden of high BMI has increased in the past 23 years. In view of the prominence of behavioural risk factors, behavioural and social science research on interventions for these risks should be strengthened. Many prevention and primary care policy options are available now to act on key risks. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC283hsl2qsw%253D%253D&md5=da2db569ab4ee824e6e5738b093b3874
6. 6
  Brauer, M.; Freedman, G.; Frostad, J.; van Donkelaar, A.; Martin, R. V.; Dentener, F.; van Dingenen, R.; Estep, K.; Amini, H.; Apte, J. S.; Balakrishnan, K.; Barragard, L.; Broday, D.; Feigin, V.; Ghosh, S.; Hopke, P. K.; Knibbs, L. D.; Kokubo, Y.; Liu, Y.; Ma, S.; Morawska, L.; Texcalac Sangrador, J. L.; Shaddick, G.; Anderson, H. R.; Vos, T.; Forouzanfar, M. H.; Burnett, R. T.; Cohen, A. Ambient air pollution exposure estimation for the Global Burden of Disease 2013 Environ. Sci. Technol. 2016, 50, 79– 88 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03709
  6
  Ambient Air Pollution Exposure Estimation for the Global Burden of Disease 2013
  Brauer, Michael; Freedman, Greg; Frostad, Joseph; van Donkelaar, Aaron; Martin, Randall V.; Dentener, Frank; Dingenen, Rita van; Estep, Kara; Amini, Heresh; Apte, Joshua S.; Balakrishnan, Kalpana; Barregard, Lars; Broday, David; Feigin, Valery; Ghosh, Santu; Hopke, Philip K.; Knibbs, Luke D.; Kokubo, Yoshihiro; Liu, Yang; Ma, Stefan; Morawska, Lidia; Sangrador, Jose Luis Texcalac; Shaddick, Gavin; Anderson, H. Ross; Vos, Theo; Forouzanfar, Mohammad H.; Burnett, Richard T.; Cohen, Aaron
  Environmental Science & Technology (2016), 50 (1), 79-88CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
  Ambient air pollution exposure is a major risk factor for global disease. Assessing the impact of air pollution on population health and evaluating trends relative to other major risk factors requires regularly updated, accurate, spatially resolved exposure ests. This work combined satellite-based ests., chem. transport model simulations, and ground measurements from 79 countries to produce global ests. of annual av. fine particle (PM2.5) and O3 concns. at 0.1° × 0.1° spatial resoln. for 5-yr intervals from 1990 to 2010 and year 2013. These ests. were used to assess population-weighted mean concns. for 1990-2013 for 188 countries. In 2013, 87% of the world population lived in areas exceeding the World Health Organization air quality guideline (10 μg/m3 PM2.5 annual av.). From 1990 to 2013, global population-weighted PM2.5 increased 20.4%, driven by trends in southern and southeastern Asia and China. Decreases in population-weighted mean PM2.5 concns. were evident in most high income countries. Population-weighted mean O3 concns. increased globally 8.9% from 1990 to 2013, with increases in most countries; modest decreases occurred in North America, parts of Europe, and several southeastern Asia countries.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhvVyit7bM&md5=0ff17c54d051acef99c5a703b91d4c2f
7. 7
  Parrish, D. D.; Zhu, T. Clean Air for Megacities Science 2009, 326 (5953) 674– 675 DOI: 10.1126/science.1176064
  There is no corresponding record for this reference.
8. 8
  Zhu, T.; Melamed, M.; Parrish, D.; Gauss, M.; Gallardo Klenner, L.; Lawrence, M.; Konare, A.; Liousse, C., Eds.; Impacts of Megacities on Air Pollution and Climate, WMO/IGAC GAW Report 205, ISBN 978–0–9882867–0–2, Geneva, Switzerland, 2012.
  There is no corresponding record for this reference.
9. 9
  Apte, J. S.; Marshall, J. D.; Cohen, A. J.; Brauer, M. Addressing Global Mortality from Ambient PM2.5 Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49, 8057– 8066 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01236
  9
  Addressing Global Mortality from Ambient PM2.5
  Apte, Joshua S.; Marshall, Julian D.; Cohen, Aaron J.; Brauer, Michael
  Environmental Science & Technology (2015), 49 (13), 8057-8066CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
  Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has a large, well-documented global burden of disease. This work used high-resoln. (10 km, global-coverage) concn. data and cause-specific integrated exposure-response functions developed for the Global Burden of Disease 2010 to assess how regional and global improvements in ambient air quality could reduce attributable mortality from PM2.5. Overall, an aggressive global program of PM2.5 mitigation in accord with World Health Organization interim guidelines could avoid 750,000 (23%) of the 3.2 million deaths/yr currently (2010) attributable to ambient PM2.5. Modest improvements in PM2.5 in relatively clean regions (North America, Europe) would result in surprisingly large avoided mortality, due to demog. factors and the non-linear concn.-response relationship which describes the risk of PM in relation to several important causes of death. Major air quality improvements would be required to substantially reduce mortality from PM2.5 in more polluted regions, e.g., China and India. Forecasted demog. and epidemiol. transitions in India and China imply that to maintain PM2.5-attributable mortality rates (deaths/100,000 people-yr) const., av. PM2.5 concns. would need to decline by ∼20-30% over the next 15 years to merely offset increases in PM2.5-attributable mortality from aging populations. An effective program to deliver clean air to the most polluted regions could avoid several hundred thousand premature deaths each year.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhtVShtb3P&md5=9deade47f08dc87bbe7572d6199be8e4
10. 10
  Bachmann, J. Will the Circle Be Unbroken: A History of the US National Ambient Air Quality Standards J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 2007, 57, 652– 697 DOI: 10.3155/1047-3289.57.10.1151
  10
  Will the circle be unbroken: a history of the U.S. national ambient air quality standards
  Bachmann, John
  Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (2007), 57 (6), 652-697CODEN: JAWAFC; ISSN:1096-2247. (Air & Waste Management Association)
  A review. In celebration of the 100th anniversary of the Air & Waste Management Assocn., this review examines the history of air quality management (AQM) in the United States over the last century, with an emphasis on the ambient stds. programs established by the landmark 1970 Clean Air Act (CAA) Amendments. The current CAA system is a hybrid of several distinct air pollution control philosophies, including the recursive or circular system driven by ambient stds. Although this evolving system has resulted in tremendous improvements in air quality, it has been far from perfect in terms of timeliness and effectiveness. The paper looks at several periods in the history of the U.S. program, including:. (1) 1900-1970, Spanning the early smoke abatement and smog control programs, the first federal involvement, and the development of a hybrid AQM approach in the 1970 CAA;. (2) 1971-1976, When the first National Ambient Air Quality Stds. (NAAQS) were set and implemented;. (3) 1977-1993, A period of the first revisions to the stds., new CAA Amendments, delays in implementation and decision-making, and key science/policy/legislative developments that would alter both the focus and scale of air pollution programs and how they are implemented; and. (4) 1993-2006, The second and third wave of NAAQS revisions and their implementation in the context of the 1990 CAA. This discussion examines where NAAQS have helped drive implementation programs and how improvements in both effects and air quality/control sciences influenced policy and legislation to enhance the effectiveness of the system over time. The review concludes with a look toward the future of AQM, emphasizing challenges and ways to meet them. The most significant of these is the need to make more efficient progress toward air quality goals, while adjusting the system to address the growing intersections between air quality management and climate change.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2sXnsVSgtrY%253D&md5=522dffd654e97610f335f66089543f64
11. 11
  Pope, C. A.; Ezzati, M.; Dockery, D. W. Fine-Particulate Air Pollution and Life Expectancy in the United States N. Engl. J. Med. 2009, 360 (4) 376– 386 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMsa0805646
  11
  Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the United States
  Pope, C. Arden, III; Ezzati, Majid; Dockery, Douglas W.
  New England Journal of Medicine (2009), 360 (4), 376-386CODEN: NEJMAG; ISSN:0028-4793. (Massachusetts Medical Society)
  Exposure to fine-particulate air pollution has been assocd. with increased morbidity and mortality, suggesting that sustained redns. in pollution exposure should result in improved life expectancy. This study directly evaluated the changes in life expectancy assocd. with differential changes in fine-particulate air pollution that occurred in the United States during the 1980s and 1990s. The authors compiled data on life expectancy, socioeconomic status, and demog. characteristics for 211 county units in the 51 U.S. metropolitan areas with matching data on fine-particulate air pollution for the late 1970s and early 1980s and the late 1990s and early 2000s. Regression models were used to est. the assocn. between redns. in pollution and changes in life expectancy, with adjustment for changes in socioeconomic and demog. variables and in proxy indicators for the prevalence of cigarette smoking. A decrease of 10 μg per cubic meter in the concn. of fine particulate matter was assocd. with an estd. increase in mean (± SE) life expectancy of 0.61 ± 0.20 yr (P = 0.004). The estd. effect of reduced exposure to pollution on life expectancy was not highly sensitive to adjustment for changes in socioeconomic, demog., or proxy variables for the prevalence of smoking or to the restriction of observations to relatively large counties. Redns. in air pollution accounted for as much as 15% of the overall increase in life expectancy in the study areas. A redn. in exposure to ambient fine-particulate air pollution contributed to significant and measurable improvements in life expectancy in the United States.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1MXhtVSltr8%253D&md5=5033a22aa3fda3604d97be40374873d8
12. 12
  Dominici, F.; Peng, R. D.; Barr, C. D.; Bell, M. L. Protecting Human Health From Air Pollution Shifting From a Single-pollutant to a Multipollutant Approach Epidemiology 2010, 21 (2) 187– 194 DOI: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181cc86e8
  There is no corresponding record for this reference.
13. 13
  Hartmann, D. L.; Tank, A. M. G. K.; Rusticucci, M.; Alexander, L. V.; Bronnimann, S.; Charabi, Y.; Dentener, F. J.; Dlugokencky, E. J.; Easterling, D. R.; Kaplan, A.; Soden, B. J.; Thorne, P. W.; Wild, M.; Zhai, P. M., Observations: Atmosphere and Surface. In Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on climate Change; Stocker, T. F.; Qin, D.; Plattner, G.-K.; Tignor, M.; Allen, S. K.; Boschung, J.; Nauels, A.; Xia, Y.; Bex, V.; Midgley, P. M., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: New York, NY, 2013.
  There is no corresponding record for this reference.
14. 14
  Boys, B. L.; Martin, R. V.; van Donkelaar, A.; MacDonell, R. J.; Hsu, N. C.; Cooper, M. J.; Yantosca, R. M.; Lu, Z.; Streets, D. G.; Zhang, Q.; Wang, S. W. Fifteen-Year Global Time Series of Satellite-Derived Fine Particulate Matter Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48 (19) 11109– 11118 DOI: 10.1021/es502113p
  14
  Fifteen-Year Global Time Series of Satellite-Derived Fine Particulate Matter
  Boys, B. L.; Martin, R. V.; van Donkelaar, A.; MacDonell, R. J.; Hsu, N. C.; Cooper, M. J.; Yantosca, R. M.; Lu, Z.; Streets, D. G.; Zhang, Q.; Wang, S. W.
  Environmental Science & Technology (2014), 48 (19), 11109-11118CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
  Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a leading environmental risk factor for premature mortality. This work used aerosol optical depth (AOD) measurements from 2 satellite instruments, multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer and sea viewing wide field of vision sensor, to produce a unified 15-yr global time series (1998-2012) of ground-level PM2.5 concns. at a 1° x 1° resoln. The GEOS-chem chem. transport model related each individual AOD retrieval to ground-level PM2.5 concn. Four broad areas displaying significant, spatially coherent, annual trends were examd. in detail: eastern USA (-0.39 ± 0.10 μg/m3-yr), Arabian Peninsula (0.81 ± 0.21 μg/m3-yr), southern Asia (0.93 ± 0.22 μg/m3-yr), and eastern Asia (0.79 ± 0.27 μg/m3-yr). Over the dense in-situ observation period, 1999-2012, the linear tendency for the eastern USA (-0.37 ± 0.13 μg/m3-yr) agreed well with in-situ measurements (-0.38 ± 0.06 μg/m3-yr). A GEOS-Chem simulation showed secondary inorg. aerosols largely explained the obsd. PM2.5 trend over the eastern USA and southern and eastern Asia; mineral dust largely explained the obsd. trend over the Arabian Peninsula.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhsVOntL7F&md5=7da0219c9c69350c750ccc34b7e4c36f
15. 15
  Wang, Y. S.; Yao, L.; Wang, L. L.; Liu, Z. R.; Ji, D. S.; Tang, G. Q.; Zhang, J. K.; Sun, Y.; Hu, B.; Xin, J. Y. Mechanism for the formation of the January 2013 heavy haze pollution episode over central and eastern China Sci. China: Earth Sci. 2014, 57 (1) 14– 25 DOI: 10.1007/s11430-013-4773-4
  15
  Mechanism for the formation of the January 2013 heavy haze pollution episode over central and eastern China
  Wang, Yue Si; Yao, Li; Wang, Li Li; Liu, Zi Rui; Ji, Dong Sheng; Tang, Gui Qian; Zhang, Jun Ke; Sun, Yang; Hu, Bo; Xin, Jin Yuan
  Science China: Earth Sciences (2014), 57 (1), 14-25CODEN: SCESCI; ISSN:1869-1897. (Springer)
  In Jan. 2013, a long-lasting episode of severe haze occurred in central and eastern China, and it attracted attention from all sectors of society. The process and evolution of haze pollution episodes were obsd. by the "Forming Mechanism and Control Strategies of Haze in China" group using an intensive aerosol and trace gases campaign that simultaneously obtained data at 11 ground-based observing sites in the CARE-China network. The characteristics and formation mechanism of haze pollution episodes were discussed. Five haze pollution episodes were identified in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Jing-Jin-Ji) area; the two most severe episodes occurred during 9-15 Jan. and 25-31 Jan. During these two haze pollution episodes, the max. hourly PM2.5 mass concns. in Beijing were 680 and 530 μg m-3, resp. The process and evolution of haze pollution episodes in other major cities in the Jing-Jin-Ji area, such as Shijiazhuang and Tianjin were almost the same as those obsd. in Beijing. The external cause of the severe haze episodes was the unusual atm. circulation, the depression of strong cold air activities and the very unfavorable dispersion due to geog. and meteorol. conditions. However, the internal cause was the quick secondary transformation of primary gaseous pollutants to secondary aerosols, which contributed to the "explosive growth" and "sustained growth" of PM2.5. Particularly, the abnormally high amt. of nitric oxide (NOx) in the haze episodes, produced by fossil fuel combustion and vehicle emissions, played a direct or indirect role in the quick secondary transformation of coal-burning sulfur dioxide (SO2) to sulfate aerosols. Furthermore, gaseous pollutants were transformed into secondary aerosols through heterogeneous reactions on the surface of fine particles, which can change the particle's size and chem. compn. Consequently, the proportion of secondary inorg. ions, such as sulfate and nitrate, gradually increased, which enhances particle hygroscopicity and thereby accelerating formation of the haze pollution.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhvVGru7bE&md5=69323a22610888d562f82866b9b00509
16. 16
  Cooper, O. R.; Parrish, D. D.; Ziemke, J.; Balashov, N. V.; Cupeiro, M.; Galbally, I. E.; Gilge, S.; Horowitz, L.; Jensen, N. R.; Lamarque, J.-F.; Naik, V.; Oltmans, S. J.; Schwab, J.; Shindell, D. T.; Thompson, A. M.; Thouret, V.; Wang, Y.; Zbinden, R. M. Global distribution and trends of tropospheric ozone: An observation-based review Elementa 2014, 2, 000029 DOI: 10.12952/journal.elementa.000029
  There is no corresponding record for this reference.
17. 17
  Cooper, O. R.; Gao, R. S.; Tarasick, D.; Leblanc, T.; Sweeney, C. Long-term ozone trends at rural ozone monitoring sites across the United States, 1990–2010 J. Geophys. Res., Atmos. 2012, 117, D22307 DOI: 10.1029/2012JD018261
  17
  Long-term ozone trends at rural ozone monitoring sites across the United States, 1990-2010
  Cooper, Owen R.; Gao, Ru-Shan; Tarasick, David; Leblanc, Thierry; Sweeney, Colm
  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (2012), 117 (D22), D22307/1-D22307/24, 24 pp.CODEN: JGRDE3; ISSN:2169-8996. (Wiley-Blackwell)
  This anal. provides an up-to-date assessment of long-term (1990-2010) rural ozone trends using all available data in the Western (12 sites) and Eastern (41 sites) USA. Rather than focus solely on av. ozone values or air quality std. violations, we consider the full range of ozone values, reporting trends for the 5th, 50th and 95th percentiles. Domestic ozone precursor emissions decreased strongly during 1990-2010. Accordingly 83%, 66% and 20% of summertime eastern U.S. sites experienced statistically significant ozone decreases in the 95th, 50th and 5th percentiles, resp. During spring 43% of the eastern sites have statistically significant ozone decreases for the 95th percentile with no sites showing a significant increase. At the 50th percentile there is little overall change in the Eastern U.S. In contrast, only 17% (2 sites) and 8% (1 site) of summertime Western U.S. sites have statistically significant ozone decreases in the 95th and 50th percentiles, resp. During spring no western site has a significant decrease, while 50% have a significant median increase. This dichotomy in U.S. ozone trends is discussed in terms of changing anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions. Consideration is given to the concept that increasing baseline ozone flowing into the western U.S. is counteracting ozone redns. due to domestic emission redns. An update to the springtime free tropospheric ozone trend above western North America shows that ozone has increased significantly from 1995 to 2011 at the rate of 0.41 ± 0.27 ppbv yr-1. Finally, the ozone changes are examd. in relation to regional temp. trends.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXht1Wmt77J&md5=64e4e2e56ea32127303d55e208107006
18. 18
  Wilson, R. C.; Fleming, Z. L.; Monks, P. S.; Clain, G.; Henne, S.; Konovalov, I. B.; Szopa, S.; Menut, L. Have primary emission reduction measures reduced ozone across Europe? An analysis of European rural background ozone trends 1996–2005 Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2012, 12 (1) 437– 454 DOI: 10.5194/acp-12-437-2012
  There is no corresponding record for this reference.
19. 19
  Hilboll, A.; Richter, A.; Burrows, J. P. Long-term changes of tropospheric NO2 over megacities derived from multiple satellite instruments Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2013, 13 (8) 4145– 4169 DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-4145-2013
  19
