ACS Publications. Most Trusted. Most Cited. Most Read
Decoupling Livestock from Land Use through Industrial Feed Production Pathways
Advanced Search
    Article

    Decoupling Livestock from Land Use through Industrial Feed Production Pathways
    Click to copy article linkArticle link copied!

    • Ilje Pikaar
      Ilje Pikaar
      School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
      The University of Queensland, Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), Queensland St Lucia 4072, Australia
      More by Ilje Pikaar
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-1820-9983
    • Silvio Matassa
      Silvio Matassa
      Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
      Avecom NV, Industrieweg 122P, 9032 Wondelgem, Belgium
      More by Silvio Matassa
    • Benjamin L. Bodirsky*
      Benjamin L. Bodirsky
      Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 14412 Potsdam, Germany
      *E-mail: [email protected]
      More by Benjamin L. Bodirsky
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-8242-6712
    • Isabelle Weindl
      Isabelle Weindl
      Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 14412 Potsdam, Germany
      More by Isabelle Weindl
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-7651-6930
    • Florian Humpenöder
      Florian Humpenöder
      Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 14412 Potsdam, Germany
      More by Florian Humpenöder
    • Korneel Rabaey
      Korneel Rabaey
      Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
      More by Korneel Rabaey
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0001-8738-7778
    • Nico Boon
      Nico Boon
      Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
      More by Nico Boon
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-7734-3103
    • Michele Bruschi
      Michele Bruschi
      School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
      Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
      Avecom NV, Industrieweg 122P, 9032 Wondelgem, Belgium
      Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 14412 Potsdam, Germany
      Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
      The University of Queensland, Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), Queensland St Lucia 4072, Australia
      Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, St Lucia, Australia
      More by Michele Bruschi
    • Zhiguo Yuan
      Zhiguo Yuan
      The University of Queensland, Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), Queensland St Lucia 4072, Australia
      More by Zhiguo Yuan
    • Hannah van Zanten
      Hannah van Zanten
      Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
      More by Hannah van Zanten
    • Mario Herrero
      Mario Herrero
      Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, St Lucia, Australia
      More by Mario Herrero
    • Willy Verstraete
      Willy Verstraete
      Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
      Avecom NV, Industrieweg 122P, 9032 Wondelgem, Belgium
      More by Willy Verstraete
    • Alexander Popp
      Alexander Popp
      Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 14412 Potsdam, Germany
      More by Alexander Popp
    Other Access OptionsSupporting Information (2)

    Environmental Science & Technology

    Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2018, 52, 13, 7351–7359
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b00216
    Published June 20, 2018
    Copyright © 2018 American Chemical Society
    Request reuse permissions

    Abstract

    Click to copy section linkSection link copied!
    Abstract Image

    One of the main challenges for the 21st century is to balance the increasing demand for high-quality proteins while mitigating environmental impacts. In particular, cropland-based production of protein-rich animal feed for livestock rearing results in large-scale agricultural land-expansion, nitrogen pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. Here we propose and analyze the long-term potential of alternative animal feed supply routes based on industrial production of microbial proteins (MP). Our analysis reveals that by 2050, MP can replace, depending on socio-economic development and MP production pathways, between 10–19% of conventional crop-based animal feed protein demand. As a result, global cropland area, global nitrogen losses from croplands and agricultural greenhouse gas emissions can be decreased by 6% (0–13%), 8% (−3–8%), and 7% (−6–9%), respectively. Interestingly, the technology to industrially produce MP at competitive costs is directly accessible for implementation and has the potential to cause a major structural change in the agro-food system.

    Copyright © 2018 American Chemical Society

    Subjects

    what are subjects

    Read this article

    To access this article, please review the available access options below.

    Get instant access

    Purchase Access

    Read this article for 48 hours. Check out below using your ACS ID or as a guest.

    Recommended

    Access through Your Institution

    You may have access to this article through your institution.

    Your institution does not have access to this content. Add or change your institution or let them know you’d like them to include access.

    Supporting Information

    Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

    The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00216.

    • Additional Information as noted in the text (PDF)

    • (XLSX)

    Terms & Conditions

    Most electronic Supporting Information files are available without a subscription to ACS Web Editions. Such files may be downloaded by article for research use (if there is a public use license linked to the relevant article, that license may permit other uses). Permission may be obtained from ACS for other uses through requests via the RightsLink permission system: http://pubs.acs.org/page/copyright/permissions.html.

