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    Article

    Assessing Contributions of Agricultural and Nonagricultural Emissions to Atmospheric Ammonia in a Chinese Megacity
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    • Yunhua Chang
      Yunhua Chang
      Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, P. R. China
      More by Yunhua Chang
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-1622-5330
    • Zhong Zou
      Zhong Zou
      Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
      More by Zhong Zou
    • Yanlin Zhang*
      Yanlin Zhang
      Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, P. R. China
      *E-mail: [email protected] (Y.Z.).
      More by Yanlin Zhang
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-8722-8635
    • Congrui Deng*
      Congrui Deng
      Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
      *E-mail: [email protected] (C.D.).
      More by Congrui Deng
    • Jianlin Hu
      Jianlin Hu
      School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, P. R. China
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    • Zhihao Shi
      Zhihao Shi
      School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, P. R. China
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    • Anthony J. Dore
      Anthony J. Dore
      Centre for Ecology & Hydrology Edinburgh, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB, United Kingdom
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    • Jeffrey L. Collett Jr.
      Jeffrey L. Collett, Jr.
      Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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    Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019, 53, 4, 1822–1833
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b05984
    Published January 15, 2019
    Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    Ammonia (NH3) is the predominant alkaline gas in the atmosphere contributing to formation of fine particles—a leading environmental cause of increased morbidity and mortality worldwide. Prior findings suggest that NH3 in the urban atmosphere derives from a complex mixture of agricultural (mainly livestock production and fertilizer application) and nonagricultural (e.g., urban waste, fossil fuel-related emissions) sources; however, a citywide holistic assessment is hitherto lacking. Here we show that NH3 from nonagricultural sources rivals agricultural NH3 source contributions in the Shanghai urban atmosphere. We base our conclusion on four independent approaches: (i) a full-year operation of a passive NH3 monitoring network at 14 locations covering urban, suburban, and rural landscapes; (ii) model-measurement comparison of hourly NH3 concentrations at a pair of urban and rural supersites; (iii) source-specific NH3 measurements from emission sources; and (iv) localized isotopic signatures of NH3 sources integrated in a Bayesian isotope mixing model to make isotope-based source apportionment estimates of ambient NH3. Results indicate that nonagricultural sources and agricultural sources are both important contributors to NH3 in the urban atmosphere. These findings highlight opportunities to limit NH3 emissions from nonagricultural sources to help curb PM2.5 pollution in urban China.

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    The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05984.

    • Figure S1, A summary of the average monthly temperature and precipitation in Shanghai; Text S1, details regarding the method used to collect vehicle-emitted NH3; and Text S2, model frame and computing methods of the SIAR (Stable Isotope Analysis in R) (PDF)

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    Cited By

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    This article is cited by 141 publications.

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    Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019, 53, 4, 1822–1833
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