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Download Hi-Res ImageDownload to MS-PowerPointCite This:Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51, 15, 8713-8724
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An “EAR” on Environmental Surveillance and Monitoring: A Case Study on the Use of Exposure–Activity Ratios (EARs) to Prioritize Sites, Chemicals, and Bioactivities of Concern in Great Lakes Waters

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† Mid-Continent Ecology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, Minnesota 55804, United States
‡ Wisconsin Water Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 8505 Research Way, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, United States
§ National Center for Computational Toxicology, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
∥ National Research Council, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, Minnesota 55804, United States
⊥ Great Lakes National Program Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 77 West Jackson Blvd., Chicago, Illinois 60604, United States
# Math, Science, and Technology Department, University of Minnesota Crookston, 2900 University Avenue, Crookston, Minnesota 56716, United States
∇ Badger Technical Services, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, Minnesota 55804, United States
*Phone: (218)-529-5078; fax: (218)-529-5003; e-mail: [email protected]
Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51, 15, 8713–8724
Publication Date (Web):July 3, 2017
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b01613
Copyright © 2017 American Chemical Society
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Abstract

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Current environmental monitoring approaches focus primarily on chemical occurrence. However, based on concentration alone, it can be difficult to identify which compounds may be of toxicological concern and should be prioritized for further monitoring, in-depth testing, or management. This can be problematic because toxicological characterization is lacking for many emerging contaminants. New sources of high-throughput screening (HTS) data, such as the ToxCast database, which contains information for over 9000 compounds screened through up to 1100 bioassays, are now available. Integrated analysis of chemical occurrence data with HTS data offers new opportunities to prioritize chemicals, sites, or biological effects for further investigation based on concentrations detected in the environment linked to relative potencies in pathway-based bioassays. As a case study, chemical occurrence data from a 2012 study in the Great Lakes Basin along with the ToxCast effects database were used to calculate exposure–activity ratios (EARs) as a prioritization tool. Technical considerations of data processing and use of the ToxCast database are presented and discussed. EAR prioritization identified multiple sites, biological pathways, and chemicals that warrant further investigation. Prioritized bioactivities from the EAR analysis were linked to discrete adverse outcome pathways to identify potential adverse outcomes and biomarkers for use in subsequent monitoring efforts.

Supporting Information

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The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01613.

  • Figures showing examples of point of departure estimates and a chemical–assay coverage heatmap. Details on T47D assay methods. (PDF)

  • Tables showing chemical occurrence and ACC values, assay categorization and activity cutoff values, alignment of CAS registry numbers, flag IDs and descriptions, chemical–assay combinations, coverage of analyzed chemicals, EARmixture matrices and cumulative values, an EAR value matrix, and EEQs. (XLSX)

  • EAR calculation functions. (PDF)

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