    Cited By

    Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

    This article is cited by 149 publications.

    1. Sarah L. Nordahl, Melissa Moore, Nawa Raj Baral, Wilson McNeil, Yan Wang, Corinne D. Scown. Life-Cycle Emissions and Human Health Implications of Multi-Input, Multi-Output Biorefineries. Environmental Science & Technology 2025, 59 (35) , 18562-18572. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c12920
    2. Sadia Aslam, Aqsa Akhtar, Wahab Nazir, Nauman Khalid, Colin J. Barrow. Downstream Processing, Functional Properties, and Applications of Extracted Proteins from Nonconventional Sources for Improving Food Sustainability. ACS Food Science & Technology 2024, 4 (10) , 2301-2321. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00418
    3. Alexandra B. Jean, Robert C. Brown. Techno-Economic Analysis of Gas Fermentation for the Production of Single Cell Protein. Environmental Science & Technology 2024, 58 (8) , 3823-3829. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c10312
    4. Yan Wang, Nawa R. Baral, Minliang Yang, Corinne D. Scown. Co-Processing Agricultural Residues and Wet Organic Waste Can Produce Lower-Cost Carbon-Negative Fuels and Bioplastics. Environmental Science & Technology 2023, 57 (7) , 2958-2969. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c06674
    5. Shuvra Singha, Muhamed Mahmutovic, Carlos Zamalloa, Lutgart Stragier, Willy Verstraete, Anna J. Svagan, Oisik Das, Mikael S. Hedenqvist. Novel Bioplastic from Single Cell Protein as a Potential Packaging Material. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2021, 9 (18) , 6337-6346. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c00355
    6. Antti Nyyssölä, Leo S. Ojala, Mikko Wuokko, Gopal Peddinti, Anu Tamminen, Irina Tsitko, Emilia Nordlund, Michael Lienemann. Production of Endotoxin-Free Microbial Biomass for Food Applications by Gas Fermentation of Gram-Positive H2-Oxidizing Bacteria. ACS Food Science & Technology 2021, 1 (3) , 470-479. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.0c00129
    7. Xiaona Hu, Frederiek-Maarten Kerckhof, Justien Ghesquière, Kristel Bernaerts, Pascal Boeckx, Peter Clauwaert, Nico Boon. Microbial Protein out of Thin Air: Fixation of Nitrogen Gas by an Autotrophic Hydrogen-Oxidizing Bacterial Enrichment. Environmental Science & Technology 2020, 54 (6) , 3609-3617. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b06755
    8. Sahar H. El Abbadi, Craig S. Criddle. Engineering the Dark Food Chain. Environmental Science & Technology 2019, 53 (5) , 2273-2287. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b04038
    9. Mahdi Fasihi, Fatemeh Jouzi, Petri Tervasmäki, Pasi Vainikka, Christian Breyer. Global potential of sustainable single-cell protein based on variable renewable electricity. Nature Communications 2025, 16 (1) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-56364-1
    10. Jinglei Tian, Xiaoying Shen, Yonggang Liu, Xueqi Wang, Jinzhe Liu, Yonglong Jin, Hong Zhang, Kai Cui, Kun Guo. Enrichment of microbial consortium and performance evaluation for single cell protein production in hydrogen-mediated microbial electrosynthesis reactors. Biochemical Engineering Journal 2025, 224 , 109901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2025.109901
    11. Ali Amini, Andrea Remelli, Valiallah Amirian Mojarad, Mayline El Achkar, Matteo Dell’Anno, Luciana Rossi, Giorgio Mirra, Alessia Di Giancamillo, Francesca Grassi Scalvini, Gabriella Tedeschi, Katia Parati, Andrea Turolla. From cheese whey to single-cell protein production: By-product valorization through acidogenic fermentation and purple phototrophic bacteria. Bioresource Technology 2025, 435 , 132894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2025.132894
    12. Xiaoying Zhang, Huiwen Zhang, Ruixi Wang, Zhengyi Zhang, Xiao Yan, Jishi Zhang. Bioconversion of Baijiu Huangshui for single cell protein using Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A study on influence of carbon metabolic pathways. Journal of Environmental Management 2025, 393 , 127077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127077
    13. Anthony W. Watson, Rebecca F. Townsend, Matt Longshaw. Microbial Protein for Human Consumption: Towards Sustainable Protein Production. Nutrition Bulletin 2025, 17 https://doi.org/10.1111/nbu.70028