  Long-term changes of tropospheric NO2 over megacities derived from multiple satellite instruments
  Hilboll, A.; Richter, A.; Burrows, J. P.
  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2013), 13 (8), 4145-4169, 25 pp.CODEN: ACPTCE; ISSN:1680-7324. (Copernicus Publications)
  Tropospheric NO2, a key pollutant in particular in cities, has been measured from space since the mid-1990s by the GOME, SCIAMACHY, OMI, and GOME-2 instruments. These data provide a unique global long-term dataset of tropospheric pollution. However, the observations differ in spatial resoln., local time of measurement, viewing geometry, and other details. All these factors can severely impact the retrieved NO2 columns. In this study, we present three ways to account for instrumental differences in trend analyses of the NO2 columns derived from satellite measurements, while preserving the individual instruments' spatial resolns. For combining measurements from GOME and SCIAMACHY into one consistent time series, we develop a method to explicitly account for the instruments' difference in ground pixel size (40 × 320 km2 vs. 30 × 60 km2). This is esp. important when analyzing NO2 changes over small, localised sources like, e.g. megacities. The method is based on spatial averaging of the measured earthshine spectra and extn. of a spatial pattern of the resoln. effect. Furthermore, two empirical corrections, which summarise all instrumental differences by including instrument-dependent offsets in a fitted trend function, are developed. These methods are applied to data from GOME and SCIAMACHY sep., to the combined time series, and to an extended dataset comprising also GOME-2 and OMI measurements. All approaches show consistent trends of tropospheric NO2 for a selection of areas on both regional and city scales, for the first time allowing consistent trend anal. of the full time series at high spatial resoln. Compared to previous studies, the longer study period leads to significantly reduced uncertainties. We show that measured tropospheric NO2 columns have been strongly increasing over China, the Middle East, and India, with values over east-central China tripling from 1996 to 2011. All parts of the developed world, including Western Europe, the United States, and Japan, show significantly decreasing NO2 amts. in the same time period. On a megacity level, individual trends can be as large as +27.2 ± 3.9 %yr-1 and +20.7 ± 1.9 %yr-1 in Dhaka and Baghdad, resp., while Los Angeles shows a very strong decrease of -6.00 ± 0.72 %yr-1. Most megacities in China, India, and the Middle East show increasing NO2 columns of +5 to 10 %yr-1, leading to a doubling to tripling within the study period.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhslGitrjP&md5=22e859209877a33e00ce869d0f507bd2
20. 20
  Geddes, J. A.; Martin, R. V.; Boys, B. L.; van Donkelaar, A. Long-term trends worldwide in ambient NO₂ concentrations inferred from satellite observations Environ. Health Perspect. 2016, 124, 281– 289 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409567
  20
  Long-term trends worldwide in ambient NO2 concentrations inferred from satellite observations
  Geddes, Jeffrey A.; Martin, Randall V.; Boys, Brian L.; van Donkelaar, Aaron
  Environmental Health Perspectives (2016), 124 (3), 281-289CODEN: EVHPAZ; ISSN:1552-9924. (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health)
  Background: Air pollution is assocd. with morbidity and premature mortality. Satellite remote sensing provides globally consistent decadal-scale observations of ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO2) pollution. Objective: We detd. global population-weighted annual mean NO2 concns. from 1996 through 2012. Methods: We used observations of NO2 tropospheric column densities from three satellite instruments in combination with chem. transport modeling to produce a global 17-yr record of ground-level NO2 at 0.1 ° × 0.1 ° resoln. We calcd. linear trends in population-weighted annual mean NO2 (PWMNO2) concns. in different regions around the world. Results: We found that PWMNO2 in high-income North America (Canada and the United States) decreased more steeply than in any other region, having declined at a rate of -4.7%/yr [95% confidence interval (CI): -5.3, -4.1]. PWMNO2 decreased in western Europe at a rate of -2.5%/yr (95% CI: -3.0, -2.1). The highest PWMNO2 occurred in high-income Asia Pacific (predominantly Japan and South Korea) in 1996, with a subsequent decrease of -2.1%/yr (95% CI: -2.7, -1.5). In contrast, PWMNO2 almost tripled in East Asia (China, North Korea, and Taiwan) at a rate of 6.7%/yr (95% CI: 6.0, 7.3). The satellite-derived ests. of trends in ground-level NO2 were consistent with regional trends inferred from data obtained from ground-station monitoring networks in North America (within 0.7%/yr) and Europe (within 0.3%/yr). Our rankings of regional av. NO2 and long-term trends differed from the satellite-derived ests. of fine particulate matter reported elsewhere, demonstrating the utility of both indicators to describe changing pollutant mixts. Conclusions: Long-term trends in satellite-derived ambient NO2 provide new information about changing global exposure to ambient air pollution.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXmtFyhs7Y%253D&md5=964f0794d2f1ccc5ee41638017c427c1
21. 21
  Klimont, Z.; Smith, S. J.; Cofala, J. The last decade of global anthropogenic sulfur dioxide: 2000–2011 emissions Environ. Res. Lett. 2013, 8 (1) 014003 DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/014003
  21
  The last decade of global anthropogenic sulfur dioxide: 2000-2011 emissions
  Klimont, Z.; Smith, S. J.; Cofala, J.
  Environmental Research Letters (2013), 8 (1), 014003CODEN: ERLNAL; ISSN:1748-9326. (IOP Publishing Ltd.)
  The evolution of global and regional anthropogenic SO2 emissions in the last decade has been estd. through a bottom-up calcn. After increasing until about 2006, we est. a declining trend continuing until 2011. However, there is strong spatial variability, with North America and Europe continuing to reduce emissions, with an increasing role of Asia and international shipping. China remains a key contributor, but the introduction of stricter emission limits followed by an ambitious program of installing flue gas desulfurization on power plants resulted in a significant decline in emissions from the energy sector and stabilization of total Chinese SO2 emissions. Comparable mitigation strategies are not yet present in several other Asian countries and industrial sectors in general, while emissions from international shipping are expected to start declining soon following an international agreement to reduce the sulfur content of fuel oil. The estd. trends in global SO2 emissions are within the range of representative concn. pathway (RCP) projections and the uncertainty previously estd. for the year 2005.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhsFeisb3F&md5=0baecab9161b1fbb9a2695fc697675c6
22. 22
  Liousse, C.; Assamoi, E.; Criqui, P.; Granier, C.; Rosset, R. Explosive growth in African combustion emissions from 2005 to 2030 Environ. Res. Lett. 2014, 9 (3) 035003 DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/9/3/035003
  22
  Explosive growth in African combustion emissions from 2005 to 2030
  Liousse, C.; Assamoi, E.; Criqui, P.; Granier, C.; Rosset, R.
  Environmental Research Letters (2014), 9 (3), 035003CODEN: ERLNAL; ISSN:1748-9326. (IOP Publishing Ltd.)
  Emissions of gases and particles from the combustion of fossil fuels and biofuels in Africa are expected to increase significantly in the near future due to the rapid growth of African cities and megacities. There is currently no regional emissions inventory that provides ests. of anthropogenic combustion for the African continent. This work provides a quantification of the evolution of African combustion emissions from 2005 to 2030, using a bottom-up method. This inventory predicts very large increases in black carbon, org. carbon, CO, NOx, SO2 and non-methane hydrocarbon emissions if no emission regulations are implemented. This paper discusses the effectiveness of scenarios involving certain fuels, specific to Africa in each activity sector and each region (western, eastern, northern and southern Africa), to reduce the emissions. The estd. trends in African emissions are consistent with emissions provided by global inventories, but they display a larger range of values. African combustion emissions contributed significantly to global emissions in 2005. This contribution will increase more significantly by 2030: org. carbon emissions will for example make up 50% of the global emissions in 2030. Furthermore, we show that the magnitude of African anthropogenic emissions could be similar to African biomass burning emissions around 2030.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXjt1ait7o%253D&md5=a122716cd1045c76b88ca236bab1a07c
23. 23
  Fiore, A. M.; Naik, V.; Leibensperger, E. M. Air Quality and Climate Connections J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 2015, 65 (6) 645– 685 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2015.1040526
  23
  Air Quality and Climate Connections
  Fiore, Arlene M.; Naik, Vaishali; Leibensperger, Eric M.
  Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (2015), 65 (6), 645-685CODEN: JAWAFC; ISSN:1096-2247. (Taylor & Francis Ltd.)
  Multiple linkages connect air quality and climate change. Many air pollutant sources also emit carbon dioxide (CO2), the dominant anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG). The two main contributors to non-attainment of U. S. ambient air quality stds., ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM), interact with radiation, forcing climate change. PM warms by absorbing sunlight (e.g., black carbon) or cools by scattering sunlight (e.g., sulfates) and interacts with clouds; these radiative and microphys. interactions can induce changes in pptn. and regional circulation patterns. Climate change is expected to degrade air quality in many polluted regions by changing air pollution meteorol. (ventilation and diln.), pptn. and other removal processes, and by triggering some amplifying responses in atm. chem. and in anthropogenic and natural sources. Together, these processes shape distributions and extreme episodes of O3 and PM. Global modeling indicates that as air pollution programs reduce SO2 to meet health and other air quality goals, near-term warming accelerates due to "unmasking" of warming induced by rising CO2. Air pollutant controls on CH4, a potent GHG and precursor to global O3 levels, and on sources with high black carbon (BC) to org. carbon (OC) ratios could offset near-term warming induced by SO2 emission redns., while reducing global background O3 and regionally high levels of PM. Lowering peak warming requires decreasing atm. CO2, which for some source categories would also reduce co-emitted air pollutants or their precursors. Model projections for alternative climate and air quality scenarios indicate a wide range for U. S. surface O3 and fine PM, although regional projections may be confounded by interannual to decadal natural climate variability. Continued implementation of U. S. NOx emission controls guards against rising pollution levels triggered either by climate change or by global emission growth. Improved accuracy and trends in emission inventories are crit. for accountability analyses of historical and projected air pollution and climate mitigation policies. Implications: The expansion of U. S. air pollution policy to protect climate provides an opportunity for joint mitigation, with CH4 a prime target. BC redns. in developing nations would lower the global health burden, and for BC-rich sources (e.g., diesel) may lessen warming. Controls on these emissions could offset near-term warming induced by health-motivated redns. of sulfate (cooling). Wildfires, dust, and other natural PM and O3 sources may increase with climate warming, posing challenges to implementing and attaining air quality stds. Accountability analyses for recent and projected air pollution and climate control strategies should underpin estd. benefits and trade-offs of future policies.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXptFeltbo%253D&md5=b6626a41738a4c9ecdce0b6800d3f20f
24. 24
  Pechony, O.; Shindell, D. T. Driving forces of global wildfires over the past millennium and the forthcoming century Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2010, 107 (45) 19167– 19170 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1003669107
  24
  Driving forces of global wildfires over the past millennium and the forthcoming century
  Pechony, O.; Shindell, D. T.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2010), 107 (45), 19167-19170, S19167/1-S19167/6CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)
  Recent bursts in the incidence of large wildfires worldwide have raised concerns about the influence climate change and humans might have on future fire activity. Comparatively little is known, however, about the relative importance of these factors in shaping global fire history. Here we use fire and climate modeling, combined with land cover and population ests., to gain a better understanding of the forces driving global fire trends. Our model successfully .reproduces global fire activity record over the last millennium and reveals distinct regimes in global fire behavior. We find that during the preindustrial period, the global fire regime was strongly driven by pptn. (rather than temp.), shifting to an anthropogenic-driven regime with the Industrial Revolution. Our future projections indicate an impending shift to a temp.-driven global fire regime in the 21st century, creating an unprecedentedly fire-prone environment. These results suggest a possibility that in the future climate will play a considerably stronger role in driving global fire trends, outweighing direct human influence on fire (both ignition and suppression), a reversal from the situation during the last two centuries.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXhsVGru7rO&md5=b145c5184969bd2de6aa2317d10ef82f
25. 25
  Yue, X.; Mickley, L. J.; Logan, J. A.; Hudman, R. C.; Martin, M. V.; Yantosca, R. M. Impact of 2050 climate change on North American wildfire: consequences for ozone air quality Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2015, 15, 10033– 10055 DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-10033-2015
  There is no corresponding record for this reference.
26. 26
  de Gouw, J.; Warneke, C. Measurements of volatile organic compounds in the earths atmosphere using proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry Mass Spectrom. Rev. 2007, 26 (2) 223– 257 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20119
  26
  Measurements of volatile organic compounds in the earth's atmosphere using proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry
  de Gouw, Joost; Warneke, Carsten
  Mass Spectrometry Reviews (2007), 26 (2), 223-257CODEN: MSRVD3; ISSN:0277-7037. (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)
  A review. Proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) allows real-time measurements of volatile org. compds. (VOCs) in air with a high sensitivity and a fast time response. The use of PTR-MS in atm. research has expanded rapidly in recent years, and much has been learned about the instrument response and specificity of the technique in the anal. of air from different regions of the atm. This paper aims to review the progress that has been made. The theory of operation is described and allows the response of the instrument to be described for different operating conditions. More accurate detns. of the instrument response involve calibrations using std. mixts., and some results are shown. Much has been learned about the specificity of PTR-MS from inter-comparison studies as well the coupling of PTR-MS with a gas chromatog. interface. The literature on this issue is reviewed and summarized for many VOCs of atm. interest. Some highlights of airborne measurements by PTR-MS are presented, including the results obtained in fresh and aged forest-fire and urban plumes. Finally, the recent work that is focused on improving the technique is discussed.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2sXjtlKqtrY%253D&md5=d360b9694f696705ba4da11c4feb006e
27. 27
  Jimenez, J. L.; Canagaratna, M. R.; Donahue, N. M.; Prevot, A. S. H.; Zhang, Q.; Kroll, J. H.; DeCarlo, P. F.; Allan, J. D.; Coe, H.; Ng, N. L.; Aiken, A. C.; Docherty, K. S.; Ulbrich, I. M.; Grieshop, A. P.; Robinson, A. L.; Duplissy, J.; Smith, J. D.; Wilson, K. R.; Lanz, V. A.; Hueglin, C.; Sun, Y. L.; Tian, J.; Laaksonen, A.; Raatikainen, T.; Rautiainen, J.; Vaattovaara, P.; Ehn, M.; Kulmala, M.; Tomlinson, J. M.; Collins, D. R.; Cubison, M. J.; Dunlea, E. J.; Huffman, J. A.; Onasch, T. B.; Alfarra, M. R.; Williams, P. I.; Bower, K.; Kondo, Y.; Schneider, J.; Drewnick, F.; Borrmann, S.; Weimer, S.; Demerjian, K.; Salcedo, D.; Cottrell, L.; Griffin, R.; Takami, A.; Miyoshi, T.; Hatakeyama, S.; Shimono, A.; Sun, J. Y.; Zhang, Y. M.; Dzepina, K.; Kimmel, J. R.; Sueper, D.; Jayne, J. T.; Herndon, S. C.; Trimborn, A. M.; Williams, L. R.; Wood, E. C.; Middlebrook, A. M.; Kolb, C. E.; Baltensperger, U.; Worsnop, D. R. Evolution of Organic Aerosols in the Atmosphere Science 2009, 326 (5959) 1525– 1529 DOI: 10.1126/science.1180353
  27
  Evolution of Organic Aerosols in the Atmosphere
  Jimenez, J. L.; Canagaratna, M. R.; Donahue, N. M.; Prevot, A. S. H.; Zhang, Q.; Kroll, J. H.; DeCarlo, P. F.; Allan, J. D.; Coe, H.; Ng, N. L.; Aiken, A. C.; Docherty, K. S.; Ulbrich, I. M.; Grieshop, A. P.; Robinson, A. L.; Duplissy, J.; Smith, J. D.; Wilson, K. R.; Lanz, V. A.; Hueglin, C.; Sun, Y. L.; Tian, J.; Laaksonen, A.; Raatikainen, T.; Rautiainen, J.; Vaattovaara, P.; Ehn, M.; Kulmala, M.; Tomlinson, J. M.; Collins, D. R.; Cubison, M. J.; Dunlea, J.; Huffman, J. A.; Onasch, T. B.; Alfarra, M. R.; Williams, P. I.; Bower, K.; Kondo, Y.; Schneider, J.; Drewnick, F.; Borrmann, S.; Weimer, S.; Demerjian, K.; Salcedo, D.; Cottrell, L.; Griffin, R.; Takami, A.; Miyoshi, T.; Hatakeyama, S.; Shimono, A.; Sun, J. Y.; Zhang, Y. M.; Dzepina, K.; Kimmel, J. R.; Sueper, D.; Jayne, J. T.; Herndon, S. C.; Trimborn, A. M.; Williams, L. R.; Wood, E. C.; Middlebrook, A. M.; Kolb, C. E.; Baltensperger, U.; Worsnop, D. R.
  Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2009), 326 (5959), 1525-1529CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)
  Org. aerosol (OA) particles affect climate forcing and human health, but their sources and evolution are poorly characterized. A unifying model framework describing the atm. evolution of OA which is constrained by high time resolved measurements of its compn., volatility, and oxidn. state is presented. OA and OA precursor gases evolve by becoming increasingly oxidized, less volatile, and more hygroscopic, leading to the formation of oxygenated org. aerosols (OOA), with concns. comparable to those of SO42- aerosols throughout the Northern Hemisphere. This model framework captures the dynamic aging behavior obsd. in the atm. and lab.; it serves as a basis to improve regional and global model parameterizations.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1MXhsFensbjE&md5=dd5505995c2591c0540180493b0020ee
