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Naphthenic Acid Mixtures and Acid-Extractable Organics from Oil Sands Process-Affected Water Impair Embryonic Development of Silurana (Xenopus) tropicalis

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    Naphthenic Acid Mixtures and Acid-Extractable Organics from Oil Sands Process-Affected Water Impair Embryonic Development of Silurana (Xenopus) tropicalis
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    • Juan M. Gutierrez-Villagomez
      Juan M. Gutierrez-Villagomez
      Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
      More by Juan M. Gutierrez-Villagomez
    • Kerry M. Peru
      Kerry M. Peru
      Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Water Science and Technology, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 3H5
      More by Kerry M. Peru
    • Connor Edington
      Connor Edington
      Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
      More by Connor Edington
    • John V. Headley
      John V. Headley
      Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Water Science and Technology, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 3H5
      More by John V. Headley
    • Bruce D. Pauli
      Bruce D. Pauli
      Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
      More by Bruce D. Pauli
    • Vance L. Trudeau*
      Vance L. Trudeau
      Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
      * E-mail: [email protected]
      More by Vance L. Trudeau
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-0845-9444
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    Environmental Science & Technology

    Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019, 53, 4, 2095–2104
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b04461
    Published January 16, 2019
    Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    Naphthenic acids (NAs) are carboxylic acids naturally occurring in crude oils and bitumen and are suspected to be the primary toxic substances in wastewaters associated with oil refineries and mining of oil sands. Oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) generated by the extraction of bitumen from oil sands are a major source of NAs and are currently stored in tailings ponds. We report on the acute lethality and teratogenic effects of aquatic exposure of Silurana (Xenopus) tropicalis embryos to commercial NA extracts and from the acid extractable organics (AEOs) fraction of a Canadian OSPW. Using electrospray ionization-high resolution mass spectrometry, we determined that the O2 species proportion were 98.8, 98.9 and 58.6% for commercial mixtures Sigma 1 (S1M) and Sigma 2 (S2M), and AEOs, respectively. The 96h LC50 estimates were 10.4, 11.7, and 52.3 mg/L for S1M, S2M, and the AEOs, respectively. The 96h EC50 estimates based on frequencies of developmental abnormalities were 2.1, 2.6, and 14.2 mg/L for S1M, S2M, and the AEOs, respectively. The main effects observed were reduced body size, edema, and cranial, heart, gut and ocular abnormalities. Increasing concentrations of the mixtures resulted in increased severity and frequency of abnormalities (p < 0.05). The rank-order potency was S1M > S2M > AEO based on LC50 and EC50 estimates. These data provide insight into the effects NAs in amphibian embryos and can contribute to the development of environmental guidelines for the management of OSPW.

    Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society

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    The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04461.

    • Figure S1, Survival rates of S. tropicalis embryos in control and solvent treatments for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h; Figure S2, Effects of the solvent carrier on teratogenic end points in S. tropicalis embryos exposed to the Sigma 1 mixture (S1M); Figure S3, Effects of the solvent carrier on teratogenic end points in S. tropicalis embryos exposed to the Sigma 2 mixture (S2M); Figure S4, Effects of the solvent carrier on teratogenic end points in S. tropicalis embryos exposed to acid extractible organics (AEOs); Figure S5, Teratogenic effects observed in S. tropicalis embryos exposed to the Sigma 1 mixture (S1M); Figure S6, Teratogenic effects observed in S. tropicalis embryos exposed to the Sigma 2 mixture (S2M); Figure S7, Teratogenic effects observed in S. tropicalis embryos exposed to acid extractible organics (AEOs); Figure S8, Concentration–response curves for mortality, abnormality rate, and main teratogenic effects induced by exposure of S. tropicalis embryos to different mixtures of NAs. Concentrations of NAs: Sigma 1 mixture (S1M), Sigma 2 mixture (S2M), and acid extractible organics (AEOs) with concentrations corrected based on O2 family proportion; Table S1, Comparison of the EC50 and EC20 based on cranial abnormality rates of the 2 NA extracts and an acid extractible organics (AEOs) in S. tropicalis after a 4-day exposure; Table S2, Comparison of the EC50 and EC20 based on edema rates of the 2 NA extracts and an acid extractible organics (AEOs) in S. tropicalis after a 4-day exposure; Table S3, Comparison of the EC50 and EC20 based heart abnormality rates of the 2 NA extracts and acid extractible organics (AEOs) in S. tropicalis after a 4-day exposure; Table S4, Comparison of the EC50 and EC20 based on gut abnormality rates of the 2 NA extracts acid extractible organics (AEOs) S. tropicalis after a 4-day exposure. (PDF)

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    Environmental Science & Technology

    Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019, 53, 4, 2095–2104
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b04461
    Published January 16, 2019
    Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society
    Request reuse permissions

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