    14. Jingwei Ma, Long Chen, Qiulai He, Hui Sun, Ying Han, Liang Zhu, Peng Bi. Electro-cultivation of hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria to promote ammonia resource recovery and microbial protein synthesis in microbial electrolysis cell. Chemical Engineering Journal 2025, 517 , 164533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.164533
    15. Jyoti A. Mohite, Kajal Pardhi, Monali C. Rahalkar. Single-Cell Protein Using an Indigenously Isolated Methanotroph Methylomagnum ishizawai, Using Biogas. Microbiology Research 2025, 16 (8) , 171. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16080171
    16. Ijaz Usman Ali, Sibgha Tul Fatima, Hina Naz, Ahmad Waheed. From probiotics to fermentation: A review of microbes in food and supplements. Bio Communications 2025, 1 (3) , 1-17. https://doi.org/10.71320/bcs.0010
    17. Yixiao Zhu, Xialan Zhang, Weilai Tao, Shujian Yang, Haoxuan Qi, Quan Zhou, Wen Su, Yanhang Zhang, Yongyi Dong, Yumeng Gan, Changwei Lei, Anyun Zhang. Mitigating the risk of antibiotic resistance and pathogenic bacteria in swine waste: The role of ectopic fermentation beds. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2025, 492 , 138221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138221
    18. Soumitra Nath. Integration of Microbial Proteins into Traditional Food Systems: Innovations, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Food Reviews International 2025, 87 , 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2025.2520453
    19. Adityas Agung Ramandani, Sze Ying Lee, Anet Režek Jambrak, Wei-Hsin Chen, Jun Wei Lim, Kuan Shiong Khoo. Synergizing food waste management and microalgae biorefinery for bioenergy production: Recent advance on direct and indirect conversion pathways. Process Biochemistry 2025, 151 , 14-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2025.01.006
    20. U. Javourez, L. Tiruta-Barna, M. Pizzol, L. Hamelin. Environmental mitigation potential of waste-to-nutrition pathways. Nature Sustainability 2025, 8 (4) , 385-395. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-025-01521-z
    21. Hafiz Muhammad Aamir Shahzad, Zukhruf Asim, Zainab I. Elkahlout, Khaled A. Mahmoud, Fares Almomani, Kashif Rasool. Integrated bioprocess for single-cell protein production: Converting waste-derived biogas into sustainable feed protein. Energy Conversion and Management: X 2025, 26 , 101036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101036
    22. Ramanujam Srinivasan Vethathirri, Ezequiel Santillan, Yissue Woo, Sara Swa Thi, Hui Yi Hoon, Stefan Wuertz. Towards sustainable aquafeeds: Safe and consistent microbial protein grown on food-processing wastewater. Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy 2025, 10 , 100139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clcb.2025.100139
    23. Stanley Iheanacho, Stéphanie Céline Hornburg, Carsten Schulz, Frederik Kaiser. Toward Resilient Aquaculture in Africa: Innovative and Sustainable Aquafeeds Through Alternative Protein Sources. Reviews in Aquaculture 2025, 17 (2) https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.13009
    24. Carlo Moscariello, Silvio Matassa, Armando Oliva, Piet N.L. Lens, Giovanni Esposito, Francesco Pirozzi, Stefano Papirio. One-stage single cell protein production from hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) biomass residues and cheese whey through sequential anaerobic-aerobic fermentation. Waste Management 2025, 193 , 462-471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2024.12.029
    25. Hanno Kossmann, Thorsten Moess, Peter Breunig, . The climate impact and land use of cultivated meat: Evaluating agricultural feedstock production. PLOS ONE 2025, 20 (1) , e0316480. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0316480
    26. Anandu Chandra Khanashyam, Anjaly Shanker Mundanat, Karthik Sajith Babu, Priyamvada Thorakkattu, Reshma Krishnan, Sajeeb Abdullah, Alaa El-din A. Bekhit, David Julian McClements, Chalat Santivarangkna, Nilesh Prakash Nirmal. Emerging alternative food protein sources: production process, quality parameters, and safety point of view. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology 2025, 45 (1) , 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/07388551.2024.2341902
    27. Sana Nabati, Reza Babazadeh, Mehdi A. Kamran. Designing the supply chain of microbial proteins from municipal solid waste and sewage. Journal of Cleaner Production 2025, 490 , 144712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2025.144712
    28. Andrius Grigas, Dainius Steponavičius, Aurelija Kemzūraitė, Živilė Tarasevičienė, Rolandas Domeika. Spatial heterogeneity in the properties of hydroponic wheat fodder and its sustainability. Scientific Reports 2024, 14 (1) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-70128-9