28. 28
  Shiraiwa, M.; Sosedova, Y.; Rouviere, A.; Yang, H.; Zhang, Y. Y.; Abbatt, J. P. D.; Ammann, M.; Poschl, U. The role of long-lived reactive oxygen intermediates in the reaction of ozone with aerosol particles Nat. Chem. 2011, 3 (4) 291– 295 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.988
  28
  The role of long-lived reactive oxygen intermediates in the reaction of ozone with aerosol particles
  Shiraiwa, Manabu; Sosedova, Yulia; Rouviere, Aureile; Yang, Hong; Zhang, Yingyi; Abbatt, Jonathan P. D.; Ammann, Markus; Poschl, Ulrich
  Nature Chemistry (2011), 3 (4), 291-295CODEN: NCAHBB; ISSN:1755-4330. (Nature Publishing Group)
  Heterogeneous reactions of O3 with aerosol particles are of central importance to air quality. They are studied extensively, but mol. mechanisms and kinetics are unresolved. Based on new exptl. data and calcns., this work showed long-lived reactive O intermediates (ROI) are formed. The chem. lifetime of these intermediates is >100 s, much longer than the surface residence time of mol. O3 (∼10-9 s). ROI explain and resolve apparent discrepancies between earlier quantum mech. calcns. and kinetic expts. They play a key role in the chem. transformation and adverse health effects of toxic, allergenic airborne particulate matter, e.g., soot, polycyclic arom. hydrocarbons, and proteins. ROI may also be involved in the decompn. of O3 on mineral dust and in formation and growth of secondary org. aerosols. Also, ROI may contribute to the coupling of atm. and biospheric multi-phase processes.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXjvVKru74%253D&md5=bcf134a0991721c02a2d7a21f07a5665
29. 29
  Verma, V.; Fang, T.; Guo, H.; King, L.; Bates, J. T.; Peltier, R. E.; Edgerton, E.; Russell, A. G.; Weber, R. J. Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM2.5 in the southeastern United States: spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2014, 14 (23) 12915– 12930 DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-12915-2014
  29
  Reactive oxygen species associated with water-soluble PM2.5 in the Southeastern United States: spatiotemporal trends and source apportionment
  Verma, V.; Fang, T.; Guo, H.; King, L.; Bates, J. T.; Peltier, R. E.; Edgerton, E.; Russell, A. G.; Weber, R. J.
  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2014), 14 (23), 12915-12930, 16 pp.CODEN: ACPTCE; ISSN:1680-7324. (Copernicus Publications)
  We assess the potential of the water-sol. fraction of atm. fine aerosols in the Southeastern United States to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and identify major ROS-assocd. emission sources. ROS-generation potential of particles was quantified by the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay and involved anal. of fine particulate matter (PM) extd. from high-vol. quartz filters (23 h integrated samples) collected at various sites in different environmental settings in the southeast, including three urban-Atlanta sites, in addn. to a rural site. Paired sampling was conducted with one fixed site in Atlanta (Jefferson Street), representative of the urban environment, with the others rotating among different sites, for ∼250 days between June 2012 and Sept. 2013 (N = 483). A simple linear regression between the DTT activity and aerosol chem. components revealed strong assocns. between PM ROSgeneration potential and secondary org. aerosol (WSOC - water-sol. org. carbon) in summer, and biomass burning markers in winter. Redox-active metals were also somewhat correlated with the DTT activity, but mostly at urban and roadside sites. Pos. matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to apportion the relative contribution of various sources to the ROS-generation potential of water-sol. PM2.5 in urban Atlanta. PMF showed that vehicular emissions contribute uniformly throughout the year (12-25 %), while secondary oxidn. processes dominated the DTT activity in summer (46%) and biomass burning in winter (47%). Road dust was significant only during drier periods (∼12% in summr and fall). Source apportionment by chem. mass balance (CMB) was reasonably consistent with PMF, but with higher contribution from vehicular emissions (32%). Given the spatially large data set of PM sampled over an extended period, the study reconciles the results from previous work that showed only region- or season-specific aerosol components or sources contributing to PM ROS activity, possibly due to smaller sample sizes. The ubiquitous nature of the major sources of PM-assocd. ROS suggests widespread population exposures to aerosol components that have the ability to catalyze the prodn. of oxidants in vivo.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXitFGgtbbO&md5=83b7d579255971841ee349ee5db3a598
30. 30
  Roberts, J. M.; Veres, P. R.; Cochran, A. K.; Warneke, C.; Burling, I. R.; Yokelson, R. J.; Lerner, B.; Gilman, J. B.; Kuster, W. C.; Fall, R.; de Gouw, J. Isocyanic acid in the atmosphere and its possible link to smoke-related health effects (vol 108, pg 8966, 2011) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2011, 108 (41) 17234– 17234 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1103352108
  There is no corresponding record for this reference.
31. 31
  Snyder, E. G.; Watkins, T. H.; Solomon, P. A.; Thoma, E. D.; Williams, R. W.; Hagler, G. S. W.; Shelow, D.; Hindin, D. A.; Kilaru, V. J.; Preuss, P. W. The Changing Paradigm of Air Pollution Monitoring Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47 (20) 11369– 11377 DOI: 10.1021/es4022602
  31
  The Changing Paradigm of Air Pollution Monitoring
  Snyder, Emily G.; Watkins, Timothy H.; Solomon, Paul A.; Thoma, Eben D.; Williams, Ronald W.; Hagler, Gayle S. W.; Shelow, David; Hindin, David A.; Kilaru, Vasu J.; Preuss, Peter W.
  Environmental Science & Technology (2013), 47 (20), 11369-11377CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
  The air pollution monitoring paradigm is rapidly changing due to recent advances in: development of portable, lower-cost air pollution sensors which report data in near-real time at high-time resoln.; increased computational and visualization capabilities; and wireless communication/infrastructure. It is possible these advances can support traditional air quality monitoring by supplementing ambient air monitoring and enhancing compliance monitoring. Sensors are beginning to provide individuals and communities necessary tools to understand their environmental exposure; these individual and community-based data strategies can be developed to reduce pollution exposure and to understand links to health indicators. Topics discussed include: current state of sensor science; supplementing routine ambient air monitoring networks; expanding the conversation with communities and citizens; enhancing source compliance monitoring; monitoring personal exposure; challenges; and opportunities for solns.: a changing role for government.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhtlektr3L&md5=04be15e19300cd103b92f730f8d805f3
32. 32
  Dionisio, K. L.; Rooney, M. S.; Arku, R. E.; Friedman, A. B.; Hughes, A. F.; Vallarino, J.; Agyei-Mensah, S.; Spengler, J. D.; Ezzati, M. Within-Neighborhood Patterns and Sources of Particle Pollution: Mobile Monitoring and Geographic Information System Analysis in Four Communities in Accra, Ghana Environ. Health Perspect. 2010, 118 (5) 607– 613 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0901365
  There is no corresponding record for this reference.
33. 33
  Lung, S. C. C.; Hsiao, P. K.; Wen, T. Y.; Liu, C. H.; Fu, C. B.; Cheng, Y. T. Variability of intra-urban exposure to particulate matter and CO from Asian-type community pollution sources Atmos. Environ. 2014, 83, 6– 13 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.10.046
  There is no corresponding record for this reference.
34. 34
  Larson, T.; Henderson, S. B.; Brauer, M. Mobile Monitoring of Particle Light Absorption Coefficient in an Urban Area as a Basis for Land Use Regression Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43 (13) 4672– 4678 DOI: 10.1021/es803068e
  34
  Mobile Monitoring of Particle Light Absorption Coefficient in an Urban Area as a Basis for Land Use Regression
  Larson, Timothy; Henderson, Sarah B.; Brauer, Michael
  Environmental Science & Technology (2009), 43 (13), 4672-4678CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
  Land use regression (LUR) is used to map air pollutant concn. spatial variability for risk assessment, epidemiol., and air quality management. Conventional LUR requires long-term measurements at multiple sites, so application to particulate matter has been limited. Mobile monitoring characterized spatial variability in carbon black concns. for LUR modeling. A particle soot absorption photometer in a moving vehicle measured the absorption coeff. (σap) in summer during peak afternoon traffic at 39 sites. LUR modeled the mean and 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentile values of the distribution of 10-s measurements for each site. Model performance (detd. by R2) was higher for the 25th and 50th percentiles (0.72 and 0.68, resp.) than for the mean, 75th, and 90th percentiles (0.51, 0.55, and 0.54, resp.). Performance was similar to that reported for conventional LUR models of NO2 and NO in this region (116 sites) and better than that for mean σap from fixed-location samplers (25 sites). Models of the mean, 75th, and 90th percentiles favored predictors describing truck, rather than total, traffic. This approach is applicable to other urban areas to facilitate development of LUR models for particulate matter.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1MXktFemu7Y%253D&md5=2272c625e697e1b1f41abb4c1b3ed6ee
35. 35
  Mead, M. I.; Popoola, O. A. M.; Stewart, G. B.; Landshoff, P.; Calleja, M.; Hayes, M.; Baldovi, J. J.; McLeod, M. W.; Hodgson, T. F.; Dicks, J.; Lewis, A.; Cohen, J.; Baron, R.; Saffell, J. R.; Jones, R. L. The use of electrochemical sensors for monitoring urban air quality in low-cost, high-density networks Atmos. Environ. 2013, 70, 186– 203 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.11.060
  35
  Use of electrochemical sensors for monitoring urban air quality in low-cost, high-density network
  Mead, M. I.; Popoola, O. A. M.; Stewart, G. B.; Landshoff, P.; Calleja, M.; Hayes, M.; Baldovi, J. J.; McLeod, M. W.; Hodgson, T. F.; Dicks, J.; Lewis, A.; Cohen, J.; Baron, R.; Saffell, J. R.; Jones, R. L.
  Atmospheric Environment (2013), 70 (), 186-203CODEN: AENVEQ; ISSN:1352-2310. (Elsevier Ltd.)
  Measurements at appropriate spatial and temporal scales are essential for understanding and monitoring spatially heterogeneous environments with complex and highly variable emission sources, such as in urban areas. However, the costs and complexity of conventional air quality measurement methods means that measurement networks are generally extremely sparse. In this paper we show that miniature, low-cost electrochem. gas sensors, traditionally used for sensing at parts-per-million (ppm) mixing ratios can, when suitably configured and operated, be used for parts-per-billion (ppb) level studies for gases relevant to urban air quality. Sensor nodes, in this case consisting of multiple individual electrochem. sensors, can be low-cost and highly portable, thus allowing the deployment of scalable high-d. air quality sensor networks at fine spatial and temporal scales, and in both static and mobile configurations. In this paper we provide evidence for the performance of electrochem. sensors at the parts-per-billion level, and then outline results obtained from deployments of networks of sensor nodes in both an autonomous, high-d., static network in the wider Cambridge (UK) area, and as mobile networks for quantification of personal exposure. Examples are presented of measurements obtained with both highly portable devices held by pedestrians and cyclists, and static devices attached to street furniture. The widely varying mixing ratios reported by this study confirm that the urban environment cannot be fully characterised using sparse, static networks, and that measurement networks with higher resoln. (both spatially and temporally) are required to quantify air quality at the scales which are present in the urban environment. We conclude that the instruments described here, and the low-cost/high-d. measurement philosophy which underpins it, have the potential to provide a far more complete assessment of the high-granularity air quality structure generally obsd. in the urban environment, and could ultimately be used for quantification of human exposure as well as for monitoring and legislative purposes.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXjslKmurg%253D&md5=fac1c1d89e2f94af9117fc584a522ae8
36. 36
  van Donkelaar, A.; Martin, R. V.; Brauer, M.; Boys, B. L. Use of Satellite Observations for Long-Term Exposure Assessment of Global Concentrations of Fine Particulate Matter Environ. Health Perspect. 2015, 123 (2) 135– 143 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1408646
  36
  Use of satellite observations for long-term exposure assessment of global concentrations of fine particulate matter
  van Donkelaar Aaron; Martin Randall V; Brauer Michael; Boys Brian L
  Environmental health perspectives (2015), 123 (2), 135-43 ISSN:.
  BACKGROUND: More than a decade of satellite observations offers global information about the trend and magnitude of human exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5). OBJECTIVE: In this study, we developed improved global exposure estimates of ambient PM2.5 mass and trend using PM2.5 concentrations inferred from multiple satellite instruments. METHODS: We combined three satellite-derived PM2.5 sources to produce global PM2.5 estimates at about 10 km × 10 km from 1998 through 2012. For each source, we related total column retrievals of aerosol optical depth to near-ground PM2.5 using the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model to represent local aerosol optical properties and vertical profiles. We collected 210 global ground-based PM2.5 observations from the literature to evaluate our satellite-based estimates with values measured in areas other than North America and Europe. RESULTS: We estimated that global population-weighted ambient PM2.5 concentrations increased 0.55 μg/m3/year (95% CI: 0.43, 0.67) (2.1%/year; 95% CI: 1.6, 2.6) from 1998 through 2012. Increasing PM2.5 in some developing regions drove this global change, despite decreasing PM2.5 in some developed regions. The estimated proportion of the population of East Asia living above the World Health Organization (WHO) Interim Target-1 of 35 μg/m3 increased from 51% in 1998-2000 to 70% in 2010-2012. In contrast, the North American proportion above the WHO Air Quality Guideline of 10 μg/m3 fell from 62% in 1998-2000 to 19% in 2010-2012. We found significant agreement between satellite-derived estimates and ground-based measurements outside North America and Europe (r = 0.81; n = 210; slope = 0.68). The low bias in satellite-derived estimates suggests that true global concentrations could be even greater. CONCLUSIONS: Satellite observations provide insight into global long-term changes in ambient PM2.5 concentrations. Satellite-derived estimates and ground-based PM2.5 observations from this study are available for public use.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC2M3jtVaisA%253D%253D&md5=1178880e6f850f7acacdb93ea2c50f02
37. 37
  Kloog, I.; Chudnovsky, A. A.; Just, A. C.; Nordio, F.; Koutrakis, P.; Coull, B. A.; Lyapustin, A.; Wang, Y. J.; Schwartz, J. A new hybrid spatio-temporal model for estimating daily multi-year PM2.5 concentrations across northeastern USA using high resolution aerosol optical depth data Atmos. Environ. 2014, 95, 581– 590 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.07.014
  37
  A new hybrid spatio-temporal model for estimating daily multi-year PM2.5 concentrations across northeastern USA using high resolution aerosol optical depth data
  Kloog, Itai; Chudnovsky, Alexandra A.; Just, Allan C.; Nordio, Francesco; Koutrakis, Petros; Coull, Brent A.; Lyapustin, Alexei; Wang, Yujie; Schwartz, Joel
  Atmospheric Environment (2014), 95 (), 581-590CODEN: AENVEQ; ISSN:1352-2310. (Elsevier Ltd.)
  The use of satellite-based aerosol optical depth (AOD) to est. fine particulate matter (PM2.5) for epidemiol. studies has increased substantially over the past few years. These recent studies often report moderate predictive power, which can generate downward bias in effect ests. In addn., AOD measurements have only moderate spatial resoln., and have substantial missing data. We make use of recent advances in MODIS satellite data processing algorithms Multi-Angle Implementation of Atm. Correction (MAIAC), which allow us to use 1 km (vs. currently available 10 km) resoln. AOD data. We developed and cross validated models to predict daily PM2.5 at a 1 × 1 km resoln. across the northeastern USA (New England, New York and New Jersey) for the years 2003-2011, allowing us to better differentiate daily and long term exposure between urban, suburban, and rural areas. Addnl., we developed an approach that allows us to generate daily high-resoln. 200 m localized predictions representing deviations from the area 1 × 1 km grid predictions. We used mixed models regressing PM2.5 measurements against day-specific random intercepts, and fixed and random AOD and temp. slopes. We then use generalized additive mixed models with spatial smoothing to generate grid cell predictions when AOD was missing. Finally, to get 200 m localized predictions, we regressed the residuals from the final model for each monitor against the local spatial and temporal variables at each monitoring site. Our model performance was excellent (mean out-of-sample R2 = 0.88). The spatial and temporal components of the out-of-sample results also presented very good fits to the withheld data (R2 = 0.87, R2 = 0.87). In addn., our results revealed very little bias in the predicted concns. (Slope of predictions vs. withheld observations = 0.99). Our daily model results show high predictive accuracy at high spatial resolns. and will be useful in reconstructing exposure histories for epidemiol. studies across this region.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXht1Cnsr3L&md5=eb3e933d739ed280a98c7fb43075d476
38. 38
  Ma, Z. W.; Hu, X. F.; Huang, L.; Bi, J.; Liu, Y. Estimating Ground-Level PM2.5 in China Using Satellite Remote Sensing Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48 (13) 7436– 7444 DOI: 10.1021/es5009399
  38
  Estimating Ground-Level PM2.5 in China Using Satellite Remote Sensing
  Ma, Zongwei; Hu, Xuefei; Huang, Lei; Bi, Jun; Liu, Yang
  Environmental Science & Technology (2014), 48 (13), 7436-7444CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
  Estg. ground-level PM2.5 from satellite-derived aerosol optical depth (AOD) using a spatial statistical model is a promising new method to evaluate the spatial and temporal characteristics of PM2.5 exposure in a large geog. region. However, studies outside North America have been limited due to the lack of ground PM2.5 measurements to calibrate the model. Taking advantage of the newly established national monitoring network, we developed a national-scale geog. weighted regression (GWR) model to est. daily PM2.5 concns. in China with fused satellite AOD as the primary predictor. The results showed that the meteorol. and land use information can greatly improve model performance. The overall cross-validation (CV) R2 is 0.64 and root mean squared prediction error (RMSE) is 32.98 μg/m3. The mean prediction error (MPE) of the predicted annual PM2.5 is 8.28 μg/m3. Our predicted annual PM2.5 concns. indicated that over 96% of the Chinese population lives in areas that exceed the Chinese National Ambient Air Quality Std. (CNAAQS) Level 2 std. Our results also confirmed satellite-derived AOD in conjunction with meteorol. fields and land use information can be successfully applied to extend the ground PM2.5 monitoring network in China.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXpt1yqsrs%253D&md5=00fe05f7ca3d36ff090287cb15ad5cf2
39. 39
  Yu, H. B.; Remer, L. A.; Chin, M.; Bian, H. S.; Tan, Q.; Yuan, T. L.; Zhang, Y. Aerosols from Overseas Rival Domestic Emissions over North America Science 2012, 337 (6094) 566– 569 DOI: 10.1126/science.1217576
  39
  Aerosols from Overseas Rival Domestic Emissions over North America
  Yu, Hongbin; Remer, Lorraine A.; Chin, Mian; Bian, Huisheng; Tan, Qian; Yuan, Tianle; Zhang, Yan
  Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2012), 337 (6094), 566-569CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)
  Many types of aerosols have lifetimes long enough for their transcontinental transport, making them potentially important contributors to air quality and climate change in remote locations. We est. that the mass of aerosols arriving at North American shores from overseas is comparable with the total mass of particulates emitted domestically. Curbing domestic emissions of particulates and precursor gases, therefore, is not sufficient to mitigate aerosol impacts in North America. The imported contribution is dominated by dust leaving Asia, not by combustion-generated particles. Thus, even a redn. of industrial emissions of the emerging economies of Asia could be overwhelmed by an increase of dust emissions due to changes in meteorol. conditions and potential desertification.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XhtFWhsbnM&md5=c377efd76fedaad188e83c589fa02507
40. 40
  Punger, E. M.; West, J. J. The effect of grid resolution on estimates of the burden of ozone and fine particulate matter on premature mortality in the USA Air Qual., Atmos. Health 2013, 6 (3) 563– 573 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-013-0197-8
  40
  The effect of grid resolution on estimates of the burden of ozone and fine particulate matter on premature mortality in the USA
  Punger, Elizabeth M.; West, J. Jason
  Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health (2013), 6 (3), 563-573CODEN: AQAHAX; ISSN:1873-9326. (Springer)
  Assessments of human health impacts assocd. with outdoor air pollution often use air quality models to represent exposure, but involve uncertainties due to coarse model resoln. Here, we quantify how ests. of mortality in the USA attributable to ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) at coarse resoln. differ from those at finer resoln. Using the finest modeled concns. (12 km), we est. that 66,000 (95% CI, 39,300-84,500) all-cause and 21,400 (5,600-34,200) respiratory deaths per yr are attributable to PM2.5 and O3 concns. above low-concn. thresholds, resp. Using model results at 36 km resoln. gives mortality burdens that are 11 % higher for PM2.5 and 12% higher for O3 than the 12-km ests., suggesting a modest pos. bias. We also scale modeled concns. at 12 km to coarser resolns. by simple averaging and repeat the mortality assessment at multiple resolns. from 24 to 408 km, including the resolns. of global models; in doing so, we account for the effect of resoln. on population exposure. Coarse grid resolns. produce mortality ests. that are substantially biased low for PM2.5 (30-40 % lower than the 12-km est. at >250 km resoln.), but less than 6% higher for O3 at any resoln. Mortality ests. for primary PM2.5 species show greater bias at coarse resoln. than secondary species. These results suggest that coarse resoln. global models (>100 km) are likely biased low for PM2.5 health effects. For ozone, biases due to coarse resoln. may be much smaller, and the effect on modeled chem. likely dominates.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhsFCrsLvO&md5=447165911aa2e44e3154d91ed2b37946
41. 41
  Surratt, J. D.; Chan, A. W. H.; Eddingsaas, N. C.; Chan, M. N.; Loza, C. L.; Kwan, A. J.; Hersey, S. P.; Flagan, R. C.; Wennberg, P. O.; Seinfeld, J. H. Reactive intermediates revealed in secondary organic aerosol formation from isoprene Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2010, 107 (15) 6640– 6645 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0911114107
  41
  Reactive intermediates revealed in secondary organic aerosol formation from isoprene
  Surratt, Jason D.; Chan, Arthur W. H.; Eddingsaas, Nathan C.; Chan, Mannin; Loza, Christine L.; Kwan, Alan J.; Hersey, Scott P.; Flagan, Richard C.; Wennberg, Paul O.; Seinfeld, John H.
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2010), 107 (15), 6640-6645, S6640/1-S6640/10CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)
  Isoprene is a significant source of atm. org. aerosol; however, the oxidn. pathways that lead to secondary org. aerosol (SOA) have remained elusive. Here, we identify the role of two key reactive intermediates, epoxydiols of isoprene (IEPOX = β-IEPOX + δ-IEPOX) and methacryloylperoxynitrate (MPAN), which are formed during isoprene oxidn. under low- and high-NOx conditions, resp. Isoprene low-NOx SOA is enhanced in the presence of acidified sulfate seed aerosol (mass yield 28.6%) over that in the presence of neutral aerosol (mass yield 1.3%). Increased uptake of IEPOX by acid-catalyzed particle-phase reactions is shown to explain this enhancement. Under high-NOx conditions, isoprene SOA formation occurs through oxidn. of its second-generation product, MPAN. The similarity of the compn. of SOA formed from the photooxidn. of MPAN to that formed from isoprene and methacrolein demonstrates the role of MPAN in the formation of isoprene high-NOx SOA. Reactions of IEPOX and MPAN in the presence of anthropogenic pollutants (i.e., acidic aerosol produced from the oxidn. of SO2 and NO2, resp.) could be a substantial source of "missing urban SOA" not included in current atm. models.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXltFSjsL0%253D&md5=e4774b105b66f9b33ac5bcbc0053f2fb
42. 42
  Vienneau, D.; de Hoogh, K.; Bechle, M. J.; Beelen, R.; van Donkelaar, A.; Martin, R. V.; Millet, D. B.; Hoek, G.; Marshall, J. D. Western European Land Use Regression Incorporating Satellite- and Ground-Based Measurements of NO2 and PM10 Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47 (23) 13555– 13564 DOI: 10.1021/es403089q
  There is no corresponding record for this reference.
43. 43
  National Research Council. Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution; National Academy Press: Washington, DC, 1991.
  There is no corresponding record for this reference.
44. 44
  Dunlea, E. J.; Herndon, S. C.; Nelson, D. D.; Volkamer, R. M.; San Martini, F.; Sheehy, P. M.; Zahniser, M. S.; Shorter, J. H.; Wormhoudt, J. C.; Lamb, B. K.; Allwine, E. J.; Gaffney, J. S.; Marley, N. A.; Grutter, M.; Marquez, C.; Blanco, S.; Cardenas, B.; Retama, A.; Villegas, C. R. R.; Kolb, C. E.; Molina, L. T.; Molina, M. J. Evaluation of nitrogen dioxide chemiluminescence monitors in a polluted urban environment Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2007, 7 (10) 2691– 2704 DOI: 10.5194/acp-7-2691-2007
  44
  Evaluation of nitrogen dioxide chemiluminescence monitors in a polluted urban environment
  Dunlea, E. J.; Herndon, S. C.; Nelson, D. D.; Volkamer, R. M.; San Martini, F.; Sheehy, P. M.; Zahniser, M. S.; Shorter, J. H.; Wormhoudt, J. C.; Lamb, B. K.; Allwine, E. J.; Gaffney, J. S.; Marley, N. A.; Grutter, M.; Marquez, C.; Blanco, S.; Cardenas, B.; Retama, A.; Villegas, C. R. Ramos; Kolb, C. E.; Molina, L. T.; Molina, M. J.
  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2007), 7 (10), 2691-2704CODEN: ACPTCE; ISSN:1680-7316. (European Geosciences Union)
  Data from a recent field campaign in Mexico City are used to evaluate the performance of the EPA Federal Ref. Method for monitoring the ambient concns. of NO2. Measurements of NO2 from std. chemiluminescence monitors equipped with molybdenum oxide converters are compared with those from Tunable IR Laser Differential Absorption Spectroscopy (TILDAS) and Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) instruments. A significant interference in the chemiluminescence measurement is shown to account for up to 50% of ambient NO2 concn. during afternoon hours. As expected, this interference correlates well with non-NOx reactive nitrogen species (NOz) as well as with ambient O3 concns., indicating a photochem. source for the interfering species. A combination of ambient gas phase nitric acid and alkyl and multifunctional alkyl nitrates is deduced to be the primary cause of the interference. Observations at four locations at varying proximities to emission sources indicate that the percentage contribution of HNO3 to the interference decreases with time as the air parcel ages. Alkyl and multifunctional alkyl nitrate concns. are calcd. to reach concns. as high as several ppb inside the city, on par with the highest values previously obsd. in other urban locations. Averaged over the MCMA-2003 field campaign, the chemiluminescence monitor interference resulted in an av. measured NO2 concn. up to 22% greater than that from co-located spectroscopic measurements. Thus, this interference has the potential to initiate regulatory action in areas that are close to non-attainment and may mislead atm. photochem. models used to assess control strategies for photochem. oxidants.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2sXnsl2isLg%253D&md5=0e795e2c6c25a09b8e159156c554103c
45. 45
  Jerrett, M.; Burnett, R. T.; Pope, C. A.; Ito, K.; Thurston, G.; Krewski, D.; Shi, Y. L.; Calle, E.; Thun, M. Long-Term Ozone Exposure and Mortality N. Engl. J. Med. 2009, 360 (11) 1085– 1095 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0803894
  45
  Long-term ozone exposure and mortality
  Jerrett, Michael; Burnett, Richard T.; Pope, C. Arden, III; Ito, Kazuhiko; Thurston, George; Krewski, Daniel; Shi, Yuanli; Calle, Eugenia; Thun, Michael
  New England Journal of Medicine (2009), 360 (11), 1085-1095CODEN: NEJMAG; ISSN:0028-4793. (Massachusetts Medical Society)
  Although many studies have linked elevations in tropospheric ozone to adverse health outcomes, the effect of long-term exposure to ozone on air pollution-related mortality remains uncertain. The authors examd. the potential contribution of exposure to ozone to the risk of death from cardiopulmonary causes and specifically to death from respiratory causes. Data from the study cohort of the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II were correlated with air-pollution data from 96 metropolitan statistical areas in the United States. Data were analyzed from 448,850 subjects, with 118,777 deaths in an 18-yr follow-up period. Data on daily max. ozone concns. were obtained from Apr. 1 to Sept. 30 for the years 1977 through 2000. Data on concns. of fine particulate matter (particles that are ≤2.5 μm in aerodynamic diam. [PM2.5]) were obtained for the years 1999 and 2000. Assocns. between ozone concns. and the risk of death were evaluated with the use of std. and multilevel Cox regression models. In single-pollutant models, increased concns. of either PM2.5 or ozone were significantly assocd. with an increased risk of death from cardiopulmonary causes. In two-pollutant models, PM2.5 was assocd. with the risk of death from cardiovascular causes, whereas ozone was assocd. with the risk of death from respiratory causes. The estd. relative risk of death from respiratory causes that was assocd. with an increment in ozone concn. of 10 ppb was 1.040 (95% confidence interval, 1.010-1.067). The assocn. of ozone with the risk of death from respiratory causes was insensitive to adjustment for confounders and to the type of statistical model used. Thus, in this large study, the authors were not able to detect an effect of ozone on the risk of death from cardiovascular causes when the concn. of PM2.5 was taken into account. The authors did, however, demonstrate a significant increase in the risk of death from respiratory causes in assocn. with an increase in ozone concn.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1MXjtFyisLc%253D&md5=47877ee73ebfa088f7d4d4ff1d13f9b4
46. 46
  Beelen, R.; Raaschou-Nielsen, O.; Stafoggia, M.; Andersen, Z. J.; Weinmayr, G.; Hoffmann, B.; Wolf, K.; Samoli, E.; Fischer, P.; Nieuwenhuijsen, M.; Vineis, P.; Xun, W. W.; Katsouyanni, K.; Dimakopoulou, K.; Oudin, A.; Forsberg, B.; Modig, L.; Havulinna, A. S.; Lanki, T.; Turunen, A.; Oftedal, B.; Nystad, W.; Nafstad, P.; De Faire, U.; Pedersen, N. L.; Ostenson, C. G.; Fratiglioni, L.; Penell, J.; Korek, M.; Pershagen, G.; Eriksen, K. T.; Overvad, K.; Ellermann, T.; Eeftens, M.; Peeters, P. H.; Meliefste, K.; Wang, M.; Bueno-de-Mesquita, B.; Sugiri, D.; Kramer, U.; Heinrich, J.; de Hoogh, K.; Key, T.; Peters, A.; Hampel, R.; Concin, H.; Nagel, G.; Ineichen, A.; Schaffner, E.; Probst-Hensch, N.; Kunzli, N.; Schindler, C.; Schikowski, T.; Adam, M.; Phuleria, H.; Vilier, A.; Clavel-Chapelon, F.; Declercq, C.; Grioni, S.; Krogh, V.; Tsai, M. Y.; Ricceri, F.; Sacerdote, C.; Galassi, C.; Migliore, E.; Ranzi, A.; Cesaroni, G.; Badaloni, C.; Forastiere, F.; Tamayo, I.; Amiano, P.; Dorronsoro, M.; Katsoulis, M.; Trichopoulou, A.; Brunekreef, B.; Hoek, G. Effects of long-term exposure to air pollution on natural-cause mortality: an analysis of 22 European cohorts within the multicentre ESCAPE project Lancet 2014, 383 (9919) 785– 795 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62158-3
  46
  Effects of long-term exposure to air pollution on natural-cause mortality: an analysis of 22 European cohorts within the multicentre ESCAPE project
  Beelen, Rob; Raaschou-Nielsen, Ole; Stafoggia, Massimo; Andersen, Zorana Jovanovic; Weinmayr, Gudrun; Hoffmann, Barbara; Wolf, Kathrin; Samoli, Evangelia; Fischer, Paul; Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark; Vineis, Paolo; Xun, Wei W.; Katsouyanni, Klea; Dimakopoulou, Konstantina; Oudin, Anna; Forsberg, Bertil; Modig, Lars; Havulinna, Aki S.; Lanki, Timo; Turunen, Anu; Oftedal, Bente; Nystad, Wenche; Nafstad, Per; De Faire, Ulf; Pedersen, Nancy L.; Ostenson, Claes-Goran; Fratiglioni, Laura; Penell, Johanna; Korek, Michal; Pershagen, Goran; Eriksen, Kirsten Thorup; Overvad, Kim; Ellermann, Thomas; Eeftens, Marloes; Peeters, Petra H.; Meliefste, Kees; Wang, Meng; Bueno-de-Mesquita, Bas; Sugiri, Dorothea; Kramer, Ursula; Heinrich, Joachim; de Hoogh, Kees; Key, Timothy; Peters, Annette; Hampel, Regina; Concin, Hans; Nagel, Gabriele; Ineichen, Alex; Schaffner, Emmanuel; Probst-Hensch, Nicole; Kunzli, Nino; Schindler, Christian; Schikowski, Tamara; Adam, Martin; Phuleria, Harish; Vilier, Alice; Clavel-Chapelon, Francoise; Declercq, Christophe; Grioni, Sara; Krogh, Vittorio; Tsai, Ming-Yi; Ricceri, Fulvio; Sacerdote, Carlotta; Galassi, Claudia; Migliore, Enrica; Ranzi, Andrea; Cesaroni, Giulia; Badaloni, Chiara; Forastiere, Francesco; Tamayo, Ibon; Amiano, Pilar; Dorronsoro, Miren; Katsoulis, Michail; Trichopoulou, Antonia; Brunekreef, Bert; Hoek, Gerard
  Lancet (2014), 383 (9919), 785-795CODEN: LANCAO; ISSN:0140-6736. (Elsevier Ltd.)
  Few studies on long-term exposure to air pollution and mortality have been reported from Europe. Within the multicenter European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE), we aimed to investigate the assocn. between natural-cause mortality and long-term exposure to several air pollutants.We used data from 22 European cohort studies, which created a total study population of 367,251 participants. All cohorts were general population samples, although some were restricted to one sex only. With a strictly standardized protocol, we assessed residential exposure to air pollutants as annual av. concns. of particulate matter (PM) with diams. of less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5), less than 10 μm (PM10), and between 10 μm and 2.5 μm (PMcoarse), PM2.5 absorbance, and annual av. concns. of nitrogen oxides (NO2 and NOx), with land use regression models. We also investigated two traffic intensity variables-traffic intensity on the nearest road (vehicles per day) and total traffic load on all major roads within a 100 m buffer. We did cohort-specific statistical analyses using confounder models with increasing adjustment for confounder variables, and Cox proportional hazards models with a common protocol. We obtained pooled effect ests. through a random-effects meta-anal.The total study population consisted of 367,251 participants who contributed 5,118,039 person-years at risk (av. follow-up 13.9 years), of whom 29,076 died from a natural cause during follow-up. A significantly increased hazard ratio (HR) for PM2.5 of 1.07 (95% CI 1.02-1.13) per 5 μg/m3 was recorded. No heterogeneity was noted between individual cohort effect ests. (I2 p value=0.95). HRs for PM2·5 remained significantly raised even when we included only participants exposed to pollutant concns. lower than the European annual mean limit value of 25 μg/m3 (HR 1.06, 95% CI 1.00-1.12) or below 20 μg/m3 (1.07, 1.01-1.13).Long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution was assocd. with natural-cause mortality, even within concn. ranges well below the present European annual mean limit value.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhvFyru7jP&md5=7009daddaa830dfc46fc0d32997e988d
47. 47
  Forastiere, F.; Kan, H.; Cohen, A., Updated exposure-response functions available for estimating mortality impacts. In WHO Expert Meeting: Methods and Tools for Assessing the Health Risks of Air Pollution at Local, National and International Level; World Health Organization: Copenhagen, 2014; p 74– 91http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/263629/WHO-Expert-Meeting-Methods-and-tools-for-assessing-the-health-risks-of-air-pollution-at-local,-national-and-international-level.pdf?ua=1 (accessed 22.04.2015).
  There is no corresponding record for this reference.
48. 48
  Laden, F.; Neas, L. M.; Dockery, D. W.; Schwartz, J. Association of fine particulate matter from different sources with daily mortality in six US cities Environ. Health Perspect. 2000, 108 (10) 941– 947 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.00108941
  There is no corresponding record for this reference.
49. 49
  Dominici, F.; McDermott, A.; Zeger, S. L.; Samet, J. M. National maps of the effects of particulate matter on mortality: Exploring geographical variation Environ. Health Perspect. 2003, 111 (1) 39– 43 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.5181
  There is no corresponding record for this reference.
50. 50
  Bell, M. L.; Ebisu, K.; Leaderer, B. P.; Gent, J. F.; Lee, H. J.; Koutrakis, P.; Wang, Y.; Dominici, F.; Peng, R. D. Associations of PM2.5 Constituents and Sources with Hospital Admissions: Analysis of Four Counties in Connecticut and Massachusetts (USA) for Persons ≥ 65 Years of Age Environ. Health Perspect. 2014, 122 (2) 138– 144 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1306656