    29. Jiawei Li, Jiunwei Tseng, Dan Tang, Yunqian Yong, Lichao Sun, Yi-Xin Huo. Upcycling C1 gas-derived resources in future food system. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2024, 210 , 107827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107827
    30. Vincenzo Pelagalli, Michela Langone, Silvio Matassa, Marco Race, Riccardo Tuffi, Stefano Papirio, Piet N. L. Lens, Marco Lazzazzara, Alessandro Frugis, Luigi Petta, Giovanni Esposito. Pyrolysis of municipal sewage sludge: challenges, opportunities and new valorization routes for biochar, bio-oil, and pyrolysis gas. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 2024, 10 (10) , 2282-2312. https://doi.org/10.1039/D4EW00278D
    31. Hai-Ming Huang, Zhi-Xin Xue, Yu-Feng Jiang, Rui Li, Rong-Bo Guo, Xiao-Lei Fan, Shan-Fei Fu. New approach for raw biogas: Production of single cell protein by sulfide-tolerant methane-oxidizing bacteria consortia. Chemical Engineering Journal 2024, 495 , 153678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.153678
    32. Daniel Tusé, Matthew McNulty, Karen A. McDonald, Leah W. Buchman. A review and outlook on expression of animal proteins in plants. Frontiers in Plant Science 2024, 15 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2024.1426239
    33. Tom Vinestock, Michael Short, Keeran Ward, Miao Guo. Computer-aided chemical engineering research advances in precision fermentation. Current Opinion in Food Science 2024, 58 , 101196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2024.101196
    34. Gabriele Soggia, Andrea Goglio, Pierangela Cristiani, Ivan Luciani, Elisa Clagnan, Fabrizio Adani. Bioelectrochemical protein production valorising NH3-rich pig manure-derived wastewater and CO2 from anaerobic digestion. Renewable Energy 2024, 229 , 120761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2024.120761
    35. Rosalba Roccatello, Simone Cerroni, Sihem Dabbou. Sustainability of insect-based feed and consumer willingness to pay for novel food: A stated preference study. Future Foods 2024, 9 , 100336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fufo.2024.100336
    36. Giovanna Pesante, David Bolzonella, Aleksandra Jelic, Nicola Frison. Upgrading biogas plants to produce microbial proteins for aquaculture feed. Journal of Cleaner Production 2024, 459 , 142559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.142559
    37. Marttin Paulraj Gundupalli, Sara Ansari, Jaquelinne Pires Vital da Costa, Feng Qiu, Jay Anderson, Marty Luckert, David C. Bressler. Bacterial single cell protein (BSCP): A sustainable protein source from methylobacterium species. Trends in Food Science & Technology 2024, 147 , 104426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2024.104426
    38. Paride Salvatore Occhipinti, Nunziatina Russo, Paola Foti, Irene Maria Zingale, Alessandra Pino, Flora Valeria Romeo, Cinzia L. Randazzo, Cinzia Caggia. Current challenges of microalgae applications: exploiting the potential of non‐conventional microalgae species. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2024, 104 (7) , 3823-3833. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.13136
    39. Kevin Karl, Ruth DeFries, Walter Baethgen, Marcelo Furtado, Jeffrey Potent, Elena Mendez Leal, Erik Mencos Contreras, Cynthia Rosenzweig. Toward a holistic and data-driven framework to evaluate livestock-derived protein systems. One Earth 2024, 7 (4) , 572-588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2024.02.003
    40. Ugo Javourez, Silvio Matassa, Siegfried E. Vlaeminck, Willy Verstraete. Ruminations on sustainable and safe food: Championing for open symbiotic cultures ensuring resource efficiency, eco‐sustainability and affordability. Microbial Biotechnology 2024, 17 (3) https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.14436
    41. Wen Wang, Weiyuan Lu, Vagelis G. Papadakis, Maria A. Goula, Xiaoyue Li, Qile Zhu, Ziyi Yang. Microbial protein production under mixotrophic mode: ammonium assimilation pathway and C/N ratio optimization. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 2024, 12 (1) , 111727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2023.111727
    42. Jue Ding, Qiuwen Chen, Yuchen Chen, Xianchuan Xie, Hao Sun, Qi zhang, Honghai Ma. An optimization framework for basin-scale water environmental carrying capacity. Journal of Environmental Management 2024, 351 , 119520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119520