  50
  Associations of PM2.5 constituents and sources with hospital admissions: analysis of four counties in Connecticut and Massachusetts (USA) for persons ≥ 65 years of age
  Bell Michelle L; Ebisu Keita; Leaderer Brian P; Gent Janneane F; Lee Hyung Joo; Koutrakis Petros; Wang Yun; Dominici Francesca; Peng Roger D
  Environmental health perspectives (2014), 122 (2), 138-44 ISSN:.
  BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies have demonstrated associations between short-term exposure to PM2.5 and hospital admissions. The chemical composition of particles varies across locations and time periods. Identifying the most harmful constituents and sources is an important health and regulatory concern. OBJECTIVES: We examined pollutant sources for associations with risk of hospital admissions for cardiovascular and respiratory causes. METHODS: We obtained PM2.5 filter samples for four counties in Connecticut and Massachusetts and analyzed them for PM2.5 elements. Source apportionment was used to estimate daily PM2.5 contributions from sources (traffic, road dust, oil combustion, and sea salt as well as a regional source representing coal combustion and other sources). Associations between daily PM2.5 constituents and sources and risk of cardiovascular and respiratory hospitalizations for the Medicare population (> 333,000 persons ≥ 65 years of age) were estimated with time-series analyses (August 2000-February 2004). RESULTS: PM2.5 total mass and PM2.5 road dust contribution were associated with cardiovascular hospitalizations, as were the PM2.5 constituents calcium, black carbon, vanadium, and zinc. For respiratory hospitalizations, associations were observed with PM2.5 road dust, and sea salt as well as aluminum, calcium, chlorine, black carbon, nickel, silicon, titanium, and vanadium. Effect estimates were generally robust to adjustment by co-pollutants of other constituents. An interquartile range increase in same-day PM2.5 road dust (1.71 μg/m3) was associated with a 2.11% (95% CI: 1.09, 3.15%) and 3.47% (95% CI: 2.03, 4.94%) increase in cardiovascular and respiratory admissions, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest some particle sources and constituents are more harmful than others and that in this Connecticut/Massachusetts region the most harmful particles include black carbon, calcium, and road dust PM2.5.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC2c7kslKjtw%253D%253D&md5=1c502ff0a3592e90286407306214927f
51. 51
  Baumgartner, J.; Zhang, Y. X.; Schauer, J. J.; Huang, W.; Wang, Y. Q.; Ezzati, M. Highway proximity and black carbon from cookstoves as a risk factor for higher blood pressure in rural China Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2014, 111 (36) 13229– 13234 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1317176111
  51
  Highway proximity and black carbon from cookstoves as a risk factor for higher blood pressure in rural China
  Baumgartner, Jill; Zhang, Yuanxun; Schauer, James J.; Huang, Wei; Wang, Yuqin; Ezzati, Majid
  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2014), 111 (36), 13229-13234CODEN: PNASA6; ISSN:0027-8424. (National Academy of Sciences)
  Air pollution in China and other parts of Asia poses large health risks and is an important contributor to global climate change. Almost half of Chinese homes use biomass and coal fuels for cooking and heating. China's economic growth and infrastructure development has led to increased emissions from coal-fired power plants and an expanding fleet of motor vehicles. Black carbon (BC) from incomplete biomass and fossil fuel combustion is the most strongly light-absorbing component of particulate matter (PM) air pollution and the second most important climate-forcing human emission. PM compn. and sources may also be related to its human health impact. We enrolled 280 women living in a rural area of northwestern Yunnan where biomass fuels are commonly used. We measured their blood pressure, distance from major traffic routes, and daily exposure to BC (pyrolytic biomass combustion), water-sol. org. aerosol (org. aerosol from biomass combustion), and, in a subset, hopane markers (motor vehicle emissions) in winter and summer. BC had the strongest assocn. with systolic blood pressure (SBP) (4.3 mm Hg; P < 0.001), followed by PM mass and water-sol. org. mass. The effect of BC on SBP was almost three times greater in women living near the highway [6.2 mm Hg ; 95% confidence interval (CI), 3.6 to 8.9 vs. 2.6 mm Hg ; 95% CI, 0.1 to 5.2]. Our findings suggest that BC from combustion emissions is more strongly assocd. with blood pressure than PM mass, and that BC's health effects may be larger among women living near a highway and with greater exposure to motor vehicle emissions.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhsVarsbrP&md5=ed02f4ba296cf07e86896ebeea70ff09
52. 52
  Kioumourtzoglou, M. A.; Austin, E.; Koutrakis, P.; Dominici, F.; Schwartz, J.; Zanobetti, A. PM2.5 and survival among older adults: effect modification by particulate composition Epidemiology 2015, 26 (3) 321– 327 DOI: 10.1097/EDE.0000000000000269
  52
  PM2.5 and survival among older adults: effect modification by particulate composition
  Kioumourtzoglou Marianthi-Anna; Austin Elena; Koutrakis Petros; Dominici Francesca; Schwartz Joel; Zanobetti Antonella
  Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) (2015), 26 (3), 321-7 ISSN:.
  BACKGROUND: Fine particulate (PM2.5) air pollution has been consistently linked to survival, but reported effect estimates are geographically heterogeneous. Exposure to different types of particle mixtures may explain some of this variation. METHODS: We used k-means cluster analyses to identify cities with similar pollution profiles, (ie, PM2.5 composition) across the United States. We examined the impact of PM2.5 on survival, and its variation across clusters of cities with similar PM2.5 composition, among Medicare enrollees in 81 US cities (2000-2010). We used time-varying annual PM2.5 averages, measured at ambient central monitoring sites, as the exposure of interest. We ran by-city Cox models, adjusting for individual data on previous cardiopulmonary-related hospitalizations and stratifying by follow-up time, age, gender, and race. This eliminates confounding by factors varying across cities and long-term trends, focusing on year-to-year variations of air pollution around its city-specific mean and trend. We then pooled the city-specific effects using a random effects meta-regression. In this second stage, we also assessed effect modification by cluster membership and estimated cluster-specific PM2.5 effects. RESULTS: We followed more than 19 million subjects and observed more than 6 million deaths. We found a harmful impact of annual PM2.5 concentrations on survival (hazard ratio = 1.11 [95% confidence interval = 1.01, 1.23] per 10 μg/m). This effect was modified by particulate composition, with higher effects observed in clusters containing high concentrations of nickel, vanadium, and sulfate. For instance, our highest effect estimate was observed in cities with harbors in the Northwest, characterized by high nickel, vanadium, and elemental carbon concentrations (1.9 [1.1, 3.3]). We observed null or negative associations in clusters with high oceanic and crustal particles. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the association between PM2.5 composition and survival. Our findings indicate that long-term exposure to fuel oil combustion and power plant emissions have the highest impact on survival.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC2MngvVegsw%253D%253D&md5=bfebb38bea017ca6006ed8d40371b682
53. 53
  Darrow, L. A.; Klein, M.; Flanders, W. D.; Mulholland, J. A.; Tolbert, P. E.; Strickland, M. J. Air Pollution and Acute Respiratory Infections Among Children 0–4 Years of Age: An 18-Year Time-Series Study Am. J. Epidemiol. 2014, 180 (10) 968– 977 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwu234
  53
  Air pollution and acute respiratory infections among children 0-4 years of age: an 18-year time-series study
  Darrow Lyndsey A; Klein Mitchel; Flanders W Dana; Mulholland James A; Tolbert Paige E; Strickland Matthew J
  American journal of epidemiology (2014), 180 (10), 968-77 ISSN:.
  Upper and lower respiratory infections are common in early childhood and may be exacerbated by air pollution. We investigated short-term changes in ambient air pollutant concentrations, including speciated particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5), in relation to emergency department (ED) visits for respiratory infections in young children. Daily counts of ED visits for bronchitis and bronchiolitis (n = 80,399), pneumonia (n = 63,359), and upper respiratory infection (URI) (n = 359,246) among children 0-4 years of age were collected from hospitals in the Atlanta, Georgia, area for the period 1993-2010. Daily pollutant measurements were combined across monitoring stations using population weighting. In Poisson generalized linear models, 3-day moving average concentrations of ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and the organic carbon fraction of particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) were associated with ED visits for pneumonia and URI. Ozone associations were strongest and were observed at low (cold-season) concentrations; a 1-interquartile range increase predicted a 4% increase (95% confidence interval: 2%, 6%) in visits for URI and an 8% increase (95% confidence interval: 4%, 13%) in visits for pneumonia. Rate ratios tended to be higher in the 1- to 4-year age group compared with infants. Results suggest that primary traffic pollutants, ozone, and the organic carbon fraction of PM2.5 exacerbate upper and lower respiratory infections in early life, and that the carbon fraction of PM2.5 is a particularly harmful component of the ambient particulate matter mixture.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC2M3ht1emsA%253D%253D&md5=9ed1321bdee4cbd9c03c6404a46a02d2
54. 54
  Costa, D. L.; Dreher, K. L. Bioavailable transition metals in particulate matter mediate cardiopulmonary injury in healthy and compromised animal models Environ. Health Perspect. 1997, 105, 1053– 1060 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.97105s51053
  54
  Bioavailable transition metals in particulate matter mediate cardiopulmonary injury in healthy and compromised animal models
  Costa D L; Dreher K L
  Environmental health perspectives (1997), 105 Suppl 5 (), 1053-60 ISSN:0091-6765.
  Many epidemiologic reports associate ambient levels of particulate matter (PM) with human mortality and morbidity, particularly in people with preexisting cardiopulmonary disease (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, infection, asthma). Because much ambient PM is derived from combustion sources, we tested the hypothesis that the health effects of PM arise from anthropogenic PM that contains bioavailable transition metals. The PM samples studied derived from three emission sources (two oil and one coal fly ash) and four ambient airsheds (St. Louis, MO; Washington; Dusseldorf, Germany; and Ottawa, Canada). PM was administered to rats by intratracheal instillation in equimass or equimetal doses to address directly the influence of PM mass versus metal content on acute lung injury and inflammation. Our results indicated that the lung dose of bioavailable transition metal, not instilled PM mass, was the primary determinant of the acute inflammatory response for both the combustion source and ambient PM samples. Residual oil fly ash, a combustion PM rich in bioavailable metal, was evaluated in a rat model of cardiopulmonary disease (pulmonary vasculitis/hypertension) to ascertain whether the disease state augmented sensitivity to that PM. Significant mortality and enhanced airway responsiveness were observed. Analysis of the lavaged lung fluids suggested that the milieu of the inflamed lung amplified metal-mediated oxidant chemistry to jeopardize the compromised cardiopulmonary system. We propose that soluble metals from PM mediate the array of PM-associated injuries to the cardiopulmonary system of the healthy and at-risk compromised host.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADyaK1c%252FmtlCltQ%253D%253D&md5=55938bdc49546eb82be124d8e4c81fd2
55. 55
  Thurston, G. D.; Ito, K.; Lall, R.; Burnett, R. T.; Turner, M. C.; Krewski, D.; Shi, Y.; Jerrett, M.; Gapstur, S. M.; Diver, W. R.; Pope, C. A. NPACT Study 4. Mortality and Long-Term Exposure to PM_2.5 and Its Components in the American Cancer Society’S Cancer Prevent Study II cohort; Health Effects Institute: Boston, MA, 2013.
  There is no corresponding record for this reference.
56. 56
  Bell, M. L.; Belanger, K.; Ebisu, K.; Gent, J. F.; Lee, H. J.; Koutrakis, P.; Leaderer, B. P. Prenatal Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and Birth Weight Variations by Particulate Constituents and Sources Epidemiology 2010, 21 (6) 884– 891 DOI: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181f2f405
  There is no corresponding record for this reference.
57. 57
  Ostro, B.; Tobias, A.; Querol, X.; Alastuey, A.; Amato, F.; Pey, J.; Perez, N.; Sunyer, J. The Effects of Particulate Matter Sources on Daily Mortality: A Case-Crossover Study of Barcelona, Spain Environ. Health Perspect. 2011, 119 (12) 1781– 1787 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1103618
  57
  The effects of particulate matter sources on daily mortality: a case-crossover study of Barcelona, Spain
  Ostro, Bart; Tobias, Aurelio; Querol, Xavier; Alastuey, Andres; Amato, Fulvio; Pey, Jorge; Perez, Noemi; Sunyer, Jordi
  Environmental Health Perspectives (2011), 119 (12), 1781-1787CODEN: EVHPAZ; ISSN:0091-6765. (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Services)
  Dozens of studies link acute exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution with premature mortality and morbidity, but questions remain about which species and sources in the vast PM mixt. are responsible for the obsd. health effects. Although a few studies exist on the effects of species and sources in U.S. cities, European cities-which have a higher proportion of diesel engines and denser urban populations-have not been well characterized. Information on the effects of specific sources could aid in targeting pollution control and in articulating the biol. mechanisms of PM. Our study examd. the effects of various PM sources on daily mortality for 2003 through 2007 in Barcelona, a densely populated city in the northeast corner of Spain. Source apportionment for PM ≤ 2.5 μm and ≤ 10 μm in aerodynamic diam. (PM2.5 and PM10) using pos. matrix factorization identified eight different factors. Case-crossover regression anal. was used to est. the effects of each factor. Several sources of PM2.5, including vehicle exhaust, fuel oil combustion, secondary nitrate/orgs., minerals, secondary sulfate/orgs., and road dust, had statistically significant assocns. (p < 0.05) with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Also, in some cases relative risks for a resp. interquartile range increase in concn. were higher for specific sources than for total PM2.5 mass. These results along with those from our multisource models suggest that traffic, sulfate from shipping and long-range transport, and construction dust are important contributors to the adverse health effects linked to PM.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38Xns1OrtQ%253D%253D&md5=a4d84f10be7175ac53028a0bd3bec516
58. 58
  Janssen, N. A. H.; Hoek, G.; Simic-Lawson, M.; Fischer, P.; van Bree, L.; ten Brink, H.; Keuken, M.; Atkinson, R. W.; Anderson, H. R.; Brunekreef, B.; Cassee, F. R. Black Carbon as an Additional Indicator of the Adverse Health Effects of Airborne Particles Compared with PM10 and PM2.5 Environ. Health Perspect. 2011, 119 (12) 1691– 1699 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1003369
  58
  Black carbon as an additional indicator of the adverse health effects of airborne particles compared with PM10 and PM2.5
  Janssen, Nicole A. H.; Hoek, Gerard; Simic-Lawson, Milena; Fischer, Paul; van Bree, Leendert; ten Brink, Harry; Keuken, Menno; Atkinson, Richard W.; Anderson, H. Ross; Brunekreef, Bert; Cassee, Flemming R.
  Environmental Health Perspectives (2011), 119 (12), 1691-1699CODEN: EVHPAZ; ISSN:0091-6765. (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Services)
  Current air quality stds. for particulate matter (PM) use the PM mass concn. [PM with aerodynamic diams. ≤ 10 μm (PM10) or ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5)] as a metric. It has been suggested that particles from combustion sources are more relevant to human health than are particles from other sources, but the impact of policies directed at reducing PM from combustion processes is usually relatively small when effects are estd. for a redn. in the total mass concn. We evaluated the value of black carbon particles (BCP) as an addnl. indicator in air quality management. We performed a systematic review and meta-anal. of health effects of BCP compared with PM mass based on data from time-series studies and cohort studies that measured both exposures. We compared the potential health benefits of a hypothetical traffic abatement measure, using near-roadway concn. increments of BCP and PM2.5 based on data from prior studies. Estd. health effects of a 1-μg/m3 increase in exposure were greater for BCP than for PM10 or PM2.5, but estd. effects of an interquartile range increase were similar. Two-pollutant models in time-series studies suggested that the effect of BCP was more robust than the effect of PM mass. The estd. increase in life expectancy assocd. with a hypothetical traffic abatement measure was four to nine times higher when expressed in BCP compared with an equiv. change in PM2.5 mass. BCP is a valuable addnl. air quality indicator to evaluate the health risks of air quality dominated by primary combustion particles.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38Xns1Oksg%253D%253D&md5=78a0732f027fd5661c3605d08f9dba2a
59. 59
  Val, S.; Liousse, C.; Doumbia, E. T.; Galy-Lacaux, C.; Cachier, H.; Marchand, N.; Badel, A.; Gardrat, E.; Sylvestre, A.; Baeza-Squiban, A. Physico-chemical characterization of African urban aerosols (Bamako in Mali and Dakar in Senegal) and their toxic effects in human bronchial epithelial cells: Description of a worrying situation Part. Fibre Toxicol. 2013, 10, 10 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-10-10
  59
  Physico-chemical characterization of African urban aerosols (Bamako in Mali and Dakar in Senegal) and their toxic effects in human bronchial epithelial cells: description of a worrying situation
  Val, Stephanie; Liousse, Cathy; Doumbia, El Hadji Thierno; Galy-Lacaux, Corinne; Cachier, Helene; Marchand, Nicolas; Badel, Anne; Gardrat, Eric; Sylvestre, Alexandre; Baeza-Squiban, Armelle
  Particle and Fibre Toxicology (2013), 10 (), 10CODEN: PFTABQ; ISSN:1743-8977. (BioMed Central Ltd.)
  Background: The involvement of particulate matter (PM) in cardiorespiratory diseases is now established in developed countries whereas in developing areas such as Africa with a high level of specific pollution, PM pollution and its effects are poorly studied. Our objective was to characterize the biol. reactivity of urban African aerosols on human bronchial epithelial cells in relation to PM physico-chem. properties to identify toxic sources. Methods: Size-speciated aerosol chem. compn. was analyzed in Bamako (BK, Mali, 2 samples with one having desert dust event BK1) and Dakar (DK; Senegal) for Ultrafine UF, Fine F and Coarse C PM. PM reactivity was studied in human bronchial epithelial cells investigating six biomarkers (oxidative stress responsive genes and proinflammatory cytokines). Results: PM mass concns. were mainly distributed in coarse mode (60%) and were impressive in BK1 due to the desert dust event. BK2 and DK samples showed a high content of total carbon characteristic of urban areas. The DK sample had huge PAH quantities in bulk aerosol compared with BK that had more water sol. org. carbon and metals. Whatever the site, UF and F PM triggered the mRNA expression of the different biomarkers whereas coarse PM had little or no effect. The GM-CSF biomarker was the most discriminating and showed the strongest pro-inflammatory effect of BK2 PM. The anal. of gene expression signature and of their correlation with main PM compds. revealed that PM-induced responses are mainly related to org. compds. The toxicity of African aerosols is carried by the finest PM as with Parisian aerosols, but when considering PM mass concns., the African population is more highly exposed to toxic particulate pollution than French population. Regarding the prevailing sources in each site, aerosol biol. impacts are higher for incomplete combustion sources resulting from two-wheel vehicles and domestic fires than from diesel vehicles (Dakar). Desert dust events seem to produce fewer biol. impacts than anthropogenic sources. Discussion: Our study shows that combustion sources contribute to the high toxicity of F and UF PM of African urban aerosols, and underlines the importance of emission mitigation and the imperative need to evaluate and to regulate particulate pollution in Africa.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXns1Ors7o%253D&md5=76f811a4da61a2e75a0e4cc95558e294
60. 60
  Stanek, L. W.; Sacks, J. D.; Dutton, S. J.; Dubois, J. J. B. Attributing health effects to apportioned components and sources of particulate matter: An evaluation of collective results Atmos. Environ. 2011, 45 (32) 5655– 5663 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.07.023
  60
  Attributing health effects to apportioned components and sources of particulate matter: An evaluation of collective results
  Stanek, Lindsay Wichers; Sacks, Jason D.; Dutton, Steven J.; Dubois, Jean-Jacques B.
  Atmospheric Environment (2011), 45 (32), 5655-5663CODEN: AENVEQ; ISSN:1352-2310. (Elsevier Ltd.)
  A review. It has been hypothesized that the compn. of particulate matter (PM) may be a better predictor of health effects than PM mass alone. The regional differences in PM compn. and the heterogeneity in PM risk ests. in large multi-city epidemiol. studies are consistent with this hypothesis. Since 2005, efforts have been made to relate apportioned components and sources of PM with human health outcomes in epidemiol., controlled human exposure and toxicol. studies. We reviewed published studies that: (1) focused on short-term exposure to PM; (2) included at least five components of PM; (3) grouped them into factors or sources; and (4) used quant. methods to examine the relationship between the factors or sources and health effects. Examn. includes to det. if specific groups of PM components or sources of PM are consistently linked to specific health effects across studies. The studies suggest that cardiovascular effects may be assocd. with PM2.5 from crustal or combustion sources, including traffic, but at this time, no consistent relationships have emerged. Fewer studies evaluated respiratory health effects, and the evidence for assocns. was limited. Apportionment methods have linked a variety of health effects to multiple groups of PM components and sources of PM, but the collective evidence has not yet isolated factors or sources that would be closely and unequivocally related to specific health outcomes.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXhtFWksLvN&md5=495333e9ff476131bee5c61db04798d1
61. 61
  HEI NPACT Review Panel. Executive Summary. HEI’s National Particle Component Toxicity (NPACT) Initiative; Health Effects Institute: Boston, MA, 2013.
  There is no corresponding record for this reference.
62. 62
  Novotny, E. V.; Bechle, M. J.; Millet, D. B.; Marshall, J. D. National Satellite-Based Land-Use Regression: NO2 in the United States Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45 (10) 4407– 4414 DOI: 10.1021/es103578x
  62
  National Satellite-Based Land-Use Regression: NO2 in the United States
  Novotny, Eric V.; Bechle, Matthew J.; Millet, Dylan B.; Marshall, Julian D.
  Environmental Science & Technology (2011), 45 (10), 4407-4414CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
  Land use regression models (LUR) est. outdoor air pollution at high spatial resoln. Previous LUR generally focused on individual cities. A LUR for year 2006 ground-level NO2 concns. throughout contiguous US is discussed. The approach used ground- and satellite-based NO2 measurements, and geog. characteristics (population d., land use [satellite-based data], distance to major and minor roads). Results provided reliable ests. of ambient NO2 air pollution measured by USEPA (R2 = 0.78; bias = 22%) at a spatial resoln. (∼30 m) capable of capturing within-urban and near-roadway NO2 gradients. Several aspects of temporal (time-of-day, day-of-week, season) and spatial (urban vs. rural; US region) variability in the model. Results were robust to spatial auto-correlation, to selection of an alternative input dataset, and to minor perturbations in input data (using 90% of the data to predict the remaining 10%). Modeled population-weighted (unweighted) mean outdoor concns. in the US was 10.7 (4.8) ppb. This approach could be implemented in other world areas given sufficient road network and pollutant monitoring data. To facilitate future use and evaluation of results, concn. ests. for the ∼8 million census blocks in the contiguous US are publicly available via the supporting information.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXlt1ShtLk%253D&md5=3d9453bc28ec25dc67153cb2030142d5
63. 63
  Keating, T. J.; West, J. J.; Farrell, A. E., Prospects for International Management of Intercontinental Air Pollution Transport. In Inter-continental Transport of Air Pollution; Stohl, A., Ed.; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, 2004; pp 295– 320.
  There is no corresponding record for this reference.
64. 64
  United Nations Environment Assembly, Resolutions and decisions adopted by the United Nations Environment Assembly of the United Nations Environment Programme at its first session on 27 June 2014, http://www.unep.org/unea/download.asp?ID=5171, accessed July 9, 2015.
  There is no corresponding record for this reference.
65. 65
  World Health Assembly. Health and the Environment: Addressing the health impact of air pollution. Sixty-Eighth World Health Assembly, A68/A/CONF./2 Rev.1, 26 May 2015. http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA68/A68_ACONF2Rev1-en.pdf (accessed July 9, 2015) .
  There is no corresponding record for this reference.
66. 66
  Climate & Clean Air Coalition, http://www.ccacoalition.org/ (accessed July 9, 2015) .
  There is no corresponding record for this reference.
67. 67
  Bell, M. L.; Davis, D. L.; Cifuentes, L. A.; Krupnick, A. J.; Morgenstern, R. D.; Thurston, G. D. Ancillary human health benefits of improved air quality resulting from climate change mitigation Environ. Health 2008, 7, 41 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069X-7-41
  67
  Ancillary human health benefits of improved air quality resulting from climate change mitigation
  Bell Michelle L; Davis Devra L; Cifuentes Luis A; Krupnick Alan J; Morgenstern Richard D; Thurston George D
  Environmental health : a global access science source (2008), 7 (), 41 ISSN:.
  BACKGROUND: Greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation policies can provide ancillary benefits in terms of short-term improvements in air quality and associated health benefits. Several studies have analyzed the ancillary impacts of GHG policies for a variety of locations, pollutants, and policies. In this paper we review the existing evidence on ancillary health benefits relating to air pollution from various GHG strategies and provide a framework for such analysis. METHODS: We evaluate techniques used in different stages of such research for estimation of: (1) changes in air pollutant concentrations; (2) avoided adverse health endpoints; and (3) economic valuation of health consequences. The limitations and merits of various methods are examined. Finally, we conclude with recommendations for ancillary benefits analysis and related research gaps in the relevant disciplines. RESULTS: We found that to date most assessments have focused their analysis more heavily on one aspect of the framework (e.g., economic analysis). While a wide range of methods was applied to various policies and regions, results from multiple studies provide strong evidence that the short-term public health and economic benefits of ancillary benefits related to GHG mitigation strategies are substantial. Further, results of these analyses are likely to be underestimates because there are a number of important unquantified health and economic endpoints. CONCLUSION: Remaining challenges include integrating the understanding of the relative toxicity of particulate matter by components or sources, developing better estimates of public health and environmental impacts on selected sub-populations, and devising new methods for evaluating heretofore unquantified and non-monetized benefits.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BD1crjtlWktQ%253D%253D&md5=cc0a3d477b50adb6ff3cd2ae5a1e06e7
68. 68
  Nemet, G. F.; Holloway, T.; Meier, P. Implications of incorporating air-quality co-benefits into climate change policymaking Environ. Res. Lett. 2010, 5 (1) 014007 DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/5/1/014007
  There is no corresponding record for this reference.
69. 69
  West, J. J.; Smith, S. J.; Silva, R. A.; Naik, V.; Zhang, Y. Q.; Adelman, Z.; Fry, M. M.; Anenberg, S.; Horowitz, L. W.; Lamarque, J. F. Co-benefits of mitigating global greenhouse gas emissions for future air quality and human health Nat. Clim. Change 2013, 3 (10) 885– 889 DOI: 10.1038/nclimate2009
  69
  Co-benefits of mitigating global greenhouse gas emissions for future air quality and human health
  West, J. Jason; Smith, Steven J.; Silva, Raquel A.; Naik, Vaishali; Zhang, Yuqiang; Adelman, Zachariah; Fry, Meridith M.; Anenberg, Susan; Horowitz, Larry W.; Lamarque, Jean-Francois
  Nature Climate Change (2013), 3 (10), 885-889CODEN: NCCACZ; ISSN:1758-6798. (Nature Publishing Group)
  Actions to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions often reduce co-emitted air pollutants, bringing co-benefits for air quality and human health. Past studies typically evaluated near-term and local co-benefits, neglecting the long-range transport of air pollutants, long-term demog. changes, and the influence of climate change on air quality. Here we simulate the co-benefits of global GHG redns. on air quality and human health using a global atm. model and consistent future scenarios, via two mechanisms: reducing co-emitted air pollutants, and slowing climate change and its effect on air quality. We use new relationships between chronic mortality and exposure to fine particulate matter and ozone, global modeling methods and new future scenarios. Relative to a ref. scenario, global GHG mitigation avoids 0.5±0.2, 1.3±0.5 and 2.2±0.8 million premature deaths in 2030, 2050 and 2100. Global av. marginal co-benefits of avoided mortality are US$50-380 per tonne of CO2, which exceed previous ests., exceed marginal abatement costs in 2030 and 2050, and are within the low range of costs in 2100. East Asian co-benefits are 10-70 times the marginal cost in 2030. Air quality and health co-benefits, esp. as they are mainly local and near-term, provide strong addnl. motivation for transitioning to a low-carbon future.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhsV2jsLzN&md5=9b192c53a10486e6c6f37871291cbc9c
70. 70
  Shindell, D.; Kuylenstierna, J. C. I.; Vignati, E.; van Dingenen, R.; Amann, M.; Klimont, Z.; Anenberg, S. C.; Muller, N.; Janssens-Maenhout, G.; Raes, F.; Schwartz, J.; Faluvegi, G.; Pozzoli, L.; Kupiainen, K.; Hoglund-Isaksson, L.; Emberson, L.; Streets, D.; Ramanathan, V.; Hicks, K.; Oanh, N. T. K.; Milly, G.; Williams, M.; Demkine, V.; Fowler, D. Simultaneously Mitigating Near-Term Climate Change and Improving Human Health and Food Security Science 2012, 335 (6065) 183– 189 DOI: 10.1126/science.1210026
  70
  Simultaneously Mitigating Near-Term Climate Change and Improving Human Health and Food Security
  Shindell, Drew; Kuylenstierna, Johan C. I.; Vignati, Elisabetta; van Dingenen, Rita; Amann, Markus; Klimont, Zbigniew; Anenberg, Susan C.; Muller, Nicholas; Janssens-Maenhout, Greet; Raes, Frank; Schwartz, Joel; Faluvegi, Greg; Pozzoli, Luca; Kupiainen, Kaarle; Hoeglund-Isaksson, Lena; Emberson, Lisa; Streets, David; Ramanathan, V.; Hicks, Kevin; Oanh, N. T. Kim; Milly, George; Williams, Martin; Demkine, Volodymyr; Fowler, David
  Science (Washington, DC, United States) (2012), 335 (6065), 183-189CODEN: SCIEAS; ISSN:0036-8075. (American Association for the Advancement of Science)
  Tropospheric ozone and black carbon (BC) contribute to both degraded air quality and global warming. We considered ~400 emission control measures to reduce these pollutants by using current technol. and experience. We identified 14 measures targeting methane and BC emissions that reduce projected global mean warming ~0.5°C by 2050. This strategy avoids 0.7 to 4.7 million annual premature deaths from outdoor air pollution and increases annual crop yields by 30 to 135 million metric tons due to ozone redns. in 2030 and beyond. Benefits of methane emissions redns. are valued at 700 to 5000 per metric ton, which is well above typical marginal abatement costs (less than 250). The selected controls target different sources and influence climate on shorter time scales than those of carbon dioxide-redn. measures. Implementing both substantially reduces the risks of crossing the 2°C threshold.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XksVSmug%253D%253D&md5=518a6514022bdbb8ac0cac5e3a11a0cd
71. 71
  Carlton, A. G.; Pinder, R. W.; Bhave, P. V.; Pouliot, G. A. To What Extent Can Biogenic SOA be Controlled? Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44 (9) 3376– 3380 DOI: 10.1021/es903506b
  71
  To What Extent Can Biogenic SOA be Controlled?
  Carlton, Annmarie G.; Pinder, Robert W.; Bhave, Prakash V.; Pouliot, George A.
  Environmental Science & Technology (2010), 44 (9), 3376-3380CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
  The implicit assumption that biogenic secondary org. aerosol (SOA) is natural and cannot be controlled hinders effective air quality management. Anthropogenic pollution facilitates transformation of naturally-emitted volatile org. compds. (VOC) to the particle phase, enhancing ambient biogenic SOA concns. Thus, it is conceivable a portion of ambient biogenic SOA can be removed by controlling anthropogenic pollutant emissions. Direct measurement of the controllable fraction of biogenic SOA is not possible, but can be estd. using 3-dimensional photochem. air quality modeling. To examine this, 22 Community Multi-scale Air Quality model simulations were conducted over the continental US. Relative contributions of 5 emitted pollution classes (NOx, NH3, SOx, reactive non-methane C, primary carbonaceous particulate matter) on biogenic SOA were estd. by removing anthropogenic emissions of these pollutants, one at a time then all together. Model results demonstrated a strong effect of anthropogenic emissions on predicted biogenic SOA concns., suggesting >50% of biogenic SOA in the eastern US can be controlled. Since biogenic SOA is substantially enhanced by controllable emissions, classifying SOA as biogenic or anthropogenic based solely on VOC origin is not sufficient to describe the controllable fraction.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXksF2ms7s%253D&md5=07acf705556eea1d10dbdd0584a3e1de
72. 72
  Fuzzi, S.; Baltensperger, U.; Carslaw, K.; Decesari, S.; van Der Gon, H. D.; Facchini, M. C.; Fowler, D.; Koren, I.; Langford, B.; Lohmann, U.; Nemitz, E.; Pandis, S.; Riipinen, I.; Rudich, Y.; Schaap, M.; Slowik, J. G.; Spracklen, D. V.; Vignati, E.; Wild, M.; Williams, M.; Gilardoni, S. Particulate matter, air quality and climate: lessons learned and future needs Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2015, 15 (14) 8217– 8299 DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-8217-2015
  72
  Particulate matter, air quality and climate: lessons learned and future needs
  Fuzzi, S.; Baltensperger, U.; Carslaw, K.; Decesari, S.; van der Gon, H. Denier; Facchini, M. C.; Fowler, D.; Koren, I.; Langford, B.; Lohmann, U.; Nemitz, E.; Pandis, S.; Riipinen, I.; Rudich, Y.; Schaap, M.; Slowik, J. G.; Spracklen, D. V.; Vignati, E.; Wild, M.; Williams, M.; Gilardoni, S.
  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (2015), 15 (14), 8217-8299CODEN: ACPTCE; ISSN:1680-7324. (Copernicus Publications)
  The literature on atm. particulate matter (PM), or atm. aerosol, has increased enormously over the last 2 decades and amts. now to some 1500-2000 papers per yr in the refereed literature. This is in part due to the enormous advances in measurement technologies, which have allowed for an increasingly accurate understanding of the chem. compn. and of the phys. properties of atm. particles and of their processes in the atm. The growing scientific interest in atm. aerosol particles is due to their high importance for environmental policy. In fact, particulate matter constitutes one of the most challenging problems both for air quality and for climate change policies. In this context, this paper reviews the most recent results within the atm. aerosol sciences and the policy needs, which have driven much of the increase in monitoring and mechanistic research over the last 2 decades. The synthesis reveals many new processes and developments in the science underpinning climate-aerosol interactions and effects of PM on human health and the environment. However, while airborne particulate matter is responsible for globally important influences on premature human mortality, we still do not know the relative importance of the different chem. components of PM for these effects. Likewise, the magnitude of the overall effects of PM on climate remains highly uncertain. Despite the uncertainty there are many things that could be done to mitigate local and global problems of atm. PM. Recent analyses have shown that reducing black carbon (BC) emissions, using known control measures, would reduce global warming and delay the time when anthropogenic effects on global temp. would exceed 2 °C. Likewise, cost-effective control measures on ammonia, an important agricultural precursor gas for secondary inorg. aerosols (SIA), would reduce regional eutrophication and PM concns. in large areas of Europe, China and the USA. Thus, there is much that could be done to reduce the effects of atm. PM on the climate and the health of the environment and the human population. A prioritized list of actions to mitigate the full range of effects of PM is currently undeliverable due to shortcomings in the knowledge of aerosol science; among the shortcomings, the roles of PM in global climate and the relative roles of different PM precursor sources and their response to climate and land use change over the remaining decades of this century are prominent. In any case, the evidence from this paper strongly advocates for an integrated approach to air quality and climate policies.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhtlertL%252FE&md5=618e50f4c44a8c719021e71b51174bce