    43. Seonghwan Park, Sang-Jun Lee, Won Noh, Yeong Jin Kim, Je-Hein Kim, Seng-Min Back, Byung-Gon Ryu, Seung Won Nam, Seong-Hoon Park, Jungmin Kim. Production of safe cyanobacterial biomass for animal feed using wastewater and drinking water treatment residuals. Heliyon 2024, 10 (3) , e25136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25136
    44. Diana Bogueva, Svetla Danova. Comparing Precision Fermentation and Traditional Fermentations: Consumer Views. 2024, 563-588. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-7870-6_27
    45. Sonu Sharma, Sindhu Sindhu, Shweta Saloni, Priya Singh. Production of singlecell protein from fruit wastes. 2024, 291-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-13842-3.00011-3
    46. Simone Bachleitner, Özge Ata, Diethard Mattanovich. The potential of CO2-based production cycles in biotechnology to fight the climate crisis. Nature Communications 2023, 14 (1) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-42790-6
    47. Marinat Del Valle‐Real, Mariana Franco‐Morgado, Rebeca García‐García, Daniela Guardado‐Félix, Janet A. Gutiérrez‐Uribe. Wastewater from maize lime‐cooking as growth media for alkaliphilic microalgae–cyanobacteria consortium to reduce chemical oxygen demand and produce biomass with high protein content. International Journal of Food Science & Technology 2023, 58 (12) , 6775-6783. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.16648
    48. Carlos Woern, Lutz Grossmann. Microbial gas fermentation technology for sustainable food protein production. Biotechnology Advances 2023, 69 , 108240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108240
    49. Kathleen L. Hefferon, Hans De Steur, Federico J. A. Perez-Cueto, Ronald Herring. Alternative protein innovations and challenges for industry and consumer: an initial overview. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 2023, 7 https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2023.1038286
    50. Mingyue Pang, Qingshuang Zhang, Jiangling Zhou, Qinglong Yin, Qiujun Tan, Xiaoyao Zhong, Yulu Zhang, Liang Zhao, Yongchuan Yang, Yan Hao, Changbo Wang, Pengpeng Zhang, Lixiao Zhang, Yi Yang. Dietary patterns and environmental impacts of Chongqing hotpot in China. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2023, 198 , 107118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107118
    51. Asli Can Karaca, Michael Nickerson, Cinzia Caggia, Cinzia L. Randazzo, Amjad K. Balange, Celia Carrillo, Marta Gallego, Javad Sharifi-Rad, Senem Kamiloglu, Esra Capanoglu. Nutritional and Functional Properties of Novel Protein Sources. Food Reviews International 2023, 39 (9) , 6045-6077. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2022.2067174
    52. Sergiy Smetana. Life cycle assessment of bio-based nitrogen upcycling approaches. Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry 2023, 43 , 100853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2023.100853
    53. Rui Li, XiaoLei Fan, YuFeng Jiang, RuoNan Wang, RongBo Guo, Yifeng Zhang, ShanFei Fu. From anaerobic digestion to single cell protein synthesis: A promising route beyond biogas utilization. Water Research 2023, 243 , 120417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2023.120417
    54. Elnaz Yeganehpour, Akbar Taghizadeh, Hamid Paya, Ali Hossein-Khani, Valiollah Palangi, Shahram Shirmohammadi, Soheila Abachi. Utilization of fruit and vegetable wastes as an alternative renewable energy source in ruminants’ diet. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 2023, 13 (9) , 7909-7917. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01665-w
    55. Lorenzo Rosa, Paolo Gabrielli. Achieving net-zero emissions in agriculture: a review. Environmental Research Letters 2023, 18 (6) , 063002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/acd5e8
    56. Shailly Anand, John E. Hallsworth, James Timmis, Willy Verstraete, Arturo Casadevall, Juan Luis Ramos, Utkarsh Sood, Roshan Kumar, Princy Hira, Charu Dogra Rawat, Abhilash Kumar, Sukanya Lal, Rup Lal, Kenneth Timmis. Weaponising microbes for peace. Microbial Biotechnology 2023, 16 (6) , 1091-1111. https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.14224
    57. Rachel Mazac, Natasha Järviö, Hanna L. Tuomisto. Environmental and nutritional Life Cycle Assessment of novel foods in meals as transformative food for the future. Science of The Total Environment 2023, 876 , 162796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162796
    58. Ramanujam Srinivasan Vethathirri, Ezequiel Santillan, Sara Swa Thi, Hui Yi Hoon, Stefan Wuertz. Microbial community-based production of single cell protein from soybean-processing wastewater of variable chemical composition. Science of The Total Environment 2023, 873 , 162241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162241
    59. Yumi Kobayashi, Mohammad EL-Wali, Hörður Guðmundsson, Elísabet Eik Guðmundsdóttir, Ólafur H. Friðjónsson, Eva Nordberg Karlsson, Marja Roitto, Hanna L. Tuomisto. Life-cycle assessment of yeast-based single-cell protein production with oat processing side-stream. Science of The Total Environment 2023, 873 , 162318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162318
    60. Thomas Beery, Anton Stahl Olafsson, Sandra Gentin, Megan Maurer, Sanna Stålhammar, Christian Albert, Claudia Bieling, Arjen Buijs, Nora Fagerholm, Maria Garcia‐Martin, Tobias Plieninger, Christopher M. Raymond. Disconnection from nature: Expanding our understanding of human–nature relations. People and Nature 2023, 5 (2) , 470-488. https://doi.org/10.1002/pan3.10451
    61. Yajie Tian, Jianzheng Li, Jia Meng, Jiuling Li. High-yield production of single-cell protein from starch processing wastewater using co-cultivation of yeasts. Bioresource Technology 2023, 370 , 128527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128527
    62. David Bolzonella, Davide Bertasini, Riccardo Lo Coco, Miriam Menini, Fabio Rizzioli, Anna Zuliani, Federico Battista, Nicola Frison, Aleksandra Jelic, Giovanna Pesante. Toward the Transition of Agricultural Anaerobic Digesters into Multiproduct Biorefineries. Processes 2023, 11 (2) , 415. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11020415
    63. Marica Areniello, Silvio Matassa, Giovanni Esposito, Piet N.L. Lens. Biowaste upcycling into second-generation microbial protein through mixed-culture fermentation. Trends in Biotechnology 2023, 41 (2) , 197-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.07.008
    64. Patrícia M Oba, Pamela L Utterback, Matt Longshaw, Carl M Parsons, Kelly S Swanson. Comparing the standardized amino acid digestibility of an alternative protein source with commercially available protein-based ingredients using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay. Journal of Animal Science 2023, 101 https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad236
    65. Mario Herrero, Marta Hugas, Uma Lele, Aman Wirakartakusumah, Maximo Torero. A Shift to Healthy and Sustainable Consumption Patterns. 2023, 59-85. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_5
    66. Neha Rani Bhagat, Younis Ahmed, Rajesh Kumar, Arup Giri. Application of Potential Microbial Biotechnology for Sustainable Human Health. 2023, 111-158. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3126-2_6
    67. Gaofeng Ni. Mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from waste treatment through microbiological innovation. Microbiology Australia 2023, 44 (1) , 22-26. https://doi.org/10.1071/MA23006
    68. Silvio Matassa, Pascal Boeckx, Jos Boere, Jan Willem Erisman, Miao Guo, Raffaele Manzo, Francis Meerburg, Stefano Papirio, Ilje Pikaar, Korneel Rabaey, Diederik Rousseau, Jerald Schnoor, Peter Smith, Erik Smolders, Stefan Wuertz, Willy Verstraete. How can we possibly resolve the planet's nitrogen dilemma?. Microbial Biotechnology 2023, 16 (1) , 15-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.14159
    69. Silvio Matassa, Stefano Papirio, Giovanni Esposito, Francesco Pirozzi. Protein from microscopic sources—a realistic scalable solution?. 2023, 195-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-91739-1.00010-6
    70. Srividhya Venkataraman, Kathleen Hefferon. Strategies to address climate change. 2023, 221-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-88476-1.00008-4
    71. Kathleen Hefferon. Emerging Sources of Protein. 2023, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823960-5.00045-7
    72. Yusuf Chisti. Biotechnology for Sustainable Production of Food. 2023, 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823960-5.00089-5
    73. Eleni Koutra, Sameh Samir Ali, Myrsini Sakarika, Michael Kornaros. Biorefinery and bioremediation potential of microalgae. 2023, 197-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-91869-5.00005-3