73. 73
  Guan, T. J.; Yao, M. S.; Wang, J. X.; Fang, Y. H.; Hu, S. H.; Wang, Y.; Dutta, A.; Yang, J. N.; Wu, Y. S.; Hu, M.; Zhu, T. Airborne endotoxin in fine particulate matter in Beijing Atmos. Environ. 2014, 97, 35– 42 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.08.005
  There is no corresponding record for this reference.
74. 74
  Pöschl, U.; Shiraiwa, M. Multiphase chemistry at the atmosphere-biosphere interface influencing climate and public health in the Anthropocene Chem. Rev. 2015, 115, 4440 DOI: 10.1021/cr500487s
  74
  Multiphase chemistry at the atmosphere-biosphere interface influencing climate and public health in the anthropocene
  Poschl Ulrich; Shiraiwa Manabu
  Chemical reviews (2015), 115 (10), 4440-75 ISSN:.
  There is no expanded citation for this reference.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC2MjitlOitQ%253D%253D&md5=fbd914ff88b8cec402419d8179d09a6b
75. 75
  Meng, X.; Ma, Y. J.; Chen, R. J.; Zhou, Z. J.; Chen, B. H.; Kan, H. D. Size-Fractionated Particle Number Concentrations and Daily Mortality in a Chinese City Environ. Health Perspect. 2013, 121 (10) 1174– 1178 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1206398
  75
  Size-fractionated particle number concentrations and daily mortality in a Chinese City
  Meng, Xia; Ma, Yanjun; Chen, Renjie; Zhou, Zhijun; Chen, Bingheng; Kan, Haidong
  Environmental Health Perspectives (2013), 121 (10), 1174-1178, 5 pp.CODEN: EVHPAZ; ISSN:1552-9924. (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health)
  Background: Assocns. between airborne particles and health outcomes have been documented worldwide; however, there is limited information regarding health effects assocd. with different particle sizes. Objectives: We explored the assocn. between size-fractionated particle no. concns. (PNCs) and daily mortality in Shenyang, China. Methods: We collected daily data on cause-specific mortality and PNCs for particles measuring 0.25-10 μm in diam. between 1 Dec. 2006 and 30 Nov. 2008. We used Quasi-Poisson regression generalized additive models to est. assocns. between PNCs and mortality, and we used natural spline smoothing functions to adjust for time-varying covariates and long-term and seasonal trends. Results: Mean nos. of daily deaths were 67, 32 and 7 for all natural causes, cardiovascular diseases, and respiratory diseases, resp. Interquartile range (IQR) increases in PNCs for particles measuring 0.25-0.50 μm were significantly assocd. with total and cardiovascular mortality, but not respiratory mortality. Effect ests. were larger for PNCs during the warm season than the cool season, and increased with decreasing particle size. IQR increases in PNCs of 0.25-0.28 μm, 0.35-0.40 μm, and 0.45-0.50 μm particles were assocd. with 2.41% (95% CI: 1.23, 3.58 %), 1.31% (95% CI: 0.52, 2.09 %), and 0.45% (95% CI: 0.04, 0.87 %) higher total mortality, resp. Assocns. were generally stable after adjustment for mass concns. of ambient particles and gaseous pollutants. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that particles <0.5 μm in diam. may be most responsible for adverse health effects of particulate air pollution and that adverse health effects may increase with decreasing particle size.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXmvVKisLY%253D&md5=d39f6b4c778b67dea6f634aca93e0122
76. 76
  Gong, J. C.; Zhu, T.; Kipen, H.; Wang, G. F.; Hu, M.; Guo, Q. F.; Ohman-Strickland, P.; Lu, S. E.; Wang, Y. D.; Zhu, P.; Rich, D. Q.; Huang, W.; Zhang, J. F. Comparisons of Ultrafine and Fine Particles in Their Associations with Biomarkers Reflecting Physiological Pathways Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48 (9) 5264– 5273 DOI: 10.1021/es5006016
  There is no corresponding record for this reference.
77. 77
  Meier, R.; Eeftens, M.; Aguilera, I.; Phuleria, H. C.; Ineichen, A.; Davey, M.; Ragettli, M. S.; Fierz, M.; Schindler, C.; Probst-Hensch, N.; Tsai, M. Y.; Kunzli, N. Ambient Ultrafine Particle Levels at Residential and Reference Sites in Urban and Rural Switzerland Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49 (5) 2709– 2715 DOI: 10.1021/es505246m
  There is no corresponding record for this reference.
78. 78
  Natraj, V.; Liu, X.; Kulawik, S.; Chance, K.; Chatfield, R.; Edwards, D. P.; Eldering, A.; Francis, G.; Kurosu, T.; Pickering, K.; Spurr, R.; Worden, H. Multi-spectral sensitivity studies for the retrieval of tropospheric and lowermost tropospheric ozone from simulated clear-sky GEO-CAPE measurements Atmos. Environ. 2011, 45 (39) 7151– 7165 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.09.014
  There is no corresponding record for this reference.
79. 79
  Kahn, R. A.; Gaitley, B. J. An analysis of global aerosol type as retrieved by MISR Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 2015, 120 (9) 4248– 4281 DOI: 10.1002/2015JD023322
  There is no corresponding record for this reference.
80. 80
  Bravo, M. A.; Fuentes, M.; Zhang, Y.; Burr, M. J.; Bell, M. L. Comparison of exposure estimation methods for air pollutants: Ambient monitoring data and regional air quality simulation Environ. Res. 2012, 116, 1– 10 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2012.04.008
  80
  Comparison of exposure estimation methods for air pollutants: Ambient monitoring data and regional air quality simulation
  Bravo, Mercedes A.; Fuentes, Montserrat; Zhang, Yang; Burr, Michael J.; Bell, Michelle L.
  Environmental Research (2012), 116 (), 1-10CODEN: ENVRAL; ISSN:0013-9351. (Elsevier)
  Air quality modeling could potentially improve exposure ests. for use in epidemiol. studies. We investigated this application of air quality modeling by estg. location-specific (point) and spatially-aggregated (county level) exposure concns. of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diam. less than or equal to 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) for the eastern U.S. in 2002 using the community multi-scale air quality (CMAQ) modeling system and a traditional approach using ambient monitors. The monitoring approach produced ests. for 370 and 454 counties for PM2.5 and O3, resp. Modeled ests. included 1861 counties, covering 50% more population. The population uncovered by monitors differed from those near monitors (e.g., urbanicity, race, education, age, unemployment, income, modeled pollutant levels). CMAQ overestimated O3 (annual normalized mean bias=4.30%), while modeled PM2.5 had an annual normalized mean bias of -2.09%, although bias varied seasonally, from 32% in Nov. to -27% in July. Epidemiol. may benefit from air quality modeling, with improved spatial and temporal resoln. and the ability to study populations far from monitors that may differ from those near monitors. However, model performance varied by measure of performance, season, and location. Thus, the appropriateness of using such modeled exposures in health studies depends on the pollutant and metric of concern, acceptable level of uncertainty, population of interest, study design, and other factors.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XotVansr0%253D&md5=4761d36cbf0b1b4a99382aa22fc1740a
81. 81
  Lee, H. J.; Kang, C. M.; Coull, B. A.; Bell, M. L.; Koutrakis, P. Assessment of primary and secondary ambient particle trends using satellite aerosol optical depth and ground speciation data in the New England region, United States Environ. Res. 2014, 133, 103– 110 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.04.006
  There is no corresponding record for this reference.
82. 82
  Kloog, I.; Ridgway, B.; Koutrakis, P.; Coull, B. A.; Schwartz, J. D. Long- and Short-Term Exposure to PM2.5 and Mortality: Using Novel Exposure Models Epidemiology 2013, 24 (4) 555– 561 DOI: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e318294beaa
  82
  Long- and short-term exposure to PM2.5 and mortality: using novel exposure models
  Kloog Itai; Ridgway Bill; Koutrakis Petros; Coull Brent A; Schwartz Joel D
  Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) (2013), 24 (4), 555-61 ISSN:.
  BACKGROUND: Many studies have reported associations between ambient particulate matter (PM) and adverse health effects, focused on either short-term (acute) or long-term (chronic) PM exposures. For chronic effects, the studied cohorts have rarely been representative of the population. We present a novel exposure model combining satellite aerosol optical depth and land-use data to investigate both the long- and short-term effects of PM2.5 exposures on population mortality in Massachusetts, United States, for the years 2000-2008. METHODS: All deaths were geocoded. We performed two separate analyses: a time-series analysis (for short-term exposure) where counts in each geographic grid cell were regressed against cell-specific short-term PM2.5 exposure, temperature, socioeconomic data, lung cancer rates (as a surrogate for smoking), and a spline of time (to control for season and trends). In addition, for long-term exposure, we performed a relative incidence analysis using two long-term exposure metrics: regional 10 × 10 km PM2.5 predictions and local deviations from the cell average based on land use within 50 m of the residence. We tested whether these predicted the proportion of deaths from PM-related causes (cardiovascular and respiratory diseases). RESULTS: For short-term exposure, we found that for every 10-μg/m increase in PM 2.5 exposure there was a 2.8% increase in PM-related mortality (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.0-3.5). For the long-term exposure at the grid cell level, we found an odds ratio (OR) for every 10-μg/m increase in long-term PM2.5 exposure of 1.6 (CI = 1.5-1.8) for particle-related diseases. Local PM2.5 had an OR of 1.4 (CI = 1.3-1.5), which was independent of and additive to the grid cell effect. CONCLUSIONS: We have developed a novel PM2.5 exposure model based on remote sensing data to assess both short- and long-term human exposures. Our approach allows us to gain spatial resolution in acute effects and an assessment of long-term effects in the entire population rather than a selective sample from urban locations.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC3snjvF2hsA%253D%253D&md5=f9b7d69b4409c962abbb8a56592540c7
83. 83
  World Bank, World Development Indicators 2015; World Bank, 2015.
  There is no corresponding record for this reference.
84. 84
  Jerrett, M.; Burnett, R. T.; Ma, R. J.; Pope, C. A.; Krewski, D.; Newbold, K. B.; Thurston, G.; Shi, Y. L.; Finkelstein, N.; Calle, E. E.; Thun, M. J. Spatial analysis of air pollution and mortality in Los Angeles Epidemiology 2005, 16 (6) 727– 736 DOI: 10.1097/01.ede.0000181630.15826.7d
  84
  Spatial analysis of air pollution and mortality in Los Angeles
  Jerrett Michael; Burnett Richard T; Ma Renjun; Pope C Arden 3rd; Krewski Daniel; Newbold K Bruce; Thurston George; Shi Yuanli; Finkelstein Norm; Calle Eugenia E; Thun Michael J
  Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) (2005), 16 (6), 727-36 ISSN:1044-3983.
  BACKGROUND: The assessment of air pollution exposure using only community average concentrations may lead to measurement error that lowers estimates of the health burden attributable to poor air quality. To test this hypothesis, we modeled the association between air pollution and mortality using small-area exposure measures in Los Angeles, California. METHODS: Data on 22,905 subjects were extracted from the American Cancer Society cohort for the period 1982-2000 (5,856 deaths). Pollution exposures were interpolated from 23 fine particle (PM2.5) and 42 ozone (O3) fixed-site monitors. Proximity to expressways was tested as a measure of traffic pollution. We assessed associations in standard and spatial multilevel Cox regression models. RESULTS: After controlling for 44 individual covariates, all-cause mortality had a relative risk (RR) of 1.17 (95% confidence interval=1.05-1.30) for an increase of 10 mug/m PM2.5 and a RR of 1.11 (0.99-1.25) with maximal control for both individual and contextual confounders. The RRs for mortality resulting from ischemic heart disease and lung cancer deaths were elevated, in the range of 1.24-1.6, depending on the model used. These PM results were robust to adjustments for O3 and expressway exposure. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest the chronic health effects associated with within-city gradients in exposure to PM2.5 may be even larger than previously reported across metropolitan areas. We observed effects nearly 3 times greater than in models relying on comparisons between communities. We also found specificity in cause of death, with PM2.5 associated more strongly with ischemic heart disease than with cardiopulmonary or all-cause mortality.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BD2MrmtlKnsQ%253D%253D&md5=a4c01307e943955569e54e9ed76c37bb
85. 85
  Clancy, L.; Goodman, P.; Sinclair, H.; Dockery, D. W. Effect of air-pollution control on death rates in Dublin, Ireland: an intervention study Lancet 2002, 360 (9341) 1210– 1214 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11281-5
  There is no corresponding record for this reference.
86. 86
  Chafe, Z. A.; Brauer, M.; Klimont, Z.; Van Dingenen, R.; Mehta, S.; Rao, S.; Riahi, K.; Dentener, F.; Smith, K. R. Household Cooking with Solid Fuels Contributes to Ambient PM2.5 Air Pollution and the Burden of Disease Environ. Health Perspect. 2014, 122 (12) 1314– 1320 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1206340
  86
  Household cooking with solid fuels contributes to ambient PM2.5 air pollution and the burden of disease
  Chafe, Zoee A.; Brauer, Michael; Klimont, Zbigniew; Van Dingenen, Rita; Mehta, Sumi; Rao, Shilpa; Riahi, Keywan; Dentener, Frank; Smith, Kirk R.
  Environmental Health Perspectives (2014), 122 (12), 1314-1320CODEN: EVHPAZ; ISSN:1552-9924. (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health)
  BACKGROUND: Approx. 2.8 billion people cook with solid fuels. Research has focused on the health impacts of indoor exposure to fine particulate pollution. Here, for the 2010 Global Burden of Disease project (GBD 2010), we evaluated the impact of household cooking with solid fuels on regional population-weighted ambient PM2.5 (particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm) pollution (APM2.5). OBJECTIVES: We estd. the proportion and concns. of APM2.5 attributable to household cooking with solid fuels (PM2.5-cook) for the years 1990, 2005, and 2010 in 170 countries, and assocd. ill health. METHODS: We used an energy supply-driven emissions model (GAINS; Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies) and source-receptor model (TM5-FASST) to est. the proportion of APM2.5 produced by households and the proportion of household PM2.5 emissions from cooking with solid fuels. We estd. health effects using GBD 2010 data on ill health from APM2.5 exposure. RESULTS: In 2010, household cooking with solid fuels accounted for 12% of APM2.5 globally, varying from 0% of APM2.5 in five higher-income regions to 37% (2.8 μg/m3 of 6.9 μg/m3 total) in southern sub-Saharan Africa. PM2.5-cook constituted > 10% of APM2.5 in seven regions housing 4.4 billion people. South Asia showed the highest regional concn. of APM2.5 from household cooking (8.6 μg/m3). On the basis of GBD 2010, we est. that exposure to APM2.5 from cooking with solid fuels caused the loss of 370,000 lives and 9.9 million disability-adjusted life years globally in 2010. CONCLUSIONS: PM2.5 emissions from household cooking constitute an important portion of APM3.5 concns. in many places, including India and China. Efforts to improve ambient air quality will be hindered if household cooking conditions are not addressed.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhtlehsbo%253D&md5=a16a77a076f1e65517e49b4b74e1accf
87. 87
  Chambliss, S. E.; Silva, R.; West, J. J.; Zeinali, M.; Minjares, R. Estimating source-attributable health impacts of ambient fine particulate matter exposure: Global premature mortality from surface transportation emissions in 2005 Environ. Res. Lett. 2014, 9 (10) 104009 DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/9/10/104009
  There is no corresponding record for this reference.
88. 88
  Lelieveld, J.; Evans, J. S.; Fnais, M.; Giannadaki, D.; Pozzer, A. The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale Nature 2015, 525 (7569) 367– 371 DOI: 10.1038/nature15371
  88
  The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale
  Lelieveld, J.; Evans, J. S.; Fnais, M.; Giannadaki, D.; Pozzer, A.
  Nature (London, United Kingdom) (2015), 525 (7569), 367-371CODEN: NATUAS; ISSN:0028-0836. (Nature Publishing Group)
  Assessing the global burden of disease is based on epidemiol. cohort studies which connect premature mortality to a wide range of causes, including long-term health impacts of O3 and fine particulate matter (PM2.5). It is difficult to quantify premature mortality related to air pollution, notably in regions where air quality is not monitored, and because toxicity of particles from various sources may vary. This work used a global atm. chem. model to assess the link between premature mortality and 7 emission source categories in urban and rural environments. In accord with the global burden of disease for 2010 (S.S. Lim, et al., 2013), the authors calcd. outdoor air pollution, mostly PM2.5, led to 3.3 million (95% confidence interval, 1.61-4.81) premature deaths/yr worldwide, predominantly in Asia. It was primarily assumed that all particles were equally toxic, but a sensitivity study was conducted to account for differential toxicity. Results showed emissions from residential energy use (heating, cooking), prevalent in India and China, had the largest effect on premature mortality globally, even more dominant if carbonaceous particles are assumed to be most toxic. In much of the US and several other countries, traffic and power generation emissions are important. In eastern US, Europe, Russia, and East Asia, agricultural emissions provide the largest relative contribution to PM2.5, with estd. overall health impact dependent on particle toxicity assumptions. Model projections based on a business-as-usual emission scenario indicated the contribution of outdoor air pollution to premature mortality could double by 2050.
  >> More from SciFinder ^®
  https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhsFeisbnN&md5=cd4086d7557269bb261ef9c1b68fbe56

You have not visited any articles yet, Please visit some articles to see contents here.

All Types

“What We Breathe Impacts Our Health: Improving Understanding of the Link between Air Pollution and Health”
Click to copy article linkArticle link copied!

Environmental Science & Technology

Publication History

Abstract

Subjects

Synopsis

Introduction

Figure 1

The Changing Nature of Global Air Pollution

Figure 2

Progress in Characterizing Air Pollution

Figure 3

Progress in Understanding Air Pollution Health Effects

Policy Context

Research Directions

A Path Forward

Author Information

Acknowledgment

References

Cited By

Environmental Science & Technology

Publication History

Article Views

Altmetric

Citations

Recommended Articles

Abstract

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

References

“What We Breathe Impacts Our Health: Improving Understanding of the Link between Air Pollution and Health”Click to copy article linkArticle link copied!

Environmental Science & Technology

Abstract

Synopsis

Introduction

Figure 1

The Changing Nature of Global Air Pollution

Figure 2

Progress in Characterizing Air Pollution

Figure 3

Progress in Understanding Air Pollution Health Effects

Policy Context

Research Directions

A Path Forward

Author Information

Acknowledgment

References

Cited By

Environmental Science & Technology

Article Views

Altmetric

Citations

Recommended Articles

Abstract

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

References

“What We Breathe Impacts Our Health: Improving Understanding of the Link between Air Pollution and Health”
Click to copy article linkArticle link copied!