    74. Janne Spanoghe, Katharina J. Ost, Wannes Van Beeck, Pieter Vermeir, Sarah Lebeer, Siegfried E. Vlaeminck. Purple bacteria screening for photoautohydrogenotrophic food production: Are new H2-fed isolates faster and nutritionally better than photoheterotrophically obtained reference species?. New Biotechnology 2022, 72 , 38-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2022.08.005
    75. Yufeng Jiang, Xiaoyong Yang, Danfei Zeng, Yanyan Su, Yifeng Zhang. Microbial conversion of syngas to single cell protein: The role of carbon monoxide. Chemical Engineering Journal 2022, 450 , 138041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.138041
    76. Nicholas B.W. Macfarlane, Jonathan Adams, Elizabeth L. Bennett, Thomas M. Brooks, Jason A. Delborne, Hilde Eggermont, Drew Endy, Kevin M. Esvelt, Bartlomiej Kolodziejczyk, Todd Kuiken, Maria Julia Oliva, Sonia Peña Moreno, Lydia Slobodian, Risa B. Smith, Delphine Thizy, Daniel M. Tompkins, Wei Wei, Kent H. Redford. Direct and indirect impacts of synthetic biology on biodiversity conservation. iScience 2022, 25 (11) , 105423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.105423
    77. David Fernández-Gutiérrez, Alejandra Argüelles, Gemma Castejón Martínez, José M. Soriano Disla, Andrés J. Lara-Guillén. Unlocking New Value from Urban Biowaste: LCA of the VALUEWASTE Biobased Products. Sustainability 2022, 14 (22) , 14962. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142214962
    78. Fei Han, Weizhi Zhou. Nitrogen recovery from wastewater by microbial assimilation – A review. Bioresource Technology 2022, 363 , 127933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127933
    79. Lin Lin, Haining Huang, Xin Zhang, Lei Dong, Yinguang Chen. Hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria and their applications in resource recovery and pollutant removal. Science of The Total Environment 2022, 835 , 155559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155559
    80. Esteban Marcellin, Largus T Angenent, Lars K Nielsen, Bastian Molitor. Recycling carbon for sustainable protein production using gas fermentation. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 2022, 76 , 102723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102723
    81. Silvio Matassa, Vincenzo Pelagalli, Stefano Papirio, Carlos Zamalloa, Willy Verstraete, Giovanni Esposito, Francesco Pirozzi. Direct nitrogen stripping and upcycling from anaerobic digestate during conversion of cheese whey into single cell protein. Bioresource Technology 2022, 358 , 127308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127308
    82. Juan B. García Martínez, Joshua M. Pearce, James Throup, Jacob Cates, Maximilian Lackner, David C. Denkenberger. Methane Single Cell Protein: Potential to Secure a Global Protein Supply Against Catastrophic Food Shocks. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 2022, 10 https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2022.906704
    83. Qian Wang, Hui Li, Qingyue Shen, Jixiang Wang, Xingyu Chen, Zhenya Zhang, Zhongfang Lei, Tian Yuan, Kazuya Shimizu, Yu Liu, Duu-Jong Lee. Biogranulation process facilitates cost-efficient resources recovery from microalgae-based wastewater treatment systems and the creation of a circular bioeconomy. Science of The Total Environment 2022, 828 , 154471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154471
    84. Shuobo Shi, Zhihui Wang, Lirong Shen, Han Xiao. Synthetic biology: a new frontier in food production. Trends in Biotechnology 2022, 40 (7) , 781-803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.01.002
    85. Myrsini Sakarika, Ramon Ganigué, Korneel Rabaey. Methylotrophs: from C1 compounds to food. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 2022, 75 , 102685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102685
    86. Yajun Ma, Ping Zhang, Kaixu Zhao, Yong Zhou, Sidong Zhao. A Dynamic Performance and Differentiation Management Policy for Urban Construction Land Use Change in Gansu, China. Land 2022, 11 (6) , 942. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11060942
    87. Florian Humpenöder, Benjamin Leon Bodirsky, Isabelle Weindl, Hermann Lotze-Campen, Tomas Linder, Alexander Popp. Projected environmental benefits of replacing beef with microbial protein. Nature 2022, 605 (7908) , 90-96. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04629-w
    88. Benjamin Leon Bodirsky, David Meng-Chuen Chen, Isabelle Weindl, Bjoern Soergel, Felicitas Beier, Edna J. Molina Bacca, Franziska Gaupp, Alexander Popp, Hermann Lotze-Campen. Integrating degrowth and efficiency perspectives enables an emission-neutral food system by 2100. Nature Food 2022, 3 (5) , 341-348. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-022-00500-3
    89. Mikołaj Owsianiak, Valentina Pusateri, Carlos Zamalloa, Ewoud de Gussem, Willy Verstraete, Morten Ryberg, Borja Valverde-Pérez. Performance of second-generation microbial protein used as aquaculture feed in relation to planetary boundaries. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2022, 180 , 106158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106158
    90. Pattarasuda Rawiwan, Yaoyao Peng, I Gusta Putu Bayu Paramayuda, Siew Young Quek. Red seaweed: A promising alternative protein source for global food sustainability. Trends in Food Science & Technology 2022, 123 , 37-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2022.03.003
    91. Marilene Pavan, Kristina Reinmets, Shivani Garg, Alexander P. Mueller, Esteban Marcellin, Michael Köpke, Kaspar Valgepea. Advances in systems metabolic engineering of autotrophic carbon oxide-fixing biocatalysts towards a circular economy. Metabolic Engineering 2022, 71 , 117-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2022.01.015
    92. Benyamin Khoshnevisan, Li He, Mingyi Xu, Borja Valverde-Pérez, Jani Sillman, Georgia-Christina Mitraka, Panagiotis G. Kougias, Yifeng Zhang, Shuiping Yan, Long Ji, Michael Carbajales-Dale, Seyedeh Nashmin Elyasi, Hadis Marami, Panagiotis Tsapekos, Hongbin Liu, Irini Angelidaki. From renewable energy to sustainable protein sources: Advancement, challenges, and future roadmaps. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2022, 157 , 112041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.112041
    93. Zeynab Amini, Rachel Self, James Strong, Robert Speight, Ian O’Hara, Mark D. Harrison. Valorization of sugarcane biorefinery residues using fungal biocatalysis. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 2022, 12 (3) , 997-1011. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01456-3
    94. Zhouyang Gao, Zhongyi Duan, Junnan Zhang, Jiangxia Zheng, Fuwei Li, Guiyun Xu. Effects of Oil Types and Fat Concentrations on Production Performance, Egg Quality, and Antioxidant Capacity of Laying Hens. Animals 2022, 12 (3) , 315. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12030315
    95. Sahar H. El Abbadi, Evan D. Sherwin, Adam R. Brandt, Stephen P. Luby, Craig S. Criddle. Displacing fishmeal with protein derived from stranded methane. Nature Sustainability 2022, 5 (1) , 47-56. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00796-2
    96. Abbas Alloul, Janne Spanoghe, Daniel Machado, Siegfried E. Vlaeminck. Unlocking the genomic potential of aerobes and phototrophs for the production of nutritious and palatable microbial food without arable land or fossil fuels. Microbial Biotechnology 2022, 15 (1) , 6-12. https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.13747
    97. Willy Verstraete, Keren Yanuka‐Golub, Nele Driesen, Jo De Vrieze. Engineering microbial technologies for environmental sustainability: choices to make. Microbial Biotechnology 2022, 15 (1) , 215-227. https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.13986
    98. Rui Yang, Zheng Chen, Peng Hu, shicheng zhang, Gang Luo. Two-Stage Fermentation Enhanced Single-Cell Protein Production by Yarrowia Lipolytica from Food Waste. SSRN Electronic Journal 2022, 50 https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4142234
    99. Yan Wang, Nawa Raj Baral, Minliang Yang, Corinne D. Scown. Co-Processing Agricultural Residues and Wet Organic Waste Can Produce Lower-Cost Carbon-Negative Fuels and Bioplastics. SSRN Electronic Journal 2022, 15 https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4167270
    100. Muxi Cheng, Bruce McCarl, Chengcheng Fei. Climate Change and Livestock Production: A Literature Review. Atmosphere 2022, 13 (1) , 140. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13010140
    Load all citations
    Go to
    Get e-Alerts
    Get e-Alerts

    Environmental Science & Technology

    Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2018, 52, 13, 7351–7359
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b00216
    Published June 20, 2018
    Copyright © 2018 American Chemical Society
    Request reuse permissions

    Article Views

    4794

    Altmetric

    -

    Citations

    149
    Learn about these metrics

    Article Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.

    Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.

    The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated.