ACS Publications. Most Trusted. Most Cited. Most Read
Quick View

OR SEARCH CITATIONS

My Activity
Publications
CONTENT TYPES

Figure 1Loading Img
Download Hi-Res ImageDownload to MS-PowerPointCite This:Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019, 53, 17, 10070-10081
RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT

Urban Stormwater: An Overlooked Pathway of Extensive Mixed Contaminants to Surface and Groundwaters in the United States

Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019, 53, 17, 10070–10081
Publication Date (Web):August 21, 2019
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b02867

Copyright © 2022 American Chemical Society. This publication is licensed under these Terms of Use.

Request reuse permissions
  • Open Access

Article Views

12603

Altmetric

-

Citations

124
LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICS
PDF (6 MB)
Get e-Alerts
Supporting Info (2)»
SUBJECTS:

Abstract

High Resolution Image
Download MS PowerPoint Slide

Increasing global reliance on stormwater control measures to reduce discharge to surface water, increase groundwater recharge, and minimize contaminant delivery to receiving waterbodies necessitates improved understanding of stormwater–contaminant profiles. A multiagency study of organic and inorganic chemicals in urban stormwater from 50 runoff events at 21 sites across the United States demonstrated that stormwater transports substantial mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, bioactive contaminants (pesticides and pharmaceuticals), and other organic chemicals known or suspected to pose environmental health concern. Numerous organic-chemical detections per site (median number of chemicals detected = 73), individual concentrations exceeding 10 000 ng/L, and cumulative concentrations up to 263 000 ng/L suggested concern for potential environmental effects during runoff events. Organic concentrations, loads, and yields were positively correlated with impervious surfaces and highly developed urban catchments. Episodic storm-event organic concentrations and loads were comparable to and often exceeded those of daily wastewater plant discharges. Inorganic chemical concentrations were generally dilute in concentration and did not exceed chronic aquatic life criteria. Methylmercury was measured in 90% of samples with concentrations that ranged from 0.05 to 1.0 ng/L.

Introduction

ARTICLE SECTIONS
Jump To
Urban stormwater runoff is a recognized contributor to surface water impairment in the United States. (1,2) Nutrients, heavy metals, bacteria, chlorophenols, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are commonly reported in stormwater runoff. (3−12) Limited research has shown that stormwater also can contain contaminants such as pesticides, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, alkyphenol surfactants, and phthalates. (13−16) Stormwater runoff is often collected in retention ponds and constructed wetlands where additional contaminants, such as methylmercury (MeHg), can be produced at rates similar to those seen in natural wetlands. (17) Stormwater runoff events discharging into rivers and reservoirs can adversely affect macroinvertebrates, (18) particularly benthic organisms, (19−21) and may pose a risk to human health through recreational exposures or possible harvesting of aquatic or terrestrial organisms. (10,18,20−25)
Municipalities and water-management agencies worldwide are increasingly using stormwater control measures (SCMs) at various scales to minimize contaminant transport to receiving waterbodies, reduce stormwater volumes, collect stormwater for reuse, and increase groundwater recharge. (26−34) Current stormwater reuse applications range from indirect potable reuse through enhanced aquifer recharge to creation of stormwater-retention wetlands/ponds/lakes that provide aquatic habitats and serve as recreational locations in urban settings or are used as a water source for irrigation in urban and agricultural landscapes. A recent review of >100 studies indicated that SCMs can be an effective approach for reducing concentrations of select contaminants, including total suspended solids, nutrients, copper, and zinc. (35) At the national scale, however, little is known about the potential chemical exposures resulting from organic and inorganic contaminants in urban stormwater runoff or the potential effects on groundwater/surface water quality or ecosystem health.
To address this nationwide data gap, the U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, in collaboration with municipalities, conducted a national-scale study of 438 organic (e.g., biogenic hormones, halogenated chemicals, household/industrial chemicals, methylmercury, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and semivolatiles) and 62 inorganic (e.g., anions, cations, rare-earth elements, trace metals, and total mercury) chemicals in urban stormwater. This article analyzes results from 50 storm events at 21 sites across the U.S. to better understand the contaminant contribution of stormwater to surface water, groundwater, and the potential contaminant-exposures to sensitive organic receptors. In addition, correlations between select ancillary stormwater/catchment characteristics and the less understood organic chemicals were analyzed to better understand the factors that control organic-chemical concentrations. This research provides a foundation for future investigations of fate, exposure, toxicity, and risk from stormwater–contaminant mixtures discharged to surface waterbodies or infiltrated to groundwater.

Materials and Methods

ARTICLE SECTIONS
Jump To

Urban Stormwater Runoff Sites

From August 2016 to December 2017, 50 stormwater samples and 7 field quality-assurance samples were collected across 21 sites in 17 states (Figure SI-1 and Table SI-1). Sample sites were in stormwater conveyance infrastructure that discharged mixed stormwater runoff from buildings, parking lots, roads, and other infrastructure in residential, commercial, and industrial landscapes prior to surface water discharge or groundwater infiltration. Samples were collected in conveyance infrastructure constructed of concrete culverts that were buried underground, open concrete canals, or open dirt channels (Table SI-1). Catchment areas ranged from 0.1 to 1 000 km2 (Figure SI-2A). A total of 18 of 21 sites were characterized by >90% developed (cumulative developed low-medium-high intensity and urban open space) land-use/land-cover based on the 2011 National Land Cover Data set (LULC, Figure SI-2B). (36) In total, 13 (62%) of the 21 sample sites discharged to surface water, whereas the remainder infiltrated stormwater to groundwater. State abbreviations were used as field names with concatenated “-I” to indicates sites that infiltrated stormwater to groundwater. For all sites, sampling occurred in conveyance infrastructure at or near outfalls before discharge to urban surface water networks or upstream of SCMs prior to treatment and infiltration.

Sampling Protocols

Sampling equipment, tubing, and composite-sample containers used to collect stormwater were (1) cleaned using tap water and anionic detergent and thoroughly rinsed with tap water followed by deionized water, (2) soaked overnight in a 5% hydrochloric acid bath, (3) rinsed with pesticide-free methanol, and (4) air-dried and placed in clean reclosable plastic bags. (37) In total, 43 flow-weighted composite samples were collected at 14 sites using refrigerated-automated samplers (Teledyne, Thousand Oaks, CA) and 7 time-weighted composite samples were collected manually (1000 mL collected every 10 min at the beginning of the runoff event) using a polytetrafluoroethylene DH-81 isokinetic water-quality sampler (Table SI-1). (37) Both automated and manual sampling approaches targeted a 10-L composite sample (consisting of 10–30 subsamples of 250–1000 mL each) collected across the storm-runoff hydrograph (Figure SI-3).
Automated samplers were equipped with polytetrafluoroethylene tubing and intake screens, 30 cm in length silicone peristaltic-pump tubing, and a 10-L glass container. Four sampling sites (AZ1, AZ2, CA1, and CA2-I) with ongoing automated-sampler monitoring efforts had dedicated polyethylene tubing. Automated samplers were programmed to perform a field rinse of the sample tubing from the intake screen to the peristaltic pump head upon initiation and prior to collection of each subsample. Retrieval of composite samples occurred within 48 h of sample collection. Composite samples were labeled, double bagged, and shipped overnight on ice to the laboratory for processing and splitting into subsamples for analyses. A 14-L polytetrafluoroethylene churn-splitter was used to split composite samples into subsamples for specific chemical analyses with all subsamples analyzed at U.S. Geological Survey laboratories using published methods (Table SI-2). (37) Additional information on the calculation of storm-event discharges, organic-chemical loads and yields, and statistical analysis are provided in the Supporting Information.

Analytical Methods

Eight analytical methods were used to determine concentrations of 438 organic chemicals in urban stormwater samples, including 109 liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) pharmaceuticals and related chemicals, (38) 21 gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) hormones and related chemicals, (39) 67 GC-MS household and industrial chemicals, (40) 147 GC-MS and LC-MS/MS pesticides, (41,42) 56 GC-MS semivolatile chemicals, (43) methylmercury, (44) and 60 GC-MS halogenated chemicals (Table SI-3; method details in the Supporting Information). Samples were analyzed for 62 inorganic chemicals/parameters, including alkalinity, concentrations of anions and cations, (45) trace elements and rare-earth elements, (46) total mercury, (47) and stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen. (48,49)
All analytical data are available in the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System at http://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN or in the associated data releases that follow the Public Access Plan. (50,51)

Quality Assurance

Quality-assurance (QA) samples typically consisted of 10% laboratory reagent water blanks and reagent water spikes, three field equipment blanks, and four field replicates (Tables SI-4–SI-8). Equipment blanks were prepared in the field and the laboratory by processing certified organic and inorganic blank water through the sampling equipment in the same manner that field samples were collected and processed (Table SI-6). In addition, isotope-dilution standards (IDSs) or surrogate compounds were added to all organic samples prior to extraction or analyses. Chemical concentrations falling outside the calibration range for each method (i.e., exceeding the analytical calibration curve or falling between the limit of quantitation (LOQ) and long-term method detection limit (LT-MDL)) were considered estimated detections with reduced precision and accuracy and included as is herein. Of the 3 563 total detections, approximately 25% exceeded the highest-calibration point and approximately 27% were estimated between the LOQ and LT-MDL. Field detections less than blank sample concentrations were reported as nondetections, and the LOQ was raised to the concentration of the blank sample. Only N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) and phenol had field blank concentrations exceeding their LOQ (40 and 160 ng/L, respectively). All DEET and phenol data were retained in this paper, but the LOQs were raised (47 ng/L and 511 ng/L, respectively) and 38 concentrations of DEET and 10 concentrations of phenol that were <10 times the blank concentration were coded “V” (but used in interpretations) to indicate that the reported concentration may be influenced by contribution occurring during collection or analysis.
Median relative percent differences (RPDs) for replicate samples of organic chemicals ranged from 4% for GC-MS/MS biogenic hormones, GC-MS pesticides, and LC-MS/MS pesticides to 18% for GC-MS household and industrial chemicals (Table SI-7). Median RPDs were 1–5% for total mercury, alkalinity, anions, trace elements, and methylmercury (Table SI-7). Larger RPDs generally occurred in low-concentration samples. Overall median recoveries for laboratory reagent-spike samples ranged from 77 to 100% for organic methods (Table SI-8). Median recoveries for IDS and surrogate standards ranged 72–106% for 5 of 7 trace organic methods; recoveries for the other two methods, GC-MS halogenated chemicals and GC-MS/MS hormones, were 47% and 61%, respectively (Table SI-8). Additional quality-assurance data for anions, cations, and trace elements can be found in the associated data releases. (50,51)

Results and Discussion

ARTICLE SECTIONS
Jump To

Organic Chemical Mixtures in Urban Stormwater Runoff

Increased implementation of stormwater capture and reuse as a common method of stormwater management underscores the importance of assessing organic contamination in urban stormwater and potential risks to surface water, aquatic organisms, and groundwater. Of the 438 organic chemicals analyzed, 215 (49%) were detected in one or more stormwater samples (Table SI-9) with 223 (51%) not detected in any sample (Table SI-10). The number of organic chemicals detected in a single stormwater sample ranged from 18 to 103 (median = 73; Figure 1A). Pesticides were the most frequently detected chemical group (accounting for 35% of total detections; Figure 1A). Cumulative organic-chemical concentrations of samples ranged from 4 370 ng/L to 263 000 ng/L (median = 48 500 ng/L); with 7 samples having a total concentration exceeding 100 000 ng/L (Figure 1B). Of the 215 organics detected, 69 (32%) were frequently detected in >50% of samples (Figure 2). The 69 frequently detected organic chemicals accounted for 70% of the cumulative total 3 563 detections (Figure SI-4A) and were composed of 21 pesticides, 16 PAHs, 11 industrial chemicals, 11 household chemicals, 5 nonprescription pharmaceuticals, 3 plant/animal sterols, and 2 prescription pharmaceuticals (Figure 2). The 69 frequently detected organic chemicals that accounted for 70% of the total detections also accounted for 90% of the cumulative organic-chemical concentration (Figure 2 and Figure SI-4A). Concentrations of the 215 detected organic chemicals spanned over 6 orders of magnitude from less than 1.0 to over 100 000 ng/L (Figure 3A).

Figure 1

Figure 1. Total number of detected organic chemicals for sampled sites, sorted from left to right by decreasing number of detections (A) and total measured organic-chemical concentration for sampled sites (B).

High Resolution Image
Download MS PowerPoint Slide

Figure 2

Figure 2. Box-plot distributions of measured concentrations for the 69 organic chemicals detected in 50% or more of 49 urban stormwater samples. Sorted alphabetically from top to bottom by chemical class and decreasing median concentrations.

High Resolution Image
Download MS PowerPoint Slide

Figure 3

Figure 3. Box plot distributions of measured concentrations for organic chemicals in urban stormwater samples (A) and percent of total measured organic chemicals concentration by chemical class (B). Sorted from left to right by decreasing number of detections.

High Resolution Image
Download MS PowerPoint Slide
Eleven organic contaminants were pervasive across all samples (>90% detection): DEET (insect repellent, 98%), nicotine (alkaloid stimulant, 98%), caffeine (psychoactive stimulant, 96%), carbendazim (broad-spectrum fungicide and benomyl metabolite, 94%), methyl-1H-benzotriazole (corrosion inhibitor, 92%), p-cresol (wood preservative, 92%), cotinine (nicotine metabolite, 92%), desulfinyl fipronil (fipronil-insecticide metabolite, 90%), bisphenol A (plastics, paper receipts, and epoxy resin production, 90%), fluoranthene (PAH, 90%), and pyrene (PAH, 90%). Combined results from two recent studies in California and Minnesota have documented similar detection frequencies of these 11 stormwater contaminants. (13,16) Although pesticides were the most frequently detected chemical group in the current study (accounting for 35% of all detections), they only accounted for 5% of the total organic concentrations, whereas PAHs accounted for 19% of total detections and 33% of total concentrations (Figures 1A and 3B and Figure SI-4B). Of the 16 frequently detected PAHs, benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene are designated as probable human carcinogens and 13 are designated priority pollutants. (52) Six of the frequently detected PAHs had maximum concentrations of >10 000 ng/L, including fluoranthene (36 700 ng/L), pyrene (29 100 ng/L), phenanthrene (28 800 ng/L), benzo[b]fluoranthene (18 500 ng/L), chrysene (14 700 ng/L), and benzo[a]pyrene (13 500 ng/L) (Figure 2). For two of these PAHs (pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene), previous research documented acute biological effects to embryo-larva of the pacific oyster following exposure to concentrations of 5 000 ng/L in the laboratory. (53) In addition, PAH concentrations measured for our study were substantially larger (∑PAHs up to 180 000 ng/L, with 42% of sites >10 000 ng/L) than concentrations in runoff from unsealed-asphalt pavement (∑PAHs ranged from 160 to 340 ng/L) and similar to concentrations in runoff from parking lots treated with coal-tar and asphalt-emulsion sealcoats (∑PAHs ranged from 3 800 to 21 000 ng/L). (10,11) Thus, the frequency and concentrations of PAHs measured in urban stormwater runoff are of concern considering the documented detrimental effects of coal-tar based sealcoats and PAHs on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. (54−61)
Concentrations of 21 frequently detected (>50%) pesticides spanned 5 orders of magnitude from <1 to >10 000 ng/L (Figure 2). Detected pesticides with maximum concentrations >1 000 ng/L including carbendazim (fungicide, 9 570 ng/L), pentachlorophenol (restricted-use insecticide, 3 500 ng/L), and diuron (urea herbicide, 1 790 ng/L) were measured at substantially larger (>1 magnitude) concentrations than previously reported in stormwater runoff from residential and commercial catchments in Wisconsin and Minnesota. (13,14) Carbendazim has been shown to alter gene expression related to oxidative stress, apoptosis, and immune and endocrine disruption in aquatic organisms during larvae development when exposed to concentrations as low as 4 000 ng/L. (62) Extensively used agricultural herbicides atrazine and metolachlor, dithiopyr (pre-emergent), DCPMU (diuron degradate), along with the insecticides imidacloprid (neonicotinoid) and fipronil (broad-spectrum), generally ranged in concentration from 3 to 300 ng/L (Figure 2). Recent studies also documented similar concentrations for atrazine and metolachlor in stormwater runoff from a residential landscape (13) and imidacloprid and fipronil concentrations in urban creeks sampled during runoff events. (13,63) Temporally increasing imidacloprid detection has been reported in urban streams and attributed to increased home and garden use. (64)
In our study, 74% (37) of the detected imidacloprid concentrations exceeded the 10 ng/L U.S. EPA chronic aquatic life benchmark (ALB) for invertebrates, and 44% (22) of detected fipronil concentrations exceeded the 11 ng/L ALB. (65) The frequently detected banned insecticides, technical chlordane (cis-chlordane, trans-chlordane, trans-nonachlor, cis-nonachlor) and dieldrin, restricted-use insecticide chlorpyrifos, and the pentachlorophenol degradant pentachloroanisole generally ranged in concentration from 0.2 to 14 ng/L. The historical targeted treatment of urban residential and commercial properties with now banned insecticides for uses such as termite control (i.e., technical chlordane, USA banned >30 years) can provide a continuous source of these persistent legacy insecticides. (66) The frequent detection of such legacy insecticides illustrates the importance of continued monitoring and management of persistent compounds that are no longer used but may still pose aquatic or human health risks. (67)
Urban stormwater is frequently contaminated with human waste via sources such as leaks from aging-sewage infrastructure. (68) The frequent detection of prescription pharmaceuticals (i.e., metformin 73%) and nonprescription pharmaceuticals (i.e., acetaminophen 84% and lidocaine 69%) in this study also suggests a potential human waste component in stormwater. Although 27 prescription pharmaceuticals were detected at least once in stormwater samples (Table SI-9), only 2 were detected in >50% of samples, metformin and methenamine (Figure 2). Guanylurea (metformin degradate) was detected in 27% of samples. Metformin is a prevalent environmental contaminant (69−71) with documented health effects to fish. (71−73) The median metformin concentration (102 ng/L) in our study (herein, all reference to median values are based on distribution of detected concentrations) distribution was about 7 times higher than from a previous study of urban stormwater. (13) Two antibiotic concentrations of 6 030 ng/L for sulfamethoxazole and 3 420 ng/L for methenamine were the highest measured prescription pharmaceuticals in stormwater samples. Research has documented negative effects on growth, nitrate reduction activity, and microbial community structure from exposure to sulfamethoxazole at concentrations as low as 1 110 ng/L. (74,75)
Caffeine and nicotine were the most frequently detected (>96%) nonprescription pharmaceuticals and measured at the highest concentrations (maximum of 32 200 ng/L and 18 300 ng/L, respectively), composing 89% of the total nonprescription pharmaceutical concentration. When including their degradants (dimethylxanthine and cotinine), caffeine and nicotine comprised 96% of the total nonprescription pharmaceutical concentration. There are multiple pathways within the urban landscape for caffeine and nicotine (and their degradants) to enter stormwater including the improper disposal of caffeinated products and cigarette butts (76) and leaking sewage infrastructure. (68) Median detected concentrations of caffeine (942 ng/L), nicotine (782 ng/L), and acetaminophen (113 ng/L) measured in composite stormwater samples for this study were generally 4 times larger than median concentrations (207, 205, and 23.9 ng/L, respectively) reported in a recent stormwater study (using identical analytical methods) in which grab samples were collected. (13)
Overall, polychlorinated biphenyl/polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PCB/PBDEs) and biogenic hormones were detected less frequently and at lower concentrations than other chemical groups (Figures 1A and 3B), possibly in part from restricted PCB/PBDE use and limited sources of biogenic hormones across the urban landscape. The most frequently detected congeners were PBDE (22%) and PCB 138 (18%). Total PCB/PBDE concentrations in 12 samples from 6 sites ranged from 2 to 84 ng/L, with 6 samples exceeding the 14 ng/L chronic ALB for freshwater species. (77) cis-Androsterone was the most frequently detected (24%) biogenic hormone in this study and had a maximum concentration of 25 ng/L. Effects from exposure to cis-androsterone and other biogenic hormones in urban streams at low ng/L (5 ng/L) concentrations have been linked to reproductive and physiological effects in fish. (78)
Results indicate that urban stormwater is transporting an extensive mixture of organic contaminants with highly variable individual-component concentrations (Figures 1−3). The potential environmental effects from exposure to individual chemicals or chemical mixtures in stormwater samples are currently unknown or not well understood. (79) The organic chemicals detected in stormwater cause concern for aquatic organisms because many of the chemicals persisting in the environment are known carcinogens (PAHs and PCBs), bioactive (pesticides and pharmaceuticals), or hormonally active (biogenic hormones). The multiple detections per site (median of 73 compounds), the ng/L to μg/L individual concentrations, and sites with cumulative mixture concentrations exceeding 100 000 ng/L are concerning as adverse environmental effects have been documented for some individual designed-bioactive contaminants even at low ng/L concentrations. (72,79−82) This study provides a snapshot of stormwater runoff derived from randomly sampled sites and sampling days from across the U.S. and measured concentrations could vary temporally and spatially.

Influence of Hydrologic and Watershed Characteristics on Organic-Chemical Compositions, Concentrations, Loads, and Yields

Hydrologic/watershed characteristics (Table SI-1) and LULC metrics from the NLCD (36) (Table SI-11) were used to assess relations of these characteristics with cumulative-organic chemical detections, concentrations, loads (Table SI-12, Figure SI-5), and yields (Table SI-13, Figure SI-6). Spearman rank-order correlation identified significant (p-value <0.05) correlations between cumulative detections in stormwater samples and selected hydrologic/watershed characteristics (Table SI-14). There were positive correlations observed between cumulative detections and drainage area (p-value = 0.026, ρ = 0.317), developed high-intensity LULC (p-value <0.001, ρ = 0.492), and impervious LULC (p-value = 0.009, ρ = 0.368). Positive correlations were identified between cumulative concentrations in stormwater samples and developed high-intensity LULC (p-value = 0.014, ρ = 0.350, Table SI-15) and impervious LULC (p-value = 0.015, ρ = 0.346). Negative correlations were identified between cumulative concentrations and storm-event precipitation (p-value = 0.021, ρ = −0.328) and runoff volumes (p-value = 0.048, ρ = −0.284), emphasizing the importance of precipitation dilution as a potential control on stormwater organic contamination.
Expected positive correlations were observed between organic-chemical loads and site-specific runoff volumes (p-value <0.001, ρ = 0.883), drainage areas (p-value <0.001, ρ = 0.594), and storm event precipitation (p-value = 0.006, ρ = 0.385, Table SI-16). A positive correlation also was observed between organic-chemical loads and duration of antecedent dry days (p-value = 0.009, ρ = 0.368), consistent with previous findings that the duration of antecedent dry days is a driver of stormwater contaminant input. (8) A negative correlation was present between cumulative stormwater loads and developed low-intensity (e.g., residential) LULC (p-value = 0.008, ρ = −0.376). Positive correlations were identified between cumulative yields (load per unit area) and developed medium-intensity LULC (p-value = 0.014, ρ = 0.350), developed high-intensity LULC (p-value 0.001, ρ = 0.456), and impervious LULC (p-value <0.001, ρ = 0.528, Table SI-17). These results, which were generated using the largest national data set on organic stormwater contaminants to date, are consistent with previous studies with limited sites, geography, and chemical coverage and support the utility of LULC metrics as predictors of mixed-organic-contaminant complexity and the importance of developed LULC and impervious surfaces as stormwater-contaminant sources. (14,83)

Comparison of Organic Contamination in Urban Stormwater Runoff, Streams, and Treated Wastewater Discharge

Streams across the U.S. contain a diverse mixture of organic chemicals. (83−85) How compositions and concentrations of organic chemicals in U.S. streams compare with those in urban stormwater runoff is poorly documented, however. A comparison of results of the present stormwater study with a previous national study of 38 agricultural/developed impacted streams (83) (most organic chemicals analyzed using identical analytical methods) revealed many of the same chemicals in both stormwater runoff and agricultural/developed impacted streams with concentrations generally an order of magnitude greater in untreated stormwater runoff assessed in this study. A greater detection frequency (86%) and higher maximum concentrations (331 ng/L) of imidacloprid (agricultural and urban neonicotinoid insecticide) were observed in urban stormwater compared to a previous study of agricultural streams in the Midwestern U.S. following precipitation events (23% and 42.7 ng/L, respectively). (84)
Concentrations and loads observed in urban stormwater samples were compared with those reported in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent (a source that is systematically monitored and regulated) to assess the relative contribution of untreated stormwater (infrequently monitored and regulated) as an episodic source of organic contamination to surface waters. Such a comparison revealed concentrations of pesticides (i.e., atrazine, carbendazim, diuron, and metolachlor) were generally larger in untreated stormwater samples compared with previous studies of pesticides in treated effluent from WWTPs. (86,87) However, the range of imidacloprid concentrations (4.9 to 331 ng/L, mean 48.2 ng/L) in our study were similar to those reported in a study of effluent from 13 WWTPs in the U.S. (20 to 143 ng/L, mean 48.6 ng/L). (88) Comparison with two previous studies on the occurrence and fate of PAHs in treated wastewater effluent (89,90) revealed 2 to 3 orders of magnitude greater PAH concentrations in urban stormwater. A global comparison of urban stormwater in our study to WWTP effluent in Asia, North America, Europe, and Italy (87,91−96) revealed: larger concentrations in urban stormwater for PAHs and bisphenol A; similar measured concentrations for metformin, acetaminophen, caffeine, lidocaine, household chemicals (DEET, tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, benzophenone, camphor, and triphenyl phosphate); and generally smaller concentrations in urban stormwater for prescription pharmaceuticals, cotinine, and biogenic hormones compared to WWTP effluent.
The length of the single-event storm durations ranged from 0.3 to 48 h with a median storm-event duration of 5 h (Table SI-1). Single-event total organic-chemical loads observed in urban stormwater spanned 5 orders of magnitude ranging from 4.0 to 104 500 g, with a median of 176 g (Figure SI-5, Table SI-12). By comparison, a study of 42 priority pollutants (including PAHs, industrial chemicals, and PCBs) in treated effluent from a WWTP with a daily treatment capacity of up to 30 million L/day from a highly industrial (44%) sewage grid reported a total load of 825 g/day (industrial chemicals 819 g/day, PAHs = 5.6 g/day, PCBs = <0.1 g/day). (97) Twenty-eight storm events in our study (median duration of 2.5 h) produced runoff volumes between 1 to 25 million L and contributed total loads up to 725 g for industrial chemicals, 562 g for PAH, and 0.5 g for PCBs. Eight storm events in this study (median duration of 7 h) produced runoff volumes ranging from 0.1 to 2.5 billion L and contributed substantially higher (up to 40 times) total industrial chemical loads (range 165 to 40 100 g, Table SI-12; mean 8 200 g, Figure SI-7).
A previous study of 21 PAHs and 13 PCBs in treated wastewater effluent from a larger-scale WWTP with a daily treatment capacity of 1.3 billion L/day from a domestic (85%) sewage grid reported a total load of 703 g/day (PAHs 700 g/day, PCBs 3 g/day). (90) In the present study, large single-event (7 h median duration) untreated urban runoff volumes (0.1 to 2.5 billion L) contributed substantially larger total PAH loads that ranged from 9.6 to 2 820 g (mean 822 g, Figure SI-7) and substantially larger total PCBs loads up to 211 g (mean 27.1 g) than daily loads from WWTPs. In a national mass-balance assessment of neonicotinoid insecticides in 13 WWTPs across the U.S., imidacloprid was shown to persist through the wastewater treatment process of one example WWTP (870 million L/day treatment capacity) with loads of 12 g/day to surface waters. (88) Imidacloprid loads in untreated urban stormwater samples were generally larger and ranged from 2 to 68 g (mean 19 g) in large single-event stormwater runoff volumes (0.1–2.5 billion L). In contrast, a comparison of prescription pharmaceutical and biogenic hormone loadings in the present stormwater study with two comprehensive reviews of WWTP loads (98,99) suggests generally lower pharmaceutical and biogenic hormone loadings from stormwater.
Organic-chemical concentrations and loads from single-event runoff volumes that were similar to daily treated volumes for WWTPs indicate that untreated urban stormwater potentially contributes (1) substantially larger loads of PAHs, pesticides, and PCBs; (2) similar loads of household chemicals, industrial chemicals, and nonprescription pharmaceuticals; and (3) generally smaller loads of prescription pharmaceuticals, biogenic hormones, and plant animal sterols. The results indicate untreated stormwater is an important episodic source to surface waters of organic contaminants at levels comparable to and often exceeding those from the well-recognized, persistent treated WWTP effluent sources.

Inorganic Characterization of Urban Stormwater Runoff

In general, the inorganic chemical concentrations in the urban stormwater samples were relatively dilute as suggested by specific conductance values that ranged from 38 to 1 074 μS/cm (median of 164 μS/cm) and low concentrations of trace elements, anions, and cations (Figure SI-8, Tables SI-18 and SI-19). (50,51) Chloride (Cl–) and bicarbonate (HCO3–, as alkalinity) were the most abundant anions ranging from 817 to 196 000 μg/L and 22 700 to 379 000 μg/L, respectively (Table SI-19). By comparison, Cl– ranged from 46 000 to 199 000 μg/L in a study of tertiary treated wastewater effluent. (100) No stormwater Cl– concentrations exceeded the 230 000 μg/L chronic ALB. (77) Sulfate (SO42–) in stormwater had a maximum of 102 000 μg/L. Fluoride and phosphate (PO43–) were both rarely observed in detectable concentrations (each detected in two samples). Dissolved phosphorus (P) was detected in all samples with concentrations that ranged from 4 to 778 μg/L with a median = 92 μg/L, with 73% of the stormwater samples exceeding the total P criteria of 37 μg/L for scenic rivers in states developing numeric water-quality criteria for total phosphorus. (101) Elevated levels of nutrients, such as P, and PO43– can cause water-quality and ecological problems in aquatic systems including fish kills, toxic algal blooms, depleted oxygen, and loss of biodiversity of species important for commerce and recreation. (102) Decreasing P inputs to surface waters is a priority for many stormwater managers and SCM projects. (103)
The major cation composition of urban stormwater was dominated by Na+ and Ca2+ (Table SI-19). The maximum Ca2+ concentration of 89 200 μg/L was measured in the same water as the maximum alkalinity, whereas the maximum Na+ concentration of 95 900 μg/L was measured in the same water as the maximum Cl– concentration. Magnesium (Mg2+) concentrations ranged from 488 to 26 800 μg/L, with the highest concentration found at MN-I, a calcium–carbonate dominated water. Both Ca2+ and Mg2+ are considered beneficial components of drinking water and provide numerous health benefits. (104) In contrast, there is global concern about the increasing salinization of freshwater from anthropogenic sources, such as road deicing salt, (105,106) and the costs associated with the loss of ecosystem services, biodiversity, recreational opportunities, and effects on human health. (107) Cl– and Na+ concentrations in our national study, which included stormwater samples collected across all seasons and all climates, were substantially smaller than those reported in urban stormwater from sites in cold climates (108) and similar to concentrations in previous stormwater studies. (106,109)
Dissolved metals measured in the present stormwater study are more likely than particulate-associated metals to infiltrate into groundwater when stormwater is infiltrated into the subsurface. (110) According to a recent study, cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), aluminum (Al), and iron (Fe) in stormwater can pose human or recreational health risks even at low concentrations when heavy metals are present as a mixture. (23) Median concentrations for Cd, Cr, Pb, Mn, Al, and Fe in the stormwater samples from this study were lower than the concentrations predicted from previous research to cause negative effects to aquatic organisms (Tables SI-18 and SI-19). (23) Metals such as barium (Ba), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) are closely linked to stormwater runoff because of their widespread use in construction and transportation activities. (111) In this study, the median stormwater concentrations of Ba (16 μg/L), Cu (5.5 μg/L), and Zn (15 μg/L) were lower than median concentrations reported in previous stormwater studies. (112,113) Other metal concentrations were also generally low in stormwater samples and maximum concentrations for Cd (0.37 μg/L), Pb (2.1 μg/L), arsenic (As, 3.2 μg/L), nickel (Ni, 15 μg/L), total mercury (Hg, 0.18 μg/L), and Fe (325 μg/L) did not exceed chronic ALB (0.72, 2.5, 150, 52.0, 0.77, and 1000 μg/L, respectively). (77)
In a recent review, rare earth elements (REEs) were described as an overlooked group of emerging contaminants that pose human and ecological health risks and warrant further assessment of potential impacts on surface water and groundwater systems. (114,115) The use of REEs is expected to continue to increase due to their importance in many emerging industries, including the alternative energy sector (i.e., wind turbines, electric cars, solar panels). The REEs consist of 14 elements with similar charge and ionic radius and have been widely used as geochemical indicators of hydrogeological processes. (116,117) Measurements of REEs in stormwater can be especially useful for identifying natural versus anthropogenic sources of contaminants. (115,118) For example, anthropogenic gadolinium (Gdanthro) is a synthetic organic Gd complex used in medical diagnostics, (119,120) and a Gdanthro/Gdbackground ratio >1.5 is a useful indicator of municipal wastewater effluent contribution. (120) Based on ratios from samples in this study, the presence of wastewater was greatest at the CA2-I and IN sites and to a lesser extent at sites NY-I, MI, and AZ1 (Figure SI-9). The analysis of REEs to indicate municipal wastewater coupled with frequent detection of pharmaceutical waste indicators (metformin, acetaminophen, and lidocaine) in the current study supports previous research that stormwater is often contaminated with human waste. (68)
Even though total Hg was measured in stormwater samples at low concentrations that ranged from 0.004 to 0.18 μg/L (well below the 0.77 μg/L chronic ALB), stormwater remains a substantial source of Hg and could pose negative implications for SCMs that favor methylation of inorganic Hg to MeHg (Table SI-18 and Figure SI-10). MeHg is a highly toxic bioaccumulative neurotoxin that is widely recognized as a concern in surface waters, natural wetlands, (121,122) and more recently in stormwater retention ponds and constructed wetlands. (17) MeHg was measured in 90% of stormwater samples at concentrations that ranged from 0.05 to 1.0 ng/L (Table SI-18, Figure SI-10). The median MeHg concentration for this national study of urban stormwater (0.19 ng/L) was similar to medians reported in a national study of U.S. streams (0.11 ng/L) (123) and streams draining abandoned Hg mines (0.04 ng/L). (124) Total Hg and MeHg concentrations observed in this study suggest that SCMs that incorporate stormwater retention ponds or constructed wetlands should consider the potential exposure implications in these environments.

Implications for Environmental Receptors and Stormwater Reuse

This national-scale study provides the most comprehensive representative snapshot of the urban stormwater-contaminant profile derived from randomly sampled sites and sampling days from across the U.S. to date. The effects from exposure to complex organic and inorganic contaminant mixtures at low concentrations are poorly understood, and a range of potential mixture effects are possible even when each individual chemical is present in a mixture at low concentrations determined not to have individual effects. (79,81,82) Many organic and inorganic chemicals detected in the untreated stormwater samples in the present study are known to persist in the environment and, therefore, might be of priority concern for stormwater SCMs or municipal reuse and in terms of potential biological exposures and effects to receiving streams. This study underscores the need for continued assessment of exposures and potential synergistic effects of contaminant mixtures in stormwater, potential contaminant source tracking and mitigation methods, and studies of the fate, transport, and persistence of stormwater contaminants infiltrated to groundwater.

Supporting Information

ARTICLE SECTIONS
Jump To

The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02867.

  • Method details, sampling information, and additional sample results (PDF)

  • Additional sampling information and characterization data (XLSX)

Terms & Conditions

Most electronic Supporting Information files are available without a subscription to ACS Web Editions. Such files may be downloaded by article for research use (if there is a public use license linked to the relevant article, that license may permit other uses). Permission may be obtained from ACS for other uses through requests via the RightsLink permission system: http://pubs.acs.org/page/copyright/permissions.html.

Author Information

ARTICLE SECTIONS
Jump To

Acknowledgments

ARTICLE SECTIONS
Jump To

This research was conducted and funded by the Toxic Substances Hydrology and Contaminant Biology programs of the U.S. Geological Survey Environmental Health Mission Area and the Office of Research and Development of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The authors thank William Battaglin, Martin Brown, Robert Darner, David Fairbairn, Shawn Fisher, Ken Fossum, and Teresa Rasmussen for help with the field samples, Kelly Smalling and Tim Canfield for the manuscript review, and Rose Jordan for help with the graphics. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

References

ARTICLE SECTIONS
Jump To

This article references 124 other publications.

  1. 1
    United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2000 National Water Quality Inventory Report to Congress, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/2000_national_water_quality_inventory_report_to_congress.pdf (accessed April 12, 2019).
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  2. 2
    Eckley, C. S.; Branfireun, B. Mercury Mobilization in Urban Stormwater Runoff. Sci. Total Environ. 2008, 403, 164– 177,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.05.021
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    2
    Mercury mobilization in urban stormwater runoff
    Eckley, Chris S.; Branfireun, Brian
    Science of the Total Environment (2008), 403 (1-3), 164-177CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Urban stormwater runoff has been identified as a leading cause of waterway impairment for many pollutants, but there has been a lack of research that directly measures Hg in urban stormwater runoff. The objectives of this research were: to use high frequency sampling to characterize the Hg export dynamics from an urban micro-catchment (i.e. a parking lot) during individual rain events; det. the relationship between suspended sediments and Hg transport; assemble event-scale mass balances of atm. Hg inputs, surface storage, and Hg export in runoff to evaluate the relative importance of rainfall-derived Hg and surface-derived Hg in runoff; and finally, to compare the yield of Hg from the urban micro-catchment to that of a larger mixed land-use urban catchment to evaluate the feasibility of scaling the results. The results found that the highest Hg concns. in runoff were obsd. during the rising limb of the hydrograph (first flush effect), which was dominated by particulate bound Hg (84 ± 8%). There was a significant relationship between the Hg and total suspended solids (TSS) concns. in runoff. For all events, the largest Hg flux occurred during the period of peak discharge, even though the Hg concns. were substantially lower during this period. The catchment surface Hg load (i.e. street dust) varied over the course of the study, but the changes were not clearly linked to the rain events. The mass balance of the Hg inputs and outputs from the catchment showed that it could act as a Hg sink or a source depending on the rainfall characteristics. The export of Hg from the larger mixed land-cover catchment were all within the range of the values from the parking-lot catchment, though tended to be lower as a result of increased retention and fewer sources/disturbance within the catchment.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1cXptlems7g%253D&md5=d0031572ad269a4941f4a20001f58840
  3. 3
    Göbel, P.; Dierkes, C.; Coldewey, W. G. Storm Water Runoff Concentration Matrix for Urban Areas. J. Contam. Hydrol. 2007, 91 (1–2), 26– 42,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2006.08.008
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    3
    Storm water runoff concentration matrix for urban areas
    Gobel P; Dierkes C; Coldewey W G
    Journal of contaminant hydrology (2007), 91 (1-2), 26-42 ISSN:0169-7722.
    The infrastructure (roads, sidewalk, commercial and residential structures) added during the land development and urbanisation process is designed to collect precipitation and convey it out of the watershed, typically in existing surface water channels, such as streams and rivers. The quality of surface water, seepage water and ground water is influenced by pollutants that collect on impervious surfaces and that are carried by urban storm water runoff. Heavy metals, e.g. lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) and readily soluble salts in runoff, contribute to the degradation of water. An intensive literature search on the distribution and concentration of the surface-dependent runoff water has been compiled. Concentration variations of several pollutants derived from different surfaces have been averaged. More than 300 references providing about 1300 data for different pollutants culminate in a representative concentration matrix consisting of medians and extreme values. This matrix can be applied to long-term valuations and numerical modelling of storm water treatment facilities.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BD2s7jtlymtQ%253D%253D&md5=121278bcaf582544cdeddce4ee18cff5
  4. 4
    Zgheib, S.; Moilleron, R.; Chebbo, G. Priority Pollutants in Urban Stormwater: Part 1 - Case of Separate Storm Sewers. Water Res. 2012, 46 (20), 6683– 6692,  DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.12.012
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    4
    Priority pollutants in urban stormwater: Part 1 - Case of separate storm sewers
    Zgheib, Sally; Moilleron, Regis; Chebbo, Ghassan
    Water Research (2012), 46 (20), 6683-6692CODEN: WATRAG; ISSN:0043-1354. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Org. and mineral pollutants have become part of today's urban environment. During a rain event, stormwater quality as well as the corresponding contaminant loads is affected by both atm. deposition and the various types of impervious surfaces (roads, rooftops, parking lots etc.) on which runoff occurs. This study provides results on stormwater pollution in Paris and its suburbs from three sep. storm sewers (n = 20 samples). These results show that the stormwater had been contaminated by 55 chem. substances out of the 88 investigated. A particular attention was given to stormwater particle contamination. Concns. are provided for: metals, PAHs, PCBs, organotins, alkylphenols, phthalates, pesticides, and VOCs. Our findings are among the first available in the literature since the relevant analyses were all conducted on both the particulate (P) and dissolved (D) phases. For most substances, particles from the three storm sewers were more heavily contaminated than dredged sediments and settleable particles from the Seine River. As a consequence of this finding, the release of untreated stormwater discharges may impact the receiving waters and contribute to sediment contamination.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XhslarsL%252FK&md5=9d42f569afdb05b252130afc19fda6ab
  5. 5
    Zgheib, S.; Moilleron, R.; Saad, M.; Chebbo, G. Partition of Pollution between Dissolved and Particulate Phases: What about Emerging Substances in Urban Stormwater Catchments?. Water Res. 2011, 45 (2), 913– 925,  DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.09.032
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    5
    Partition of pollution between dissolved and particulate phases: What about emerging substances in urban stormwater catchments?
    Zgheib, Sally; Moilleron, Regis; Saad, Mohamed; Chebbo, Ghassan
    Water Research (2011), 45 (2), 913-925CODEN: WATRAG; ISSN:0043-1354. (Elsevier B.V.)
    This paper presents results about the occurrence, the concns. of urban priority substances on both the dissolved and the particulate phases in stormwater. Samples were collected at the outlet of a dense urban catchment in Paris suburb (2.30 km2). 13 chem. groups were investigated including 88 individual substances. Results showed that stormwater discharges contained 45 substances among them some metals, organotins, PAHs, PCBs, alkylphenols, pesticides, phthalates, cholorophenols and one volatile org. compd., i.e. methylene chloride. With respect to the European Water Framework Directive, these substances included 47% of the priority hazardous substances (n = 8), 38% of the priority substances (n = 10). The remaining substances (n = 27) belong to a list of others specific urban substances not included in the Water Framework Directive but monitored during this work. Finally, stormwater quality was evaluated by comparing the substance concns. to environmental quality stds. (EQS) and the particulate content to Canadian sediment quality guidelines. This showed that stormwater was highly contaminated and should be treated before being discharged to receiving waters in order to avoid any adverse impact on the river quality.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXhs1SqsrrJ&md5=05bb3283466a86083292473f23abdb09
  6. 6
    Brown, J. N.; Peake, B. M. Sources of Heavy Metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Stormwater Runoff. Sci. Total Environ. 2006, 359, 145– 155,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.05.016
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    6
    Sources of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban stormwater runoff
    Brown, Jeffrey N.; Peake, Barrie M.
    Science of the Total Environment (2006), 359 (1-3), 145-155CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Polycyclic arom. hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals were measured in road debris collecting in urban areas and in the suspended sediment (SS) component of runoff from two storm-water catchments in Dunedin, New Zealand. Levels in the road debris ranged from 119-527 μg/g for lead, 50-464 μg/g for copper, 241-1 325 μg/g for zinc and 1.20-11.6 μg/g for .sum.16PAH. The SS from the largely rural catchment (20% urban) had similar concns. to the road debris, indicating that this urban material was the main source of the contaminants measured in the storm-water. Similar PAH fingerprint profiles and isomer ratios indicative of dominant pyrogenic (combustion) sources were also found in these two groups of materials. The SS from the 100% urban catchment contained 2- to 6-fold higher concns. of metals and 10-fold greater levels of .sum.16PAH. The higher levels of lead and copper were probably a result of industrial land uses in this catchment, while the addnl. zinc was linked to an abundance of zinc-galvanized roofing iron in the catchment's residential suburbs. The PAH profiles and isomer ratios were different for this urban catchment and suggested that a disused gasworks was contributing PAHs to the storm-water runoff.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD28Xis1eisr0%253D&md5=903d719bf1251b4d254bd01223be30d1
  7. 7
    Paul, M. J.; Meyer, J. L. Streams in the Urban Landscape. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 2001, 32 (1), 333– 365,  DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114040
    [Crossref], Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  8. 8
    Pitt, R.; Field, R.; Lalor, M.; Brown, M. Urban Stormwater Toxic Pollutants: Assessment, Sources, and Treatability. Water Environ. Res. 1995, 67 (3), 260– 275,  DOI: 10.2175/106143095X131466
    [Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar
    8
    Urban stormwater toxic pollutants: assessment, sources, and treatability
    Pitt, Robert; Field, Richard; Lalor, Melinda; Brown, Michael
    Water Environment Research (1995), 67 (3), 260-75CODEN: WAERED; ISSN:1061-4303. (Water Environment Federation)
    This paper summarizes an investigation to characterize and treat selected stormwater contaminants that are listed as toxic pollutants in the Clean Water Act, Section 307 (Arbuckle et al., 1991). The first project phase investigated typical toxicant concns. in stormwater, the origins of these toxicants, and storm and land-use factors that influenced these toxicant concns. Of the 87 stormwater source area samples analyzed, 9% were considered extremely toxic (using the Microtox toxicity-screening procedure). Moderate toxicity was exhibited in 32% of the samples, whereas 59% of the samples had no evidence of toxicity. Only a small fraction of the org. toxicants analyzed were frequently detected, with 1,3-dichlorobenzene and fluoranthene the most commonly detected orgs. investigated (present in 23% of the samples). Vehicle service and parking area runoff samples had many of the highest obsd. concns. of org. toxicants. All metallic toxicants analyzed were commonly found in all samples analyzed. The second project phase investigated the control of stormwater toxicants using a variety of bench-scale conventional treatment processes. The most beneficial treatment tests included settling for ≥24 h (<90% redns.), screening and filtering through at least 40-μm screens (<70% redns.), and aeration and/or photodegrdn. for ≥24 h (<80% redns.). Because many samples exhibited uneven toxicity redns. for the different treatment tests, a treatment train approach was selected for the current project phase. This current phase includes testing of a prototype treatment devices that would be useful for controlling runoff from crit. source areas (e.g., automobile service facilities).
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaK2MXls1SitLk%253D&md5=ef8b505eb96c245f1722b0592db4536e
  9. 9
    Tedoldi, D.; Chebbo, G.; Pierlot, D.; Branchu, P.; Kovacs, Y.; Gromaire, M. C. Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in the Surface Soil of Source-Control Stormwater Infiltration Devices – Inter-Site Comparison. Sci. Total Environ. 2017, 579, 881– 892,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.226
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    9
    Spatial distribution of heavy metals in the surface soil of source-control stormwater infiltration devices - Inter-site comparison
    Tedoldi, Damien; Chebbo, Ghassan; Pierlot, Daniel; Branchu, Philippe; Kovacs, Yves; Gromaire, Marie-Christine
    Science of the Total Environment (2017), 579 (), 881-892CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)
    Stormwater runoff infiltration brings about some concerns regarding its potential impact on both soil and groundwater quality; besides, the fate of contaminants in source-control devices somewhat suffers from a lack of documentation. The present study was dedicated to assessing the spatial distribution of three heavy metals (copper, lead, zinc) in the surface soil of ten small-scale infiltration facilities, along with several phys. parameters (soil moisture, volatile matter, variable thickness of the upper horizon). High-resoln. samplings and in-situ measurements were undertaken, followed by X-ray fluorescence analyses and spatial interpolation. Highest metal accumulation was found in a relatively narrow area near the water inflow zone, from which concns. markedly decreased with increasing distance. Maximum enrichment ratios amounted to > 20 in the most contaminated sites. Heavy metal patterns give a time-integrated vision of the non-uniform infiltration fluxes, sedimentation processes and surface flow pathways within the devices. This element indicates that the lateral extent of contamination is mainly controlled by hydraulics. The evidenced spatial structure of soil concns. restricts the area where remediation measures would be necessary in these systems, and suggests possible optimization of their hydraulic functioning towards an easier maintenance. Heterogeneous upper boundary conditions should be taken into account when studying the fate of micropollutants in infiltration facilities with either math. modeling or soil coring field surveys.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhvFCgt7vJ&md5=32962b3da2ac7819fa24eef3ba2fe403
  10. 10
    Mahler, B. J.; Van Metre, P. C.; Crane, J. L.; Watts, A. W.; Scoggins, M.; Williams, E. S. Coal-Tar-Based Pavement Sealcoat and PAHs: Implications for the Environment, Human Health, and Stormwater Management. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46 (6), 3039– 3045,  DOI: 10.1021/es203699x
    [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar
    10
    Coal-Tar-Based Pavement Sealcoat and PAHs: Implications for the Environment, Human Health, and Stormwater Management
    Mahler, Barbara J.; Van Metre, Peter C.; Crane, Judy L.; Watts, Alison W.; Scoggins, Mateo; Williams, E. Spencer
    Environmental Science & Technology (2012), 46 (6), 3039-3045CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
    Coal-tar-based sealcoat products, widely used in the central and eastern U.S. on parking lots, driveways, and even playgrounds, are typically 20-35% coal-tar pitch, a known human carcinogen that contains about 200 polycyclic arom. hydrocarbon (PAH) compds. Research continues to identify environmental compartments, including stormwater runoff, lake sediment, soil, house dust, and most recently, air-contaminated by PAHs from coal-tar-based sealcoat and to demonstrate potential risks to biol. communities and human health. In many cases, the levels of contamination assocd. with sealed pavement are striking relative to levels near unsealed pavement: PAH concns. in air over pavement with freshly applied coal-tar-based sealcoat, for example, were hundreds to thousands of times higher than those in air over unsealed pavement. Even a small amt. of sealcoated pavement can be the dominant source of PAHs to sediment in stormwater-retention ponds; proper disposal of such PAH-contaminated sediment can be extremely costly. Several local governments, the District of Columbia, and the State of Washington have banned use of these products, and several national and regional hardware and home-improvement retailers have voluntarily ceased selling them.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XhtFemsbc%253D&md5=8ad08d9e5ea589b5627519bf8daf3291
  11. 11
    Mahler, B. J.; Van Metre, P. C.; Bashara, T. J.; Wilson, J. T.; Johns, D. A. Parking Lot Sealcoat: An Unrecognized Source of Urban Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39 (15), 5560– 5566,  DOI: 10.1021/es0501565
    [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar
    11
    Parking Lot Sealcoat: An Unrecognized Source of Urban Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
    Mahler, Barbara J.; Van Metre, Peter C.; Bashara, Thomas J.; Wilson, Jennifer T.; Johns, David A.
    Environmental Science and Technology (2005), 39 (15), 5560-5566CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
    Polycyclic arom. hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a ubiquitous contaminant in urban environments. Although numerous sources of PAHs to urban runoff have been identified, their relative importance remains uncertain. We show that a previously unidentified source of urban PAHs, parking lot sealcoat, may dominate loading of PAHs to urban water bodies in the United States. Particles in runoff from parking lots with coal-tar emulsion sealcoat had mean concns. of PAHs of 3500 mg/kg, 65 times higher than the mean concn. from unsealed asphalt and cement lots. Diagnostic ratios of individual PAHs indicating sources are similar for particles from coal-tar emulsion sealed lots and suspended sediment from four urban streams. Contaminant yields projected to the watershed scale for the four assocd. watersheds indicate that runoff from sealed parking lots could account for the majority of stream PAH loads.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2MXltlGns7c%253D&md5=294fe34a12e98087dbcbfb499b5b0e3d
  12. 12
    Van Metre, P. C.; Mahler, B. J.; Furlong, E. T. Urban Sprawl Leaves Its PAH Signature. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 34 (19), 4064– 4070,  DOI: 10.1021/es991007n
    [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar
    12
    Urban Sprawl Leaves Its PAH Signature
    Van Metre, Peter C.; Mahler, Barbara J.; Furlong, Edward T.
    Environmental Science and Technology (2000), 34 (19), 4064-4070CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
    The increasing vehicle traffic assocd. with urban sprawl in the US is frequently linked to degrdn. of air quality, but its effect on aquatic sediment is less well-recognized. This study evaluates trends in PAHs, a group of contaminants with multiple urban sources, in sediment cores from 10 reservoirs and lakes in 6 US metropolitan areas. The watersheds chosen represent a range in degree and age of urbanization. Concns. of PAHs in all 10 reservoirs and lakes increased during the past 20-40 yr. PAH contamination of the most recently deposited sediment at all sites exceeded sediment-quality guidelines established by Environment Canada, in some cases by several orders of magnitude. These results add a new chapter to the story told by previous coring studies that reported decreasing concns. of PAHs after reaching highs in the 1950s. Concurrent with the increase in concns. is a change in the assemblage of PAHs that indicates the increasing trends are driven by combustion sources. The increase in PAH concns. tracks closely with increases in automobile use, even in watersheds that have not undergone substantial changes in urban land-use levels since the 1970s.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD3cXlvFSqsL0%253D&md5=b6c1ffc20cc846ee6d7bb450aafdd1dc
  13. 13
    Fairbairn, D. J.; Elliott, S. M.; Kiesling, R. L.; Schoenfuss, H. L.; Ferrey, M. L.; Westerhoff, B. M. Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Urban Stormwater: Spatiotemporal Patterns and Removal by Iron-Enhanced Sand Filters (IESFs). Water Res. 2018, 145, 332– 345,  DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.08.020
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    13
    Contaminants of emerging concern in urban stormwater: Spatiotemporal patterns and removal by iron-enhanced sand filters (IESFs)
    Fairbairn, David J.; Elliott, Sarah M.; Kiesling, Richard L.; Schoenfuss, Heiko L.; Ferrey, Mark L.; Westerhoff, Benjamin M.
    Water Research (2018), 145 (), 332-345CODEN: WATRAG; ISSN:0043-1354. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Numerous contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) typically occur in urban rivers. Wastewater effluents are a major source of many CECs. Urban runoff (stormwater) is a major urban water budget component and may constitute another major CEC pathway. Yet, stormwater-based CEC field studies are rare. This research investigated 384 CECs in 36 stormwater samples in Minneapolis-St.Paul, Minnesota, USA. Nine sampling sites included three large stormwater conveyances (pipes) and three paired iron-enhanced sand filters (IESFs; untreated inlets and treated outlets). The 123 detected compds. included com.-consumer compds., veterinary and human pharmaceuticals, lifestyle and personal care compds., pesticides, and others. Thirty-one CECs were detected in ≥50% of samples. Individual samples contained a median of 35 targeted CECs (range: 18-54). Overall, median concns. were ≥10 ng/L for 25 CECs and ≥100 ng/L for 9 CECs. Ranked, hierarchical linear modeling indicated significant seasonal- and site type-based concn. variability for 53 and 30 CECs, resp., with obsd. patterns corresponding to CEC type, source, usage, and seasonal hydrol. A primarily warm-weather, diffuse, runoff-based profile included many herbicides. A second profile encompassed winter and/or late summer samples enriched with some recalcitrant, hydrophobic compds. (e.g., PAHs), esp. at pipes, suggesting conservative, less runoff-dependent sources (e.g., sediments). A third profile, indicative of mixed conservative/non-runoff, runoff, and/or atm. sources and transport that collectively affect a variety of conditions, included various fungicides, lifestyle, non-prescription, and com.-consumer CECs. Generally, pipe sites had large, diverse land-use catchments, and showed more frequent detections of diverse CECs, but often at lower concns.; while untreated sites (with smaller, more residential-catchments) demonstrated greater detections of "pseudo-persistent" and other ubiquitous or residentially-assocd. CECs. Although untreated stormwater transports an array of CECs to receiving waters, IESF treatment significantly removed concns. of 14 (29%) of the 48 most detected CECs; for these, median removal efficiencies were 26%-100%. Efficient removal of some hydrophobic (e.g., PAHs, bisphenol A) and polar-hydrophilic (e.g., caffeine, nicotine) compds. indicated particulate-bound contaminant filtration and for certain dissolved contaminants, sorption.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhsF2ns7fJ&md5=aca05cfd8757f030c59c801f7b56af4a
  14. 14
    Burant, A.; Selbig, W.; Furlong, E. T.; Higgins, C. P. Trace Organic Contaminants in Urban Runoff: Associations with Urban Land-Use. Environ. Pollut. 2018, 242, 2068– 2077,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.066
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    14
    Trace organic contaminants in urban runoff: Associations with urban land-use
    Burant, Aniela; Selbig, William; Furlong, Edward T.; Higgins, Christopher P.
    Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2018), 242 (Part_B), 2068-2077CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Urban development has led to an increase in urban runoff, accompanied with a decrease in water quality during rain events. One of the major causes of the decrease in water quality is the presence of trace org. contaminants in urban runoff. However, little is known about the sources of org. contaminants in urban runoff, esp. related to land-use and temporal trends in those assocd. land uses. The objective of this study was to assess the occurrence and concn. trends of org. contaminants for a high-d. residential site and com. strip site in Madison, WI. Flow-weighted samples of urban stormwater runoff, collected with an auto-sampler, were composited and analyzed, producing mean org. contaminants concns. for each storm event. The contaminants, which include pesticides, flame retardants, polycyclic arom. hydrocarbons, corrosion inhibitors, among others, were extd. and analyzed by gas chromatog. coupled with mass spectrometry or liq. chromatog. coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. There were 30 org. contaminants that had greater than 50% detections in at least one of the sites, and those org. contaminants did provide information on similarities and differences of org. contaminants in urban runoff derived from different land uses. The sum of the total measured pesticides showed no significant difference between sites; this was likely due to the considerable green space and assocd. pesticide use in both sites. However, there were higher total concns. of organophosphate flame retardants and corrosion inhibitors in the residential site. The reason for this is unknown and will require follow-up studies; however, several hypotheses are presented. Conversely, there were higher total concns. of polycyclic arom. hydrocarbons in the com. site; this is most likely due to higher vehicle traffic in the com. site. These data show that land-use may be important in detg. the compn. and concns. of trace org. contaminants in urban stormwater runoff.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhsVagsrjJ&md5=093dd8b8e166b25a938f5b4173c95d2c
  15. 15
    Eriksson, E.; Baun, A.; Mikkelsen, P. S.; Ledin, A. Risk Assessment of Xenobiotics in Stormwater Discharged to Harrestrup Å, Denmark. Desalination 2007, 215 (1–3), 187– 197,  DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2006.12.008
    [Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar
    15
    Risk assessment of xenobiotics in stormwater discharged to Harrestrup Å, Denmark
    Eriksson, Eva; Baun, Anders; Mikkelsen, Peter Steen; Ledin, Anna
    Desalination (2007), 215 (1-3), 187-197CODEN: DSLNAH; ISSN:0011-9164. (Elsevier B.V.)
    Surface waters are highly manipulated in many cities in Europe, and the flow is largely impacted by discharges of stormwater and combined sewer overflow. Toxicity tests shown adverse effects in some of these recipients due to the presence of xenobiotic org. carbons (XOCs). Harrestrup Å, situated in the City of Copenhagen, is one of these recipients, where biotest using algae showed measurable toxicity in 8 samples taken in 2003. Twenty-five different XOCs were quantified in the same samples. The present study aimed at identifying the most relevant XOCs out of these 25 to be selected for further anal. with respect to potential source control options. Fourteen XOCs (56%) were identified to constitute a potential hazard based on the RICH evaluation (Ranking and Identification of Chem. Hazards), while 9 XOCs (36%) were found to constitute a hazard towards the aquatic ecosystem based on an environmental-concn./predicted-no-effect-concn.-quotient. The quantified levels did, however, fulfil the Danish and European surface water quality criteria (QC) and environmental quality stds. (ESQ). Thus, although the QC and ESQ are met there is an actual risk due to stormwater-related pollutants. This clearly illustrates that there is a need for monitoring the stormwater quality in order to protect the ecosystems. It also shows that actions are needed to implement source control options and emission barriers. Twelve XOCs were selected for further evaluation of possible source control option to be implemented in order to improve the water quality. These are 5 pesticides (diuron, glyphosate, isoproturon, MCPA, terbutylazine), 4 PAHs (acenaphthene, fluoranthene, fluorene, pyrene), 3 others (LAS, nonylphenol and dinitro-o-cresol).
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2sXpsV2rs7g%253D&md5=f7147ef3eb92e09761f0cf354336e269
  16. 16
    Gan, J.; Bondarenko, S.; Oki, L.; Haver, D.; Li, J. X. Occurrence of Fipronil and Its Biologically Active Derivatives in Urban Residential Runoff. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46 (3), 1489– 1495,  DOI: 10.1021/es202904x
    [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar
    16
    Occurrence of Fipronil and Its Biologically Active Derivatives in Urban Residential Runoff
    Gan, J.; Bondarenko, S.; Oki, L.; Haver, D.; Li, J. X.
    Environmental Science & Technology (2012), 46 (3), 1489-1495CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
    Fipronil is a relatively new and popular urban-use insecticide that has acute toxicity to arthropods at low-ppb levels. Urban runoff water was collected from 6 large communities, each consisting of 152 to 460 single-family homes, in Sacramento County and Orange County, California, and the occurrence was evaluated of fipronil and its biol. active derivs. over 26 mo under dry weather conditions. Statistical modeling showed that the levels of fipronil and derivs. in the runoff water were both spatially and temporally correlated. More than 10-fold differences were obsd. between the Sacramento and Orange County sites, with the much higher levels for Orange County (southern California) coinciding with heavier use. The median concns. of combined fipronil and derivs. for the Orange County sites were 204-440 ng L-1, with the 90th percentile levels ranging from 340 to 1170 ng L-1. These levels frequently exceeded the LC50 values for arthropods such as mysid shrimp and grass shrimp. The highest levels occurred from Apr. to Oct., while decreases were seen from Oct. to Dec. and from Jan. to March, likely reflecting seasonal use patterns and the effect of rain-induced washoff. Fipronil and fipronil sulfone (oxidn. deriv.) each accounted for about 35% of the total concns., with desulfinyl fipronil (a photolytic product) contributing about 25%. Results of this study clearly established residential drainage as a direct source for pesticide contamination in urban waterways, and for the first time, identified fipronil as a new and widespread contaminant with potential ecotoxicol. significance.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38Xks1ahsw%253D%253D&md5=516eae5e800b432312db508b981a431b
  17. 17
    Strickman, R. J.; Mitchell, C. P. J. Methylmercury Production and Accumulation in Urban Stormwater Ponds and Habitat Wetlands. Environ. Pollut. 2017, 221, 326– 334,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.082
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    17
    Methylmercury production and accumulation in urban stormwater ponds and habitat wetlands
    Strickman, R. J.; Mitchell, C. P. J.
    Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2017), 221 (), 326-334CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Stormwater management ponds and created habitat wetlands effectively manage erosion, flooding, and pollutant loadings while providing biodiversity and aesthetic benefits, but these structures are also potential sources of methylmercury (MeHg), a bioaccumulative neurotoxin. While MeHg accumulation has been confirmed in habitat wetlands, the extent of MeHg prodn. and accumulation in stormwater ponds is unknown. Addnl., the fine-scale spatial variation in MeHg in these wetlands has never been explored despite the possibility that cycles of wetting and drying, and the presence of aquatic plants may stimulate methylation at their margins. To address these knowledge gaps, we compared MeHg and inorg. mercury concns., the percent of total mercury present as MeHg (%MeHg), and potential mercury methylation rate consts. (Kmeth) in the sediments of terrestrial-aquatic transects through several stormwater and habitat wetlands. We present novel evidence confirming the in situ prodn. of MeHg in both stormwater ponds and habitat wetlands, but observe no systematic differences across the terrestrial-aquatic gradient, suggesting that routine variations in water level do not alter MeHg prodn. and accumulation. Stormwater ponds effectively trap mercury while converting relatively little to MeHg, as evidenced by lower MeHg concns., %-MeHg, and Kmeth values than habitat wetlands, but often greater inorg. Hg concns. The relationship of aquatic vegetation to MeHg accumulation is weak and ambiguous, suggesting plants are not strong drivers of MeHg biogeochem. in these systems. Although the MeHg hazard assocd. with individual artificial wetlands is low, they may be important sources of MeHg at the landscape level.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XitVaqurnO&md5=447daf3d51e6073942ba3d9be6696f2e
  18. 18
    Chong, M. N.; Sidhu, J.; Aryal, R.; Tang, J.; Gernjak, W.; Escher, B.; Toze, S. Urban Stormwater Harvesting and Reuse: A Probe into the Chemical, Toxicology and Microbiological Contaminants in Water Quality. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2013, 185 (8), 6645– 6652,  DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-3053-7
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    18
    Urban stormwater harvesting and reuse: a probe into the chemical, toxicology and microbiological contaminants in water quality
    Chong, Meng Nan; Sidhu, Jatinder; Aryal, Rupak; Tang, Janet; Gernjak, Wolfgang; Escher, Beate; Toze, Simon
    Environmental Monitoring and Assessment (2013), 185 (8), 6645-6652CODEN: EMASDH; ISSN:0167-6369. (Springer)
    Stormwater is one of the last major untapped urban water resources that can be exploited as an alternative water source in Australia. The information in the current Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling relating to stormwater harvesting and reuse only emphasizes on a limited no. of stormwater quality parameters. In order to supply stormwater as a source for higher value end-uses, a more comprehensive assessment on the potential public health risks has to be undertaken. Owing to the stochastic variations in rainfall, catchment hydrol. and also the types of non-point pollution sources that can provide contaminants relating to different anthropogenic activities and catchment land uses, the characterization of public health risks in stormwater is complex, tedious and not always possible through the conventional detection and anal. methods. In this study, a holistic approach was undertaken to assess the potential public health risks in urban stormwater samples from a medium-d. residential catchment. A combined chem.-toxicol. assessment was used to characterize the potential health risks arising from chem. contaminants, while a combination of std. culture methods and quant. polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) methods was used for detection and quantification of faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and pathogens in urban stormwater. Results showed that the concn. of chem. contaminants and assocd. toxicity were relatively low when benchmarked against other alternative water sources such as recycled wastewater. However, the concns. of heavy metals particularly cadmium and lead have exceeded the Australian guideline values, indicating potential public health risks. Also, high nos. of FIB were detected in urban stormwater samples obtained from wet weather events. In addn., qPCR detection of human-related pathogens suggested there are frequent sewage ingressions into the urban stormwater runoff during wet weather events. Further water quality monitoring study will be conducted at different contrasting urban catchments in order to undertake a more comprehensive public health risk assessment for urban stormwater.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhtVKgurvP&md5=fd2260b6552abf998f796b9918ccd438
  19. 19
    Gołdyn, R.; Szpakowska, B.; Świerk, D.; Domek, P.; Buxakowski, J.; Dondajewska, R.; Barałkiewicz, D.; Sajnóg, A. Influence of Stormwater Runoff on Macroinvertebrates in a Small Urban River and a Reservoir. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 625, 743– 751,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.324
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    19
    Influence of stormwater runoff on macroinvertebrates in a small urban river and a reservoir
    Goldyn, Ryszard; Szpakowska, Barbara; Swierk, Dariusz; Domek, Piotr; Buxakowski, Jan; Dondajewska, Renata; Baralkiewicz, Danuta; Sajnog, Adam
    Science of the Total Environment (2018), 625 (), 743-751CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)
    The impact of stormwater on benthic macroinvertebrates was studied in two annual cycles. Five small catchments drained by stormwater sewers to a small urban river and a small and shallow reservoir situated in its course were selected. These catchments were located in residential areas with single-family houses or blocks of flats as well as industrial areas, i.e., a car factory, a glassworks and showroom as well as the parking lots of a car dealer and servicing company. In addn. to the five stations situated in the vicinity of the stormwater outlets, three stations not directly influenced by stormwater were also established. Macroinvertebrates were sampled in every season, four times per yr. Both abundance and biomass were assessed. Stormwater from industrial areas assocd. with cars, whose catchments showed a high percentage of impervious areas, had the greatest impact on benthic macroinvertebrates. This was due to a large amt. of stormwater and its contamination, including heavy metals. Stormwater outflow from residential multi-family houses exerted the least influence. Macroinvertebrates in the water reservoir were found to undergo more extensive changes than those in the river. The cascade of four reservoirs resulted in a marked improvement of water quality in the river, which was confirmed by species compn., abundance and biomass of macroinvertebrates and indicators calcd. on their basis for the stations below the cascade in comparison to the stations above and in the first reservoir. These reservoirs replaced constructed wetlands or other measures, which should be undertaken for stormwater management prior to its discharge into urban rivers and other water bodies.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXjvVKrug%253D%253D&md5=0a3ec7356b7977b28e78a2099c683fc0
  20. 20
    Pratt, J. M.; Coler, R. A.; Godfrey, P. J. Ecological Effects of Urban Stormwater Runoff on Benthic Macroinvertebrates Inhabiting the Green River, Massachusetts. Hydrobiologia 1981, 83, 29– 42,  DOI: 10.1007/BF02187149
    [Crossref], Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  21. 21
    Ma, Y.; Liu, A.; Egodawatta, P.; McGree, J.; Goonetilleke, A. Assessment and Management of Human Health Risk from Toxic Metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Stormwater Arising from Anthropogenic Activities and Traffic Congestion. Sci. Total Environ. 2017, 579, 202– 211,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.015
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    22
    Assessment and management of human health risk from toxic metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban stormwater arising from anthropogenic activities and traffic congestion
    Ma, Yukun; Liu, An; Egodawatta, Prasanna; McGree, James; Goonetilleke, Ashantha
    Science of the Total Environment (2017), 579 (), 202-211CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)
    Toxic metals (TM) and polycyclic arom. hydrocarbons (PAH) in urban storm water pose a human health risk, thereby constraining its reuse potential. Based on a hypothesis that storm water quality is primarily affected by anthropogenic activities and traffic congestion, this work analyzed the human health risk from TM and PAH in urban storm water and develop a quant. risk assessment model for same. Results showed anthropogenic activities and traffic congestion affect the risk from TM and PAH in storm water from com. and residential areas. Motor vehicle-related businesses (FVS) and traffic congestion (TC) were identified as two parameters which must be included as independent variables to improve the model. Based on study outcomes, approaches to mitigate risk assocd. with TM and PAH in urban storm water are discussed. Also, a road map is presented to assess and manage risk from these pollutants. Study outcomes are expected to contribute to reduce human health risk assocd. with urban storm water pollution and enhance its reuse potential.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhvVKqtr3I&md5=27f781c724b1093c66681027f49180c5
  22. 22
    Haile, R. W.; Witte, J. S.; Gold, M.; Cressey, R.; McGee, C.; Millikan, R. C.; Glasser, A.; Harawa, N.; Ervin, C.; Harmon, P. The Health Effects of Swimming in Ocean Water Contaminated by Storm Drain Runoff. Epidemiology 1999, 10 (4), 355– 363,  DOI: 10.1097/00001648-199907000-00004
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    20
    The health effects of swimming in ocean water contaminated by storm drain runoff
    Haile R W; Witte J S; Gold M; Cressey R; McGee C; Millikan R C; Glasser A; Harawa N; Ervin C; Harmon P; Harper J; Dermand J; Alamillo J; Barrett K; Nides M; Wang G
    Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) (1999), 10 (4), 355-63 ISSN:1044-3983.
    Waters adjacent to the County of Los Angeles (CA) receive untreated runoff from a series of storm drains year round. Many other coastal areas face a similar situation. To our knowledge, there has not been a large-scale epidemiologic study of persons who swim in marine waters subject to such runoff. We report here results of a cohort study conducted to investigate this issue. Measures of exposure included distance from the storm drain, selected bacterial indicators (total and fecal coliforms, enterococci, and Escherichia coli), and a direct measure of enteric viruses. We found higher risks of a broad range of symptoms, including both upper respiratory and gastrointestinal, for subjects swimming (a) closer to storm drains, (b) in water with high levels of single bacterial indicators and a low ratio of total to fecal coliforms, and (c) in water where enteric viruses were detected. The strength and consistency of the associations we observed across various measures of exposure imply that there may be an increased risk of adverse health outcomes associated with swimming in ocean water that is contaminated with untreated urban runoff.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADyaK1MzivVaqtw%253D%253D&md5=2bb33bfb115361ccdc5bae89f1df7401
  23. 23
    Ma, Y.; Egodawatta, P.; McGree, J.; Liu, A.; Goonetilleke, A. Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Urban Stormwater. Sci. Total Environ. 2016, 557–558, 764– 772,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.067
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    21
    Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in urban stormwater
    Ma, Yukun; Egodawatta, Prasanna; McGree, James; Liu, An; Goonetilleke, Ashantha
    Science of the Total Environment (2016), 557-558 (), 764-772CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)
    Toxic chem. pollutants such as heavy metals (HMs) are commonly present in urban stormwater. These pollutants can pose a significant risk to human health and hence a significant barrier for urban stormwater reuse. The aim was to develop an approach for quant. assessing the risk to human health due to the presence of HMs in stormwater. This approach will lead to informed decision making in relation to risk management of urban stormwater reuse, enabling efficient implementation of appropriate treatment strategies. Here, risks to human health from heavy metals were assessed as hazard index (HI) and quantified as a function of traffic and land use related parameters. Traffic and land use are the primary factors influencing heavy metal loads in the urban environment. The risks posed by heavy metals assocd. with total solids and fine solids (<150 μm) were considered to represent the max. and min. risk levels, resp. The study outcomes confirmed that Cr, Mn and Pb pose the highest risks, although these elements are generally present in low concns. The study also found that even though the presence of a single heavy metal does not pose a significant risk, the presence of multiple heavy metals could be detrimental to human health. These findings suggest that stormwater guidelines should consider the combined risk from multiple heavy metals rather than the threshold concn. of an individual species. It was found that risk to human health from heavy metals in stormwater is significantly influenced by traffic vol. and the risk assocd. with stormwater from industrial areas is generally higher than that from com. and residential areas.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XlsVWksb4%253D&md5=16bf20346a495ef3498d0035ac7e2a2b
  24. 24
    Soller, J.; Bartrand, T.; Ravenscroft, J.; Molina, M.; Whelan, G.; Schoen, M.; Ashbolt, N. Estimated Human Health Risks from Recreational Exposures to Stormwater Runoff Containing Animal Faecal Material. Environ. Model. Softw. 2015, 72, 21– 32,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envsoft.2015.05.018
    [Crossref], Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  25. 25
    Young, A.; Kochenkov, V.; McIntyre, J. K.; Stark, J. D.; Coffin, A. B. Urban Stormwater Runoff Negatively Impacts Lateral Line Development in Larval Zebrafish and Salmon Embryos. Sci. Rep. 2018, 8, 2830,  DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21209-z
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    25
    Urban stormwater runoff negatively impacts lateral line development in larval zebrafish and salmon embryos
    Young Alexander; Kochenkov Valentin; Coffin Allison B; Young Alexander; McIntyre Jenifer K; Stark John D; Coffin Allison B
    Scientific reports (2018), 8 (1), 2830 ISSN:.
    After a storm, water often runs off of impervious urban surfaces directly into aquatic ecosystems. This stormwater runoff is a cocktail of toxicants that have serious effects on the ecological integrity of aquatic habitats. Zebrafish that develop in stormwater runoff suffer from cardiovascular toxicity and impaired growth, but the effects of stormwater on fish sensory systems are not understood. Our study investigated the effect of stormwater on hair cells of the lateral line in larval zebrafish and coho salmon. Our results showed that although toxicants in stormwater did not kill zebrafish hair cells, these cells did experience damage. Zebrafish developing in stormwater also experienced impaired growth, fewer neuromasts in the lateral line, and fewer hair cells per neuromast. A similar reduction in neuromast number was observed in coho salmon reared in stormwater. Bioretention treatment, intended to filter out harmful constituents of stormwater, rescued the lateral line defects in zebrafish but not in coho salmon, suggesting that not all of the harmful constituents were removed by the filtration media and that salmonids are particularly sensitive to aquatic toxicants. Collectively, these data demonstrate that sub-lethal exposure to stormwater runoff negatively impacts a fish sensory system, which may have consequences for organismal fitness.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC1MrgslSktA%253D%253D&md5=7ac0cccded419abfbbe97ca834afb394
  26. 26
    Datry, T.; Malard, F.; Gibert, J. Dynamics of Solutes and Dissolved Oxygen in Shallow Urban Groundwater below a Stormwater Infiltration Basin. Sci. Total Environ. 2004, 329 (1–3), 215– 229,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.02.022
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    26
    Dynamics of solutes and dissolved oxygen in shallow urban groundwater below a stormwater infiltration basin
    Datry, T.; Malard, F.; Gibert, J.
    Science of the Total Environment (2004), 329 (1-3), 215-229CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier Science Ltd.)
    Artificial recharge of urban aquifers with stormwater has been used extensively in urban areas to dispose of stormwater and compensate for reduced groundwater recharge. However, stormwater-derived sediments accumulating in infiltration beds may act as a source of dissolved contaminants for groundwater. Concns. of hydrocarbons, heavy metals, nutrients and dissolved O (DO) were monitored at multiple depths in shallow groundwater below a stormwater infiltration basin retaining large amts. of contaminated org. sediments. Multilevel wells and multiparameter loggers were used to examine changes in groundwater chem. occurring over small spatial and temporal scales. Rainfall events produced a plume of low-salinity stormwater in the 1st 2 m below the groundwater table, thereby generating steep vertical physico-chem. gradients that resorbed during dry weather. Heavy metals and hydrocarbons were below ref. concns. in groundwater and aquifer sediments, indicating that they remained adsorbed onto the bed sediments. However, mineralization of org. sediments was the most probable cause of elevated concns. of phosphate and DOC in groundwater. DO supply in groundwater was severely limited by bed respiration which increased with temp. Cold winter stormwater slightly re-oxygenated groundwater, whereas warm summer stormwater lowered DO concns. in groundwater. Among several results provided here, it is recommended for management purposes that infiltration practices should minimize the contact between inflow stormwater and org. sediments retained in infiltration basins.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2cXlvVWmt7c%253D&md5=50513719100c7cfe74162354fa8ace41
  27. 27
    Edwards, E. C.; Harter, T.; Fogg, G. E.; Washburn, B.; Hamad, H. Assessing the Effectiveness of Drywells as Tools for Stormwater Management and Aquifer Recharge and Their Groundwater Contamination Potential. J. Hydrol. 2016, 539, 539– 553,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.05.059
    [Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar
    27
    Assessing the effectiveness of drywells as tools for stormwater management and aquifer recharge and their groundwater contamination potential
    Edwards, Emily C.; Harter, Thomas; Fogg, Graham E.; Washburn, Barbara; Hamad, Hamad
    Journal of Hydrology (Amsterdam, Netherlands) (2016), 539 (), 539-553CODEN: JHYDA7; ISSN:0022-1694. (Elsevier B.V.)
    Drywells are gravity-fed, excavated pits with perforated casings used to facilitate stormwater infiltration and groundwater recharge in areas where drainage and diversion of storm flows is problematic. Historically, drywells have predominantly been used as a form of stormwater management in locations that receive high vols. of pptn.; however the use of drywells is increasingly being evaluated as a method to supplement groundwater recharge, esp. in areas facing severe drought. Studies have shown that drywells can be an effective means to increase recharge to aquifers; however, the potential for groundwater contamination caused by polluted stormwater runoff bypassing transport through surface soil and near surface sediment has prevented more widespread use of drywells as a recharge mechanism. Numerous studies have shown that groundwater and drinking water contamination from drywells can be avoided if drywells are used in appropriate locations and properly maintained. The effectiveness of drywells for aquifer recharge depends on the hydrogeol. setting and land use surrounding a site, as well as influent stormwater quantity and quality. These parameters may be informed for a specific drywell site through geol. and hydrol. characterization and adequate monitoring of stormwater and groundwater quality.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XpsF2ls7s%253D&md5=a3c6a5dd40cfaec6eb72a74fe7718371
  28. 28
    Fischer, D.; Charles, E. G.; Baehr, A. L. Effects of Stormwater Infiltration on Quality of Groundwater Beneath Retention and Detention Basins. J. Environ. Eng. 2003, 129 (5), 464– 471,  DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2003)129:5(464)
    [Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar
    28
    Effects of Stormwater Infiltration on Quality of Groundwater Beneath Retention and Detention Basins
    Fischer, David; Charles, Emmanuel G.; Baehr, Arthur L.
    Journal of Environmental Engineering (Reston, VA, United States) (2003), 129 (5), 464-471CODEN: JOEEDU; ISSN:0733-9372. (American Society of Civil Engineers)
    Infiltration of stormwater through detention and retention basins may increase the risk of groundwater contamination, esp. in areas where the soil is sandy and the water table shallow, and contaminants may not have a chance to degrade or sorb onto soil particles before reaching the satd. zone. Groundwater from 16 monitoring wells installed in basins in southern New Jersey was compared to the quality of shallow groundwater from 30 wells in areas of new-urban land use. Basin groundwater contained much lower levels of dissolved O, which affected concns. of major ions. Patterns of volatile org. compd. and pesticide occurrence in basin groundwater reflected the land use in the drainage areas served by the basins, and differed from patterns in background samples, exhibiting a greater occurrence of petroleum hydrocarbons and certain pesticides. Diln. effects and volatilization likely decrease the concn. and detection frequency of certain compds. commonly found in background groundwater. High recharge rates in stormwater basins may cause loading factors to be substantial even when constituent concns. in infiltrating stormwater are relatively low.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD3sXjtVehsLs%253D&md5=48d803e79f7f9070c616ae872b9b90d7
  29. 29
    Lewellyn, C.; Lyons, C. E.; Traver, R. G.; Wadzuk, B. M. Evaluation of Seasonal and Large Storm Runoff Volume Capture of an Infiltration Green Infrastructure System. J. Hydrol. Eng. 2016, 21 (1), 04015047  DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0001257
    [Crossref], Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  30. 30
    Mrowiec, M. Road Runoff Management Using Improved Infiltration Ponds. Transp. Res. Procedia 2016, 14, 2659– 2667,  DOI: 10.1016/j.trpro.2016.05.435
    [Crossref], Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  31. 31
    Pitt, R.; Clark, S.; Field, R. Groundwater Contamination Potential from Stormwater Infiltration Practices. Urban Water 1999, 1 (3), 217– 236,  DOI: 10.1016/S1462-0758(99)00014-X
    [Crossref], Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  32. 32
    Tedoldi, D.; Chebbo, G.; Pierlot, D.; Branchu, P.; Kovacs, Y.; Gromaire, M. C. Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in the Surface Soil of Source-Control Stormwater Infiltration Devices – Inter-Site Comparison. Sci. Total Environ. 2017, 579, 881– 892,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.226
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    32
    Spatial distribution of heavy metals in the surface soil of source-control stormwater infiltration devices - Inter-site comparison
    Tedoldi, Damien; Chebbo, Ghassan; Pierlot, Daniel; Branchu, Philippe; Kovacs, Yves; Gromaire, Marie-Christine
    Science of the Total Environment (2017), 579 (), 881-892CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)
    Stormwater runoff infiltration brings about some concerns regarding its potential impact on both soil and groundwater quality; besides, the fate of contaminants in source-control devices somewhat suffers from a lack of documentation. The present study was dedicated to assessing the spatial distribution of three heavy metals (copper, lead, zinc) in the surface soil of ten small-scale infiltration facilities, along with several phys. parameters (soil moisture, volatile matter, variable thickness of the upper horizon). High-resoln. samplings and in-situ measurements were undertaken, followed by X-ray fluorescence analyses and spatial interpolation. Highest metal accumulation was found in a relatively narrow area near the water inflow zone, from which concns. markedly decreased with increasing distance. Maximum enrichment ratios amounted to > 20 in the most contaminated sites. Heavy metal patterns give a time-integrated vision of the non-uniform infiltration fluxes, sedimentation processes and surface flow pathways within the devices. This element indicates that the lateral extent of contamination is mainly controlled by hydraulics. The evidenced spatial structure of soil concns. restricts the area where remediation measures would be necessary in these systems, and suggests possible optimization of their hydraulic functioning towards an easier maintenance. Heterogeneous upper boundary conditions should be taken into account when studying the fate of micropollutants in infiltration facilities with either math. modeling or soil coring field surveys.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhvFCgt7vJ&md5=32962b3da2ac7819fa24eef3ba2fe403
  33. 33
    Tedoldi, D.; Chebbo, G.; Pierlot, D.; Kovacs, Y.; Gromaire, M. C. Impact of Runoff Infiltration on Contaminant Accumulation and Transport in the Soil/Filter Media of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems: A Literature Review. Sci. Total Environ. 2016, 569–570, 904– 926,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.215
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    33
    Impact of runoff infiltration on contaminant accumulation and transport in the soil/filter media of sustainable urban drainage systems: A literature review
    Tedoldi, Damien; Chebbo, Ghassan; Pierlot, Daniel; Kovacs, Yves; Gromaire, Marie-Christine
    Science of the Total Environment (2016), 569-570 (), 904-926CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)
    A review is given. The increasing use of sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) for stormwater management raises some concerns about the fate of ubiquitous runoff micropollutants in soils and their potential threat to groundwater. This question may be addressed either exptl., by sampling and analyzing SUDS soil after a given operating time, or with a modeling approach to simulate the fate and transport of contaminants. After briefly reminding the processes responsible for the retention, degrdn., or leaching of several urban-sourced contaminants in soils, this paper presents the state of the art about both exptl. and modeling assessments. In spite of noteworthy differences in the sampling protocols, the soil parameters chosen as explanatory variables, and the methods used to evaluate the site-specific initial concns., most studies undoubtedly evidenced a significant accumulation of metals and/or hydrocarbons in SUDS soils, which in the majority of the cases appears to be restricted to the upper 10-30 cm. These results may suggest that SUDS exhibit an interesting potential for pollution control, but antinomic observations have also been made in several specific cases, and the inter-site concn. variability is still difficult to appraise. There seems to be no consensus regarding the level of complexity to be used in models. However, the available data deriving from exptl. studies is generally limited to the contamination profiles and a few parameters of the soil, as a result of which complex models (including colloid-facilitated transport for example) appear to be difficult to validate before using them for predictive evaluations.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhtFyhs77J&md5=b605ca4e15ba60c44c5d471439274f0e
  34. 34
    Luthy, R. G.; Sharvelle, S.; Dillon, P. Urban Stormwater to Enhance Water Supply. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019, 53, 5534,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05913
    [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar
    34
    Urban Stormwater to Enhance Water Supply
    Luthy, Richard G.; Sharvelle, Sybil; Dillon, Peter
    Environmental Science & Technology (2019), 53 (10), 5534-5542CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
    A review. The capture, treatment, and recharge of urban runoff can augment water supplies for water-scarce cities. This article describes trends in urban stormwater capture for potable water supply using examples from the U.S. and Australia. In water-limited climates, water supply potential exists for large scale stormwater harvesting and recharge, such as neighborhood-scale and larger projects. The beneficial use of urban stormwater to meet nonpotable water demands has been successfully demonstrated in the U.S. and internationally. However, in terms of potable water use in the U.S., the lack of a regulatory framework and uncertainty in treatment and water quality targets are barriers to wide-scale adoption of urban stormwater for recharge, which is not so evident in Australia. More data on urban stormwater quality, particularly with respect to pathogens and polar org. contaminants, are needed to better inform treatment requirements. New technologies hold promise for improved operation and treatment, but must be demonstrated in field trials. Stormwater treatment systems may be needed for large-scale recharge in highly urbanized areas where source control is challenging. The co-benefits of water supply, urban amenities, and pollution redn. are important for financing, public acceptance and implementation-but are rarely quantified.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXksVKlsbk%253D&md5=6a360897261f7cfa458d97dd24f169fd
  35. 35
    Center for Watershed Protection. National Pollutant Removal Performance Database, http://www.stormwaterok.net/CWP%20Documents/CWP-07%20Natl%20Pollutant%20Removal%20Perform%20Database.pdf (accessed September 20, 2018).
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  36. 36
    Homer, C.; Dewitz, J.; Yang, L.; Jin, S.; Danielson, P.; Xian, G.; Coulston, J. W.; Herold, N.; Wickham, J.; Megown, K. Completion of the 2011 National Land Cover Database for the Conterminous United States - Representing a Decade of Land Cover Change Information. Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sensing 2015, 81, 345– 354
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  37. 37
    Wilde, F. D., Radtke, D. B., Gibs, J., Iwatsubo, R. T., Eds. Processing of Water Samples (ver. 2.2). In U.S. Geological Survey Techniques for Water Resources Investigations, Book 9, Section A, Chapter A5; U.S. Geological Survey, 2002; p 166.
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  38. 38
    Furlong, E. T.; Kanagy, C. J.; Kanagy, L. K.; Coffey, L. J.; Burkhardt, M. R. Determination of Human-Use Pharmaceuticals in Filtered Water by Direct Aqueous Injection–High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry. In U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods; Book 5, Section B, Chapter B10, U.S. Geological Survey, 2014; DOI: 10.3133/tm5B10 .
    [Crossref], Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  39. 39
    Foreman, W. T.; Gray, J. L.; ReVello, R. C.; Lindley, C. E.; Losche, S. A.; Barber, L. B. Determination of Steroid Hormones and Related Compounds in Filtered and Unfiltered Water by Solid-Phase Extraction, Derivatization, and Gas Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry. In U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, Book 5, Chapter B9; U.S. Geological Survey, 2012; DOI: 10.3133/tm5B9 .
    [Crossref], Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  40. 40
    Zaugg, S. D.; Smith, S. G.; Schroeder, M. P.; Barber, L. B.; Burkhardt, M. R. Determination of Wastewater Compounds by Polystyrene-Divinylbenzene Solid-Phase Extraction and Capillary-Column Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. In U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, Book 5, Chapter B2; U.S. Geological Survey, 2006.
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  41. 41
    Hladik, M. L.; Smalling, K. L.; Kuivila, K. M. A Multi-Residue Method for the Analysis of Pesticides and Pesticide Degradates in Water Using HLB Solid-Phase Extraction and Gas Chromatography-Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2008, 80 (2), 139– 144,  DOI: 10.1007/s00128-007-9332-2
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    41
    A Multi-residue Method for the Analysis of Pesticides and Pesticide Degradates in Water Using HLB Solid-phase Extraction and Gas Chromatography-Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry
    Hladik, Michelle L.; Smalling, Kelly L.; Kuivila, Kathryn M.
    Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (2008), 80 (2), 139-144CODEN: BECTA6; ISSN:0007-4861. (Springer)
    A method was developed for the anal. of >60 pesticides and degradates in water by HLB solid-phase extn. and gas-chromatog./mass spectrometry. Method recoveries and detection limits were detd. using 2 surface waters with different dissolved org. C (DOC) concns. In the lower DOC water, recoveries and detection limits were 80-108% and 1-12 ng/L, resp. In the higher DOC water, the detection limits were slightly higher (1-15 ng/L). Surface water samples from 4 sites were analyzed and 14 pesticides were detected with concns. 4-1200 ng/L.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1cXivFWgu7Y%253D&md5=63ba5e7ee8905d86e64612131792f9ea
  42. 42
    Hladik, M. L.; Calhoun, D. Analysis of the Herbicide Diuron, Three Diuron Degradates, and Six Neonicotinoid Insecticides in Water—Method Details and Application to Two Georgia Streams. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012–5206; U.S. Geological Survey, 2012.
    [Crossref], Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  43. 43
    Fishman, M. J. Methods of Analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory; Determination of Inorganic and Organic Constituents in Water and Fluvial Sediments, Open-File Report 93-125, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993.
    [Crossref], Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  44. 44
    De Wild, J. F.; Olson, M. L.; Olund, S. D. Determination of Methyl Mercury by Aqueous Phase Ethylation, Followed by Gas Chromatographic Separation with Cold Vapor Atomic Fluorescene Detection, Open-File Report 01-445, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002.
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  45. 45
    Masoner, J. R.; Kolpin, D. W.; Furlong, E. T.; Cozzarelli, I. M.; Gray, J. L.; Schwab, E. A. Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Fresh Leachate from Landfills in the Conterminous United States. Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts 2014, 16 (10), 2335– 2354,  DOI: 10.1039/C4EM00124A
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    45
    Contaminants of emerging concern in fresh leachate from landfills in the conterminous United States
    Masoner, Jason R.; Kolpin, Dana W.; Furlong, Edward T.; Cozzarelli, Isabelle M.; Gray, James L.; Schwab, Eric A.
    Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts (2014), 16 (10), 2335-2354CODEN: ESPICZ; ISSN:2050-7895. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
    To better understand the compn. of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in landfill leachate, fresh leachate from 19 landfills was sampled across the United States during 2011. The sampled network included 12 municipal and 7 private landfills with varying landfill waste compns., geog. and climatic settings, ages of waste, waste loads, and leachate prodn. A total of 129 out of 202 CECs were detected during this study, including 62 prescription pharmaceuticals, 23 industrial chems., 18 nonprescription pharmaceuticals, 16 household chems., 6 steroid hormones, and 4 plant/animal sterols. CECs were detected in every leachate sample, with the total no. of detected CECs in samples ranging from 6 to 82 (median = 31). Bisphenol A (BPA), cotinine, and N,N-diethyltoluamide (DEET) were the most frequently detected CECs, being found in 95% of the leachate samples, followed by lidocaine (89%) and camphor (84%). Other frequently detected CECs included benzophenone, naphthalene, and amphetamine, each detected in 79% of the leachate samples. CEC concns. spanned six orders of magnitude, ranging from ng L-1 to mg L-1. Industrial and household chems. were measured in the greatest concns., composing more than 82% of the total measured CEC concns. Maximum concns. for three household and industrial chems., para-cresol (7 020 000 ng L-1), BPA (6 380 000 ng L-1), and phenol (1 550 000 ng L-1), were the largest measured, with these CECs composing 70% of the total measured CEC concns. Nonprescription pharmaceuticals represented 12%, plant/animal sterols 4%, prescription pharmaceuticals 1%, and steroid hormones <1% of the total measured CEC concns. Leachate from landfills in areas receiving greater amts. of pptn. had greater frequencies of CEC detections and concns. in leachate than landfills receiving less pptn.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhtlClu7vJ&md5=12861f999d8565a1325a18fb3245de16
  46. 46
    Barber, L. B.; Paschke, S. S.; Battaglin, W. A.; Douville, C.; Fitzgerald, K. C.; Keefe, S. H.; Roth, D. A.; Vajda, A. M. Effects of an Extreme Flood on Trace Elements in River Water—From Urban Stream to Major River Basin. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51, 10344,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01767
    [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar
    46
    Effects of an Extreme Flood on Trace Elements in River Water-From Urban Stream to Major River Basin
    Barber, Larry B.; Paschke, Suzanne S.; Battaglin, William A.; Douville, Chris; Fitzgerald, Kevin C.; Keefe, Steffanie H.; Roth, David A.; Vajda, Alan M.
    Environmental Science & Technology (2017), 51 (18), 10344-10356CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
    Major floods adversely affect water quality through surface runoff, groundwater discharge, and damage to municipal water infrastructure. Despite their importance, it can be difficult to assess the effects of floods on streamwater chem. because of challenges collecting samples and the absence of baseline data. This study documents water quality during the Sept. 2013 extreme flood in the South Platte River, Colorado, USA. Weekly time-series water samples were collected from 3 urban source waters (municipal tap water, streamwater, and wastewater treatment facility effluent) under normal-flow and flood conditions. In addn., water samples were collected during the flood at 5 locations along the South Platte River and from 7 tributaries along the Colorado Front Range. Samples were analyzed for 54 major and trace elements. Specific chem. tracers, representing different natural and anthropogenic sources and geochem. behaviors, were used to compare streamwater compn. before and during the flood. The results differentiate hydrol. processes that affected water quality: (1) in the upper watershed, runoff dild. most dissolved constituents, (2) in the urban corridor and lower watershed, runoff mobilized sol. constituents accumulated on the landscape and contributed to stream loading, and (3) flood-induced groundwater discharge mobilized sol. constituents stored in the vadose zone.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhsVWmtb3I&md5=797345a2fea898d6c38c61d54b8c4a52
  47. 47
    U.S. EPA. Method 1631: Mercury in Water by Oxidation, Purge and Trap, and Cold Vapor Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry, Document 821-R-96-012, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2002.
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  48. 48
    Révész, K.; Coplen, T. B. Determination of the d(18O/16O) of Water: RSIL Lab Code 489. In Methods of the Reston Stable Isotope Laboratory, Book 10, Section C, Chapter 2, U.S. Geological Survey; 2008; p 28.
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  49. 49
    Révész, K.; Coplen, T. B. Determination of the δ(2H/1H) of Water: RSIL Lab Code 1574. In Methods of the Reston Stable Isotope Laboratory, Book 10, Section C, Chapter 2, U.S. Geological Survey, 2008; p 27.
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  50. 50
    Jaeschke, J. B.; Cozzarelli, I. M.; Masoner, J. R.; Fleger, K. L. Geochemical Composition of Urban Stormwater Runoff Within the Conterminous United States from Samples Collected in 2016–2017 , U.S. Geological Survey data release, 2018; DOI: 10.5066/P9Q7MD9J .
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  51. 51
    Keefe, S. H.; Barber, L. B.; Roth, D. A.; Masoner, J. R.; Bradley, P. M.; Kolpin, D. W. Survey of Major and Trace Elements in Stormwater Runoff from across the United States, 2016 to 2017 , U.S. Geological Survey data release, 2018; DOI: 10.5066/P90YU8VB .
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  52. 52
    Bojes, H. K.; Pope, P. G. Characterization of EPA’s 16 Priority Pollutant Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Tank Bottom Solids and Associated Contaminated Soils at Oil Exploration and Production Sites in Texas. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2007, 47 (3), 288– 295,  DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2006.11.007
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    52
    Characterization of EPA's 16 priority pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in tank bottom solids and associated contaminated soils at oil exploration and production sites in Texas
    Bojes, Heidi K.; Pope, Peter G.
    Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology (2007), 47 (3), 288-295CODEN: RTOPDW; ISSN:0273-2300. (Elsevier B.V.)
    The purpose of this study was to det. the concn. and types of polycyclic arom. hydrocarbons (PAHs), a group of environmentally toxic and persistent chems., at contaminated oil exploration and prodn. (E&P) sites located in environmentally sensitive and geog. distinct areas throughout Texas. Samples of tank bottom solids, the oily sediment that collects at the bottom of the tanks, were collected from inactive crude oil storage tanks at E&P sites and hydrocarbon contaminated soil samples were collected from the area surrounding each tank that was sampled. All samples were analyzed for the 16 PAH priority pollutant listed by US EPA and for total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH). The results demonstrate that overall av. PAH concns. were significantly higher in tank bottom solids than in contaminated soils. Total PAH concns. decreased predictably with diminishing hydrocarbon concns.; but the percent fraction of carcinogenic PAHs per total measured PAH content increased from approx. 12% in tank bottom solids to about 46% in the contaminated soils. These results suggest that the PAH content found in tank bottom solids cannot reliably be used to predict the PAH content in assocd. contaminated soil. Comparison of PAHs to conservative risk-based screening levels for direct exposure to soil and leaching from soil to groundwater indicate that PAHs are not likely to exceed default risk-based thresholds in soils contg. TPH of 1% (10,000 mg/kg) or less. These results show that the magnitude of TPH concn. may be a useful indicator of potential risk from PAHs in crude oil-contaminated soils. The results also provide credibility to the 1% (10,000 mg/kg) TPH cleanup level, used in Texas as a default management level at E&P sites located in non-sensitive areas, with respect to PAH toxicity.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2sXjtFGqtLY%253D&md5=3b9b981c32b6abe9233a40be7a84dec8
  53. 53
    Lyons, B. P.; Pascoe, C. K.; McFadzen, I. R. B. Phototoxicity of Pyrene and Benzo[a]Pyrene to Embryo-Larval Stages of the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea Gigas. Mar. Environ. Res. 2002, 54 (3), 627– 631,  DOI: 10.1016/S0141-1136(02)00124-1
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    53
    Phototoxicity of pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene to embryo-larval stages of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas
    Lyons, B. P.; Pascoe, C. K.; McFadzen, I. R. B.
    Marine Environmental Research (2002), 54 (3-5), 627-631CODEN: MERSDW; ISSN:0141-1136. (Elsevier Science Ltd.)
    There is a growing body of evidence to suggest that certain polycyclic arom. hydrocarbons (PAHs) pose a greater hazard to aquatic organisms than previously demonstrated, due to their potential to cause photo-induced toxicity when exposed to UV radiation. The consequences of photo-induced toxicity are reported here for embryo-larval stages of the Pacific oyster, C. gigas, following exposure to pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene. During lab. investigations, significant increases in toxicity were obsd. in the presence of environmentally attainable levels of UV radiation, compared with embryos exposed to PAH alone, at levels previously deemed to have little acute biol. effect. The phototoxicity of pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene completely inhibited the development to the D-shell larval stage when embryos were simultaneously exposed to 5 μg L-1 PAH and UV light (UVB = 6.3 ± 0.1 μW/cm2 and UVA = 456.2 ± 55 μW/cm2). A linear relation was also demonstrated for benzo[a]pyrene phototoxicity with decreasing UV light intensity.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD38Xmsl2ntrw%253D&md5=a8884876c5e45919d99c514321b5cd48
  54. 54
    Douben, P. E. T. PAHs: An Ecotoxicological Perspective; John Wiley & Sons Ltd.: West Suxxex, England, 2003.
    [Crossref], Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  55. 55
    Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicological Profile for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp.asp?id=122&tid=25 (accessed April 14, 2019).
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  56. 56
    van Brummelen, T. C.; van Hattum, A. G. M.; Crommentuijn, T.; Kalf, D. F. Bioavailability and Ecotoxicity of PAHs. In The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 3, Part J: PAHs and Related Compounds; Springer-Verlag, 1998; pp 203– 263.
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  57. 57
    Ireland, D. S.; Burton, G. A., Jr.; Hess, G. G. In Situ Toxicity Evaluations of Turbidity and Photoinduction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1996, 15 (4), 574– 581,  DOI: 10.1002/etc.5620150424
    [Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar
    57
    In situ toxicity evaluations of turbidity and photoinduction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
    Ireland, D. Scott; Burton, G. Allen, Jr.; Hess, George G.
    Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (1996), 15 (4), 574-81CODEN: ETOCDK; ISSN:0730-7268. (SETAC Press)
    Polycyclic arom. hydrocarbons (PAHs) are prevalent pollutants in the aquatic environment that can cause a wide range of toxic effects. Earlier studies have shown that toxicity of PAHs can be enhanced by UV radiation. In situ and lab. exposures with Ceriodaphnia dubia were used to evaluate photoinduced toxicity of PAHs in wet-weather runoff and in turbid conditions. Exposure to UV increased the toxicity of PAH-contaminated sediment to C. dubia. Toxicity was removed when UV wavelengths did not penetrate the water column to the exposed organisms. A significant correlation was obsd. between in situ C. dubia survival and turbidity when organisms were exposed to sunlight. Storm water runoff samples exhibited an increase in chronic toxicity (reprodn.) to C. dubia when exposed to UV wavelengths as compared to C. dubia not exposed to UV wavelengths. Toxicity was reduced significantly in the presence of UV radiation when the org. fraction of storm water runoff was removed. The PAHs are bound to the sediment and resuspended into the water column once the sediment is disturbed (e.g., during a storm). The in situ and lab. results showed that photoinduced toxicity occurred frequently during low flow conditions and wet weather runoff and was reduced in turbid conditions.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaK28XitVClsbo%253D&md5=b1bccca3adbfe28c07f9afee62d31de2
  58. 58
    Diamond, S. A.; Milroy, N. J.; Mattson, V. R.; Heinis, L. J.; Mount, D. R. Photoactivated Toxicity in Amphipods Collected from Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Sites. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2003, 22, 2752– 2760
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    58
    Photoactivated toxicity in amphipods collected from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated sites
    Diamond, Stephen A.; Milroy, Nicholas J.; Mattson, Vincent R.; Heinis, Larry J.; Mount, David R.
    Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (2003), 22 (11), 2752-2760CODEN: ETOCDK; ISSN:0730-7268. (SETAC Press)
    To document risk, amphipods (Gammarus spp.) were collected from 2 polycyclic arom. hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated sites in the lower St. Louis River and Duluth Harbor, USA (Hog Island and USX) as well as a ref. site (Chipmunk Cove) and were exposed in 2 sep., replicate tests to controlled intensities of solar radiation for 3 days. Contaminated site organisms died significantly faster compared to control site organisms. In all tests, mortality was strongly related to UV-A (320-400 nm) dose. UV-B (280-320 nm) radiation did not increase mortality. To compare susceptibility among populations, regressions of arcsine-transformed, proportionate mortality vs. UV dose were completed for each, and the slopes were statistically compared. Response slopes for the 2 contaminated site populations were both significantly greater than the ref. site population (p =0.0001 for test 1 and 0.0002 for test 2). These results indicate that organisms residing in PAH-contaminated environments can accumulate PAH concns. sufficient to be at risk for photoactivated toxicity. Although amphipods are not typically at risk of PAH-photoactivated toxicity because they are largely protected from exposure to sunlight, they are representative surrogates for species that may be similarly protected at some life stages (and thus able to accumulate significant PAH tissue concns.) but not at others.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD3sXotFOgsLk%253D&md5=a99666343eefa253712f95f873c7a70b
  59. 59
    Douben, P. E. T. Assessing Risks from Photoactivated Toxicity of PAHs to Aquatic Organisms. In PAHs: Ecotoxicological Perspective; Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, 2003; pp 275– 296.
    [Crossref], Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  60. 60
    Bryer, P. J.; Elliott, J. N.; Willingham, E. J. The Effects of Coal Tar Based Pavement Sealer on Amphibian Development and Metamorphosis. Ecotoxicology 2006, 15, 241– 247,  DOI: 10.1007/s10646-005-0055-z
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    60
    The effects of coal tar based pavement sealer on amphibian development and metamorphosis
    Bryer Pamela J; Elliott Jan N; Willingham Emily J
    Ecotoxicology (London, England) (2006), 15 (3), 241-7 ISSN:0963-9292.
    Coal tar based pavement sealers are applied regularly to parking lots and contain significant levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Recently a connection between elevated levels of PAHs in streams and storm water runoff from parking lots has been identified. We tested the hypothesis that coal tar based pavement sealers could alter the survival, growth, and development of amphibians using a model species, Xenopus laevis. Ten fertilized individuals were placed singly into containers containing one of four treatment groups: control, low, medium, and high (respective nominal concentrations 0, 3, 30, and 300 ppm TPAH). All of the individuals in the high exposure group died by the sixth day of exposure. By day 14 there were significant patterns of stunted growth (p<0.0001) and slower development (p=0.006) in the medium and high exposure groups relative to the control and low treatment groups. When the experiment ended on day 52 the control and low-dose individuals had achieved more advanced developmental stages than the medium group (p=0.0007). These data indicate that these commonly used coal tar based pavement sealers may potentially affect the amphibian taxa living in areas that receive storm water runoff.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BD28zitlSqsQ%253D%253D&md5=9f391d5406a754db25006b7d98e836a4
  61. 61
    Bommarito, T.; Sparling, D. W.; Halbrook, R. S. Toxicity of Coal-Tar Pavement Sealants and Ultraviolet Radiation to Ambystoma Maculatum. Ecotoxicology 2010, 19, 1147– 1156,  DOI: 10.1007/s10646-010-0498-8
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    61
    Toxicity of coal-tar pavement sealants and ultraviolet radiation to Ambystoma Maculatum
    Bommarito, Thomas; Sparling, Donald W.; Halbrook, Richard S.
    Ecotoxicology (2010), 19 (6), 1147-1156CODEN: ECOTEL; ISSN:0963-9292. (Springer)
    Polycyclic arom. hydrocarbons (PAHs) can affect amphibians in lethal and many sublethal ways. There are many natural and anthropogenic sources of PAHs in aquatic environments. One potentially significant source is run off from surfaces of parking lots and roads that are protected with coal tar sealants. Coal tar is 50% or more PAH by wet wt. and is used in emulsions to treat these surfaces. Break down of sealants can result in contamination of nearby waters. The toxicity of PAHs can be greatly altered by simultaneous exposure to UV radiation. This study exposes larvae of the spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) to det. if coal tar sealant can have neg. effects on aquatic amphibians and if coal tar toxicity is influenced by UV radiation. Spotted salamanders were exposed to 0, 60, 280 and 1500 mg coal tar sealant/kg sediment for 28 days. Half of the animals were exposed to conventional fluorescent lighting only and half were exposed to fluorescent lighting plus UV radiation. No significant mortality occurred during the expt. Exposure to sealants resulted in slower rates of growth, and diminished ability to swim in a dose-dependent fashion. Exposure to UV radiation affected the frequencies of leukocytes and increased the incidence of micronucleated erythrocytes. There was an interactive effect of sealant and radiation on swimming behavior. We conclude that coal-tar sealant and UV radiation increased sublethal effects in salamanders, and may be a risk to salamanders under field conditions.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXosl2jtLY%253D&md5=619d89f095673dc94bf75c61123d6dda
  62. 62
    Jiang, J.; Wu, S.; Wang, Y.; An, X.; Cai, L.; Zhao, X.; Wu, C. Carbendazim Has the Potential to Induce Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis, Immunotoxicity and Endocrine Disruption during Zebrafish Larvae Development. Toxicol. In Vitro 2015, 29 (7), 1473– 1481,  DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.06.003
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    62
    Carbendazim has the potential to induce oxidative stress, apoptosis, immunotoxicity and endocrine disruption during zebrafish larvae development
    Jiang, Jinhua; Wu, Shenggan; Wang, Yanhua; An, Xuehua; Cai, Leiming; Zhao, Xueping; Wu, Changxing
    Toxicology In Vitro (2015), 29 (7), 1473-1481CODEN: TIVIEQ; ISSN:0887-2333. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Increasing evidence have suggested deleterious effects of carbendazim on reprodn., apoptosis, immunotoxicity and endocrine disruption in mice and rats, however, the developmental toxicity of carbendazim to aquatic organisms remains obscure. In the present study, the authors utilized zebrafish as an environmental monitoring model to characterize the effects of carbendazim on expression of genes related to oxidative stress, apoptosis, immunotoxicity and endocrine disruption during larval development. Different trends in gene expression were obsd. upon exposing the larvae to 4, 20, 100, and 500 μg/L carbendazim for 4 and 8 d. The mRNA levels of catalase, glutathione peroxidase and manganese superoxide dismutase (CAT, GPX, and Mn/SOD) were up-regulated after exposure to different concns. of carbendazim for 4 or 8 d. The up-regulation of p53, Apaf1, Cas8 and the down-regulation of Bcl2, Mdm2, Cas3 in the apoptosis pathway, as well as the increased expression of cytokines and chemokines, including CXCL-C1C, CCL1, IL-1b, IFN, IL-8, and TNFα, suggested carbendazim might trigger apoptosis and immune response during zebrafish larval development. In addn., the alteration of mRNA expression of VTG, ERα, ERβ1, ERβ2, TRα, TRβ, Dio1, and Dio2 indicated the potential of carbendazim to induce endocrine disruption in zebrafish larvae. These data suggested that carbendazim could simultaneously induce multiple responses during zebrafish larval development, and bidirectional interactions among oxidative stress, apoptosis pathway, immune and endocrine systems might be present.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhtVSqsL%252FE&md5=ce9657b89385a703e613f14dcd3f981d
  63. 63
    Weston, D. P.; Chen, D.; Lydy, M. J. Stormwater-Related Transport of the Insecticides Bifenthrin, Fipronil, Imidacloprid, and Chlorpyrifos into a Tidal Wetland, San Francisco Bay, California. Sci. Total Environ. 2015, 527–528, 18– 25,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.095
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    63
    Stormwater-related transport of the insecticides bifenthrin, fipronil, imidacloprid, and chlorpyrifos into a tidal wetland, San Francisco Bay, California
    Weston, Donald P.; Chen, Da; Lydy, Michael J.
    Science of the Total Environment (2015), 527-528 (), 18-25CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)
    Suisun Marsh, northern San Francisco Bay, is the largest brackish marsh in California providing crit. habitat for many fish species. Storm runoff enters the marsh through many creeks which drain agricultural uplands and urban areas of Fairfield and Suisun City. Five creeks, sampled throughout a major storm event in Feb. 2014, were analyzed for representatives of several major insecticide classes. Concns. were greatest in creeks with urban influence, though sampling was done outside of the primary agricultural pesticide use season. Urban creek water reached max. concns. of 9.9 ng/L bifenthrin, 27.4 ng/L fipronil, 11.9 ng/L fipronil sulfone, 1462 ng/L imidacloprid, and 4.0 ng/L chlorpyrifos. Water were tested for toxicity to Hyalella azteca and Chironomus dilutus; several samples caused mortality while 70% of urban creek samples caused paralysis of one or both species. Toxic unit anal. indicated bifenthrin was likely responsible for effects to H. azteca; fipronil and its sulfone degradate were responsible for effects to C. dilutus. Results demonstrated the potential for co-occurrence of multiple insecticides in urban runoff, each with the potential for toxicity to particular species, and the value of toxicity monitoring using multiple species. In Suisun Marsh channels farther downstream, insecticide concns. and toxicity diminished as creek water mixed with brackish estuary water from San Francisco Bay; only fipronil and its degradates remained measurable at 1-10 ng/L. These concns. are not known to present a risk based on existing data, but toxicity data for estuarine and marine invertebrates, particularly for fipronil degradates, are extremely limited.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXotVKitr8%253D&md5=9229a40447cf9c57198c8dd57e594e89
  64. 64
    Hladik, M. L.; Kolpin, D. W. First National-Scale Reconnaissance of Neonicotinoid Insecticides in Streams across the USA. Environ. Chem. 2016, 13 (1), 12– 20,  DOI: 10.1071/EN15061
    [Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar
    64
    First national-scale reconnaissance of neonicotinoid insecticides in streams across the USA
    Hladik, Michelle L.; Kolpin, Dana W.
    Environmental Chemistry (2016), 13 (1), 12-20CODEN: ECNHAA; ISSN:1449-8979. (CSIRO Publishing)
    Environmental context Neonicotinoids are under increased scrutiny because they have been implicated in pollinator declines and, more recently, as potential aquatic toxicants. Nevertheless, there is currently little information on concns. of multiple neonicotinoids in surface water. This paper presents a summary of concns. of six neonicotinoids in streams from across the United States in both urban and agricultural areas. These environmental data are important in detg. the potential risk of neonicotinoids to non-target aquatic and terrestrial organisms. To better understand the fate and transport of neonicotinoid insecticides, water samples were collected from streams across the United States. In a nationwide study, at least one neonicotinoid was detected in 53% of the samples collected, with imidacloprid detected most frequently (37%), followed by clothianidin (24%), thiamethoxam (21%), dinotefuran (13%), acetamiprid (3%) and thiacloprid (0%). Clothianidin and thiamethoxam concns. were pos. related to the percentage of the land use in cultivated crop prodn. and imidacloprid concns. were pos. related to the percentage of urban area within the basin. Addnl. sampling was also conducted in targeted research areas to complement these national-scale results, including detg.: (1) neonicotinoid concns. during elevated flow conditions in an intensely agricultural region; (2) temporal patterns of neonicotinoids in heavily urbanised basins; (3) neonicotinoid concns. in agricultural basins in a nationally important ecosystem; and (4) instream transport of neonicotinoids near a wastewater treatment plant. Across all study areas, at least one neonicotinoid was detected in 63% of the 48 streams sampled.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XitVeitA%253D%253D&md5=22439de7b68d032d46e390aaeccc6d66
  65. 65
    United States Environmental Protection Agency. Aquatic Life Benchmarks and Ecological Risk Assessments for Registered Pesticides, https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-science-and-assessing-pesticide-risks/aquatic-life-benchmarks-and-ecological-risk (accessed April 9, 2019).
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  66. 66
    Gerecke, A. C.; Scharer, M.; Singer, H. P.; Muller, S. R.; Schwarzenbach, R. P.; Sagesser, M.; Ochsenbein, U.; Popow, G. Sources of Pesticides in Surface Waters in Switzerland: Pesticide Load through Waste Water Treatment Plants––Current Situation and Reduction Potential. Chemosphere 2002, 48, 307– 315,  DOI: 10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00080-2
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    66
    Sources of pesticides in surface waters in Switzerland: pesticide load through waste water treatment plants--current situation and reduction potential
    Gerecke, Andreas C.; Scharer, Michael; Singer, Heinz P.; Muller, Stephan R.; Schwarzenbach, Rene P.; Sagesser, Martin; Ochsenbein, Ueli; Popow, Gabriel
    Chemosphere (2002), 48 (3), 307-315CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN:0045-6535. (Elsevier Science Ltd.)
    Pesticide concns. in Swiss rivers and lakes frequently exceed the Swiss quality goal of 0.1 μg/L for surface water. Concns. of pesticides (e.g., atrazine, diuron, mecoprop) were continuously measured in wastewater treatment effluent and in 2 rivers for 4 mo. Measurements showed that in the Lake Greifensee catchment, farmers who did not perfectly comply with good agricultural practice caused at least 14% of the measured agricultural herbicide load in surface water. Pesticides used for addnl. purposes in urban areas, i.e. material protection, conservation, etc., entered surface water ≤75% through wastewater treatment plant discharges.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD38XktVCnt7w%253D&md5=2f25d1b666e5192bd797e8f03f4b8a4c
  67. 67
    Rasmussen, J. J.; Wiberg-Larsen, P.; Baattrup-Pedersen, A.; Cedergreen, N.; McKnight, U. S.; Kreuger, J.; Jacobsen, D.; Kristensen, E. A.; Friberg, N. The Legacy of Pesticide Pollution: An Overlooked Factor in Current Risk Assessments of Freshwater Systems. Water Res. 2015, 84, 25– 32,  DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.07.021
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    67
    The legacy of pesticide pollution: An overlooked factor in current risk assessments of freshwater systems
    Rasmussen, Jes J.; Wiberg-Larsen, Peter; Baattrup-Pedersen, Annette; Cedergreen, Nina; McKnight, Ursula S.; Kreuger, Jenny; Jacobsen, Dean; Kristensen, Esben A.; Friberg, Nikolai
    Water Research (2015), 84 (), 25-32CODEN: WATRAG; ISSN:0043-1354. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    We revealed a history of legacy pesticides in water and sediment samples from 19 small streams across an agricultural landscape. Dominant legacy compds. included organochlorine pesticides, such as DDT and lindane, the organophosphate chlorpyrifos and triazine herbicides such as terbutylazine and simazine which have long been banned in the EU. The highest concns. of legacy pesticides were found in streams draining catchments with a large proportion of arable farmland suggesting that they originated from past agricultural applications. The sum of toxic units (SumTUD.magna) based on storm water samples from agriculturally impacted streams was significantly higher when legacy pesticides were included compared to when they were omitted. Legacy pesticides did not significantly change the predicted toxicity of water samples to algae or fish. However, pesticide concns. in bed sediment and suspended sediment samples exceeded safety thresholds in 50% of the samples and the av. contribution of legacy pesticides to the SumTUC.riparius was >90%. Our results suggest that legacy pesticides can be highly significant contributors to the current toxic exposure of stream biota, esp. macroinvertebrate communities, and that those communities were primarily exposed to legacy pesticides via the sediment. Addnl., our results suggest that neglecting legacy pesticides in the risk assessment of pesticides in streams may severely underestimate the risk of ecol. effects.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhsFSkt73J&md5=9379e2a8a3bf9e95448ea95b99660096
  68. 68
    Sidhu, J. P. S.; Ahmed, W.; Gernjak, W.; Aryal, R.; McCarthy, D.; Palmer, A.; Kolotelo, P.; Toze, S. Sewage Pollution in Urban Stormwater Runoff as Evident from the Widespread Presence of Multiple Microbial and Chemical Source Tracking Markers. Sci. Total Environ. 2013, 463–464, 488– 496,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.020
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    68
    Sewage pollution in urban stormwater runoff as evident from the widespread presence of multiple microbial and chemical source tracking markers
    Sidhu, J. P. S.; Ahmed, W.; Gernjak, W.; Aryal, R.; McCarthy, D.; Palmer, A.; Kolotelo, P.; Toze, S.
    Science of the Total Environment (2013), 463-464 (), 488-496CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)
    The concurrence of urban stormwater runoff pollution by human sewage in 6 urban catchments across Australia was assessed using both microbial source tracking (MST) and chem. source tracking (CST) markers. Out of 23 stormwater samples, human adenovirus (HAv), human polyomavirus (HPv) and the sewage-assocd. markers; Methanobrevibacter smithii nifH and Bacteroides HF183 were detected in 91, 56, 43 and 96% of samples, resp. Similarly, CST markers paracetamol (87%), salicylic acid (78%) acesulfame (96%) and caffeine (91%) were frequently detected. Twenty one samples (91%) were pos. for 6-8 sewage related MST and CST markers and remaining 2 samples were pos. for 5 and 4 markers, resp. A very good consensus (>91%) obsd. between the concurrence of the HF183, HAv, acesulfame and caffeine suggests good predictability of the presence of HAv in samples pos. for one of the 3 markers. High prevalence of HAv (91%) also suggests that other enteric viruses may also be present in the stormwater samples which may pose significant health risks. This study underscores the benefits of employing a set of MST and CST markers which could include monitoring for HF183, adenovirus, caffeine and paracetamol to accurately detect human sewage contamination along with credible information on the presence of human enteric viruses, which could be used for more reliable public health risk assessments. Based on the results, it is recommended that some degree of treatment of captured stormwater would be required if it were to be used for non-potable purposes.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhtl2qt77M&md5=65dea63310daa986bdb949bebf765e0a
  69. 69
    Oosterhuis, M.; Sacher, F.; ter Laak, T. L. Prediction of Concentration Levels of Metformin and Other High Consumption Pharmaceuticals in Wastewater and Regional Surface Water Based on Sales Data. Sci. Total Environ. 2013, 442, 380– 388,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.046
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    69
    Prediction of concentration levels of metformin and other high consumption pharmaceuticals in wastewater and regional surface water based on sales data
    Oosterhuis, Mathijs; Sacher, Frank; ter Laak, Thomas L.
    Science of the Total Environment (2013), 442 (), 380-388CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)
    Data concerning local consumption of pharmaceuticals were used to assess their occurrence in and surface water emissions from treated wastewater in 2 small Dutch water catchments. Predicted emissions of 9 high consumption pharmaceuticals (metformin, metoprolol, sotalol, losartan, valsartan, irbesartan, hydrochlorothiazide, diclofenac, carbamazepine) were compared to raw wastewater concns., wastewater treatment facility removal, and recovery in regional surface water. Results showed local consumption data can be very useful for select pharmaceuticals to monitor and to predict wastewater concns. Measured influent concns. were, on av. 78%, with a 31-138% range of predicted influent concns. Metformin was the pharmaceutical with the highest wastewater concn. (64-98 μg/L), but it was removed at >98% in treatment facilities. Guanylurea, a metformin biodegrdn. product, was detected wastewater effluent and surface water at 39-56 μg/L and 1.8-3.9 μg/L concns., resp. Treatment facility removal of the selected pharmaceuticals varied widely. For carbamazepine, hydrochlorothiazide, and sotalol, significant better removal was obsd. at higher temps. and longer hydraulic retention times; for metoprolol, significantly better removal was only obsd. at higher temps. Predicting environmental concns. from regional consumption data may be an alternative to monitoring pharmaceuticals in wastewater and surface water.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XhvVKlsbbI&md5=085092c1b27b3362d519e7e346df40f3
  70. 70
    Tisler, S.; Zwiener, C. Formation and Occurrence of Transformation Products of Metformin in Wastewater and Surface Water. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 628–629, 1121– 1129,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.105
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    70
    Formation and occurrence of transformation products of metformin in wastewater and surface water
    Tisler, Selina; Zwiener, Christian
    Science of the Total Environment (2018), 628-629 (), 1121-1129CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)
    The aim of this work was to investigate the occurrence and fate of the antidiabetic metformin (MF) and its transformation products (TPs) in wastewater and surface water samples. New TPs of MF were approached by electrochem. degrdn. with a boron-doped-diamond electrode (at 1.5 V for 10 min). 2,4-Diamino-1,3,5-triazine (2,4-DAT), methylbiguanide (MBG), 2-amino-4-methylamino-1,3,5-triazine (2,4-AMT) and 4-amino-2-imino-1-methyl-1,2-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine (4,2,1-AIMT) were identified by hydrophilic interaction chromatog. (HILIC) with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOF-MS) and accurate mass fragmentation. However, the well-known transformation product guanyl urea (GU) could not be formed electrochem. In samples from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), 2,4-AMT and 2,4-DAT showed an increasing trend from influents to effluents, which implies formation of the TPs during WWT. MBG is also formed by hydrolysis of MF and therefore didn't show this trend in WWTPs. Compared to GU, the concns. of other TPs are generally three orders of magnitude lower. MBG and 2,4-DAT were also detected in surface water which was impacted by waste water, while 4,2,1-AIMT could not be detected in any sample. The concns. of MF were in an expected range for influent (14 to 95 μg/l), effluent (0.7 to 6.5 μg/l), surface water (up to 234 ng/l) and tap water (34 ng/l). GU concns., however, were in one of the two investigated WWTP much higher in the influent (between 158 μg/l and 2100 μg/l) than in the effluent (between 26 and 810 μg/l). This is a rather unexpected result which has not been reported yet. Obviously, GU has been already formed in parts of the sewer system from MF or from other biguanide compds. like antidiabetics or disinfection chems. Furthermore, lower concns. of GU in the effluents than in the influents indicate degrdn. processes of guanyl urea in the waste water treatment.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXjtVClurs%253D&md5=dab997040b6f91ef2565924870e91fdc
  71. 71
    Bradley, P. M.; Journey, C. A.; Button, D. T.; Carlisle, D. M.; Clark, J. M.; Mahler, B. J.; Nakagaki, N.; Qi, S. L.; Waite, I. R.; Vanmetre, P. C. Metformin and Other Pharmaceuticals Widespread in Wadeable Streams of the Southeastern United States. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 2016, 3, 243– 249,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00170
    [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar
    71
    Metformin and Other Pharmaceuticals Widespread in Wadeable Streams of the Southeastern United States
    Bradley, Paul M.; Journey, Celeste A.; Button, Daniel T.; Carlisle, Daren M.; Clark, Jimmy M.; Mahler, Barbara J.; Nakagaki, Naomi; Qi, Sharon L.; Waite, Ian R.; Van Metre, Peter C.
    Environmental Science & Technology Letters (2016), 3 (6), 243-249CODEN: ESTLCU; ISSN:2328-8930. (American Chemical Society)
    Pharmaceutical contaminants are growing aquatic-health concerns and largely attributed to wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) discharges. Five biweekly water samples from 59 small Piedmont (USA) streams were analyzed for 108 pharmaceuticals and degradates using high-performance liq. chromatog. and tandem mass spectrometry. The antidiabetic metformin was detected in 89% of samples and at 97% of sites. At least one pharmaceutical was detected at every site (median of 6, max. of 45), and several were detected at ≥10% of sites at concns. reported to affect multiple aquatic end points. Maximal cumulative (all detected compds.) concns. per site were 17-16000 ng/L. Watershed urbanization, water table depth, soil thickness, and WWTF metrics correlated significantly with instream pharmaceutical contamination. Comparable pharmaceutical concns. and detections at sites with and without permitted wastewater discharges demonstrate the importance of non-WWTF sources and the need for broad-scale mitigation. The results highlight a fundamental biochem. link between global human-health crises like diabetes and aquatic ecosystem health.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28Xos1Khs78%253D&md5=65379da2d20e7532f791e0f2f4480116
  72. 72
    Niemuth, N. J.; Klaper, R. D. Emerging Wastewater Contaminant Metformin Causes Intersex and Reduced Fecundity in Fish. Chemosphere 2015, 135, 38– 45,  DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.060
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    72
    Emerging wastewater contaminant metformin causes intersex and reduced fecundity in fish
    Niemuth, Nicholas J.; Klaper, Rebecca D.
    Chemosphere (2015), 135 (), 38-45CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN:0045-6535. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    The occurrence of intersex fish, where male reproductive tissues show evidence of feminization, have been found in freshwater systems around the world, indicating the potential for significant endocrine disruption across species in the ecosystem. Estrogens from birth control medications in wastewater treatment plant effluent have been cited as the likely cause, but research has shown that endocrine disruption is not solely predictable based on hormone receptor interactions. Many other non-hormone pharmaceuticals are found in effluent at concns. orders of magnitude higher than estrogens, yet there is little data indicating the impacts of these other medications. The widely prescribed anti-diabetic metformin is among the most abundant of pharmaceuticals found in effluent and is structurally dissimilar from hormones. However, we show here that exposing fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) to a concn. of metformin found in wastewater effluent causes the development of intersex gonads in males, reduced size of treated male fish, and redn. in fecundity for treated pairs. Our results demonstrate that metformin acts as an endocrine disruptor at environmentally relevant concns.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXmtV2qtr4%253D&md5=4e78ea35a47d46640c314b6bcbd9d808
  73. 73
    Bradley, P. M.; Barber, L. B.; Duris, J. W.; Foreman, W. T.; Furlong, E. T.; Hubbard, L. E.; Hutchinson, K. J.; Keefe, S. H.; Kolpin, D. W. Riverbank Fi Ltration Potential of Pharmaceuticals in a Wastewater-Impacted Stream. Environ. Pollut. 2014, 193, 173– 180,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.06.028
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    73
    Riverbank filtration potential of pharmaceuticals in a wastewater-impacted stream
    Bradley, Paul M.; Barber, Larry B.; Duris, Joseph W.; Foreman, William T.; Furlong, Edward T.; Hubbard, Laura E.; Hutchinson, Kasey J.; Keefe, Steffanie H.; Kolpin, Dana W.
    Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2014), 193 (), 173-180CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Pharmaceutical contamination of shallow groundwater is a substantial concern in effluent-dominated streams, due to high aq. mobility, designed bioactivity, and effluent-driven hydraulic gradients. In Oct. and Dec. 2012, effluent contributed approx. 99% and 71%, resp., to downstream flow in Fourmile Creek, Iowa, USA. Strong hydrol. connectivity was obsd. between surface-water and shallow-groundwater. Carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole, and immunol.-related compds. were detected in groundwater at greater than 0.02 μg L-1 at distances up to 6 m from the stream bank. Direct aq.-injection HPLC-MS/MS revealed 43% and 55% of 110 total pharmaceutical analytes in surface-water samples in Oct. and Dec., resp., with 16% and 6%, resp., detected in groundwater approx. 20 m from the stream bank. The results demonstrate the importance of effluent discharge as a driver of local hydrol. conditions in an effluent-impacted stream and thus as a fundamental control on surface-water to groundwater transport of effluent-derived pharmaceutical contaminants.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXht1ensbnK&md5=cf2e8e5b97d994acce2ae83d633f7ae6
  74. 74
    Underwood, J. C.; Harvey, R. W.; Metge, D. W.; Repert, D. A.; Baumgartner, L. K.; Smith, R. L.; Roane, T. M.; Barber, L. B. Effects of the Antimicrobial Sulfamethoxazole on Groundwater Bacterial Enrichment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45 (7), 3096– 3101,  DOI: 10.1021/es103605e
    [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar
    74
    Effects of the Antimicrobial Sulfamethoxazole on Groundwater Bacterial Enrichment
    Underwood, Jennifer C.; Harvey, Ronald W.; Metge, David W.; Repert, Deborah A.; Baumgartner, Laura K.; Smith, Richard L.; Roane, Timberly M.; Barber, Larry B.
    Environmental Science & Technology (2011), 45 (7), 3096-3101CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
    The effects of trace (environmentally relevant) concns. of the antimicrobial agent sulfamethoxazole (SMX) on the growth, nitrate redn. activity, and bacterial compn. of an enrichment culture prepd. with groundwater from a pristine zone of a sandy drinking-water aquifer on Cape Cod, MA, were assessed by lab. incubations. When the enrichments were grown under heterotrophic denitrifying conditions and exposed to SMX, noticeable differences from the control (no SMX) were obsd. Exposure to SMX in concns. as low as 0.005μM delayed the initiation of cell growth by ≤1 day and decreased nitrate redn. potential (total amt. of nitrate reduced after 19 days) by 47% (p =0.02). Exposure to 1μM SMX, a concn. below those prescribed for clin. applications but higher than concns. typically detected in aq. environments, resulted in addnl. inhibitions: reduced growth rates (p =5 × 10-6), lower nitrate redn. rate potentials (p =0.01), and decreased overall representation of 16S rRNA gene sequences belonging to the genus Pseudomonas. The reduced abundance of Pseudomonas sequences in the libraries was replaced by sequences representing the genus Variovorax. Results of these growth and nitrate redn. expts. collectively suggest that subtherapeutic concns. of SMX altered the compn. of the enriched nitrate-reducing microcosms and inhibited nitrate redn. capabilities.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXivVCgsLw%253D&md5=224995372196007b7252932683ab2cba
  75. 75
    Haack, S. K.; Metge, D. W.; Fogarty, L. R.; Meyer, M. T.; Barber, L. B.; Harvey, R. W.; LeBlanc, D. R.; Kolpin, D. W. Effects on Groundwater Microbial Communities of an Engineered 30-Day In Situ Exposure to the Antibiotic Sulfamethoxazole. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46 (14), 7478– 7486,  DOI: 10.1021/es3009776
    [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar
    75
    Effects on Groundwater Microbial Communities of an Engineered 30-Day In Situ Exposure to the Antibiotic Sulfamethoxazole
    Haack, Sheridan K.; Metge, David W.; Fogarty, Lisa R.; Meyer, Michael T.; Barber, Larry B.; Harvey, Ronald W.; LeBlanc, Denis R.; Kolpin, Dana W.
    Environmental Science & Technology (2012), 46 (14), 7478-7486CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
    Effects upon microbial communities from environmental exposure to concns. of antibiotics in the μg/L range remain poorly understood. Microbial communities from an oligotrophic aquifer (estd. doubling rates of only once per wk) that were previously acclimated (AC) or unacclimated (UAC) to historical sulfamethoxazole (SMX) contamination, and a lab.-grown Pseudomonas stutzeri strain, were exposed to 240-520 μg/L SMX for 30 days in situ using filter chambers allowing exposure to ambient groundwater, but not to ambient microorganisms. SMX-exposed UAC bacterial communities displayed the greatest mortality and impairment (viable stain assays), the greatest change in sensitivity to SMX (dose-response assays), and the greatest change in community compn. (Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism; T-RFLP). The sul1 gene, encoding resistance to SMX at clin. relevant levels, and an element of Class I integrons, was not detected in any community. Changes in microbial community structure and SMX resistance over a short exptl. period in previously nonexposed, slow-growing aquifer communities suggest concns. of antibiotics 2-3 orders of magnitude less than those used in clin. applications may influence ecol. function through changes in community compn., and could promote antibiotic resistance through selection of naturally resistant bacteria.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XosFekt78%253D&md5=2cd58850582cec30230e476b4763fee0
  76. 76
    Roder Green, A. L.; Putschew, A.; Nehls, T. Littered Cigarette Butts as a Source of Nicotine in Urban Waters. J. Hydrol. 2014, 519, 3466– 3474,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.05.046
    [Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar
    76
    Littered cigarette butts as a source of nicotine in urban waters
    Roder Green, Amy L.; Putschew, Anke; Nehls, Thomas
    Journal of Hydrology (Amsterdam, Netherlands) (2014), 519 (Part_D), 3466-3474CODEN: JHYDA7; ISSN:0022-1694. (Elsevier B.V.)
    The effect of nicotine from littered cigarette butts on the quality of urban water resources has yet to be investigated. This two-part study addresses the spatial variation, seasonal dynamics and av. residence time of littered cigarette butts in public space, as well as the release of nicotine from cigarette butts to run-off in urban areas during its residence time. Thereby, we tested two typical situations: release to standing water in a puddle and release during alternating rainfall and drying. The study took place in Berlin, Germany, a city which completely relies on its own water resources to meet its drinking water demand. Nine typical sites located in a central district, each divided into 20 plots were studied during five sampling periods between May 2012 and Feb. 2013. The nicotine release from standardized cigarette butts prepd. with a smoking machine was examd. in batch and rainfall expts.Littered cigarette butts are unevenly distributed among both sites and plots. The av. butt concn. was 2.7 m-2 (SD = 0.6 m-2, N = 862); the max. plot concn. was 48.8 butts m-2. This heterogeneity is caused by preferential littering (gastronomy, entrances, bus stops), redistribution processes such as litter removal (gastronomy, shop owners), and the increased accumulation in plots protected from mechanized street sweeping (tree pits, bicycle stands). No significant seasonal variation of cigarette butt accumulation was obsd. On av., cigarette butt accumulation is characterized by a 6 days cadence due to the rhythm and effectiveness of street sweeping (mean weekly butt accumulation rate = 0.18 m-2 d-1; SD = 0.15 m-1). Once the butt is exposed to standing water, elution of nicotine occurs rapidly. Standardized butts released 7.3 mg g-1 nicotine in a batch expt. (equiv. to 2.5 mg L-1), 50% of which occurred within the first 27 min. In the rainfall expt., the cumulative nicotine release from fifteen consecutive pptn. events (each 1.4 mm) was 3.8 mg g-1, with 47% during the first event. According to these results, one cigarette butt may contaminate an amt. of 1000 L water to concns. above the predicted no effect concn. (PNEC) of only 2.4 × 10-3 mg L-1 (Valc´arcel et al., 2011). Given the continuous littering of cigarette butts, and the rapid release of nicotine, cigarette butts are assessed to be a relevant threat to the quality of urban waters and consequently to drinking water.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhtVOgtb7O&md5=16d7ac8535d2c0b099d1a451a2150054
  77. 77
    United States Environmental Protection Agency. National Recommended Water Quality Criteria- Aquatic Life Criteria Table, https://www.epa.gov/wqc/national-recommended-water-quality-criteria-aquatic-life-criteria-table (accessed April 18, 2019).
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  78. 78
    Barber, L. B.; Brown, G. K.; Nettesheim, T. G.; Murphy, E. W.; Bartell, S. E.; Schoenfuss, H. L. Effects of Biologically-Active Chemical Mixtures on Fish in a Wastewater-Impacted Urban Stream. Sci. Total Environ. 2011, 409 (22), 4720– 4728,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.06.039
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    78
    Effects of biologically-active chemical mixtures on fish in a wastewater-impacted urban stream
    Barber, Larry B.; Brown, Gregory K.; Nettesheim, Todd G.; Murphy, Elizabeth W.; Bartell, Stephen E.; Schoenfuss, Heiko L.
    Science of the Total Environment (2011), 409 (22), 4720-4728CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)
    Stream flow in urban aquatic ecosystems often is maintained by water-reclamation plant (WRP) effluents that contain mixts. of natural and anthropogenic chems. that persist through the treatment processes. In effluent-impacted streams, aquatic organisms such as fish are continuously exposed to biol.-active chems. throughout their life cycles. The North Shore Channel of the Chicago River (Chicago, Illinois) is part of an urban ecosystem in which > 80% of the annual flow consists of effluent from the North Side WRP. Multiple samplings of the effluent and stream water were conducted and fish (largemouth bass and carp) were collected on 2 occasions from the North Shore Channel. Fish also were collected once from the Outer Chicago Harbor in Lake Michigan, a ref. site not impacted by WRP discharges. Over 100 org. chems. with differing behaviors and biol. effects were measured, and 23 compds. were detected in all of the water samples analyzed. The most frequently detected and highest concn. (> 100 μg/L) compds. were EDTA and 4-nonylphenolmono-to-tetraethoxycarboxylic acids. Other biol.-active chems. including bisphenol A, 4-nonylphenol, 4-nonylphenolmono-to-tetraethoxylates, 4-tert-octylphenol, and 4-tert-octylphenolmono-to-tetraethoxylates were detected at lower concns. (< 5 μg/L). The biogenic steroidal hormones 17β-estradiol, estrone, testosterone, 4-androstene-3,17-dione, and cis-androsterone were detected at even lower concns. (< 0.005 μg/L). There were slight differences in concns. between the North Side WRP effluent and the North Shore Channel, indicating minimal instream attenuation. Fish populations are continuously exposed to mixts. of biol.-active chems. because of the relative persistency of the chems. with respect to stream hydraulic residence time, and the lack of a fresh water source for diln. The majority of male fish exhibited vitellogenin induction, a physiol. response consistent with exposure to estrogenic compds. Tissue-level signs of reproductive disruption, such as ovatestis, were not obsd.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXht1Gntr%252FN&md5=8d11c92dfe4d609fa42482a753624296
  79. 79
    Vasquez, M. I.; Lambrianides, A.; Schneider, M.; Kümmerer, K.; Fatta-Kassinos, D. Environmental Side Effects of Pharmaceutical Cocktails: What We Know and What We Should Know. J. Hazard. Mater. 2014, 279, 169– 189,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.06.069
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    79
    Environmental side effects of pharmaceutical cocktails
    Vasquez, M. I.; Lambrianides, A.; Schneider, M.; Kummerer, K.; Fatta-Kassinos, D.
    Journal of Hazardous Materials (2014), 279 (), 169-189CODEN: JHMAD9; ISSN:0304-3894. (Elsevier B.V.)
    A review. Cocktails of pharmaceuticals are released in the environment after human consumption and due to the incomplete removal at the wastewater treatment plants. Pharmaceuticals are considered as contaminants of emerging concern and, a plethora of journal articles addressing their possible adverse effects have been published during the past 20 years. The emphasis during the early years of research within this field, was on the assessment of acute effects of pharmaceuticals applied singly, leading to results regarding their environmental risk, potentially not realistic or relevant to the actual environmental conditions. Only recently has the focus been shifted to chronic exposure and to the assessment of cocktail effects. To this end, this review provides an up-to-date compilation of 57 environmental and human toxicol. studies published during 2000-2014 dealing with the adverse effects of pharmaceutical mixts. The main challenges regarding the design of expts. and the anal. of the results regarding the effects of pharmaceutical mixts. to different biol. systems are presented and discussed herein. The gaps of knowledge are critically reviewed highlighting specific future research needs and perspectives.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXht1CgtrnJ&md5=3022a6f6eab3d2a9a3a48b1b83130fcf
  80. 80
    Kidd, K. A.; Paterson, M. J.; Rennie, M. D.; Podemski, C. L.; Findlay, D. L.; Blanchfield, P. J.; Liber, K. Direct and Indirect Responses of a Freshwater Food Web to a Potent Synthetic Oestrogen. Philos. Trans. R. Soc., B 2014, 369, 20130578,  DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0578
    [Crossref], [PubMed], Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  81. 81
    Kong, L.; Kadokami, K.; Duong, H. T.; Chau, H. T. C. Screening of 1300 Organic Micro-Pollutants in Groundwater from Beijing and Tianjin, North China. Chemosphere 2016, 165, 221– 230,  DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.084
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    81
    Screening of 1300 organic micro-pollutants in groundwater from Beijing and Tianjin, North China
    Kong, Lingxiao; Kadokami, Kiwao; Duong, Hanh Thi; Chau, Hong Thi Cam
    Chemosphere (2016), 165 (), 221-230CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN:0045-6535. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Groundwater contamination in China has become a growing public concern because of the country's rapid economic development and dramatically increasing fresh water demand. However, there is little information available on groundwater quality, particularly with respect to trace org. micro-pollutants contamination. This study was undertaken to investigate the occurrence of 1300 pollutants at 27 groundwater sites in Beijing and Tianjin, North China. Seventy-eight chems. (6% of the targeted compds.) were detected in at least one sampling point; obsd. chems. included polycyclic arom. hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides, plasticizers, antioxidants, pharmaceuticals and other emerging compds. Chems. with a frequency of detection over 70% were 2-ethyl-1-hexanol (median concn. 152 ng L-1), benzyl alc. (582 ng L-1), 2-phenoxy-ethanol (129 ng L-1), acetophenone (74 ng L-1), pentamethylbenzene (51 ng L-1), nitrobenzene (40 ng L-1) and di-Me phthalate (64 ng L-1). Pesticides with concns. exceeding the EU max. residual limits (MRL) of 0.1 μg L-1 were 1,4-dichlorobenzene, oxadixyl, diflubenzuron, carbendazim, diuron, and the E and Z isomers of dimethomorph. Naphthalene and its 7 alkylated derivs. were widely obsd. at max. concn. up to 30 μg L-1, which, although high, is still below the Australian drinking water guidelines of 70 μg L-1. The risk assessment indicated there is no human health risk through the oral consumption from most wells, although there were four wells in which total seven compds. were found at the concns. with a potential adverse health effects. This work provides a wide reconnaissance on broad spectrum of org. micro-contaminants in groundwater in North China.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhsFaqsLrL&md5=3b762bcea8c426702a4d717f36f12290
  82. 82
    Futran Fuhrman, V.; Tal, A.; Arnon, S. Why Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) Challenge Traditional Risk Assessment and How to Respond. J. Hazard. Mater. 2015, 286, 589– 611,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.12.012
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    82
    Why endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) challenge traditional risk assessment and how to respond
    Futran Fuhrman, Vivian; Tal, Alon; Arnon, Shai
    Journal of Hazardous Materials (2015), 286 (), 589-611CODEN: JHMAD9; ISSN:0304-3894. (Elsevier B.V.)
    A review is given. Endocrine disrupting compds. (EDCs) are a diverse group of chems. of emerging concern which have attracted much interest from the research community since the 1990s. Today there is still no definitive risk assessment tool for EDCs. While some decision making organizations have attempted to design methodol. guidelines to evaluate the potential risk from this broadly defined group of constituents, risk assessors still face many uncertainties and unknowns. Until a risk assessment paradigm is designed specifically for EDCs and is vetted by the field, traditional risk assessment tools may be used with caution to evaluate EDCs. In doing so, each issue of contention should be addressed with transparency in order to leverage available information and technol. without sacrificing integrity or accuracy. The challenges that EDCs pose to traditional risk assessment are described in this article to assist in this process.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXitFOmsL7N&md5=8e415c4345ac30a668f968d0252186ae
  83. 83
    Bradley, P. M.; Journey, C. A.; Romanok, K. M.; Barber, L. B.; Buxton, H. T.; Foreman, W. T.; Furlong, E. T.; Glassmeyer, S. T.; Hladik, M. L.; Iwanowicz, L. R. Expanded Target-Chemical Analysis Reveals Extensive Mixed-Organic-Contaminant Exposure in US Streams. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51 (9), 4792– 4802,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00012
    [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar
    83
    Expanded Target-Chemical Analysis Reveals Extensive Mixed-Organic-Contaminant Exposure in U.S. Streams
    Bradley, Paul M.; Journey, Celeste A.; Romanok, Kristin M.; Barber, Larry B.; Buxton, Herbert T.; Foreman, William T.; Furlong, Edward T.; Glassmeyer, Susan T.; Hladik, Michelle L.; Iwanowicz, Luke R.; Jones, Daniel K.; Kolpin, Dana W.; Kuivila, Kathryn M.; Loftin, Keith A.; Mills, Marc A.; Meyer, Michael T.; Orlando, James L.; Reilly, Timothy J.; Smalling, Kelly L.; Villeneuve, Daniel L.
    Environmental Science & Technology (2017), 51 (9), 4792-4802CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
    Surface water from 38 streams nationwide was assessed using 14 target-org. methods (719 compds.). Designed-bioactive anthropogenic contaminants (biocides, pharmaceuticals) comprised 57% of 406 orgs. detected at least once. The 10 most-frequently detected anthropogenic-orgs. included 8 pesticides (desulfinylfipronil, AMPA, chlorpyrifos, dieldrin, metolachlor, atrazine, CIAT, glyphosate) and 2 pharmaceuticals (caffeine, metformin) with detection frequencies 66-84% of all sites. Detected contaminant concns. were from <1 ng/L to >10 μg/L, with 77 and 278 with median detected concns. greater than 100 and 10 ng/L, resp. Cumulative detections and concns. ranged 4-161 compds. (median 70) and 8.5-102,847 ng/L, resp., and correlated significantly with wastewater discharge, watershed development, and Toxic Release Inventory metrics. Log10 concns. of widely monitored HHCB, triclosan, and carbamazepine explained 71%-82% of the variability in the total no. of compds. detected (linear regression; p-values: <0.001-0.012), providing a statistical inference tool for unmonitored contaminants. Due to multiple modes of action, high bioactivity, biorecalcitrance, and direct environment application (pesticides), designed-bioactive orgs. (median 41 per site at μg/L cumulative concns.) in developed watersheds present aquatic health concerns, given their acknowledged potential for sublethal effects to sensitive species and lifecycle stages at low ng/L.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXlvVGmsb4%253D&md5=7c5495ff8866e83a5463d8da9b4b99de
  84. 84
    Hladik, M. L.; Kolpin, D. W.; Kuivila, K. M. Widespread Occurrence of Neonicotinoid Insecticides in Streams in a High Corn and Soybean Producing Region, USA. Environ. Pollut. 2014, 193, 189– 196,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.06.033
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    84
    Widespread occurrence of neonicotinoid insecticides in streams in a high corn and soybean producing region, USA
    Hladik, Michelle L.; Kolpin, Dana W.; Kuivila, Kathryn M.
    Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2014), 193 (), 189-196CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Neonicotinoid insecticides are of environmental concern, but little is known about their occurrence in surface water. An area of intense corn and soybean prodn. in the Midwestern United States was chosen to study this issue because of the high agricultural use of neonicotinoids via both seed treatments and other forms of application. Water samples were collected from nine stream sites during the 2013 growing season. The results for the 79 water samples documented similar patterns among sites for both frequency of detection and concn. (max.:median) with clothianidin (75%, 257 ng/L:8.2 ng/L) > thiamethoxam (47%, 185 ng/L:<2 ng/L) > imidacloprid (23%, 42.7 ng/L: <2 ng/L). Neonicotinoids were detected at all nine sites sampled even though the basin areas spanned four orders of magnitude. Temporal patterns in concns. reveal pulses of neonicotinoids assocd. with rainfall events during crop planting, suggesting seed treatments as their likely source.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXht1ensbnJ&md5=fa03b10c553ac26103aa5bb3b8e3576f
  85. 85
    Kolpin, D. W.; Furlong, E. T.; Meyer, M. T.; Thurman, E. M.; Zaugg, S. D.; Barber, L. B.; Buxton, H. T. Pharmaceuticals, Hormones, and Other Organic Wastewater Contaminants in U.S. Streams, 1999–2000: A National Reconnaissance. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 36 (6), 1202– 1211,  DOI: 10.1021/es011055j
    [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar
    85
    Pharmaceuticals, Hormones, and Other Organic Wastewater Contaminants in U.S. Streams, 1999-2000: A National Reconnaissance
    Kolpin, Dana W.; Furlong, Edward T.; Meyer, Michael T.; Thurman, E. Michael; Zaugg, Steven D.; Barber, Larry B.; Buxton, Herbert T.
    Environmental Science and Technology (2002), 36 (6), 1202-1211CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
    To provide the 1st nationwide reconnaissance of the occurrence of pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other org. wastewater contaminants (OWCs) in water resources, the US. Geol. Survey used 5 newly developed anal. methods to measure concns. of 95 OWCs in water samples from a network of 139 streams across 30 states during 1999 and 2000. The selection of sampling sites was biased toward streams susceptible to contamination (i.e. downstream of intense urbanization and livestock prodn.). OWCs were prevalent during this study, being found in 80% of the streams sampled. The compds. detected represent a wide range of residential, industrial, and agricultural origins and uses with 82 of the 95 OWCs being found during this study. The most frequently detected compds. were coprostanol (fecal steroid), cholesterol (plant and animal steroid), N,N-diethyltoluamide (insect repellent), caffeine (stimulant), triclosan (antimicrobial disinfectant), tri(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (fire retardant), and 4-nonylphenol (nonionic detergent metabolite). Measured concns. for this study were generally low and rarely exceeded drinking-water guidelines, drinking-water health advisories, or aquatic-life criteria. Many compds., however, do not have such guidelines established. The detection of multiple OWCs was common for this study, with a median of 7 and as many as 38 OWCs being found in a given water sample. Little is known about the potential interactive effects (such as synergistic or antagonistic toxicity) that may occur from complex mixts. of OWCs in the environment. Results demonstrate the importance of obtaining data on metabolites to fully understand not only the fate and transport of OWCs in the hydrol. system but also their ultimate overall effect on human health and the environment.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD38XhslOitLg%253D&md5=fcfede9f3c7d70339b7878a00fba343f
  86. 86
    Köck-Schulmeyer, M.; Villagrasa, M.; López de Alda, M.; Céspedes-Sánchez, R.; Ventura, F.; Barceló, D. Occurrence and Behavior of Pesticides in Wastewater Treatment Plants and Their Environmental Impact. Sci. Total Environ. 2013, 458–460, 466– 476,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.010
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    86
    Occurrence and behavior of pesticides in wastewater treatment plants and their environmental impact
    Kock-Schulmeyer, Marianne; Villagrasa, Marta; Lopez de Alda, Miren; Cespedes-Sanchez, Raquel; Ventura, Francesc; Barcelo, Damia
    Science of the Total Environment (2013), 458-460 (), 466-476CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)
    Reports on pesticides elimination during wastewater treatment are rare since these substances are typically considered of agricultural rather than of urban origin. The aim was to evaluate the presence, removal and environmental relevance of 22 selected pesticides in 3 different wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), paying attention not only to their occurrence and elimination but also to the toxicity of each pesticide against three aquatic microorganisms (algae, daphnia and fish) through the calcn. of the so-named Environmental Relevance of Pesticides from Wastewater treatment plants Index (ERPWI). An anal. method based on isotope diln. online solid phase extn.-liq. chromatog.-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS) was optimized, allowing the detn. of the 22 target pesticides in wastewater with satisfactory sensitivity (limits of detection <30 ng/L), accuracy and precision. Concerning the results, total pesticide levels were in most instances <1 μg/L but removal in the WWTPs was variable and often poor, with concns. in the effluent sometimes higher than in the corresponding influent. Possible explanations for these poor or neg. removal rates are, among many others considered (e.g. sampling, sample preservation, method biases, atm. deposition), deconjugation of metabolites and/or transformation products of the pesticides, hydrolysis, and desorption from particulate matter during wastewater treatment. The most significant pesticides in terms of concn. and frequency of detection were diazinon and diuron. These 2 pesticides, followed by atrazine, simazine and malathion, were also the most relevant from the environmental point of view, according to the calcd. ERPWI.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXosVGnt7k%253D&md5=6d8913db4d3355867ee0139c4f17dfbf
  87. 87
    Margot, J.; Rossi, L.; Barry, D. A.; Holliger, C. A Review of the Fate of Micropollutants in Wastewater Treatment Plants. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev.: Water 2015, 2, 457– 487,  DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1090
    [Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar
    87
    A review of the fate of micropollutants in wastewater treatment plants
    Margot, Jonas; Rossi, Luca; Barry, David A.; Holliger, Christof
    Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water (2015), 2 (5), 457-487CODEN: WIRWA9; ISSN:2049-1948. (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)
    Municipal wastewaters are contaminated by a wide range of chems., from surfactants to heavy metals, including pharmaceutical residues, personal care products, various household chems., and biocides/pesticides. Their release into the environment, where they may generate adverse effects on aquatic organisms, depends on their fate in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The sources, the typical concns. and the fate of more than 160 micropollutants of various classes in conventional WWTPs, were investigated in order to est. surface water contamination, risks for aquatic organisms, and to propose means to reduce their release into the environment. Relatively hydrophobic pollutants such as heavy metals, persistent org. pollutants (POPs), brominated flame retardants, and several personal care products (PCPs), as well as easily biodegradable pollutants such as surfactants, plastic additives, hormones, several PCPs, some pharmaceuticals, and household chems., are usually well removed (>70%) in WWTPs, either by sorption onto sewage sludge or by biodegrdn. Good removal efficiencies, however, do not mean that the effluent concns. will not potentially affect aquatic life, as some of these compds. are toxic at very low concns. More hydrophilic and poorly-to-moderately biodegradable pollutants such as several pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and household chems. (corrosion inhibitors, sweeteners, chelating agents, phosphorus flame retardants) are only poorly removed during treatments. To decrease their discharge into surface waters, source control combined to advanced treatments such as ozonation and adsorption onto activated carbon are necessary. For further resources related to this article, please visit the .
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXht12ksrbO&md5=53e89e1a48fa235746cc0b6bfd250fd0
  88. 88
    Sadaria, A. M.; Supowit, S. D.; Halden, R. U. Mass Balance Assessment for Six Neonicotinoid Insecticides during Conventional Wastewater and Wetland Treatment: Nationwide Reconnaissance in United States Wastewater. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2016, 50 (12), 6199– 6206,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01032
    [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar
    88
    Mass Balance Assessment for Six Neonicotinoid Insecticides During Conventional Wastewater and Wetland Treatment: Nationwide Reconnaissance in United States Wastewater
    Sadaria, Akash M.; Supowit, Samuel D.; Halden, Rolf U.
    Environmental Science & Technology (2016), 50 (12), 6199-6206CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
    Occurrence and removal of 6 high-prodn. high-vol. neonicotinoids was studied in 13 conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and one engineered wetland. Flow-weighted daily composites were analyzed by isotope diln. liq. chromatog. tandem mass spectrometry, revealing the occurrence of imidacloprid, acetamiprid, and clothianidin at ng/L concns. in WWTP influent (60.5±40.0; 2.9±1.9; 149.7±289.5, resp.) and effluent (58.5±29.1; 2.3±1.4; 70.2±121.8, resp.). A mass balance showed insignificant removal of imidacloprid (p =0.09, CI =95%) and limited removal of the sum of acetamiprid and its degradate, acetamiprid-N-desmethyl (18±4%, p =0.01, CI =95%). Clothianidin was found only intermittently, whereas thiamethoxam, thiacloprid, and dinotefuran were never detected. In the wetland, no removal of imidacloprid or acetamiprid was obsd. Extrapolation of data from 13 WWTPs to the nation as a whole suggests annual discharges on the order of 1000-3400 Kg/yr of imidacloprid contained in treated effluent to surface waters nationwide. This 1st mass balance and 1st US nationwide wastewater reconnaissance identified imidacloprid, acetamiprid, and clothianidin as recalcitrant sewage constituents that persist through wastewater treatment to enter water bodies at significant loadings, potentially harmful to sensitive aquatic invertebrates.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XotFKqsrk%253D&md5=de7437eda94298c68d06bb5deddf3c1e
  89. 89
    Sun, S.; Jia, L.; Li, B.; Yuan, A.; Kong, L.; Qi, H.; Ma, W.; Zhang, A.; Wu, Y. The Occurrence and Fate of PAHs over Multiple Years in a Wastewater Treatment Plant of Harbin, Northeast China. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 624, 491– 498,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.029
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    89
    The occurrence and fate of PAHs over multiple years in a wastewater treatment plant of Harbin, Northeast China
    Sun, Shaojing; Jia, Linran; Li, Bo; Yuan, Anni; Kong, Lingjun; Qi, Hong; Ma, Wanli; Zhang, Anping; Wu, Yining
    Science of the Total Environment (2018), 624 (), 491-498CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)
    The occurrence and fate of polycyclic arom. hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in wastewater, sludge and surrounding air from the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Harbin, Northeast China. The concn. of total PAHs in the influent, effluent and sludge were 4080 ng/L, 864 ng/L and 8200 ng/g dw, resp. The total concn. of PAHs showed a trend of first rising, and then decreasing over years in the influent, effluent and sludge, which was in agreement with the usage of coal and oil in Harbin. The level of PAHs was 26-560 ng/m3 in air from site 1 (the top of the A/O tank), 62-608 ng/m3 in air from site 2 (the vicinity of the WWTP) and 61-686 ng/m3 in air from site 3 (the urban district of Harbin). In the influent and effluent, the mean concn. of PAHs followed the sequence of summer > winter > autumn > spring, while the sequence was winter > summer > autumn > spring in sludge and air. Rainfall may be the main reason for higher contamination in summer. Coal fired central heating and indoor dust may be reasons for higher PAHs in winter. The mean removal efficiency of total PAHs was approx. 85% (20% of which was adsorbed onto sludge, and 65% volatilized into air or degraded by biodegrdn.), and 15% of PAHs were discharged through the effluent. There was approx. 6240 kg of PAHs imported into the WWTP every year, 1005 kg discharged into the Songhua River through the effluent, and 327 kg absorbed onto sludge and the rest was degraded or volatilized into air. PCA was applied to identify the sources of PAHs for both heating and non-heating seasons. In general, coal combustion was the main source of PAHs during the heating season and vehicle exhaust was the main source of PAHs during the non-heating season.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXitVSmsLjM&md5=f8bb897b0ae51aee49d4a60591a760f2
  90. 90
    Pham, T.-T.; Proulx, S. PCBs and PAHs in the Montreal Urban Community (Quebec, Canada) Wastewater Treatment Plant and in the Efflent Plume in the ST Lawrence River. Water Res. 1997, 31 (8), 1887– 1896,  DOI: 10.1016/S0043-1354(97)00025-0
    [Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar
    90
    PCBs and PAHs in the Montreal Urban Community (Quebec, Canada) wastewater treatment plant and in the effluent plume in the St Lawrence River
    Pham, Thanh-Thao; Proulx, Suzie
    Water Research (1997), 31 (8), 1887-1896CODEN: WATRAG; ISSN:0043-1354. (Elsevier)
    Samples of raw and treated wastewater were collected at the Montreal Urban Community (Canada) sewage treatment plant between July and Oct. 1993 and analyzed for PCBs and PAHs. Water samples were also collected in the effluent plume in the St Lawrence River during the same period. The av. concns. of Σ13 PCBs in raw wastewater and treated wastewater were 4.3 and 1.4 ng/L, resp. For PAHs, av. concns. in raw and treated wastewater were 1.5 and 0.4 μg/L, resp. The removal rates for PCB congeners and individual PAHs were 33-100%. Approx. 1 kg of PCBs and 0.26 tons of PAHs were discharged annually by the MUC wastewater treatment plant to the St Lawrence River. Levels of PCBs and PAHs increased significantly at the effluent outfall in the river compared to those measured at the upstream site. In the effluent plume, concns. of PCBs and PAHs reached background levels at approx. 13 and 6 km downstream from the effluent outfall, resp.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaK2sXkt12ltLo%253D&md5=109a6579aac8f3ad98a52ec16111f337
  91. 91
    Castiglioni, S.; Davoli, E.; Riva, F.; Palmiotto, M.; Camporini, P.; Manenti, A.; Zuccato, E. Mass Balance of Emerging Contaminants in the Water Cycle of a Highly Urbanized and Industrialized Area of Italy. Water Res. 2018, 131, 287– 298,  DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.12.047
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    91
    Mass balance of emerging contaminants in the water cycle of a highly urbanized and industrialized area of Italy
    Castiglioni, Sara; Davoli, Enrico; Riva, Francesco; Palmiotto, Marinella; Camporini, Paolo; Manenti, Angela; Zuccato, Ettore
    Water Research (2018), 131 (), 287-298CODEN: WATRAG; ISSN:0043-1354. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    The occurrence of several classes of emerging contaminants (ECs) was assessed in the River Lambro basin, one of the most urbanized and industrialized areas of Italy. The study aims were to identify the main sources of ECs, quantify their amts. circulating in the water cycle, and study their fate in the aquatic environment. More than 80ECs were selected among pharmaceuticals (PHARM), personal care products (PCPs), disinfectants (DIS), illicit drugs (IDs), perfluorinated compds. (PERF), alkylphenols and bisphenol A (Alk-BPA), and anthropogenic markers (AM). Specific anal. methods were developed for quant. anal. based on solid phase extn. and liq. chromatog. tandem mass spectrometry. ECs were measured in rivers upstream and downstream of the main city (Milan), and in untreated and treated wastewater from Milan to assess the contribution to river contamination, and in superficial and deep groundwater in the city area to study the relationship between river and groundwater contamination. Samples were collected in a two-year monitoring campaign. Almost all ECs were ubiquitous in untreated wastewater, at concns. up to the μg/L range, and the most abundant classes were PHARM and AM. Removals during different wastewater treatment processes were studied and the most stable substances were PHARM, PCPs and PERF. The mass loads increased for all the classes of ECs along the River Lambro basin. A mass balance was done in the river basin and allowed to identify the main sources of contamination, which were domestic, from treated or untreated wastewater, for PHARM, PCPs and IDs, mainly industrial for PERF, and both industrial and domestic for Alk-BPA. The study of AM helped to identify direct discharges of untreated wastewater. A substantial contribution of surface water to groundwater contamination was obsd. This study improves the knowledge on occurrence, sources and fate of multiple classes of ECs in a highly urbanized area providing useful information to help the establishment of EU regulations for ECs.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXjt12jug%253D%253D&md5=b736e5987d333629a5c5376dae422678
  92. 92
    Tran, N. H.; Reinhard, M.; Gin, K. Y. H. Occurrence and Fate of Emerging Contaminants in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants from Different Geographical Regions-a Review. Water Res. 2018, 133, 182– 207,  DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.12.029
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    92
    Occurrence and fate of emerging contaminants in municipal wastewater treatment plants from different geographical regions-a review
    Tran, Ngoc Han; Reinhard, Martin; Gin, Karina Yew-Hoong
    Water Research (2018), 133 (), 182-207CODEN: WATRAG; ISSN:0043-1354. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Emerging contaminants, such as antibiotics, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, hormones, and artificial sweeteners, are recognized as new classes of water contaminants due to their proven or potential adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems and human health. This review provides comprehensive data on the occurrence of 60 emerging contaminants (ECs) in influent, treated effluent, sludge, and biosolids in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In particular, data on the occurrence of ECs in the influents and effluents of WWTPs are systematically summarized and categorized according to geog. regions (Asia, Europe, and North America). The occurrence patterns of ECs in raw influent and treated effluents of WWTPs between geog. regions were compared and evaluated. Concns. of most ECs in raw influent in Asian region tend to be higher than those in European and North American countries. Many antibiotics were detected in the influents and effluents of WWTPs at concns. close to or exceeding the predicted no-effect concns. (PNECs) for resistance selection. The efficacy of EC removal by sorption and biodegrdn. during wastewater treatment processes are discussed in light of kinetics and parameters, such as sorption coeffs. (Kd) and biodegrdn. consts. (kbiol), and physicochem. properties (i.e. log Kow and pKa). Commonly used sampling and monitoring strategies are critically reviewed. Anal. research needs are identified, and novel investigative approaches for future monitoring studies are proposed.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXit1Gitr0%253D&md5=962b8cfae969dea4c97468422258d447
  93. 93
    Cabeza, Y.; Candela, L.; Ronen, D.; Teijon, G. Monitoring the Occurrence of Emerging Contaminants in Treated Wastewater and Groundwater between 2008 and 2010. The Baix Llobregat (Barcelona, Spain). J. Hazard. Mater. 2012, 239–240, 32– 39,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.07.032
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    93
    Monitoring the occurrence of emerging contaminants in treated wastewater and groundwater between 2008 and 2010. The Baix Llobregat (Barcelona, Spain)
    Cabeza, Y.; Candela, L.; Ronen, D.; Teijon, G.
    Journal of Hazardous Materials (2012), 239-240 (), 32-39CODEN: JHMAD9; ISSN:0304-3894. (Elsevier B.V.)
    The occurrence of 166 emerging compds. and four heavy metals (Cd, Ni, Hg and Pb) in treated wastewater and groundwater was monitored at the Llobregat delta (Barcelona, Spain) over a period of 3 years. Selected compds. were pharmaceuticals, personal care products (PCPs), dioxins, polycyclic arom. hydrocarbons (PAHs) and priority substances included in the 2008/105/CE Directive. Anal. was performed in tertiary treated wastewater (TWW), after an addnl. treatment of ultrafiltration reverse osmosis and UV disinfection, and groundwater from a deep confined aquifer. This aquifer is artificially recharged with TWW through injection wells. After the advanced treatment, 38 pharmaceuticals, 9 PCPs, 9 pesticides and 7 PAHs still showed a frequency of detection higher than 25% in the TWW, although at low concn. levels (ng/l). Not all active compds. found in the TWW were present in groundwater, indicating possible degrdn. within the aquifer media after the injection. A no. of chems., mainly 10 pesticides and 10 pharmaceuticals were only present in groundwater samples, confirming a different origin than the injected TWW, probably agricultural activities and/or infiltration of poorly treated wastewater.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XhsFansbrM&md5=fcf7ce24b30931fdba1970accc101aa0
  94. 94
    Luo, Y.; Guo, W.; Ngo, H. H.; Nghiem, L. D.; Hai, F. I.; Zhang, J.; Liang, S.; Wang, X. C. A Review on the Occurrence of Micropollutants in the Aquatic Environment and Their Fate and Removal during Wastewater Treatment. Sci. Total Environ. 2014, 473–474, 619– 641,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.065
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    94
    A review on the occurrence of micropollutants in the aquatic environment and their fate and removal during wastewater treatment
    Luo, Yunlong; Guo, Wenshan; Ngo, Huu Hao; Nghiem, Long Duc; Hai, Faisal Ibney; Zhang, Jian; Liang, Shuang; Wang, Xiaochang C.
    Science of the Total Environment (2014), 473-474 (), 619-641CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)
    A review. Micropollutants are emerging as a new challenge to the scientific community. This article provides a summary of the recent occurrence of micropollutants in the aquatic environment including sewage, surface water, groundwater, and drinking water. The discharge of treated effluent from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is a major pathway for the introduction of micropollutants to surface water. WWTPs act as primary barriers against the spread of micropollutants. WWTP removal efficiency of the selected micropollutants in 14 countries/regions depicts compd.-specific variation in removal, ranging from 12.5-100%. Advanced treatment processes, such as activated carbon adsorption, advanced oxidn. processes, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, and membrane bioreactors can achieve higher and more consistent micropollutant removal. However, regardless of what technol. is employed, the removal of micropollutants depends on physico-chem. properties of micropollutants and treatment conditions. The evaluation of micropollutant removal from municipal wastewater should cover a series of aspects from sources to end uses. After the release of micropollutants, a better understanding and modeling of their fate in surface water is essential for effectively predicting their impacts on the receiving environment.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhs1Crtb0%253D&md5=60a21239575c095c5cb6582e7cd18480
  95. 95
    Rúa-Gómez, P. C.; Püttmann, W. Impact of Wastewater Treatment Plant Discharge of Lidocaine, Tramadol, Venlafaxine and Their Metabolites on the Quality of Surface Waters and Groundwater. J. Environ. Monit. 2012, 14 (5), 1391– 1399,  DOI: 10.1039/c2em10950f
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    95
    Impact of wastewater treatment plant discharge of lidocaine, tramadol, venlafaxine and their metabolites on the quality of surface waters and groundwater
    Rua-Gomez, Paola C.; Puettmann, Wilhelm
    Journal of Environmental Monitoring (2012), 14 (5), 1391-1399CODEN: JEMOFW; ISSN:1464-0325. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
    The presence of the anesthetic lidocaine (LDC), the analgesic tramadol (TRA), the antidepressant venlafaxine (VEN) and the metabolites O-desmethyltramadol (ODT) and O-desmethylvenlafaxine (ODV) was investigated in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents, in surface waters and in groundwater. The analytes were detected in all effluent samples and in only 64% of the surface water samples. The mean concns. of the analytes in effluent samples from WWTPs with wastewater from only households and hospitals were 107 (LDC), 757 (TRA), 122 (ODT), 160 (VEN) and 637 ng L-1 (ODV), while the mean concns. in effluents from WWTPs treating addnl. wastewater from pharmaceutical industries as indirect dischargers were for some pharmaceuticals clearly higher. WWTP effluents were identified as important sources of the analyzed pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in surface waters. The concns. of the compds. found in surface waters ranged from <LOQ to 176 (LDC), 381 (TRA), 261 (ODT), 122 (VEN) and 743 ng L-1 (ODV) and were dependent on the concns. of the compds. in the WWTP effluents, the proportion of wastewater in the recipient water, the mean flow rate of the surface water, and the proximity of the sampling point to the WWTP discharge point. The dependence of the concns. of the target compds. in the surface water on the distance between the sampling points and the points of WWTP discharge into the recipient rivers and streams indicates possible degrdn. of the compds. in the surface waters. Infiltration of the target analytes into groundwater was not obsd.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XmsVajtLg%253D&md5=92b2c0b8b940d5911115f9c2c3f3198b
  96. 96
    Ratola, N.; Cincinelli, A.; Alves, A.; Katsoyiannis, A. Occurrence of Organic Microcontaminants in the Wastewater Treatment Process. A Mini Review. J. Hazard. Mater. 2012, 239–240, 1– 18,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.05.040
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    96
    Occurrence of organic microcontaminants in the wastewater treatment process. A mini review
    Ratola, Nuno; Cincinelli, Alessandra; Alves, Arminda; Katsoyiannis, Athanasios
    Journal of Hazardous Materials (2012), 239-240 (), 1-18CODEN: JHMAD9; ISSN:0304-3894. (Elsevier B.V.)
    A review. A wastewater treatment plant may receive various types of wastewater namely, urban, industrial, agricultural, washout from the streets, wet or/and dry atm. deposition. As such, scientists have detected in wastewaters all major categories of pollutants like persistent org. pollutants (POPs), polycyclic arom. hydrocarbons (PAHs), and pesticides, but also substances that are widely used as pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, classified as "PPCPs" (pharmaceuticals and personal care products). Finally, the latest categories of compds. to be looked upon in these types of matrixes are illicit drugs (drugs of abuse, like cocaine, etc.) and doping substances. We summarize major categories of org. microcontaminants that were detected in wastewaters and studies their fate during the wastewater treatment process. Occurrence of these compds. in the influents and effluents are reported, as well as percents of removal, mass balances, and phase distributions.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XhsFantrfP&md5=4e1301e916a7e3f6f122ef6f1a0afd69
  97. 97
    Sánchez-Avila, J.; Bonet, J.; Velasco, G.; Lacorte, S. Determination and Occurrence of Phthalates, Alkylphenols, Bisphenol A, PBDEs, PCBs and PAHs in an Industrial Sewage Grid Discharging to a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant. Sci. Total Environ. 2009, 407 (13), 4157– 4167,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.03.016
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    97
    Determination and occurrence of phthalates, alkylphenols, bisphenol A, PBDEs, PCBs and PAHs in an industrial sewage grid discharging to a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant
    Sanchez-Avila, Juan; Bonet, Jordi; Velasco, Gemma; Lacorte, Silvia
    Science of the Total Environment (2009), 407 (13), 4157-4167CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)
    Industrial and urban discharges release org. contaminants which might affect the quality of receiving waters if not properly eliminated in Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP). This study is aimed to evaluate the source, transport and fate of contaminants of industrial origin in a sewage grid discharging to a WWTP and finally to the sea. The sampling network covered an industrial and urban area and wastewaters, influents and effluents of a WWTP were analyzed using a newly developed multiresidual method to capture a wide range contaminants (phthalates, alkylphenols, bisphenol A, PBDEs, PCBs and PAHs). Alkylphenols and phthalates followed by PAHs were the main compds. detected at levels between 0.01 to 698 μg l- 1 in the sewage pipelines. At the WWTP influent they were detected at concns. up to 345 μg l- 1. The contaminant load was eliminated in a 64-92% during the primary and secondary treatment of the plant. However, alkylphenols, phthalates bisphenol A and traces of PAHs were discharged with the effluent, producing a total net input of 825 g d- 1 to the sea. The study of wastewaters herein proposed can be used to better predict the loads into WWTP to improve treatment conditions according to specific sewage inputs and to assess the risks assocd. with the continuous discharge of contaminants to receiving plants.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1MXls1OrsL4%253D&md5=7a37f7a4fd2090ef3e77c900968f0b1b
  98. 98
    Yang, Y.; Ok, Y. S.; Kim, K. H.; Kwon, E. E.; Tsang, Y. F. Occurrences and Removal of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in Drinking Water and Water/Sewage Treatment Plants: A Review. Sci. Total Environ. 2017, 596–597, 303– 320,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.102
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    98
    Occurrences and removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in drinking water and water/sewage treatment plants: A review
    Yang, Yi; Ok, Yong Sik; Kim, Ki-Hyun; Kwon, Eilhann E.; Tsang, Yiu Fai
    Science of the Total Environment (2017), 596-597 (), 303-320CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)
    A review. In recent years, many of micropollutants have been widely detected because of continuous input of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) into the environment and newly developed state-of-the-art anal. methods. PPCP residues are frequently detected in drinking water sources, sewage treatment plants (STPs), and water treatment plants (WTPs) due to their universal consumption, low human metabolic capability, and improper disposal. When partially metabolized PPCPs are transferred into STPs, they elicit neg. effects on biol. treatment processes; therefore, conventional STPs are insufficient when it comes to PPCP removal. Furthermore, the excreted metabolites may become secondary pollutants and can be further modified in receiving water bodies. Several advanced treatment systems, including membrane filtration, granular activated carbon, and advanced oxidn. processes, have been used for the effective removal of individual PPCPs. This review covers the occurrence patterns of PPCPs in water environments and the techniques adopted for their treatment in STP/WTP unit processes operating in various countries. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of the removal and fate of PPCPs in different treatment facilities as well as the optimum methods for their elimination in STP and WTP systems.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXmsVehtL0%253D&md5=97b335ead73028cca18eeb4f2ecbc3d8
  99. 99
    Verlicchi, P.; Al Aukidy, M.; Zambello, E. Occurrence of Pharmaceutical Compounds in Urban Wastewater: Removal, Mass Load and Environmental Risk after a Secondary Treatment-A Review. Sci. Total Environ. 2012, 429, 123– 155,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.04.028
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    99
    Occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds in urban wastewater: Removal, mass load and environmental risk after a secondary treatment. A review
    Verlicchi, P.; Al Aukidy, M.; Zambello, E.
    Science of the Total Environment (2012), 429 (), 123-155CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)
    A review. This article focuses on 118 pharmaceuticals, belonging to 17 different therapeutic classes, detected in raw urban wastewater and effluent from an activated sludge system, a usual treatment adopted for urban wastewaters worldwide prior to final discharge into surface water bodies. Data pertaining to 244 conventional activated sludge systems and 20 membrane biol. reactors are analyzed and the obsd. ranges of variability of each selected compd. in their influent and effluent reported, with particular ref. to the substances detected most frequently and in higher concns. A snapshot of the ability of these systems to remove such compds. is provided by comparing their global removal efficiencies for each substance. Where possible, the study then evaluates the av. daily mass load of the majority of detected pharmaceuticals exiting the secondary treatment step. The final part of this article provides an assessment of the environmental risk posed by their presence in the secondary effluent by the risk quotient that is the ratio between the av. pharmaceutical concn. measured in the secondary effluent and the predicted no-effect concn. Finally, mass load rankings of the compds. under review are compared with those based on their risk level. This anal. shows that the highest amts. discharged through secondary effluent pertain to one antihypertensive, and several beta-blockers and analgesics/anti-inflammatories, while the highest risk is posed by antibiotics and several psychiatric drugs and analgesics/anti-inflammatories. These results are reported with a view to aiding scientists and administrators in planning measures aiming to reduce the impact of treated urban wastewater discharge into surface water bodies.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38Xos1Cntbo%253D&md5=7229686d9dbb15fb7e4fed8cacadf552
  100. 100
    Lubello, C.; Gori, R.; Nicese, F. P.; Ferrini, F. Municipal-Treated Wastewater Reuse for Plant Nurseries Irrigation. Water Res. 2004, 38, 2939– 2947,  DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2004.03.037
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    100
    Municipal-treated wastewater reuse for plant nurseries irrigation
    Lubello, Claudio; Gori, Riccardo; Nicese, Francesco Paolo; Ferrini, Francesco
    Water Research (2004), 38 (12), 2939-2947CODEN: WATRAG; ISSN:0043-1354. (Elsevier Science B.V.)
    Results of an expt. aimed at assessing the possibility of reusing reclaimed wastewater for nursery ornamental plants are presented. Tests were carried out in Pistoia, Italy. A pilot plant for tertiary treatment (filtration and peracetic acid (PAA) + UV disinfection) of the local wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent was set up. An exptl. plot with 6 containerized ornamental species was irrigated with the tertiary effluent and growth and physiol. parameters were monitored. A control plot irrigated with fertigated water (nutrient-enriched groundwater) was also set up in order to compare the plants response to different kinds of irrigation water. The refinery treatment by filtration and disinfection with PAA and UV together was very effective in bacteria removal. The value of 2 MPN of total coliforms in 100 mL set by Italian law (until June 2003) for unrestricted irrigation was constantly satisfied. Agronomic results indicate no major limitations to the use of a tertiary effluent as an irrigation source in an ornamental plant nursery. The nutrient content of the tertiary effluent was able to maintain good plant growth as well as fertigated water for most of the tested species.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2cXltFOntbg%253D&md5=75d46ce1924ffb05c507f4660250553d
  101. 101
    United States Environmental Protection Agency. State Progress Toward Developing Numeric Nutrient Water Quality Criteria for Nitrogen and Phosphorus, https://www.epa.gov/nutrient-policy-data/state-progress-toward-developing-numeric-nutrient-water-quality-criteria (accessed April 18, 2019).
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  102. 102
    Carpenter, S. R.; Caraco, N. F.; Correll, D. L.; Howarth, R. W.; Sharpley, A. N.; Smith, V. H. Nonpoint Pollution of Surface Waters with Phosphorus and Nitrogen. Ecol. Appl. 1998, 8 (3), 559– 568,  DOI: 10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0559:NPOSWW]2.0.CO;2
    [Crossref], Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  103. 103
    Selbig, W. R. Evaluation of Leaf Removal as a Means to Reduce Nutrient Concentrations and Loads in Urban Stormwater. Sci. Total Environ. 2016, 571, 124– 133,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.003
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    103
    Evaluation of leaf removal as a means to reduce nutrient concentrations and loads in urban stormwater
    Selbig, William R.
    Science of the Total Environment (2016), 571 (), 124-133CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)
    While the sources of nutrients to urban stormwater are many, the primary contributor is often org. detritus, esp. in areas with dense overhead tree canopy. One way to remove org. detritus before it becomes entrained in runoff is to implement a city-wide leaf collection and street cleaning program. Improving our knowledge of the potential redn. of nutrients to stormwater through removal of leaves and other org. detritus on streets could help tailor more targeted municipal leaf collection programs. This study characterized an upper ideal limit in redns. of total and dissolved forms of P and N in stormwater through implementation of a municipal leaf collection and street cleaning program in Madison, WI, USA. Addnl. measures were taken to remove leaf litter from street surfaces prior to pptn. events. Loads of total and dissolved P were reduced by 84 and 83% (p <0.05), and total and dissolved N by 74 and 71% (p <0.05) with an active leaf removal program. Without leaf removal, 56% of the annual total P yield (winter excluded) was due to leaf litter in the fall compared to 16% with leaf removal. Despite significant redns. in load, total N showed only minor changes in fall yields without and with leaf removal at 19 and 16%, resp. The majority of nutrient concns. were in the dissolved fraction making source control through leaf removal one of the few treatment options available to environmental managers when reducing the amt. of dissolved nutrients in stormwater runoff. Subsequently, the efficiency, frequency, and timing of leaf removal and street cleaning are the primary factors to consider when developing a leaf management program.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28Xht1GhsLzF&md5=48835fc76d8e8b2b01b194f27f04ab89
  104. 104
    World Health Organization. Calcium and Magnesium in Drinking-Water: Public Health Significance; Cotruvo, J., Bartram, J., Eds.; World Health Organization Press: Geneva, Switzerland, 2009.
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  105. 105
    Marsalek, J. Road Salts in Urban Stormwater: An Emerging Issue in Stormwater Management in Cold Climates. Water Sci. Technol. 2003, 48 (9), 61– 70,  DOI: 10.2166/wst.2003.0493
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    105
    Road salts in urban stormwater: an emerging issue in stormwater management in cold climates
    Marsalek, J.
    Water Science and Technology (2003), 48 (9), 61-70CODEN: WSTED4; ISSN:0273-1223. (IWA Publishing)
    A review. Potential impacts of road salting on the environment have been increased by the introduction of certain stormwater management practices. Specific impacts are discussed for four such practices, infiltration facilities, oil and grit separators, stormwater ponds, and constructed wetlands. The main concerns about the hazards of chloride-laden stormwater discharges include contamination of groundwater, leaching out of trace metals, densimetric stratification and poor vertical mixing in ponds, direct and indirect toxic effects, benthic drift, and reduced biodiversity. The assocd. environmental risks need to be reduced by chloride source controls and prevention of excessive chloride accumulations by appropriate design and operation of stormwater facilities in winter months.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2cXht1aqu7s%253D&md5=9bd2f144b24141435d5b05612636ec20
  106. 106
    Moore, J.; Bird, D. L.; Dobbis, S. K.; Woodward, G. Nonpoint Source Contributions Drive Elevated Major Ion and Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Concentrations in Urban Watersheds. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 2017, 4 (6), 198– 204,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.7b00096
    [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar
    106
    Nonpoint Source Contributions Drive Elevated Major Ion and Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Concentrations in Urban Watersheds
    Moore, Joel; Bird, Darcy L.; Dobbis, Seth K.; Woodward, Gregory
    Environmental Science & Technology Letters (2017), 4 (6), 198-204CODEN: ESTLCU; ISSN:2328-8930. (American Chemical Society)
    The rapid expansion of urban land cover is assocd. with neg. impacts on stream ecosystems. Elevated specific conductance (SC) and major ion concns. are increasingly documented in urban streams. However, the degree to which nonpoint sources contribute to elevated ion concns. is unclear. We characterized SC and major ion concns. in five small watersheds along a forested-to-urban gradient with impervious surface cover (ISC) ranging from 0-25%, no major point sources such as wastewater treatment plants, and similar bedrock chem. Ion concns. increase by an av. of 27 times along the forested-to-urban gradient, including an increase of 10 times in dissolved inorg. carbon (DIC). Inputs from road salt caused large increases in Na+ and Cl- concns. as well as high seasonal variability. Significant increases in Ca2+, Mg2+, DIC, and SO42- concns. in watersheds with high ISC provide the best evidence to date that concrete is a substantial nonpoint source contributor to urban stream chem. Elevated Ca2+, Mg2+, DIC, and SO42- concns. in urban watersheds due to nonpoint source contributions have wide ranging implications, including potential redn. of Cl- toxicity, changes in metal speciation and toxicity, a shift to waters satd. with respect to calcium carbonate, and altered carbon and sulfur cycling.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXmsVaitbw%253D&md5=e4ee58a9eb243b8178596eead808ac5f
  107. 107
    Schuler, M. S.; Canedo-Arguelles, M.; Hintz, W. D.; Dyack, B.; Birk, S.; Relyea, R. A. Regulations Are Needed to Protect Freshwater Ecosystems from Salinization. Philos. Trans. R. Soc., B 2019, 374, 20180019,  DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0019
    [Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar
    107
    Regulations are needed to protect freshwater ecosystems from salinization
    Schuler, Matthew S.; Canedo-Arguelles, Miguel; Hintz, William D.; Dyack, Brenda; Birk, Sebastian; Relyea, Rick A.
    Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B: Biological Sciences (2019), 374 (1764), 20180019CODEN: PTRBAE; ISSN:0962-8436. (Royal Society)
    Anthropogenic activities such as mining, agriculture and industrial wastes have increased the rate of salinization of freshwater ecosystems around the world. Despite the known and probable consequences of freshwater salinization, few consequential regulatory stds. and management procedures exist. Current regulations are generally inadequate because they are regionally inconsistent, lack legal consequences and have few ion-specific stds. The lack of ion-specific stds. is problematic, because each anthropogenic source of freshwater salinization is assocd. with a distinct set of ions that can present unique social and economic costs. Addnl., the environmental and toxicol. consequences of freshwater salinization are often dependent on the occurrence, concn. and ratios of specific ions. Therefore, to protect fresh waters from continued salinization, discrete, ion-specific management and regulatory strategies should be considered for each source of freshwater salinization, using data from standardized, ion-specific monitoring practices. To develop comprehensive monitoring, regulatory, and management guidelines, we recommend the use of co-adaptive, multi-stakeholder approaches that balance environmental, social, and economic costs and benefits assocd. with freshwater salinization.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhtVOmsL%252FP&md5=ada12f3948582d1ffc81b1f2d188a7cd
  108. 108
    Taka, M.; Kokkonen, T.; Kuoppamäki, K.; Niemi, T.; Sillanpää, N.; Valtanen, M.; Warsta, L.; Setälä, H. Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Major Ions in Urban Stormwater under Cold Climate. Hydrol. Process. 2017, 31 (8), 1564– 1577,  DOI: 10.1002/hyp.11126
    [Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar
    108
    Spatio-temporal patterns of major ions in urban stormwater under cold climate
    Taka, Maija; Kokkonen, Teemu; Kuoppamaeki, Kirsi; Niemi, Tero; Sillanpaeae, Nora; Valtanen, Marjo; Warsta, Lassi; Setaelae, Heikki
    Hydrological Processes (2017), 31 (8), 1564-1577CODEN: HYPRE3; ISSN:1099-1085. (Wiley-Blackwell)
    Multiple natural and anthropogenic factors affect urban water chem. However, little is known about the abundance or temporal variation of major ions in urban runoff. This study explores the spatio-temporal variation of major dissolved ions (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, NO3, and SO4) and total dissolved solids (TDS) in cold climate urban stormwater. Three watersheds with varying degrees of urban land use intensity and imperviousness (from 36% to 66%) in Helsinki, Finland, were continuously monitored for 5 years using an automated sampling procedure to obtain stormwater discharge and ion concns. and, thus, loadings. High-resoln. datasets, including long-term continuous discharge, both measured and simulated (using Storm Water Management Model), and automatic water quality sampling enabled the accurate calcn. of loads of ions and TDS. Water quality was related to explanatory watershed characteristics (e.g., watershed physiog. and sampling time) using hierarchical clustering, nonmetric multidimensional scaling, and hierarchical partitioning methods. Urban land use contributed to increased ion concns. and loads year-round. This study highlights how stormwater ion concns. are elevated across seasons, indicating chronic pollution phenomena. The greatest loads occurred during summer (except for Na and Cl), while the highest variation in loads was obsd. in autumn. Significant clusters among ions were found in the hierarchical cluster anal., suggesting similar temporal patterns and sources for the ions in each cluster. The importance of land use was evident, though in the most urbanized watershed, concns. were not linked to any of the investigated watershed characteristics. Based on our results, only Na and Cl are manageable by alternative winter road antiskid practices, whereas other ions resulted from diffuse pollution sources, being therefore more difficult to control. Finally, this study contributes to an increased understanding of the temporal and spatial patterns of ions in stormwater and highlights the need for consistent time series data for ion monitoring under cold climatic conditions in order to enable reliable ests. of their loads to adjacent water bodies. Finally, year-round stormwater treatment is highly recommended.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXlsFWqurY%253D&md5=6cc243e7a5eeda6d7fe31b20c25d62c5
  109. 109
    Corsi, S. R.; De Cicco, L. A.; Lutz, M. A.; Hirsch, R. M. River Chloride Trends in Snow-Affected Urban Watersheds: Increasing Concentrations Outpace Urban Growth Rate and Are Common among All Seasons. Sci. Total Environ. 2015, 508, 488– 497,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.012
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    109
    River chloride trends in snow-affected urban watersheds: increasing concentrations outpace urban growth rate and are common among all seasons
    Corsi, Steven R.; De Cicco, Laura A.; Lutz, Michelle A.; Hirsch, Robert M.
    Science of the Total Environment (2015), 508 (), 488-497CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)
    Cl- concns. in the northern US examd. in this work increased substantially over time with av. concns. approx. doubling from 1990 to 2011, out-pacing the rate of urbanization in this area. Historical data were examd. for 30 monitoring sites on 19 streams with Cl- concn. and flow records of 18-49 years. Cl- concns. in most studied streams increased in all seasons (13 of 19 in all seasons; 16 of 19 in winter); max. concns. occurred in winter. Increasing concns. during non-deicing periods suggested Cl- was stored in hydrol. reservoirs, e.g., the shallow groundwater system, in winter and slowly released in base flow throughout the year. Stream flow dependency was also obsd. with Cl- concns. increasing as stream flow decreased, a result of diln. during rainfall- and snowmelt-induced high flow periods. The effect of Cl- on aquatic life increased over time; 29% of study sites exceeded concns. for USEPA chronic water quality criteria (230 mg/L) by an av. of >100 individual days/yr in 2006-2011. The rapid rate of Cl- concn. increase in these streams was likely due to a combination of possible increased road salt application rates, increased baseline concns., and greater snowfall in the midwestern US in the latter portion of the study period.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXitV2isLjO&md5=b59b6e77078958b68cfdb62fc381de62
  110. 110
    Maniquiz-Redillas, M. C.; Kim, L.-H. Evaluation of the Capability of Low-Impact Development Practices for the Removal of Heavy Metal from Urban Stormwater Runoff. Environ. Technol. 2016, 37 (18), 2265– 2272,  DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1147610
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    110
    Evaluation of the capability of low-impact development practices for the removal of heavy metal from urban stormwater runoff
    Maniquiz-Redillas, Marla C.; Kim, Lee-Hyung
    Environmental Technology (2016), 37 (18), 2265-2272CODEN: ENVTEV; ISSN:0959-3330. (Taylor & Francis Ltd.)
    Low-impact development (LID) and green infrastructure (GI) have recently become well-known methods to capture, collect, retain, and remove pollutants in stormwater runoff. The research was conducted to assess the efficiency of LID/GI systems applied in removing the particulate and dissolved heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cu, Ni, Cr, Cd, and Fe) from urban stormwater runoff. A total of 82 storm events were monitored over a four-year period (2010-2014) on six LID/GI systems including infiltration trenches, tree box filter, rain garden, and hybrid constructed wetlands employed for the management of road, parking lot, and roof runoff. It was obsd. that the heavy metal concn. increased proportionally with the total suspended solids concn. Among the heavy metal constituents, Fe appeared to be highly particulate-bound and was the easiest to remove followed by Zn and Pb; while metals such as Cr, Ni, Cu, and Cd were mostly dissolved and more difficult to remove. The mass fraction ratios of metal constituents at the effluent were increased relative to the influent. All the systems performed well in the removal of particulate-bound metals and were more efficient for larger storms greater than 15 mm wherein more particulate-bound metals were generated compared to smaller storms less than 5 mm that produced more dissolved metals. The efficiency of the systems in removing the particulate-bound metals was restricted during high av./peak flows; i.e., high-intensity storms events and when heavy metals have low concn. levels.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XjslKhs7g%253D&md5=b9bbb7e338aa66741e0c16a2916010c1
  111. 111
    Barber, L. B.; Paschke, S. S.; Battaglin, W. A.; Douville, C.; Fitzgerald, K. C.; Keefe, H.; Roth, D. A.; Vajda, A. M. Effects of an Extreme Flood on Trace Elements in River Water-From Urban Stream to Major River Basin. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51, 10344– 10356,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01767
    [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar
    111
    Effects of an Extreme Flood on Trace Elements in River Water-From Urban Stream to Major River Basin
    Barber, Larry B.; Paschke, Suzanne S.; Battaglin, William A.; Douville, Chris; Fitzgerald, Kevin C.; Keefe, Steffanie H.; Roth, David A.; Vajda, Alan M.
    Environmental Science & Technology (2017), 51 (18), 10344-10356CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
    Major floods adversely affect water quality through surface runoff, groundwater discharge, and damage to municipal water infrastructure. Despite their importance, it can be difficult to assess the effects of floods on streamwater chem. because of challenges collecting samples and the absence of baseline data. This study documents water quality during the Sept. 2013 extreme flood in the South Platte River, Colorado, USA. Weekly time-series water samples were collected from 3 urban source waters (municipal tap water, streamwater, and wastewater treatment facility effluent) under normal-flow and flood conditions. In addn., water samples were collected during the flood at 5 locations along the South Platte River and from 7 tributaries along the Colorado Front Range. Samples were analyzed for 54 major and trace elements. Specific chem. tracers, representing different natural and anthropogenic sources and geochem. behaviors, were used to compare streamwater compn. before and during the flood. The results differentiate hydrol. processes that affected water quality: (1) in the upper watershed, runoff dild. most dissolved constituents, (2) in the urban corridor and lower watershed, runoff mobilized sol. constituents accumulated on the landscape and contributed to stream loading, and (3) flood-induced groundwater discharge mobilized sol. constituents stored in the vadose zone.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhsVWmtb3I&md5=797345a2fea898d6c38c61d54b8c4a52
  112. 112
    Bay, S.; Jones, B. H.; Schiff, K.; Washburn, L. Water Quality Impacts of Stormwater Discharges to Santa Monica Bay. Mar. Environ. Res. 2003, 56 (1), 205– 223,  DOI: 10.1016/S0141-1136(02)00331-8
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    112
    Water quality impacts of stormwater discharges to Santa Monica Bay
    Bay, Steven; Jones, Burton H.; Schiff, Kenneth; Washburn, Libe
    Marine Environmental Research (2003), 56 (1-2), 205-223CODEN: MERSDW; ISSN:0141-1136. (Elsevier Science B.V.)
    Urban stormwater runoff is a major source of contaminants to southern California's coastal waters, yet little is known about the fate and effects of these discharges. A 3-yr multidisciplinary project was conducted to investigate the dispersion of stormwater plumes in Santa Monica Bay and the resultant impacts on the water column and benthos. This paper describes the toxicity component of the study. Sea urchin fertilization toxicity tests were conducted on stormwater from the 2 largest discharges into the bay: Ballona Creek, which drains a highly urbanized watershed, and Malibu Creek, which receives runoff from a largely undeveloped watershed. Every sample of Ballona Creek stormwater tested was toxic (usually >5 toxic units), while Malibu Creek stormwater had a lower frequency and magnitude of toxicity (usually <4 toxic units). Surface water samples collected within the Ballona Creek stormwater discharge plume were always toxic whenever the concn. of stormwater in the plume exceeded 10%. The toxic portion of the Ballona Creek stormwater plume extended >4 Km offshore on one occasion. Toxicity identification studies indicated that zinc was the primary cause of toxicity in both Ballona Creek stormwater and the discharge plume. No acute sediment toxicity (10-day amphipod survival) was present in the study area, although interstitial water toxicity was present at some stations located near the mouth of Ballona Creek. Differences in watershed characteristics likely were responsible for the greater toxicity of the Ballona Creek stormwater discharge plume. The Ballona Creek watershed contained a greater degree of urbanization (83 vs. 12% for Malibu Creek) and the presence of a network of concrete flood control channels resulted in a stormwater plume contg. elevated concns. of toxics that received less initial diln. (compared to Malibu Creek) in the nearshore environment.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD3sXitVKmtbk%253D&md5=2a396ba1304c438c1f595898c6147bd8
  113. 113
    Trowsdale, S. A.; Simcock, R. Urban Stormwater Treatment Using Bioretention. J. Hydrol. 2011, 397 (3), 167– 174,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.11.023
    [Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar
    113
    Urban stormwater treatment using bioretention
    Trowsdale, Sam A.; Simcock, Robyn
    Journal of Hydrology (Amsterdam, Netherlands) (2011), 397 (3-4), 167-174CODEN: JHYDA7; ISSN:0022-1694. (Elsevier B.V.)
    Urban stormwater has neg. environmental and ecol. effects. Bioretention systems are starting to be used in efforts to mitigate these effects. A bioretention system receiving H2O from a light industrial catchment and a busy road was designed, built and monitored for changes in soil physics as well as hydrol. and hydrochem. efficiency. The soils in the bioretention system were designed to have high metal removal potential and high permeability to compensate for undersized bioretention vol. The inflow hydrograph was sharp peaks with little baseflow, typical of runoff from impervious surfaces. The bioretention system smoothed the hydrograph by reducing peak flow and vol. for all 12 events monitored. Overflow occurred in 10 events indicating the increased permeability did not fully compensate for the undersized vol. Runoff was heavily polluted with sediment and heavy metals, in particular Zn. The majority of the Zn, lead and Total Suspended Sediments were removed from the stormwater that flowed through the bioretention system, with TSS and total Zn concns. reducing by orders of magnitude. Despite high removal efficiency, median concns. of Zn exiting the bioretention system still exceeded ecosystem health guidelines and the bioretention system was both a source and sink of Cu.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXot1elsg%253D%253D&md5=9a99e42958ef62f58400bce228f9445d
  114. 114
    Gwenzi, W.; Mangori, L.; Danha, C.; Chaukura, N.; Dunjana, N.; Sanganyado, E. Sources, Behaviour, and Environmental and Human Health Risks of High-Technology Rare Earth Elements as Emerging Contaminants. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 636, 299– 313,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.235
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    114
    Sources, behaviour, and environmental and human health risks of high-technology rare earth elements as emerging contaminants
    Gwenzi, Willis; Mangori, Lynda; Danha, Concilia; Chaukura, Nhamo; Dunjana, Nothando; Sanganyado, Edmond
    Science of the Total Environment (2018), 636 (), 299-313CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)
    A review. Recent studies show that high-technol. rare earth elements (REEs) of anthropogenic origin occur in the environment including in aquatic systems, suggesting REEs are contaminants of emerging concern. However, compared to org. contaminants, there is a lack of comprehensive reviews on the anthropogenic sources, environmental behavior, and public and ecol. health risks of REEs. The current review aims to: (1) identify anthropogenic sources, transfer mechanisms, and environmental behavior of REEs; (2) highlight the human and ecol. health risks of REEs and propose mitigation measures; and (3) identify knowledge gaps and future research directions. Out of the 17 REEs, La, Gd, Ce and Eu are the most studied. The main sources of anthropogenic REE include; medical facilities, petroleum refining, mining and technol. industries, fertilizers, livestock feeds, and electronic wastes and recycling plants. REEs are mobilized and transported in the environment by hydrol. and wind-driven processes. Ecotoxicol. effects include reduced plant growth, function and nutritional quality, genotoxicity and neurotoxicity in animals, trophic bioaccumulation, chronic and acute toxicities in soil organisms. Human exposure to REEs occurs via ingestion of contaminated water and food, inhalation, and direct intake during medical administration. REEs have been detected in human hair, nails, and biofluids. In humans, REEs cause nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and severe damage to nephrol. systems assocd. with Gd-based contrast agents, dysfunctional neurol. disorder, fibrotic tissue injury, oxidative stress, pneumoconiosis, cytotoxicity, anti-testicular effects, and male sterility. Barring REEs in medical devices, epidemiol. evidence directly linking REEs in the environment to human health conditions remains weak. To minimize health risks, a conceptual framework and possible mitigation measures are highlighted. Future research is needed to better understand sources, environmental behavior, ecotoxicol., and human epidemiol. Moreover, research on REEs in developing regions, including Africa, is needed given prevailing conditions predisposing humans to health risks (e.g., untreated drinking water).
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXoslSntrg%253D&md5=f675f82bcf56dd18f357d7dd31e59735
  115. 115
    Lerat-hardy, A.; Coynel, A.; Dutruch, L.; Pereto, C.; Bossy, C.; Gil-diaz, T.; Capdeville, M.; Blanc, G.; Schäfer, J. Rare Earth Element Fluxes over 15 Years into a Major European Estuary (Garonne-Gironde, SW France): Hospital Effluents as a Source of Increasing Gadolinium Anomalies. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 656, 409– 420,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.343
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    115
    Rare Earth Element fluxes over 15 years into a major European Estuary (Garonne-Gironde, SW France): Hospital effluents as a source of increasing gadolinium anomalies
    Lerat-Hardy, Antoine; Coynel, Alexandra; Dutruch, Lionel; Pereto, Clement; Bossy, Cecile; Gil-Diaz, Teba; Capdeville, Marion-Justine; Blanc, Gerard; Schafer, Jorg
    Science of the Total Environment (2019), 656 (), 409-420CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)
    New and rapidly developing technologies imply the emission of emerging potentially toxic contaminants such as Rare Earth Elements (REEs). Yet, the lithol.-derived quantities and anthropogenic contributions, esp. from urban areas, to annual REE fluxes into fluvial-estuarine systems remain widely unknown. The Garonne River drains H2O from ∼20% of the French land surface hosting ∼5,200,000 inhabitants and 2 large cities. Based on long-term monitoring (2003-2017) of H2O discharges and dissolved REEs concns. at the outlet of the Garonne Watershed upstream from Bordeaux, this study aims at assessing REE anomalies and evaluating temporal evolution of annual dissolved REE fluxes into the Gironde Estuary. Addnl., potential urban sources (e.g. domestic, medical) in the urban area of Bordeaux (1,190,000 inhab.) were analyzed to evaluate resp. signatures and contributions. Gd showed clear anomalies in all samples, with annual av. anthropogenic concns. ranging from 1.8 to 7.2 ng L-1 (0.011 to 0.046 nmol·L-1) in the Garonne River. If variations in annual Gd fluxes depend on hydrol., anthropogenic Gd fluxes showed an overall increasing trend from 32 kg year-1 (204 mol year-1) in 2003 to 75 kg year-1 (475 mol year-1) in 2017. Sewer waters from the 3rd largest hospital complex of France, the hospital group Pellegrin, contributed 25% to the incoming daily Gd flux into Bordeaux major Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP), owed to Gd use as contrast agent for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Due to weak removal efficiency in the WWTP, the Bordeaux Metropole significantly contributes (>27 kg year-1; 172 mol year-1) to Gd fluxes in the Gironde Estuary. The temporal evolution of anthropogenic Gd fluxes in the Garonne River may be related with the growing regional population and the increasing no. of MRI instruments, highlighting the importance of new high-tech applications in urban areas on contaminant fluxes and their potential harmful effects in fluvial-estuarine systems in the future.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXitl2itbzK&md5=c3734353e58394bf5ab31dc58a1da446
  116. 116
    Haskin, L. A.; Haskin, M. A.; Frey, F. A.; Wildeman, T. R. Relative and Absolute Terrestrial Abundances of the Rare Earths. In Origin and Distribution of the Elements; International Series of Monographs in Earth Sciences; Elsevier, 1968; pp 889– 912, DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-08-012835-1.50074-X
    [Crossref], Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  117. 117
    Gromet, L. P.; Haskin, L. A.; Korotev, R. L.; Dymek, R. F. The “North American Shale Composite”: Its Compilation, Major and Trace Element Characteristics. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1984, 48 (12), 2469– 2482,  DOI: 10.1016/0016-7037(84)90298-9
    [Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar
    117
    The "North American shale composite": its compilation, major and trace element characteristics
    Gromet, L. Peter; Dymek, Robert F.; Haskin, Larry A.; Korotev, Randy L.
    Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (1984), 48 (12), 2469-82CODEN: GCACAK; ISSN:0016-7037.
    The compilation and major element compn. of the "North American shale composite" (NASC) are reported for the first time, along with redetns. for rare earth metals (REE) and selected other elements by modern, high precision anal. methods. The NASC is not strictly of North American origin; 5 of the constituent samples are from Africa and Antarctica, and 15 are from unspecified locations. The major element compn. of the NASC compares quite closely with other av. shale compns. New analyses of the NASC document that significant portions of the REE and some other trace elements are contained in minor phases (zircon and possibly other minerals) and that their uneven distribution in the NASC powder appears to have resulted in heterogeneity among analyzed aliquants. The results study show that the REE distributions of detrital sediments can be dependent to some extent on their minor mineral assemblages and the sedimentol. factors that control these assemblages. Consequently, caution should be exercised in the interpretation of the REE distributions of sediment samples as they may be variable and biased relative to av. REE distribution of the crustal rocks supplying detritus. These effects appear to be largely averaged out in sediment composites, with the result that their REE distributions are more likely to be representative of their provenances.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaL2MXkvFSgsg%253D%253D&md5=dde736c562865f6df2c3bb649d391526
  118. 118
    Barber, L. B.; Paschke, S. S.; Battaglin, W. A.; Douville, C.; Fitzgerald, K. C.; Keefe, H.; Roth, D. A.; Vajda, A. M. Effects of an Extreme Flood on Trace Elements in River Water-- From Urban Stream to Major River Basin. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51, 10344– 10356,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01767
    [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar
    118
    Effects of an Extreme Flood on Trace Elements in River Water-From Urban Stream to Major River Basin
    Barber, Larry B.; Paschke, Suzanne S.; Battaglin, William A.; Douville, Chris; Fitzgerald, Kevin C.; Keefe, Steffanie H.; Roth, David A.; Vajda, Alan M.
    Environmental Science & Technology (2017), 51 (18), 10344-10356CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
    Major floods adversely affect water quality through surface runoff, groundwater discharge, and damage to municipal water infrastructure. Despite their importance, it can be difficult to assess the effects of floods on streamwater chem. because of challenges collecting samples and the absence of baseline data. This study documents water quality during the Sept. 2013 extreme flood in the South Platte River, Colorado, USA. Weekly time-series water samples were collected from 3 urban source waters (municipal tap water, streamwater, and wastewater treatment facility effluent) under normal-flow and flood conditions. In addn., water samples were collected during the flood at 5 locations along the South Platte River and from 7 tributaries along the Colorado Front Range. Samples were analyzed for 54 major and trace elements. Specific chem. tracers, representing different natural and anthropogenic sources and geochem. behaviors, were used to compare streamwater compn. before and during the flood. The results differentiate hydrol. processes that affected water quality: (1) in the upper watershed, runoff dild. most dissolved constituents, (2) in the urban corridor and lower watershed, runoff mobilized sol. constituents accumulated on the landscape and contributed to stream loading, and (3) flood-induced groundwater discharge mobilized sol. constituents stored in the vadose zone.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhsVWmtb3I&md5=797345a2fea898d6c38c61d54b8c4a52
  119. 119
    Verplanck, P. L.; Taylor, H. E.; Nordstrom, D. K.; Barber, L. B. Aqueous Stability of Gadolinium in Surface Waters Receiving Sewage Treatment Plant Effluent, Boulder Creek, Colorado. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39 (18), 6923– 6929,  DOI: 10.1021/es048456u
    [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar
    119
    Aqueous Stability of Gadolinium in Surface Waters Receiving Sewage Treatment Plant Effluent, Boulder Creek, Colorado
    Verplanck, Philip L.; Taylor, Howard E.; Nordstrom, D. Kirk; Barber, Larry B.
    Environmental Science and Technology (2005), 39 (18), 6923-6929CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
    In many surface waters, sewage treatment plant (STP) effluent is a substantial source of both regulated and unregulated contaminants, including a suite of complex org. compds. derived from household chems., pharmaceuticals, and industrial and medical byproducts. In addn., STP effluents in some urban areas have also been shown to have a pos. gadolinium anomaly in the rare earth element (REE) pattern, with the Gd derived from its use in medical facilities. REE concns. are relatively easy to measure compared to many org. wastewater compds. and may provide a more widely utilized tracer of STP effluents. To evaluate whether sewage treatment plant-assocd. Gd is a useful tracer of treatment plant effluent, an investigation of the occurrence, fate, and transport of rare earth elements was undertaken. The rare earth element patterns of four of five STP effluents sampled display pos. Gd anomalies. The one site that did not have a Gd anomaly serves a small community, population 1200, with no medical facilities. Biosolids from a large metropolitan STP are not enriched in Gd, even though the effluent is, suggesting that a substantial fraction of Gd remains in the aq. phase through routine treatment plant operation. To evaluate whether STP-derived Gd persists in the fluvial environment, a 14-km study reach downstream of an STP was sampled. Gadolinium anomalies were present at all five downstream sites, but the magnitude of the anomaly decreased. Effluent from STPs is a complex mixt. of org. and inorg. constituents, and to better understand the chem. interactions and their effect on REEs, the aq. speciation was modeled using comprehensive chem. analyses of water samples collected downstream of STP input. These calcns. suggest that the REEs will likely remain dissolved because phosphate and carbonate complexes dominate over free REE ions. This study supports the application of Gd anomalies as a useful tracer of urban wastewater.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2MXntVeru7o%253D&md5=c86c3feea11dfa592cb6311eca787547
  120. 120
    Rabiet, M.; Togola, A.; Brissaud, F.; Seidel, J.-L.; Budzinski, H.; Elbaz-Poulichet, F. Consequences of Treated Water Recycling as Regards Pharmaceuticals and Drugs in Surface and Ground Waters of a Medium-Sized Mediterranean Catchment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40 (17), 5282– 5288,  DOI: 10.1021/es060528p
    [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar
    120
    Consequences of Treated Water Recycling as Regards Pharmaceuticals and Drugs in Surface and Ground Waters of a Medium-sized Mediterranean Catchment
    Rabiet, Marion; Togola, Anne; Brissaud, Francois; Seidel, Jean-Luc; Budzinski, Helene; Elbaz-Poulichet, Francoise
    Environmental Science & Technology (2006), 40 (17), 5282-5288CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
    In Mediterranean regions where the population is rapidly growing, risk of water resources pollution by wastewater is likely to increase. This is the case of the Herault watershed in southern France, where the presence of treated wastewater in surface water and groundwater was shown in a previous study. To assess the consequence of this wastewater pollution in relation to pharmaceuticals and other org. compds., 16 common pharmaceuticals (amitriptylin, acetylsalicylic acid, carbamazepine, clenbuterol, diazepam, diclofenac, doxepin, gemfibrozil, ibuprofen, imipramine, ketoprofen, naproxen, nordiazepam, paracetamol, salbutamol, terbutalin) and wastewater-related pollutants (caffeine, Gd anomaly, B) were analyzed in groundwater pumped for potable water supply and in 2 wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents. Also, monitoring along the Lergue River (the main tributary of Herault River) was done to assess pharmaceutical behavior in surface water. Pharmaceuticals and wastewater-related pollutants were present in several drinking water source reservoirs, confirming wastewater pollution; paracetamol, caffeine, and diclofenac were the most frequently detected. Paracetamol was present at rather high concns. (≤11 μg/L and 211 ng/L, resp., in wastewater effluent and drinking water). Though degradable in WWTP, caffeine is commonly encountered in surface water and detected in highly polluted groundwater. Acetylsalicylic acid concns. were generally low despite large consumption in France; this was related to its metab. in humans and rapid degrdn. in the aquatic environment. Pharmaceutical monitoring along Lergue River showed diln. was sufficient to decrease pharmaceutical concns.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD28XnsV2htbk%253D&md5=2941679b0ec5e699eb72d24bcb7567ee
  121. 121
    Hall, B. D.; Aiken, G. R.; Krabbenhoft, D. P.; Marvin-DiPasquale, M.; Swarzenski, C. M. Wetlands as Principal Zones of Methylmercury Production in Southern Louisiana and the Gulf of Mexico Region. Environ. Pollut. 2008, 154 (1), 124– 134,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.12.017
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    121
    Wetlands as principal zones of methylmercury production in southern Louisiana and the Gulf of Mexico region
    Hall, B. D.; Aiken, G. R.; Krabbenhoft, D. P.; Marvin-DiPasquale, M.; Swarzenski, C. M.
    Environmental Pollution (Amsterdam, Netherlands) (2008), 154 (1), 124-134CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier B.V.)
    It is widely recognized that wetlands, esp. those rich in org. matter and receiving appreciable atm. Hg inputs, are important sites of methylmercury (MeHg) prodn. Extensive wetlands in the southeastern US have many ecosystem attributes ideal for promoting high MeHg prodn. rates; however, relatively few Hg cycling studies have been conducted in these environments. We conducted a landscape scale study examg. Hg cycling in coastal Louisiana including 4 field trips conducted between August 2003 and May 2005. Sites were chosen to represent different ecosystem types, including: a large shallow eutrophic estuarine lake (Lake Pontchartrain), 3 rivers draining into the lake, a cypress-tupelo dominated freshwater swamp, and 6 emergent marshes ranging from a freshwater marsh dominated by Panicum hemitomon to a Spartina alterniflora dominated salt marsh close to the Gulf of Mexico. We measured MeHg and total Hg (THg) concns., and ancillary chem. characteristics, in whole and filtered surface water, and filtered porewater. Overall, MeHg concns. were greatest in surface water of freshwater wetlands and lowest in the profundal (non-vegetated) regions of the lake and river mainstems. Concns. of THg and MeHg in filtered surface water were pos. correlated with the highly reactive, arom. (hydrophobic org. acid) fraction of dissolved org. C (DOC). These results suggest that DOC plays an important role in promoting the mobility, transport and bioavailability of inorg. Hg in these environments. Elevated porewater concns. in marine and brackish wetlands suggest coastal wetlands along the Gulf Coast are key sites for MeHg prodn. and may be a principal source of MeHg to food webs in the Gulf of Mexico. Examg. the relationships among MeHg, THg, and DOC across these multiple landscape types is a first step in evaluating possible links between key zones for Hg(II)-methylation and the bioaccumulation of Hg in the biota inhabiting the Gulf of Mexico region. This study, which presents the results of a landscape scale examn. of MeHg and total Hg cycling in southern Louisiana, shows that freshwater, brackish, and marine wetlands are important sites of MeHg prodn., which could lead to increased fish Hg concns. in the Gulf of Mexico region.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1cXmvFelsLk%253D&md5=98d7994c23887fc60d83459c5dfc8bbe
  122. 122
    Marvin-DiPasquale, M.; Lutz, M. A.; Brigham, M. E.; Krabbenhoft, D. P.; Aiken, G. R.; Orem, W. H.; Hall, B. D. Mercury Cycling in Stream Ecosystems. 2. Benthic Methylmercury Production and Bed Sediment–Pore Water Partitioning. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43 (8), 2726– 2732,  DOI: 10.1021/es802698v
    [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar
    122
    Mercury Cycling in Stream Ecosystems. 2. Benthic Methylmercury Production and Bed Sediment-Pore Water Partitioning
    Marvin-DiPasquale, Mark; Lutz, Michelle A.; Brigham, Mark E.; Krabbenhoft, David P.; Aiken, George R.; Orem, William H.; Hall, Britt D.
    Environmental Science & Technology (2009), 43 (8), 2726-2732CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
    Hg speciation, controls on MeHg prodn., and bed sediment-pore water partitioning of total Hg (THg) and MeHg were examd. in bed sediment from 8 geochem. diverse streams where atm. deposition was the predominant Hg input. Across all streams, sediment THg concns. were best described as a combined function of sediment percent fines (%fines; particles <63 μm) and org. content. MeHg concns. were best described as a combined function of org. content and the activity of the Hg(II)-methylating microbial community and were comparable to MeHg concns. in streams with Hg inputs from industrial and mining sources. Whole sediment tin-reducible inorg. reactive Hg (Hg(II)R) was used as a proxy measure for the Hg(II) pool available for microbial methylation. In conjunction with radiotracer-derived rate consts. of 203Hg(II) methylation, Hg(II)R was used to calc. MeHg prodn. potential rates and to explain the spatial variability in MeHg concn. The %Hg(II)R (of THg) was low (2.1±5.7%) and was inversely related to both microbial sulfate redn. rates and sediment total reduced S concn. While sediment THg concns. were higher in urban streams, %MeHg and %Hg(II)R were higher in nonurban streams. Sediment pore water distribution coeffs. (log Kd's) for both THg and MeHg were inversely related to the log-transformed ratio of pore water dissolved org. C (DOC) to bed sediment %fines. The stream with the highest drainage basin wetland d. also had the highest pore water DOC concn. and the lowest log Kd's for both THg and MeHg. No significant relationship existed between overlying water MeHg concns. and those in bed sediment or pore water, suggesting upstream sources of MeHg prodn. may be more important than local streambed prodn. as a driver of water column MeHg concn. in drainage basins that receive Hg inputs primarily from atm. sources.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1MXivFOmtrs%253D&md5=32147e21232cf28837a79eee1e10c756
  123. 123
    Scudder, B. C.; Chasar, L. C.; Wentz, D. A.; Bauch, M. E.; Moran, P. W.; Krabbenhoft, D. P. Mercury in Fish, Bed Sediment, and Water from Streams Across the United States, 1998–2005; Scientific Investigations Report 2009–5109, U.S. Geological Survey, 2009.
    [Crossref], Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  124. 124
    Domagalski, J. L.; Alpers, C. N.; Slotton, D. G.; Suchanek, T. H.; Ayers, S. M. Mercury and Methylmercury Concentrations and Loads in the Cache Creek Watershed, California. Sci. Total Environ. 2004, 327, 215– 237,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.01.013
    [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
    124
    Mercury and methylmercury concentrations and loads in the Cache Creek watershed, California
    Domagalski, Joseph L.; Alpers, Charles N.; Slotton, Darell G.; Suchanek, Thomas H.; Ayers, Shaun M.
    Science of the Total Environment (2004), 327 (1-3), 215-237CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier Science Ltd.)
    Concns. and loads of total Hg and methylmercury were measured in streams draining abandoned Hg mines and in the proximity of geothermal discharge in the Cache Creek watershed of California during a 17-mo period from Jan. 2000 through May 2001. Rainfall and runoff were lower than long-term avs. during the study period. The greatest loading of Hg and methylmercury from upstream sources to downstream receiving waters, such as San Francisco Bay, generally occurred during or after winter rainfall events. During the study, loads of Hg and methylmercury from geothermal sources tended to be greater than those from abandoned mining areas, a pattern attributable to the lack of large pptn. events capable of mobilizing significant amts. of either Hg-laden sediment or dissolved Hg and methylmercury from mine waste. Streambed sediments of Cache Creek are a significant source of Hg and methylmercury to downstream receiving bodies of water. Much of the Hg in these sediments is the result of deposition over the last 100-150 yr by either storm-water runoff, from abandoned mines, or continuous discharges from geothermal areas. Several geochem. constituents were useful as natural tracers for mining and geothermal areas, including the aq. concns. of B, chloride, Li and sulfate, and the stable isotopes of H and O in water. Stable isotopes of water in areas draining geothermal discharges showed a distinct trend toward enrichment of 18O compared with meteoric waters, whereas much of the runoff from abandoned mines indicated a stable isotopic pattern more consistent with local meteoric water.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2cXksVekurg%253D&md5=a8023d902a4a65a106c228aa3381f112

Cited By

This article is cited by 124 publications.

  1. Analise R. Lindborg, Kirsten E. Overdahl, Bernadette Vogler, Diana Lin, Rebecca Sutton, P. Lee Ferguson. Assessment of Long-Chain Polyethoxylate Surfactants in Wastewater Effluent, Stormwater Runoff, and Ambient Water of San Francisco Bay, CA. ACS ES&T Water 2023, 3 (4) , 1233-1242. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.3c00024
  2. Haoqi Nina Zhao, Ximin Hu, Zhenyu Tian, Melissa Gonzalez, Craig A. Rideout, Katherine T. Peter, Michael C. Dodd, Edward P. Kolodziej. Transformation Products of Tire Rubber Antioxidant 6PPD in Heterogeneous Gas-Phase Ozonation: Identification and Environmental Occurrence. Environmental Science & Technology 2023, 57 (14) , 5621-5632. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c08690
  3. Skuyler P. Herzog, Jason Galloway, Eddie W. Banks, Malte Posselt, Anna Jaeger, Andrea Portmann, René Sahm, Björn Kusebauch, Jörg Lewandowski, Adam S. Ward. Combined Surface-Subsurface Stream Restoration Structures Can Optimize Hyporheic Attenuation of Stream Water Contaminants. Environmental Science & Technology 2023, 57 (10) , 4153-4166. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c05967
  4. Jason R. Masoner, Dana W. Kolpin, Isabelle M. Cozzarelli, Paul M. Bradley, Brian B. Arnall, Kenneth J. Forshay, James L. Gray, Justin F. Groves, Michelle L. Hladik, Laura E. Hubbard, Luke R. Iwanowicz, Jeanne B. Jaeschke, Rachael F. Lane, Richard Blaine McCleskey, Bridgette F. Polite, David A. Roth, Michael B. Pettijohn, Michaelah C. Wilson. Contaminant Exposure and Transport from Three Potential Reuse Waters within a Single Watershed. Environmental Science & Technology 2023, 57 (3) , 1353-1365. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c07372
  5. Yuanzhen He, Yanyan Zhang, Feng Ju. Metformin Contamination in Global Waters: Biotic and Abiotic Transformation, Byproduct Generation and Toxicity, and Evaluation as a Pharmaceutical Indicator. Environmental Science & Technology 2022, 56 (19) , 13528-13545. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c02495
  6. Markus Brinkmann, David Montgomery, Summer Selinger, Justin G. P. Miller, Eric Stock, Alper James Alcaraz, Jonathan K. Challis, Lynn Weber, David Janz, Markus Hecker, Steve Wiseman. Acute Toxicity of the Tire Rubber-Derived Chemical 6PPD-quinone to Four Fishes of Commercial, Cultural, and Ecological Importance. Environmental Science & Technology Letters 2022, 9 (4) , 333-338. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00050
  7. Katherine T. Peter, Jessica I. Lundin, Christopher Wu, Blake E. Feist, Zhenyu Tian, James R. Cameron, Nathaniel L. Scholz, Edward P. Kolodziej. Characterizing the Chemical Profile of Biological Decline in Stormwater-Impacted Urban Watersheds. Environmental Science & Technology 2022, 56 (5) , 3159-3169. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c08274
  8. Zhenyu Tian, Melissa Gonzalez, Craig A. Rideout, Haoqi Nina Zhao, Ximin Hu, Jill Wetzel, Emma Mudrock, C. Andrew James, Jenifer K. McIntyre, Edward P. Kolodziej. 6PPD-Quinone: Revised Toxicity Assessment and Quantification with a Commercial Standard. Environmental Science & Technology Letters 2022, 9 (2) , 140-146. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00910
  9. Larry B. Barber, Kaycee E. Faunce, David W. Bertolatus, Michelle L. Hladik, Jeramy R. Jasmann, Steffanie H. Keefe, Dana W. Kolpin, Michael T. Meyer, Jennifer L. Rapp, David A. Roth, Alan M. Vajda. Watershed-Scale Risk to Aquatic Organisms from Complex Chemical Mixtures in the Shenandoah River. Environmental Science & Technology 2022, 56 (2) , 845-861. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c04045
  10. Laura E. Hubbard, Dana W. Kolpin, Carrie E. Givens, Brett R. Blackwell, Paul M. Bradley, James L. Gray, Rachael F. Lane, Jason R. Masoner, Richard Blaine McCleskey, Kristin M. Romanok, Mark W. Sandstrom, Kelly L. Smalling, Daniel L. Villeneuve. Food, Beverage, and Feedstock Processing Facility Wastewater: a Unique and Underappreciated Source of Contaminants to U.S. Streams. Environmental Science & Technology 2022, 56 (2) , 1028-1040. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c06821
  11. J. K. Challis, H. Popick, S. Prajapati, P. Harder, J. P. Giesy, K. McPhedran, M. Brinkmann. Occurrences of Tire Rubber-Derived Contaminants in Cold-Climate Urban Runoff. Environmental Science & Technology Letters 2021, 8 (11) , 961-967. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00682
  12. Xinyao Gu, Timothy F. M. Rodgers, Sylvie Spraakman, Tim Van Seters, Robert Flick, Miriam L. Diamond, Jennifer Drake, Elodie Passeport. Trace Organic Contaminant Transfer and Transformation in Bioretention Cells: A Field Tracer Test with Benzotriazole. Environmental Science & Technology 2021, 55 (18) , 12281-12290. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c01062
  13. Megan L. Fork, Jerker B. Fick, Alexander J. Reisinger, Emma J. Rosi. Dosing the Coast: Leaking Sewage Infrastructure Delivers Large Annual Doses and Dynamic Mixtures of Pharmaceuticals to Urban Rivers. Environmental Science & Technology 2021, 55 (17) , 11637-11645. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c00379
  14. Kelsey Flanagan, Godecke-Tobias Blecken, Heléne Österlund, Kerstin Nordqvist, Maria Viklander. Contamination of Urban Stormwater Pond Sediments: A Study of 259 Legacy and Contemporary Organic Substances. Environmental Science & Technology 2021, 55 (5) , 3009-3020. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c07782
  15. Hui Zhi, Dana W. Kolpin, Rebecca D. Klaper, Luke R. Iwanowicz, Shannon M. Meppelink, Gregory H. LeFevre. Occurrence and Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Pharmaceuticals in a Temperate-Region Wastewater Effluent-Dominated Stream: Variable Inputs and Differential Attenuation Yield Evolving Complex Exposure Mixtures. Environmental Science & Technology 2020, 54 (20) , 12967-12978. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c02328
  16. Jiajie Qian, Andres Martinez, Rachel F. Marek, Matthew R. Nagorzanski, Hui Zhi, Edward T. Furlong, Dana W. Kolpin, Gregory H. LeFevre, David M. Cwiertny. Polymeric Nanofiber-Carbon Nanotube Composite Mats as Fast-Equilibrium Passive Samplers for Polar Organic Contaminants. Environmental Science & Technology 2020, 54 (11) , 6703-6712. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c00609
  17. Katherine T. Peter, Fan Hou, Zhenyu Tian, Christopher Wu, Matt Goehring, Fengmao Liu, Edward P. Kolodziej. More Than a First Flush: Urban Creek Storm Hydrographs Demonstrate Broad Contaminant Pollutographs. Environmental Science & Technology 2020, 54 (10) , 6152-6165. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c00872
  18. Sabine Anliker, Martin Loos, Rahel Comte, Matthias Ruff, Kathrin Fenner, Heinz Singer. Assessing Emissions from Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Based on Temporal High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Data. Environmental Science & Technology 2020, 54 (7) , 4110-4120. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b07085
  19. Melina Kotti, Androniki Papafilippaki, George Stavroulakis. Simultaneous determination of selected pharmaceuticals and plasticisers in urban stormwater in Chania (Greece). International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 2023, 103 (16) , 3790-3800. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2021.1913583
  20. Sarah E. Hobbie, Rachel A. King, Tessa Belo, Paula Kalinosky, Lawrence A. Baker, Jacques C. Finlay, Christopher A. Buyarski, Ross Bintner. Sources of variation in nutrient loads collected through street sweeping in the Minneapolis-St. Paul Metropolitan Area, Minnesota, USA. Science of The Total Environment 2023, 905 , 166934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166934
  21. Ali Beryani, Kelsey Flanagan, Maria Viklander, Godecke-Tobias Blecken. Performance of a gross pollutant trap-biofilter and sand filter treatment train for the removal of organic micropollutants from highway stormwater (field study). Science of The Total Environment 2023, 900 , 165734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165734
  22. Longbo Li, Haiyan Li, Hongtao Zhao. Modeling the wash-off of road-deposited sediments with different particle-sizes on asphalt and concrete roads. Journal of Hydrology 2023, 625 , 130115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.130115
  23. Carly M. Maas, Sujay S. Kaushal, Megan A. Rippy, Paul M. Mayer, Stanley B. Grant, Ruth R. Shatkay, Joseph T. Malin, Shantanu V. Bhide, Peter Vikesland, Lauren Krauss, Jenna E. Reimer, Alexis M. Yaculak. Freshwater salinization syndrome limits management efforts to improve water quality. Frontiers in Environmental Science 2023, 11 https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2023.1106581
  24. Iqra Rabani, Muhammad Shoaib Tahir, Won-Il Lee, Hai Bang Truong, Ghulam Dastgeer, Young-Soo Seo. Palladium nanoparticle formation on boron nitride nanotubes and their photocatalytic performance with visible light. Journal of Cleaner Production 2023, 420 , 138324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.138324
  25. Mert Gokgoz, Wuhuan Zhang, Nimna Manage, Mery Mbengue, Stephanie Bolyard, Jiannan Chen. Survey on the current leachate treatments of public municipal solid waste landfills and the potential impact of per- and polyfluorinatedalkyl substances in the Eastern and Northwestern United States. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 2023, 73 (8) , 638-648. https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2023.2235313
  26. Kaycee E. Faunce, Larry B. Barber, Steffanie H. Keefe, Jeramy R. Jasmann, Jennifer L. Rapp. Wastewater reuse and predicted ecological risk posed by contaminant mixtures in Potomac River watershed streams. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association 2023, 59 (4) , 779-802. https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.13110
  27. Sujay S. Kaushal, Megan L. Fork, Robert J. Hawley, Kristina G. Hopkins, Blanca Ríos-Touma, Allison H. Roy. Stream restoration milestones: monitoring scales determine successes and failures. Urban Ecosystems 2023, 26 (4) , 1131-1142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-023-01370-8
  28. Kelly L. Smalling, Kristin M. Romanok, Paul M. Bradley, Mathew C. Morriss, James L. Gray, Leslie K. Kanagy, Stephanie E. Gordon, Brianna M. Williams, Sara E. Breitmeyer, Daniel K. Jones, Laura A. DeCicco, Collin A. Eagles-Smith, Tyler Wagner. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in United States tapwater: Comparison of underserved private-well and public-supply exposures and associated health implications. Environment International 2023, 178 , 108033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2023.108033
  29. Naim Edwards, Nicholas Medina, Elizabeth Asker. Mixing cover crops suppresses weeds and roto-till reduces urban soil penetration resistance and improves infiltration. Soil and Tillage Research 2023, 231 , 105708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2023.105708
  30. Alexandra Müller, Heléne Österlund, Kerstin Nordqvist, Jiri Marsalek, Maria Viklander. Releases of micropollutants from building surface materials into rainwater and snowmelt induced runoff. Chemosphere 2023, 330 , 138730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138730
  31. Ali Beryani, Kelsey Flanagan, Maria Viklander, Godecke-Tobias Blecken. Occurrence and concentrations of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in highway stormwater: a comparative field study in Sweden. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2023, 30 (31) , 77299-77317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27623-9
  32. Miao Jing, Estanislao Pujades, Jin Liu, Anna Jurado, Chunhui Lu. Effect of underground structures on groundwater residence time distributions in confined aquifers. Journal of Hydrology 2023, 572 , 129938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.129938
  33. Piatã Marques, Almir Cunico. Integrating the influence of untreated sewage into our understanding of the urban stream syndrome. Freshwater Science 2023, 42 (2) , 195-203. https://doi.org/10.1086/724823
  34. Jasmina Lukač Reberski, Ana Selak, Dan J. Lapworth, Louise D. Maurice, Josip Terzić, Wayne Civil, Andrej Stroj. Emerging organic contaminants in springs of the highly karstified Dinaric region. Journal of Hydrology 2023, 621 , 129583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.129583
  35. Daeun Yun, Daeho Kang, Kyung Hwa Cho, Sang-Soo Baek, Junho Jeon. Characterization of micropollutants in urban stormwater using high-resolution monitoring and machine learning. Water Research 2023, 235 , 119865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2023.119865
  36. Jeroen G. Langeveld, Johan Post, Konstantinos F. Makris, Bert Palsma, Melanie Kuiper, Erik Liefting. Monitoring organic micropollutants in stormwater runoff with the method of fingerprinting. Water Research 2023, 235 , 119883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2023.119883
  37. Nurul Syuhada Haji Baharudin, Harlina Ahmad. A Study of the Photodegradation Carbofuran and its Metabolites in Paddy Water Samples. Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 2023, 11 (2) , 394-404. https://doi.org/10.18006/2023.11(2).394.404
  38. Jennifer T. Le, Jennifer P. Gonzalez, Richard T. Carson, Richard F. Ambrose, Lisa A. Levin. Integrating Non-Targeted Ecosystem Services into Assessment of Natural Stormwater Treatment Systems. Water 2023, 15 (8) , 1460. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081460
  39. Nathaniel Maynard, H. Rodger Harvey. Distribution and source assignments of polycyclic aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons in sediments and biota of the Lafayette River, VA. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2023, 30 (16) , 47527-47543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25563-y
  40. Lixiang Chen, Xinyu Yan, Xudong Zhou, Pin Peng, Qian Sun, Feng Zhao. Advances in the on-line solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of emerging organic contaminants. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 2023, 160 , 116976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2023.116976
  41. Yohan Lebon, Clémentine François, Simon Navel, Félix Vallier, Ludovic Guillard, Lucie Pinasseau, Laurent Oxarango, Laurence Volatier, Florian Mermillod-Blondin. Aquifer recharge by stormwater infiltration basins: Hydrological and vadose zone characteristics control the impacts of basins on groundwater chemistry and microbiology. Science of The Total Environment 2023, 865 , 161115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161115
  42. Sylvester M. Tongu, Rufus Sha’Ato, Geoffrey A. Wase, Jonathan O. Okonkwo, Rebecca N. Vesuwe. Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in city drains in Makurdi, central Nigeria: Seasonal variations, source apportionment and risk assessment. Heliyon 2023, 9 (3) , e14324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14324
  43. Chelsea J. Mitchell, Anand D. Jayakaran, Jenifer K. McIntyre. Biochar and fungi as bioretention amendments for bacteria and PAH removal from stormwater. Journal of Environmental Management 2023, 327 , 116915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116915
  44. Matthew Nagorzanski, Jiajie Qian, Andres Martinez, David M. Cwiertny. Electrospun nanofiber mats as sorbents for polar emerging organic contaminants: Demonstrating tailorable material performance for uptake of neonicotinoid insecticides from water. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances 2023, 9 , 100219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100219
  45. Maria Prieto-Espinoza, Raphaël Di Chiara Roupert, Benjamin Belfort, Sylvain Weill, Gwenaël Imfeld. Reactive transport of micropollutants in laboratory aquifers undergoing transient exposure periods. Science of The Total Environment 2023, 856 , 159170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159170
  46. Paul M. Bradley, Kristin M. Romanok, Kelly L. Smalling, Jason R. Masoner, Dana W. Kolpin, Stephanie E. Gordon. Predicted aquatic exposure effects from a national urban stormwater study. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 2023, 36 https://doi.org/10.1039/D2EW00933A
  47. Lena Mutzner, Kefeng Zhang, Richard G. Luthy, Hans Peter H. Arp, Stephanie Spahr. Urban stormwater capture for water supply: look out for persistent, mobile and toxic substances. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 2023, 53 https://doi.org/10.1039/D3EW00160A
  48. K. S. D. Premarathna, Jayanta Kumar Biswas, Manish Kumar, Sunita Varjani, Bede Mickan, Pau Loke Show, Sie Yon Lau, Luís A. B. Novo, Meththika Vithanage. Biofilters and bioretention systems: the role of biochar in the blue-green city concept for stormwater management. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 2023, 396 https://doi.org/10.1039/D3EW00054K
  49. Craig Divine, Amar Wadhawan, Vivek Pulikkal, Prashanth Khambhammettu, Jay Erickson. Polyfluoroalkyl substances requiring a renewed focus on groundwater‐surface water interactions. Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation 2023, 43 (1) , 14-31. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwmr.12569
  50. Tolessa Deksissa. Urban Stormwater Runoff for Potable Use: Potential and Challenges. 2023https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2023_1020
  51. H. Popick, M. Brinkmann, Kerry McPhedran. Assessment of stormwater discharge contamination and toxicity for a cold-climate urban landscape. Environmental Sciences Europe 2022, 34 (1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-022-00619-x
  52. Inge Scharpf, Sylwia Cichocka, Dang Tri Le, Anna von Mikecz. Peripheral neuropathy, protein aggregation and serotonergic neurotransmission: Distinctive bio-interactions of thiacloprid and thiamethoxam in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Environmental Pollution 2022, 314 , 120253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120253
  53. Sara E. Breitmeyer, Heather L. Walsh, Vicki S. Blazer, John F. Bunnell, Patrick M. Burritt, Jeff Dragon, Michelle L. Hladik, Paul M. Bradley, Kristin M. Romanok, Kelly L. Smalling. Potential health effects of contaminant mixtures from point and nonpoint sources on fish and frogs in the New Jersey Pinelands. Science of The Total Environment 2022, 851 , 158205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158205
  54. Robert Furén, Kelsey Flanagan, Ryan J. Winston, R. Andrew Tirpak, Jay D. Dorsey, Maria Viklander, Godecke-Tobias Blecken. Occurrence, concentration, and distribution of 38 organic micropollutants in the filter material of 12 stormwater bioretention facilities. Science of The Total Environment 2022, 846 , 157372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157372
  55. Marc Teixidó, Joseph A. Charbonnet, Gregory H. LeFevre, Richard G. Luthy, David L. Sedlak. Use of pilot-scale geomedia-amended biofiltration system for removal of polar trace organic and inorganic contaminants from stormwater runoff. Water Research 2022, 226 , 119246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2022.119246
  56. Thuy Thi Nguyen, Markus Pahlow, Rubianca Benavidez, Frances J. Charters, Bethanna Jackson. Implementation and application of an urban pollutant load modelling tool within an ecosystem services assessment modelling framework to assess water purification capabilities of blue-green infrastructure under climate change. Urban Water Journal 2022, 19 (9) , 945-961. https://doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2022.2105724
  57. Cassandra Johannessen, Chris D. Metcalfe. The occurrence of tire wear compounds and their transformation products in municipal wastewater and drinking water treatment plants. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2022, 194 (10) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10450-9
  58. Alexandra Müller, Heléne Österlund, Jiri Marsalek, Maria Viklander. Exploiting urban roadside snowbanks as passive samplers of organic micropollutants and metals generated by traffic. Environmental Pollution 2022, 308 , 119723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119723
  59. Lena Mutzner, Viviane Furrer, Hélène Castebrunet, Ulrich Dittmer, Stephan Fuchs, Wolfgang Gernjak, Marie-Christine Gromaire, Andreas Matzinger, Peter Steen Mikkelsen, William R. Selbig, Luca Vezzaro. A decade of monitoring micropollutants in urban wet-weather flows: What did we learn?. Water Research 2022, 223 , 118968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2022.118968
  60. Anna M. O’Brien, Zhu Hao Yu, Clara Pencer, Megan E. Frederickson, Gregory H. LeFevre, Elodie Passeport. Harnessing plant-microbiome interactions for bioremediation across a freshwater urbanization gradient. Water Research 2022, 223 , 118926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2022.118926
  61. Yaru Cao, Shaopeng Xu, Kai Zhang, Huiju Lin, Rongben Wu, Jia-Yong Lao, Danyang Tao, Mengyang Liu, Kenneth M.Y. Leung, Paul K.S. Lam. Spatiotemporal occurrence of phthalate esters in stormwater drains of Hong Kong, China: Mass loading and source identification. Environmental Pollution 2022, 308 , 119683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119683
  62. Mark D. Jankowski, David J. Fairbairn, Joshua A. Baller, Benjamin M. Westerhoff, Heiko L. Schoenfuss. Using the Daphnia magna Transcriptome to Distinguish Water Source: Wetland and Stormwater Case Studies. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 2022, 41 (9) , 2107-2123. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5392
  63. Megan L. Fork, Ryan A. McManamay, James B. Heffernan. Propagation of inflowing urban stormwater pulses through reservoir embayments. Urban Ecosystems 2022, 25 (4) , 1043-1055. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-022-01218-7
  64. Guodong Chai, Dongqi Wang, Jiaqi Shan, Chunbo Jiang, Zhangjie Yang, Enyu Liu, Haiyu Meng, Hui Wang, Zhe Wang, Lu Qin, Jiayao Xi, Yuenan Ma, Huaien Li, Yishi Qian, Jiake Li, Yishan Lin. Accumulation of high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon impacted the performance and microbial ecology of bioretention systems. Chemosphere 2022, 298 , 134314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134314
  65. Xuan Chang, Ziliang Jia, Jiashen Feng, Tingting Duan, Ying-Xia Li. Refining the diagnostics of non-point source metals pollution to urban lakes based on interaction normalized PMF coupled with Bayesian network. Environmental Pollution 2022, 304 , 119194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119194
  66. Li Huang, Xiaoying Han, Xuelei Wang, Yaodong Zhang, Jinfeng Yang, Aiping Feng, Jiaguo Li, Nanhuanuowa Zhu. Coupling with high-resolution remote sensing data to evaluate urban non-point source pollution in Tongzhou, China. Science of The Total Environment 2022, 831 , 154632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154632
  67. Hui Zhi, Danielle T. Webb, Jerald L. Schnoor, Dana W. Kolpin, Rebecca D. Klaper, Luke R. Iwanowicz, Gregory H. LeFevre. Modeling risk dynamics of contaminants of emerging concern in a temperate-region wastewater effluent-dominated stream. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 2022, 8 (7) , 1408-1422. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2EW00157H
  68. Stephanie Spahr, Marc Teixidó, Sarah S. Gall, James C. Pritchard, Nikolas Hagemann, Brigitte Helmreich, Richard G. Luthy. Performance of biochars for the elimination of trace organic contaminants and metals from urban stormwater. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 2022, 8 (6) , 1287-1299. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1EW00857A
  69. Alyssa T. Kullberg, Gail L. Carlson, Serena M. Haver, William G. McDowell. Contamination of Maine lakes by pharmaceuticals and personal care products. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences 2022, 12 (2) , 248-259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13412-021-00733-x
  70. Hanna E. Fuchte, Natascha Beck, Evelyn Bieg, Viviane J. Bayer, Christine Achten, Martin Krauss, Andreas Schäffer, Kilian E.C. Smith. A look down the drain: Identification of dissolved and particle bound organic pollutants in urban runoff waters and sediments. Environmental Pollution 2022, 302 , 119047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119047
  71. . Stormwater Quality. 2022, 65-88. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119339786.ch5
  72. Andrea C. Portmann, Gregory H. LeFevre, Rennosuke Hankawa, David Werner, Christopher P. Higgins. The regenerative role of biofilm in the removal of pesticides from stormwater in biochar-amended biofilters. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 2022, 8 (5) , 1092-1110. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1EW00870F
  73. Keith A. Maruya, Wenjian Lao, Darcy R. Vandervort, Richard Fadness, Michael Lyons, Alvine C. Mehinto. Bioanalytical and chemical-specific screening of contaminants of concern in three California (USA) watersheds. Heliyon 2022, 8 (5) , e09534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09534
  74. Thorsten Knappenberger, Anand D. Jayakaran, John D. Stark. A Bayesian modeling framework to predict stormwater pollutant reduction in bioretention media. Ecological Engineering 2022, 178 , 106582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2022.106582
  75. Emily C. Edwards, Connie Nelson, Thomas Harter, Chris Bowles, Xue Li, Bennett Lock, Graham E. Fogg, Barbara S. Washburn. Potential effects on groundwater quality associated with infiltrating stormwater through dry wells for aquifer recharge. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 2022, 246 , 103964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2022.103964
  76. Boluwatife Awonaike, Abha Parajulee, Ying Duan Lei, Frank Wania. Traffic-related sources may dominate urban water contamination for many organic contaminants. Environmental Research Letters 2022, 17 (4) , 044030. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac5c0e
  77. Sai Thejaswini Pamuru, Erica Forgione, Kristen Croft, Birthe V. Kjellerup, Allen P. Davis. Chemical characterization of urban stormwater: Traditional and emerging contaminants. Science of The Total Environment 2022, 813 , 151887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151887
  78. Daniel Wicke, Roberto Tatis-Muvdi, Pascale Rouault, Patricia Zerball-van Baar, Uwe Dünnbier, Mirko Rohr, Michael Burkhardt. Emissions from Building Materials—A Threat to the Environment?. Water 2022, 14 (3) , 303. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14030303
  79. Paweł Jakubowicz, Karolina Fitobór, Magdalena Gajewska, Małgorzata Drewnowska. Detection and Removal of Priority Substances and Emerging Pollutants from Stormwater: Case Study of the Kołobrzeska Collector, Gdańsk, Poland. Sustainability 2022, 14 (3) , 1105. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031105
  80. Narges Esfandiar, Rominder Suri, Erica R. McKenzie. Competitive sorption of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn from stormwater runoff by five low-cost sorbents; Effects of co-contaminants, humic acid, salinity and pH. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2022, 423 , 126938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126938
  81. Sarah M. Elliott, Richard L. Kiesling, Andrew M. Berg, Heiko L. Schoenfuss. A pilot study to assess the influence of infiltrated stormwater on groundwater: Hydrology and trace organic contaminants. Water Environment Research 2022, 94 (2) https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.10690
  82. Eulalia Maria Beltrán, María Victoria Pablos, Miguel González-Doncel. Pharmaceuticals effects in the environment. 2022https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824315-2.00099-3
  83. Linbo Yu, Luchun Duan, Ravi Naidu, Fanbo Meng, Kirk T. Semple. Effects of Source Materials on Desorption Kinetics of Carcinogenic Pahs from Contaminated Soils. SSRN Electronic Journal 2022, 50 https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4135025
  84. Sarah Stone, Darren Koppel, Monique T. Binet, Stuart L. Simpson, Dianne F. Jolley. Pulse‐Exposure Toxicity of Ammonia and Propoxur to the Tropical Copepod Acartia sinjiensis. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 2022, 41 (1) , 208-218. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5235
  85. Marc W. Beutel, Thomas C. Harmon, Thomas E. Novotny, Jeremiah Mock, Michelle E. Gilmore, Stephen C. Hart, Samuel Traina, Srimanti Duttagupta, Andrew Brooks, Christopher L. Jerde, Eunha Hoh, Laurie C. Van De Werfhorst, Van Butsic, Ariani C. Wartenberg, Patricia A. Holden. A Review of Environmental Pollution from the Use and Disposal of Cigarettes and Electronic Cigarettes: Contaminants, Sources, and Impacts. Sustainability 2021, 13 (23) , 12994. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132312994
  86. Alexandra Müller, Heléne Österlund, Jiri Marsalek, Maria Viklander. Comparison of three explorative methods for identifying building surface materials contributing pollutants to stormwater. Journal of Environmental Management 2021, 299 , 113574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113574
  87. Boluwatife Awonaike, Ying Duan Lei, Abha Parajulee, Frank Wania. Phase partitioning, transport and sources of Benzotriazole Ultraviolet Stabilizers during a runoff event. Water Research X 2021, 13 , 100115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wroa.2021.100115
  88. Laura C. Naslund, Jacqueline R. Gerson, Alexander C. Brooks, Amy D. Rosemond, David M. Walters, Emily S. Bernhardt. Ecosystem modification and network position impact insect-mediated contaminant fluxes from a mountaintop mining-impacted river network. Environmental Pollution 2021, 291 , 118257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118257
  89. C. Caldelas, R. Gurí, J.L. Araus, A. Sorolla. Effect of ZnO nanoparticles on Zn, Cu, and Pb dissolution in a green bioretention system for urban stormwater remediation. Chemosphere 2021, 282 , 131045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131045
  90. Lisa H. Nowell, Patrick W. Moran, Laura M. Bexfield, Barbara J. Mahler, Peter C. Van Metre, Paul M. Bradley, Travis S. Schmidt, Daniel T. Button, Sharon L. Qi. Is there an urban pesticide signature? Urban streams in five U.S. regions share common dissolved-phase pesticides but differ in predicted aquatic toxicity. Science of The Total Environment 2021, 793 , 148453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148453
  91. Kelly L. Smalling, Sara E. Breitmeyer, John F. Bunnell, Kim J. Laidig, Patrick M. Burritt, Marilyn C. Sobel, Jonathan A. Cohl, Michelle L. Hladik, Kristin M. Romanok, Paul M. Bradley. Assessing the ecological functionality and integrity of natural ponds, excavated ponds and stormwater basins for conserving amphibian diversity. Global Ecology and Conservation 2021, 30 , e01765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01765
  92. Hui Zhi, Alyssa L. Mianecki, Dana W. Kolpin, Rebecca D. Klaper, Luke R. Iwanowicz, Gregory H. LeFevre. Tandem field and laboratory approaches to quantify attenuation mechanisms of pharmaceutical and pharmaceutical transformation products in a wastewater effluent-dominated stream. Water Research 2021, 203 , 117537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117537
  93. Paul M. Bradley, Matt A. Kulp, Bradley J. Huffman, Kristin M. Romanok, Kelly L. Smalling, Sara E. Breitmeyer, Jimmy M. Clark, Celeste A. Journey. Reconnaissance of cumulative risk of pesticides and pharmaceuticals in Great Smoky Mountains National Park streams. Science of The Total Environment 2021, 781 , 146711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146711
  94. Martin Richardson, Mikhail Soloviev. The Urban River Syndrome: Achieving Sustainability Against a Backdrop of Accelerating Change. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18 (12) , 6406. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126406
  95. Ida Järlskog, Ann-Margret Strömvall, Kerstin Magnusson, Helén Galfi, Karin Björklund, Maria Polukarova, Rita Garção, Anna Markiewicz, Maria Aronsson, Mats Gustafsson, Malin Norin, Lena Blom, Yvonne Andersson-Sköld. Traffic-related microplastic particles, metals, and organic pollutants in an urban area under reconstruction. Science of The Total Environment 2021, 774 , 145503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145503
  96. Sarah McDonald, Kathryn Hassell, Tom Cresswell. Effect of short-term dietary exposure on metal assimilation and metallothionein induction in the estuarine fish Pseudogobius sp.. Science of The Total Environment 2021, 772 , 145042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145042
  97. Danielle T. Webb, Hui Zhi, Dana W. Kolpin, Rebecca D. Klaper, Luke R. Iwanowicz, Gregory H. LeFevre. Emerging investigator series: municipal wastewater as a year-round point source of neonicotinoid insecticides that persist in an effluent-dominated stream. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 2021, 23 (5) , 678-688. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1EM00065A
  98. Nash Jett D. G. Reyes, Franz Kevin F. Geronimo, Kimberly Ann V. Yano, Heidi B. Guerra, Lee-Hyung Kim. Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products in Different Matrices: Occurrence, Pathways, and Treatment Processes. Water 2021, 13 (9) , 1159. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13091159
  99. Daniel Wicke, Andreas Matzinger, Hauke Sonnenberg, Nicolas Caradot, Rabea-Luisa Schubert, Robert Dick, Bernd Heinzmann, Uwe Dünnbier, Dörthe von Seggern, Pascale Rouault. Micropollutants in Urban Stormwater Runoff of Different Land Uses. Water 2021, 13 (9) , 1312. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13091312
  100. Sarfaraz Alam, Annesh Borthakur, Sujith Ravi, Mekonnen Gebremichael, Sanjay K. Mohanty. Managed aquifer recharge implementation criteria to achieve water sustainability. Science of The Total Environment 2021, 768 , 144992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.144992
Load all citations
Download PDF

  • Abstract

    High Resolution Image
    Download MS PowerPoint Slide

    Figure 1

    Figure 1. Total number of detected organic chemicals for sampled sites, sorted from left to right by decreasing number of detections (A) and total measured organic-chemical concentration for sampled sites (B).

    High Resolution Image
    Download MS PowerPoint Slide

    Figure 2

    Figure 2. Box-plot distributions of measured concentrations for the 69 organic chemicals detected in 50% or more of 49 urban stormwater samples. Sorted alphabetically from top to bottom by chemical class and decreasing median concentrations.

    High Resolution Image
    Download MS PowerPoint Slide

    Figure 3

    Figure 3. Box plot distributions of measured concentrations for organic chemicals in urban stormwater samples (A) and percent of total measured organic chemicals concentration by chemical class (B). Sorted from left to right by decreasing number of detections.

    High Resolution Image
    Download MS PowerPoint Slide

  • References

    ARTICLE SECTIONS
    Jump To

    This article references 124 other publications.

    1. 1
      United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2000 National Water Quality Inventory Report to Congress, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/2000_national_water_quality_inventory_report_to_congress.pdf (accessed April 12, 2019).
      Google Scholar
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    2. 2
      Eckley, C. S.; Branfireun, B. Mercury Mobilization in Urban Stormwater Runoff. Sci. Total Environ. 2008, 403, 164– 177,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.05.021
      [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
      2
      Mercury mobilization in urban stormwater runoff
      Eckley, Chris S.; Branfireun, Brian
      Science of the Total Environment (2008), 403 (1-3), 164-177CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Urban stormwater runoff has been identified as a leading cause of waterway impairment for many pollutants, but there has been a lack of research that directly measures Hg in urban stormwater runoff. The objectives of this research were: to use high frequency sampling to characterize the Hg export dynamics from an urban micro-catchment (i.e. a parking lot) during individual rain events; det. the relationship between suspended sediments and Hg transport; assemble event-scale mass balances of atm. Hg inputs, surface storage, and Hg export in runoff to evaluate the relative importance of rainfall-derived Hg and surface-derived Hg in runoff; and finally, to compare the yield of Hg from the urban micro-catchment to that of a larger mixed land-use urban catchment to evaluate the feasibility of scaling the results. The results found that the highest Hg concns. in runoff were obsd. during the rising limb of the hydrograph (first flush effect), which was dominated by particulate bound Hg (84 ± 8%). There was a significant relationship between the Hg and total suspended solids (TSS) concns. in runoff. For all events, the largest Hg flux occurred during the period of peak discharge, even though the Hg concns. were substantially lower during this period. The catchment surface Hg load (i.e. street dust) varied over the course of the study, but the changes were not clearly linked to the rain events. The mass balance of the Hg inputs and outputs from the catchment showed that it could act as a Hg sink or a source depending on the rainfall characteristics. The export of Hg from the larger mixed land-cover catchment were all within the range of the values from the parking-lot catchment, though tended to be lower as a result of increased retention and fewer sources/disturbance within the catchment.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1cXptlems7g%253D&md5=d0031572ad269a4941f4a20001f58840
    3. 3
      Göbel, P.; Dierkes, C.; Coldewey, W. G. Storm Water Runoff Concentration Matrix for Urban Areas. J. Contam. Hydrol. 2007, 91 (1–2), 26– 42,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2006.08.008
      [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
      3
      Storm water runoff concentration matrix for urban areas
      Gobel P; Dierkes C; Coldewey W G
      Journal of contaminant hydrology (2007), 91 (1-2), 26-42 ISSN:0169-7722.
      The infrastructure (roads, sidewalk, commercial and residential structures) added during the land development and urbanisation process is designed to collect precipitation and convey it out of the watershed, typically in existing surface water channels, such as streams and rivers. The quality of surface water, seepage water and ground water is influenced by pollutants that collect on impervious surfaces and that are carried by urban storm water runoff. Heavy metals, e.g. lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) and readily soluble salts in runoff, contribute to the degradation of water. An intensive literature search on the distribution and concentration of the surface-dependent runoff water has been compiled. Concentration variations of several pollutants derived from different surfaces have been averaged. More than 300 references providing about 1300 data for different pollutants culminate in a representative concentration matrix consisting of medians and extreme values. This matrix can be applied to long-term valuations and numerical modelling of storm water treatment facilities.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BD2s7jtlymtQ%253D%253D&md5=121278bcaf582544cdeddce4ee18cff5
    4. 4
      Zgheib, S.; Moilleron, R.; Chebbo, G. Priority Pollutants in Urban Stormwater: Part 1 - Case of Separate Storm Sewers. Water Res. 2012, 46 (20), 6683– 6692,  DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.12.012
      [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
      4
      Priority pollutants in urban stormwater: Part 1 - Case of separate storm sewers
      Zgheib, Sally; Moilleron, Regis; Chebbo, Ghassan
      Water Research (2012), 46 (20), 6683-6692CODEN: WATRAG; ISSN:0043-1354. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Org. and mineral pollutants have become part of today's urban environment. During a rain event, stormwater quality as well as the corresponding contaminant loads is affected by both atm. deposition and the various types of impervious surfaces (roads, rooftops, parking lots etc.) on which runoff occurs. This study provides results on stormwater pollution in Paris and its suburbs from three sep. storm sewers (n = 20 samples). These results show that the stormwater had been contaminated by 55 chem. substances out of the 88 investigated. A particular attention was given to stormwater particle contamination. Concns. are provided for: metals, PAHs, PCBs, organotins, alkylphenols, phthalates, pesticides, and VOCs. Our findings are among the first available in the literature since the relevant analyses were all conducted on both the particulate (P) and dissolved (D) phases. For most substances, particles from the three storm sewers were more heavily contaminated than dredged sediments and settleable particles from the Seine River. As a consequence of this finding, the release of untreated stormwater discharges may impact the receiving waters and contribute to sediment contamination.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XhslarsL%252FK&md5=9d42f569afdb05b252130afc19fda6ab
    5. 5
      Zgheib, S.; Moilleron, R.; Saad, M.; Chebbo, G. Partition of Pollution between Dissolved and Particulate Phases: What about Emerging Substances in Urban Stormwater Catchments?. Water Res. 2011, 45 (2), 913– 925,  DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.09.032
      [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
      5
      Partition of pollution between dissolved and particulate phases: What about emerging substances in urban stormwater catchments?
      Zgheib, Sally; Moilleron, Regis; Saad, Mohamed; Chebbo, Ghassan
      Water Research (2011), 45 (2), 913-925CODEN: WATRAG; ISSN:0043-1354. (Elsevier B.V.)
      This paper presents results about the occurrence, the concns. of urban priority substances on both the dissolved and the particulate phases in stormwater. Samples were collected at the outlet of a dense urban catchment in Paris suburb (2.30 km2). 13 chem. groups were investigated including 88 individual substances. Results showed that stormwater discharges contained 45 substances among them some metals, organotins, PAHs, PCBs, alkylphenols, pesticides, phthalates, cholorophenols and one volatile org. compd., i.e. methylene chloride. With respect to the European Water Framework Directive, these substances included 47% of the priority hazardous substances (n = 8), 38% of the priority substances (n = 10). The remaining substances (n = 27) belong to a list of others specific urban substances not included in the Water Framework Directive but monitored during this work. Finally, stormwater quality was evaluated by comparing the substance concns. to environmental quality stds. (EQS) and the particulate content to Canadian sediment quality guidelines. This showed that stormwater was highly contaminated and should be treated before being discharged to receiving waters in order to avoid any adverse impact on the river quality.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXhs1SqsrrJ&md5=05bb3283466a86083292473f23abdb09
    6. 6
      Brown, J. N.; Peake, B. M. Sources of Heavy Metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Stormwater Runoff. Sci. Total Environ. 2006, 359, 145– 155,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.05.016
      [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
      6
      Sources of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban stormwater runoff
      Brown, Jeffrey N.; Peake, Barrie M.
      Science of the Total Environment (2006), 359 (1-3), 145-155CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Polycyclic arom. hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals were measured in road debris collecting in urban areas and in the suspended sediment (SS) component of runoff from two storm-water catchments in Dunedin, New Zealand. Levels in the road debris ranged from 119-527 μg/g for lead, 50-464 μg/g for copper, 241-1 325 μg/g for zinc and 1.20-11.6 μg/g for .sum.16PAH. The SS from the largely rural catchment (20% urban) had similar concns. to the road debris, indicating that this urban material was the main source of the contaminants measured in the storm-water. Similar PAH fingerprint profiles and isomer ratios indicative of dominant pyrogenic (combustion) sources were also found in these two groups of materials. The SS from the 100% urban catchment contained 2- to 6-fold higher concns. of metals and 10-fold greater levels of .sum.16PAH. The higher levels of lead and copper were probably a result of industrial land uses in this catchment, while the addnl. zinc was linked to an abundance of zinc-galvanized roofing iron in the catchment's residential suburbs. The PAH profiles and isomer ratios were different for this urban catchment and suggested that a disused gasworks was contributing PAHs to the storm-water runoff.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD28Xis1eisr0%253D&md5=903d719bf1251b4d254bd01223be30d1
    7. 7
      Paul, M. J.; Meyer, J. L. Streams in the Urban Landscape. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 2001, 32 (1), 333– 365,  DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114040
      [Crossref], Google Scholar
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    8. 8
      Pitt, R.; Field, R.; Lalor, M.; Brown, M. Urban Stormwater Toxic Pollutants: Assessment, Sources, and Treatability. Water Environ. Res. 1995, 67 (3), 260– 275,  DOI: 10.2175/106143095X131466
      [Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar
      8
      Urban stormwater toxic pollutants: assessment, sources, and treatability
      Pitt, Robert; Field, Richard; Lalor, Melinda; Brown, Michael
      Water Environment Research (1995), 67 (3), 260-75CODEN: WAERED; ISSN:1061-4303. (Water Environment Federation)
      This paper summarizes an investigation to characterize and treat selected stormwater contaminants that are listed as toxic pollutants in the Clean Water Act, Section 307 (Arbuckle et al., 1991). The first project phase investigated typical toxicant concns. in stormwater, the origins of these toxicants, and storm and land-use factors that influenced these toxicant concns. Of the 87 stormwater source area samples analyzed, 9% were considered extremely toxic (using the Microtox toxicity-screening procedure). Moderate toxicity was exhibited in 32% of the samples, whereas 59% of the samples had no evidence of toxicity. Only a small fraction of the org. toxicants analyzed were frequently detected, with 1,3-dichlorobenzene and fluoranthene the most commonly detected orgs. investigated (present in 23% of the samples). Vehicle service and parking area runoff samples had many of the highest obsd. concns. of org. toxicants. All metallic toxicants analyzed were commonly found in all samples analyzed. The second project phase investigated the control of stormwater toxicants using a variety of bench-scale conventional treatment processes. The most beneficial treatment tests included settling for ≥24 h (<90% redns.), screening and filtering through at least 40-μm screens (<70% redns.), and aeration and/or photodegrdn. for ≥24 h (<80% redns.). Because many samples exhibited uneven toxicity redns. for the different treatment tests, a treatment train approach was selected for the current project phase. This current phase includes testing of a prototype treatment devices that would be useful for controlling runoff from crit. source areas (e.g., automobile service facilities).
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaK2MXls1SitLk%253D&md5=ef8b505eb96c245f1722b0592db4536e
    9. 9
      Tedoldi, D.; Chebbo, G.; Pierlot, D.; Branchu, P.; Kovacs, Y.; Gromaire, M. C. Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in the Surface Soil of Source-Control Stormwater Infiltration Devices – Inter-Site Comparison. Sci. Total Environ. 2017, 579, 881– 892,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.226
      [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
      9
      Spatial distribution of heavy metals in the surface soil of source-control stormwater infiltration devices - Inter-site comparison
      Tedoldi, Damien; Chebbo, Ghassan; Pierlot, Daniel; Branchu, Philippe; Kovacs, Yves; Gromaire, Marie-Christine
      Science of the Total Environment (2017), 579 (), 881-892CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)
      Stormwater runoff infiltration brings about some concerns regarding its potential impact on both soil and groundwater quality; besides, the fate of contaminants in source-control devices somewhat suffers from a lack of documentation. The present study was dedicated to assessing the spatial distribution of three heavy metals (copper, lead, zinc) in the surface soil of ten small-scale infiltration facilities, along with several phys. parameters (soil moisture, volatile matter, variable thickness of the upper horizon). High-resoln. samplings and in-situ measurements were undertaken, followed by X-ray fluorescence analyses and spatial interpolation. Highest metal accumulation was found in a relatively narrow area near the water inflow zone, from which concns. markedly decreased with increasing distance. Maximum enrichment ratios amounted to > 20 in the most contaminated sites. Heavy metal patterns give a time-integrated vision of the non-uniform infiltration fluxes, sedimentation processes and surface flow pathways within the devices. This element indicates that the lateral extent of contamination is mainly controlled by hydraulics. The evidenced spatial structure of soil concns. restricts the area where remediation measures would be necessary in these systems, and suggests possible optimization of their hydraulic functioning towards an easier maintenance. Heterogeneous upper boundary conditions should be taken into account when studying the fate of micropollutants in infiltration facilities with either math. modeling or soil coring field surveys.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhvFCgt7vJ&md5=32962b3da2ac7819fa24eef3ba2fe403
    10. 10
      Mahler, B. J.; Van Metre, P. C.; Crane, J. L.; Watts, A. W.; Scoggins, M.; Williams, E. S. Coal-Tar-Based Pavement Sealcoat and PAHs: Implications for the Environment, Human Health, and Stormwater Management. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46 (6), 3039– 3045,  DOI: 10.1021/es203699x
      [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar
      10
      Coal-Tar-Based Pavement Sealcoat and PAHs: Implications for the Environment, Human Health, and Stormwater Management
      Mahler, Barbara J.; Van Metre, Peter C.; Crane, Judy L.; Watts, Alison W.; Scoggins, Mateo; Williams, E. Spencer
      Environmental Science & Technology (2012), 46 (6), 3039-3045CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
      Coal-tar-based sealcoat products, widely used in the central and eastern U.S. on parking lots, driveways, and even playgrounds, are typically 20-35% coal-tar pitch, a known human carcinogen that contains about 200 polycyclic arom. hydrocarbon (PAH) compds. Research continues to identify environmental compartments, including stormwater runoff, lake sediment, soil, house dust, and most recently, air-contaminated by PAHs from coal-tar-based sealcoat and to demonstrate potential risks to biol. communities and human health. In many cases, the levels of contamination assocd. with sealed pavement are striking relative to levels near unsealed pavement: PAH concns. in air over pavement with freshly applied coal-tar-based sealcoat, for example, were hundreds to thousands of times higher than those in air over unsealed pavement. Even a small amt. of sealcoated pavement can be the dominant source of PAHs to sediment in stormwater-retention ponds; proper disposal of such PAH-contaminated sediment can be extremely costly. Several local governments, the District of Columbia, and the State of Washington have banned use of these products, and several national and regional hardware and home-improvement retailers have voluntarily ceased selling them.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XhtFemsbc%253D&md5=8ad08d9e5ea589b5627519bf8daf3291
    11. 11
      Mahler, B. J.; Van Metre, P. C.; Bashara, T. J.; Wilson, J. T.; Johns, D. A. Parking Lot Sealcoat: An Unrecognized Source of Urban Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39 (15), 5560– 5566,  DOI: 10.1021/es0501565
      [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar
      11
      Parking Lot Sealcoat: An Unrecognized Source of Urban Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
      Mahler, Barbara J.; Van Metre, Peter C.; Bashara, Thomas J.; Wilson, Jennifer T.; Johns, David A.
      Environmental Science and Technology (2005), 39 (15), 5560-5566CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
      Polycyclic arom. hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a ubiquitous contaminant in urban environments. Although numerous sources of PAHs to urban runoff have been identified, their relative importance remains uncertain. We show that a previously unidentified source of urban PAHs, parking lot sealcoat, may dominate loading of PAHs to urban water bodies in the United States. Particles in runoff from parking lots with coal-tar emulsion sealcoat had mean concns. of PAHs of 3500 mg/kg, 65 times higher than the mean concn. from unsealed asphalt and cement lots. Diagnostic ratios of individual PAHs indicating sources are similar for particles from coal-tar emulsion sealed lots and suspended sediment from four urban streams. Contaminant yields projected to the watershed scale for the four assocd. watersheds indicate that runoff from sealed parking lots could account for the majority of stream PAH loads.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2MXltlGns7c%253D&md5=294fe34a12e98087dbcbfb499b5b0e3d
    12. 12
      Van Metre, P. C.; Mahler, B. J.; Furlong, E. T. Urban Sprawl Leaves Its PAH Signature. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 34 (19), 4064– 4070,  DOI: 10.1021/es991007n
      [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar
      12
      Urban Sprawl Leaves Its PAH Signature
      Van Metre, Peter C.; Mahler, Barbara J.; Furlong, Edward T.
      Environmental Science and Technology (2000), 34 (19), 4064-4070CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
      The increasing vehicle traffic assocd. with urban sprawl in the US is frequently linked to degrdn. of air quality, but its effect on aquatic sediment is less well-recognized. This study evaluates trends in PAHs, a group of contaminants with multiple urban sources, in sediment cores from 10 reservoirs and lakes in 6 US metropolitan areas. The watersheds chosen represent a range in degree and age of urbanization. Concns. of PAHs in all 10 reservoirs and lakes increased during the past 20-40 yr. PAH contamination of the most recently deposited sediment at all sites exceeded sediment-quality guidelines established by Environment Canada, in some cases by several orders of magnitude. These results add a new chapter to the story told by previous coring studies that reported decreasing concns. of PAHs after reaching highs in the 1950s. Concurrent with the increase in concns. is a change in the assemblage of PAHs that indicates the increasing trends are driven by combustion sources. The increase in PAH concns. tracks closely with increases in automobile use, even in watersheds that have not undergone substantial changes in urban land-use levels since the 1970s.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD3cXlvFSqsL0%253D&md5=b6c1ffc20cc846ee6d7bb450aafdd1dc
    13. 13
      Fairbairn, D. J.; Elliott, S. M.; Kiesling, R. L.; Schoenfuss, H. L.; Ferrey, M. L.; Westerhoff, B. M. Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Urban Stormwater: Spatiotemporal Patterns and Removal by Iron-Enhanced Sand Filters (IESFs). Water Res. 2018, 145, 332– 345,  DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.08.020
      [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
      13
      Contaminants of emerging concern in urban stormwater: Spatiotemporal patterns and removal by iron-enhanced sand filters (IESFs)
      Fairbairn, David J.; Elliott, Sarah M.; Kiesling, Richard L.; Schoenfuss, Heiko L.; Ferrey, Mark L.; Westerhoff, Benjamin M.
      Water Research (2018), 145 (), 332-345CODEN: WATRAG; ISSN:0043-1354. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Numerous contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) typically occur in urban rivers. Wastewater effluents are a major source of many CECs. Urban runoff (stormwater) is a major urban water budget component and may constitute another major CEC pathway. Yet, stormwater-based CEC field studies are rare. This research investigated 384 CECs in 36 stormwater samples in Minneapolis-St.Paul, Minnesota, USA. Nine sampling sites included three large stormwater conveyances (pipes) and three paired iron-enhanced sand filters (IESFs; untreated inlets and treated outlets). The 123 detected compds. included com.-consumer compds., veterinary and human pharmaceuticals, lifestyle and personal care compds., pesticides, and others. Thirty-one CECs were detected in ≥50% of samples. Individual samples contained a median of 35 targeted CECs (range: 18-54). Overall, median concns. were ≥10 ng/L for 25 CECs and ≥100 ng/L for 9 CECs. Ranked, hierarchical linear modeling indicated significant seasonal- and site type-based concn. variability for 53 and 30 CECs, resp., with obsd. patterns corresponding to CEC type, source, usage, and seasonal hydrol. A primarily warm-weather, diffuse, runoff-based profile included many herbicides. A second profile encompassed winter and/or late summer samples enriched with some recalcitrant, hydrophobic compds. (e.g., PAHs), esp. at pipes, suggesting conservative, less runoff-dependent sources (e.g., sediments). A third profile, indicative of mixed conservative/non-runoff, runoff, and/or atm. sources and transport that collectively affect a variety of conditions, included various fungicides, lifestyle, non-prescription, and com.-consumer CECs. Generally, pipe sites had large, diverse land-use catchments, and showed more frequent detections of diverse CECs, but often at lower concns.; while untreated sites (with smaller, more residential-catchments) demonstrated greater detections of "pseudo-persistent" and other ubiquitous or residentially-assocd. CECs. Although untreated stormwater transports an array of CECs to receiving waters, IESF treatment significantly removed concns. of 14 (29%) of the 48 most detected CECs; for these, median removal efficiencies were 26%-100%. Efficient removal of some hydrophobic (e.g., PAHs, bisphenol A) and polar-hydrophilic (e.g., caffeine, nicotine) compds. indicated particulate-bound contaminant filtration and for certain dissolved contaminants, sorption.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhsF2ns7fJ&md5=aca05cfd8757f030c59c801f7b56af4a
    14. 14
      Burant, A.; Selbig, W.; Furlong, E. T.; Higgins, C. P. Trace Organic Contaminants in Urban Runoff: Associations with Urban Land-Use. Environ. Pollut. 2018, 242, 2068– 2077,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.066
      [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
      14
      Trace organic contaminants in urban runoff: Associations with urban land-use
      Burant, Aniela; Selbig, William; Furlong, Edward T.; Higgins, Christopher P.
      Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2018), 242 (Part_B), 2068-2077CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Urban development has led to an increase in urban runoff, accompanied with a decrease in water quality during rain events. One of the major causes of the decrease in water quality is the presence of trace org. contaminants in urban runoff. However, little is known about the sources of org. contaminants in urban runoff, esp. related to land-use and temporal trends in those assocd. land uses. The objective of this study was to assess the occurrence and concn. trends of org. contaminants for a high-d. residential site and com. strip site in Madison, WI. Flow-weighted samples of urban stormwater runoff, collected with an auto-sampler, were composited and analyzed, producing mean org. contaminants concns. for each storm event. The contaminants, which include pesticides, flame retardants, polycyclic arom. hydrocarbons, corrosion inhibitors, among others, were extd. and analyzed by gas chromatog. coupled with mass spectrometry or liq. chromatog. coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. There were 30 org. contaminants that had greater than 50% detections in at least one of the sites, and those org. contaminants did provide information on similarities and differences of org. contaminants in urban runoff derived from different land uses. The sum of the total measured pesticides showed no significant difference between sites; this was likely due to the considerable green space and assocd. pesticide use in both sites. However, there were higher total concns. of organophosphate flame retardants and corrosion inhibitors in the residential site. The reason for this is unknown and will require follow-up studies; however, several hypotheses are presented. Conversely, there were higher total concns. of polycyclic arom. hydrocarbons in the com. site; this is most likely due to higher vehicle traffic in the com. site. These data show that land-use may be important in detg. the compn. and concns. of trace org. contaminants in urban stormwater runoff.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhsVagsrjJ&md5=093dd8b8e166b25a938f5b4173c95d2c
    15. 15
      Eriksson, E.; Baun, A.; Mikkelsen, P. S.; Ledin, A. Risk Assessment of Xenobiotics in Stormwater Discharged to Harrestrup Å, Denmark. Desalination 2007, 215 (1–3), 187– 197,  DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2006.12.008
      [Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar
      15
      Risk assessment of xenobiotics in stormwater discharged to Harrestrup Å, Denmark
      Eriksson, Eva; Baun, Anders; Mikkelsen, Peter Steen; Ledin, Anna
      Desalination (2007), 215 (1-3), 187-197CODEN: DSLNAH; ISSN:0011-9164. (Elsevier B.V.)
      Surface waters are highly manipulated in many cities in Europe, and the flow is largely impacted by discharges of stormwater and combined sewer overflow. Toxicity tests shown adverse effects in some of these recipients due to the presence of xenobiotic org. carbons (XOCs). Harrestrup Å, situated in the City of Copenhagen, is one of these recipients, where biotest using algae showed measurable toxicity in 8 samples taken in 2003. Twenty-five different XOCs were quantified in the same samples. The present study aimed at identifying the most relevant XOCs out of these 25 to be selected for further anal. with respect to potential source control options. Fourteen XOCs (56%) were identified to constitute a potential hazard based on the RICH evaluation (Ranking and Identification of Chem. Hazards), while 9 XOCs (36%) were found to constitute a hazard towards the aquatic ecosystem based on an environmental-concn./predicted-no-effect-concn.-quotient. The quantified levels did, however, fulfil the Danish and European surface water quality criteria (QC) and environmental quality stds. (ESQ). Thus, although the QC and ESQ are met there is an actual risk due to stormwater-related pollutants. This clearly illustrates that there is a need for monitoring the stormwater quality in order to protect the ecosystems. It also shows that actions are needed to implement source control options and emission barriers. Twelve XOCs were selected for further evaluation of possible source control option to be implemented in order to improve the water quality. These are 5 pesticides (diuron, glyphosate, isoproturon, MCPA, terbutylazine), 4 PAHs (acenaphthene, fluoranthene, fluorene, pyrene), 3 others (LAS, nonylphenol and dinitro-o-cresol).
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2sXpsV2rs7g%253D&md5=f7147ef3eb92e09761f0cf354336e269
    16. 16
      Gan, J.; Bondarenko, S.; Oki, L.; Haver, D.; Li, J. X. Occurrence of Fipronil and Its Biologically Active Derivatives in Urban Residential Runoff. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46 (3), 1489– 1495,  DOI: 10.1021/es202904x
      [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar
      16
      Occurrence of Fipronil and Its Biologically Active Derivatives in Urban Residential Runoff
      Gan, J.; Bondarenko, S.; Oki, L.; Haver, D.; Li, J. X.
      Environmental Science & Technology (2012), 46 (3), 1489-1495CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
      Fipronil is a relatively new and popular urban-use insecticide that has acute toxicity to arthropods at low-ppb levels. Urban runoff water was collected from 6 large communities, each consisting of 152 to 460 single-family homes, in Sacramento County and Orange County, California, and the occurrence was evaluated of fipronil and its biol. active derivs. over 26 mo under dry weather conditions. Statistical modeling showed that the levels of fipronil and derivs. in the runoff water were both spatially and temporally correlated. More than 10-fold differences were obsd. between the Sacramento and Orange County sites, with the much higher levels for Orange County (southern California) coinciding with heavier use. The median concns. of combined fipronil and derivs. for the Orange County sites were 204-440 ng L-1, with the 90th percentile levels ranging from 340 to 1170 ng L-1. These levels frequently exceeded the LC50 values for arthropods such as mysid shrimp and grass shrimp. The highest levels occurred from Apr. to Oct., while decreases were seen from Oct. to Dec. and from Jan. to March, likely reflecting seasonal use patterns and the effect of rain-induced washoff. Fipronil and fipronil sulfone (oxidn. deriv.) each accounted for about 35% of the total concns., with desulfinyl fipronil (a photolytic product) contributing about 25%. Results of this study clearly established residential drainage as a direct source for pesticide contamination in urban waterways, and for the first time, identified fipronil as a new and widespread contaminant with potential ecotoxicol. significance.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38Xks1ahsw%253D%253D&md5=516eae5e800b432312db508b981a431b
    17. 17
      Strickman, R. J.; Mitchell, C. P. J. Methylmercury Production and Accumulation in Urban Stormwater Ponds and Habitat Wetlands. Environ. Pollut. 2017, 221, 326– 334,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.082
      [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
      17
      Methylmercury production and accumulation in urban stormwater ponds and habitat wetlands
      Strickman, R. J.; Mitchell, C. P. J.
      Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2017), 221 (), 326-334CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Stormwater management ponds and created habitat wetlands effectively manage erosion, flooding, and pollutant loadings while providing biodiversity and aesthetic benefits, but these structures are also potential sources of methylmercury (MeHg), a bioaccumulative neurotoxin. While MeHg accumulation has been confirmed in habitat wetlands, the extent of MeHg prodn. and accumulation in stormwater ponds is unknown. Addnl., the fine-scale spatial variation in MeHg in these wetlands has never been explored despite the possibility that cycles of wetting and drying, and the presence of aquatic plants may stimulate methylation at their margins. To address these knowledge gaps, we compared MeHg and inorg. mercury concns., the percent of total mercury present as MeHg (%MeHg), and potential mercury methylation rate consts. (Kmeth) in the sediments of terrestrial-aquatic transects through several stormwater and habitat wetlands. We present novel evidence confirming the in situ prodn. of MeHg in both stormwater ponds and habitat wetlands, but observe no systematic differences across the terrestrial-aquatic gradient, suggesting that routine variations in water level do not alter MeHg prodn. and accumulation. Stormwater ponds effectively trap mercury while converting relatively little to MeHg, as evidenced by lower MeHg concns., %-MeHg, and Kmeth values than habitat wetlands, but often greater inorg. Hg concns. The relationship of aquatic vegetation to MeHg accumulation is weak and ambiguous, suggesting plants are not strong drivers of MeHg biogeochem. in these systems. Although the MeHg hazard assocd. with individual artificial wetlands is low, they may be important sources of MeHg at the landscape level.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XitVaqurnO&md5=447daf3d51e6073942ba3d9be6696f2e
    18. 18
      Chong, M. N.; Sidhu, J.; Aryal, R.; Tang, J.; Gernjak, W.; Escher, B.; Toze, S. Urban Stormwater Harvesting and Reuse: A Probe into the Chemical, Toxicology and Microbiological Contaminants in Water Quality. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2013, 185 (8), 6645– 6652,  DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-3053-7
      [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
      18
      Urban stormwater harvesting and reuse: a probe into the chemical, toxicology and microbiological contaminants in water quality
      Chong, Meng Nan; Sidhu, Jatinder; Aryal, Rupak; Tang, Janet; Gernjak, Wolfgang; Escher, Beate; Toze, Simon
      Environmental Monitoring and Assessment (2013), 185 (8), 6645-6652CODEN: EMASDH; ISSN:0167-6369. (Springer)
      Stormwater is one of the last major untapped urban water resources that can be exploited as an alternative water source in Australia. The information in the current Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling relating to stormwater harvesting and reuse only emphasizes on a limited no. of stormwater quality parameters. In order to supply stormwater as a source for higher value end-uses, a more comprehensive assessment on the potential public health risks has to be undertaken. Owing to the stochastic variations in rainfall, catchment hydrol. and also the types of non-point pollution sources that can provide contaminants relating to different anthropogenic activities and catchment land uses, the characterization of public health risks in stormwater is complex, tedious and not always possible through the conventional detection and anal. methods. In this study, a holistic approach was undertaken to assess the potential public health risks in urban stormwater samples from a medium-d. residential catchment. A combined chem.-toxicol. assessment was used to characterize the potential health risks arising from chem. contaminants, while a combination of std. culture methods and quant. polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) methods was used for detection and quantification of faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and pathogens in urban stormwater. Results showed that the concn. of chem. contaminants and assocd. toxicity were relatively low when benchmarked against other alternative water sources such as recycled wastewater. However, the concns. of heavy metals particularly cadmium and lead have exceeded the Australian guideline values, indicating potential public health risks. Also, high nos. of FIB were detected in urban stormwater samples obtained from wet weather events. In addn., qPCR detection of human-related pathogens suggested there are frequent sewage ingressions into the urban stormwater runoff during wet weather events. Further water quality monitoring study will be conducted at different contrasting urban catchments in order to undertake a more comprehensive public health risk assessment for urban stormwater.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhtVKgurvP&md5=fd2260b6552abf998f796b9918ccd438
    19. 19
      Gołdyn, R.; Szpakowska, B.; Świerk, D.; Domek, P.; Buxakowski, J.; Dondajewska, R.; Barałkiewicz, D.; Sajnóg, A. Influence of Stormwater Runoff on Macroinvertebrates in a Small Urban River and a Reservoir. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 625, 743– 751,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.324
      [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
      19
      Influence of stormwater runoff on macroinvertebrates in a small urban river and a reservoir
      Goldyn, Ryszard; Szpakowska, Barbara; Swierk, Dariusz; Domek, Piotr; Buxakowski, Jan; Dondajewska, Renata; Baralkiewicz, Danuta; Sajnog, Adam
      Science of the Total Environment (2018), 625 (), 743-751CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)
      The impact of stormwater on benthic macroinvertebrates was studied in two annual cycles. Five small catchments drained by stormwater sewers to a small urban river and a small and shallow reservoir situated in its course were selected. These catchments were located in residential areas with single-family houses or blocks of flats as well as industrial areas, i.e., a car factory, a glassworks and showroom as well as the parking lots of a car dealer and servicing company. In addn. to the five stations situated in the vicinity of the stormwater outlets, three stations not directly influenced by stormwater were also established. Macroinvertebrates were sampled in every season, four times per yr. Both abundance and biomass were assessed. Stormwater from industrial areas assocd. with cars, whose catchments showed a high percentage of impervious areas, had the greatest impact on benthic macroinvertebrates. This was due to a large amt. of stormwater and its contamination, including heavy metals. Stormwater outflow from residential multi-family houses exerted the least influence. Macroinvertebrates in the water reservoir were found to undergo more extensive changes than those in the river. The cascade of four reservoirs resulted in a marked improvement of water quality in the river, which was confirmed by species compn., abundance and biomass of macroinvertebrates and indicators calcd. on their basis for the stations below the cascade in comparison to the stations above and in the first reservoir. These reservoirs replaced constructed wetlands or other measures, which should be undertaken for stormwater management prior to its discharge into urban rivers and other water bodies.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXjvVKrug%253D%253D&md5=0a3ec7356b7977b28e78a2099c683fc0
    20. 20
      Pratt, J. M.; Coler, R. A.; Godfrey, P. J. Ecological Effects of Urban Stormwater Runoff on Benthic Macroinvertebrates Inhabiting the Green River, Massachusetts. Hydrobiologia 1981, 83, 29– 42,  DOI: 10.1007/BF02187149
      [Crossref], Google Scholar
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    21. 21
      Ma, Y.; Liu, A.; Egodawatta, P.; McGree, J.; Goonetilleke, A. Assessment and Management of Human Health Risk from Toxic Metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Stormwater Arising from Anthropogenic Activities and Traffic Congestion. Sci. Total Environ. 2017, 579, 202– 211,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.015
      [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
      22
      Assessment and management of human health risk from toxic metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban stormwater arising from anthropogenic activities and traffic congestion
      Ma, Yukun; Liu, An; Egodawatta, Prasanna; McGree, James; Goonetilleke, Ashantha
      Science of the Total Environment (2017), 579 (), 202-211CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)
      Toxic metals (TM) and polycyclic arom. hydrocarbons (PAH) in urban storm water pose a human health risk, thereby constraining its reuse potential. Based on a hypothesis that storm water quality is primarily affected by anthropogenic activities and traffic congestion, this work analyzed the human health risk from TM and PAH in urban storm water and develop a quant. risk assessment model for same. Results showed anthropogenic activities and traffic congestion affect the risk from TM and PAH in storm water from com. and residential areas. Motor vehicle-related businesses (FVS) and traffic congestion (TC) were identified as two parameters which must be included as independent variables to improve the model. Based on study outcomes, approaches to mitigate risk assocd. with TM and PAH in urban storm water are discussed. Also, a road map is presented to assess and manage risk from these pollutants. Study outcomes are expected to contribute to reduce human health risk assocd. with urban storm water pollution and enhance its reuse potential.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhvVKqtr3I&md5=27f781c724b1093c66681027f49180c5
    22. 22
      Haile, R. W.; Witte, J. S.; Gold, M.; Cressey, R.; McGee, C.; Millikan, R. C.; Glasser, A.; Harawa, N.; Ervin, C.; Harmon, P. The Health Effects of Swimming in Ocean Water Contaminated by Storm Drain Runoff. Epidemiology 1999, 10 (4), 355– 363,  DOI: 10.1097/00001648-199907000-00004
      [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
      20
      The health effects of swimming in ocean water contaminated by storm drain runoff
      Haile R W; Witte J S; Gold M; Cressey R; McGee C; Millikan R C; Glasser A; Harawa N; Ervin C; Harmon P; Harper J; Dermand J; Alamillo J; Barrett K; Nides M; Wang G
      Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) (1999), 10 (4), 355-63 ISSN:1044-3983.
      Waters adjacent to the County of Los Angeles (CA) receive untreated runoff from a series of storm drains year round. Many other coastal areas face a similar situation. To our knowledge, there has not been a large-scale epidemiologic study of persons who swim in marine waters subject to such runoff. We report here results of a cohort study conducted to investigate this issue. Measures of exposure included distance from the storm drain, selected bacterial indicators (total and fecal coliforms, enterococci, and Escherichia coli), and a direct measure of enteric viruses. We found higher risks of a broad range of symptoms, including both upper respiratory and gastrointestinal, for subjects swimming (a) closer to storm drains, (b) in water with high levels of single bacterial indicators and a low ratio of total to fecal coliforms, and (c) in water where enteric viruses were detected. The strength and consistency of the associations we observed across various measures of exposure imply that there may be an increased risk of adverse health outcomes associated with swimming in ocean water that is contaminated with untreated urban runoff.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADyaK1MzivVaqtw%253D%253D&md5=2bb33bfb115361ccdc5bae89f1df7401
    23. 23
      Ma, Y.; Egodawatta, P.; McGree, J.; Liu, A.; Goonetilleke, A. Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Urban Stormwater. Sci. Total Environ. 2016, 557–558, 764– 772,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.067
      [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
      21
      Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in urban stormwater
      Ma, Yukun; Egodawatta, Prasanna; McGree, James; Liu, An; Goonetilleke, Ashantha
      Science of the Total Environment (2016), 557-558 (), 764-772CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)
      Toxic chem. pollutants such as heavy metals (HMs) are commonly present in urban stormwater. These pollutants can pose a significant risk to human health and hence a significant barrier for urban stormwater reuse. The aim was to develop an approach for quant. assessing the risk to human health due to the presence of HMs in stormwater. This approach will lead to informed decision making in relation to risk management of urban stormwater reuse, enabling efficient implementation of appropriate treatment strategies. Here, risks to human health from heavy metals were assessed as hazard index (HI) and quantified as a function of traffic and land use related parameters. Traffic and land use are the primary factors influencing heavy metal loads in the urban environment. The risks posed by heavy metals assocd. with total solids and fine solids (<150 μm) were considered to represent the max. and min. risk levels, resp. The study outcomes confirmed that Cr, Mn and Pb pose the highest risks, although these elements are generally present in low concns. The study also found that even though the presence of a single heavy metal does not pose a significant risk, the presence of multiple heavy metals could be detrimental to human health. These findings suggest that stormwater guidelines should consider the combined risk from multiple heavy metals rather than the threshold concn. of an individual species. It was found that risk to human health from heavy metals in stormwater is significantly influenced by traffic vol. and the risk assocd. with stormwater from industrial areas is generally higher than that from com. and residential areas.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XlsVWksb4%253D&md5=16bf20346a495ef3498d0035ac7e2a2b
    24. 24
      Soller, J.; Bartrand, T.; Ravenscroft, J.; Molina, M.; Whelan, G.; Schoen, M.; Ashbolt, N. Estimated Human Health Risks from Recreational Exposures to Stormwater Runoff Containing Animal Faecal Material. Environ. Model. Softw. 2015, 72, 21– 32,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envsoft.2015.05.018
      [Crossref], Google Scholar
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    25. 25
      Young, A.; Kochenkov, V.; McIntyre, J. K.; Stark, J. D.; Coffin, A. B. Urban Stormwater Runoff Negatively Impacts Lateral Line Development in Larval Zebrafish and Salmon Embryos. Sci. Rep. 2018, 8, 2830,  DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21209-z
      [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
      25
      Urban stormwater runoff negatively impacts lateral line development in larval zebrafish and salmon embryos
      Young Alexander; Kochenkov Valentin; Coffin Allison B; Young Alexander; McIntyre Jenifer K; Stark John D; Coffin Allison B
      Scientific reports (2018), 8 (1), 2830 ISSN:.
      After a storm, water often runs off of impervious urban surfaces directly into aquatic ecosystems. This stormwater runoff is a cocktail of toxicants that have serious effects on the ecological integrity of aquatic habitats. Zebrafish that develop in stormwater runoff suffer from cardiovascular toxicity and impaired growth, but the effects of stormwater on fish sensory systems are not understood. Our study investigated the effect of stormwater on hair cells of the lateral line in larval zebrafish and coho salmon. Our results showed that although toxicants in stormwater did not kill zebrafish hair cells, these cells did experience damage. Zebrafish developing in stormwater also experienced impaired growth, fewer neuromasts in the lateral line, and fewer hair cells per neuromast. A similar reduction in neuromast number was observed in coho salmon reared in stormwater. Bioretention treatment, intended to filter out harmful constituents of stormwater, rescued the lateral line defects in zebrafish but not in coho salmon, suggesting that not all of the harmful constituents were removed by the filtration media and that salmonids are particularly sensitive to aquatic toxicants. Collectively, these data demonstrate that sub-lethal exposure to stormwater runoff negatively impacts a fish sensory system, which may have consequences for organismal fitness.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BC1MrgslSktA%253D%253D&md5=7ac0cccded419abfbbe97ca834afb394
    26. 26
      Datry, T.; Malard, F.; Gibert, J. Dynamics of Solutes and Dissolved Oxygen in Shallow Urban Groundwater below a Stormwater Infiltration Basin. Sci. Total Environ. 2004, 329 (1–3), 215– 229,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.02.022
      [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
      26
      Dynamics of solutes and dissolved oxygen in shallow urban groundwater below a stormwater infiltration basin
      Datry, T.; Malard, F.; Gibert, J.
      Science of the Total Environment (2004), 329 (1-3), 215-229CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier Science Ltd.)
      Artificial recharge of urban aquifers with stormwater has been used extensively in urban areas to dispose of stormwater and compensate for reduced groundwater recharge. However, stormwater-derived sediments accumulating in infiltration beds may act as a source of dissolved contaminants for groundwater. Concns. of hydrocarbons, heavy metals, nutrients and dissolved O (DO) were monitored at multiple depths in shallow groundwater below a stormwater infiltration basin retaining large amts. of contaminated org. sediments. Multilevel wells and multiparameter loggers were used to examine changes in groundwater chem. occurring over small spatial and temporal scales. Rainfall events produced a plume of low-salinity stormwater in the 1st 2 m below the groundwater table, thereby generating steep vertical physico-chem. gradients that resorbed during dry weather. Heavy metals and hydrocarbons were below ref. concns. in groundwater and aquifer sediments, indicating that they remained adsorbed onto the bed sediments. However, mineralization of org. sediments was the most probable cause of elevated concns. of phosphate and DOC in groundwater. DO supply in groundwater was severely limited by bed respiration which increased with temp. Cold winter stormwater slightly re-oxygenated groundwater, whereas warm summer stormwater lowered DO concns. in groundwater. Among several results provided here, it is recommended for management purposes that infiltration practices should minimize the contact between inflow stormwater and org. sediments retained in infiltration basins.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2cXlvVWmt7c%253D&md5=50513719100c7cfe74162354fa8ace41
    27. 27
      Edwards, E. C.; Harter, T.; Fogg, G. E.; Washburn, B.; Hamad, H. Assessing the Effectiveness of Drywells as Tools for Stormwater Management and Aquifer Recharge and Their Groundwater Contamination Potential. J. Hydrol. 2016, 539, 539– 553,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.05.059
      [Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar
      27
      Assessing the effectiveness of drywells as tools for stormwater management and aquifer recharge and their groundwater contamination potential
      Edwards, Emily C.; Harter, Thomas; Fogg, Graham E.; Washburn, Barbara; Hamad, Hamad
      Journal of Hydrology (Amsterdam, Netherlands) (2016), 539 (), 539-553CODEN: JHYDA7; ISSN:0022-1694. (Elsevier B.V.)
      Drywells are gravity-fed, excavated pits with perforated casings used to facilitate stormwater infiltration and groundwater recharge in areas where drainage and diversion of storm flows is problematic. Historically, drywells have predominantly been used as a form of stormwater management in locations that receive high vols. of pptn.; however the use of drywells is increasingly being evaluated as a method to supplement groundwater recharge, esp. in areas facing severe drought. Studies have shown that drywells can be an effective means to increase recharge to aquifers; however, the potential for groundwater contamination caused by polluted stormwater runoff bypassing transport through surface soil and near surface sediment has prevented more widespread use of drywells as a recharge mechanism. Numerous studies have shown that groundwater and drinking water contamination from drywells can be avoided if drywells are used in appropriate locations and properly maintained. The effectiveness of drywells for aquifer recharge depends on the hydrogeol. setting and land use surrounding a site, as well as influent stormwater quantity and quality. These parameters may be informed for a specific drywell site through geol. and hydrol. characterization and adequate monitoring of stormwater and groundwater quality.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XpsF2ls7s%253D&md5=a3c6a5dd40cfaec6eb72a74fe7718371
    28. 28
      Fischer, D.; Charles, E. G.; Baehr, A. L. Effects of Stormwater Infiltration on Quality of Groundwater Beneath Retention and Detention Basins. J. Environ. Eng. 2003, 129 (5), 464– 471,  DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2003)129:5(464)
      [Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar
      28
      Effects of Stormwater Infiltration on Quality of Groundwater Beneath Retention and Detention Basins
      Fischer, David; Charles, Emmanuel G.; Baehr, Arthur L.
      Journal of Environmental Engineering (Reston, VA, United States) (2003), 129 (5), 464-471CODEN: JOEEDU; ISSN:0733-9372. (American Society of Civil Engineers)
      Infiltration of stormwater through detention and retention basins may increase the risk of groundwater contamination, esp. in areas where the soil is sandy and the water table shallow, and contaminants may not have a chance to degrade or sorb onto soil particles before reaching the satd. zone. Groundwater from 16 monitoring wells installed in basins in southern New Jersey was compared to the quality of shallow groundwater from 30 wells in areas of new-urban land use. Basin groundwater contained much lower levels of dissolved O, which affected concns. of major ions. Patterns of volatile org. compd. and pesticide occurrence in basin groundwater reflected the land use in the drainage areas served by the basins, and differed from patterns in background samples, exhibiting a greater occurrence of petroleum hydrocarbons and certain pesticides. Diln. effects and volatilization likely decrease the concn. and detection frequency of certain compds. commonly found in background groundwater. High recharge rates in stormwater basins may cause loading factors to be substantial even when constituent concns. in infiltrating stormwater are relatively low.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD3sXjtVehsLs%253D&md5=48d803e79f7f9070c616ae872b9b90d7
    29. 29
      Lewellyn, C.; Lyons, C. E.; Traver, R. G.; Wadzuk, B. M. Evaluation of Seasonal and Large Storm Runoff Volume Capture of an Infiltration Green Infrastructure System. J. Hydrol. Eng. 2016, 21 (1), 04015047  DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0001257
      [Crossref], Google Scholar
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    30. 30
      Mrowiec, M. Road Runoff Management Using Improved Infiltration Ponds. Transp. Res. Procedia 2016, 14, 2659– 2667,  DOI: 10.1016/j.trpro.2016.05.435
      [Crossref], Google Scholar
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    31. 31
      Pitt, R.; Clark, S.; Field, R. Groundwater Contamination Potential from Stormwater Infiltration Practices. Urban Water 1999, 1 (3), 217– 236,  DOI: 10.1016/S1462-0758(99)00014-X
      [Crossref], Google Scholar
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    32. 32
      Tedoldi, D.; Chebbo, G.; Pierlot, D.; Branchu, P.; Kovacs, Y.; Gromaire, M. C. Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in the Surface Soil of Source-Control Stormwater Infiltration Devices – Inter-Site Comparison. Sci. Total Environ. 2017, 579, 881– 892,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.226
      [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
      32
      Spatial distribution of heavy metals in the surface soil of source-control stormwater infiltration devices - Inter-site comparison
      Tedoldi, Damien; Chebbo, Ghassan; Pierlot, Daniel; Branchu, Philippe; Kovacs, Yves; Gromaire, Marie-Christine
      Science of the Total Environment (2017), 579 (), 881-892CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)
      Stormwater runoff infiltration brings about some concerns regarding its potential impact on both soil and groundwater quality; besides, the fate of contaminants in source-control devices somewhat suffers from a lack of documentation. The present study was dedicated to assessing the spatial distribution of three heavy metals (copper, lead, zinc) in the surface soil of ten small-scale infiltration facilities, along with several phys. parameters (soil moisture, volatile matter, variable thickness of the upper horizon). High-resoln. samplings and in-situ measurements were undertaken, followed by X-ray fluorescence analyses and spatial interpolation. Highest metal accumulation was found in a relatively narrow area near the water inflow zone, from which concns. markedly decreased with increasing distance. Maximum enrichment ratios amounted to > 20 in the most contaminated sites. Heavy metal patterns give a time-integrated vision of the non-uniform infiltration fluxes, sedimentation processes and surface flow pathways within the devices. This element indicates that the lateral extent of contamination is mainly controlled by hydraulics. The evidenced spatial structure of soil concns. restricts the area where remediation measures would be necessary in these systems, and suggests possible optimization of their hydraulic functioning towards an easier maintenance. Heterogeneous upper boundary conditions should be taken into account when studying the fate of micropollutants in infiltration facilities with either math. modeling or soil coring field surveys.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhvFCgt7vJ&md5=32962b3da2ac7819fa24eef3ba2fe403
    33. 33
      Tedoldi, D.; Chebbo, G.; Pierlot, D.; Kovacs, Y.; Gromaire, M. C. Impact of Runoff Infiltration on Contaminant Accumulation and Transport in the Soil/Filter Media of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems: A Literature Review. Sci. Total Environ. 2016, 569–570, 904– 926,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.215
      [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
      33
      Impact of runoff infiltration on contaminant accumulation and transport in the soil/filter media of sustainable urban drainage systems: A literature review
      Tedoldi, Damien; Chebbo, Ghassan; Pierlot, Daniel; Kovacs, Yves; Gromaire, Marie-Christine
      Science of the Total Environment (2016), 569-570 (), 904-926CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)
      A review is given. The increasing use of sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) for stormwater management raises some concerns about the fate of ubiquitous runoff micropollutants in soils and their potential threat to groundwater. This question may be addressed either exptl., by sampling and analyzing SUDS soil after a given operating time, or with a modeling approach to simulate the fate and transport of contaminants. After briefly reminding the processes responsible for the retention, degrdn., or leaching of several urban-sourced contaminants in soils, this paper presents the state of the art about both exptl. and modeling assessments. In spite of noteworthy differences in the sampling protocols, the soil parameters chosen as explanatory variables, and the methods used to evaluate the site-specific initial concns., most studies undoubtedly evidenced a significant accumulation of metals and/or hydrocarbons in SUDS soils, which in the majority of the cases appears to be restricted to the upper 10-30 cm. These results may suggest that SUDS exhibit an interesting potential for pollution control, but antinomic observations have also been made in several specific cases, and the inter-site concn. variability is still difficult to appraise. There seems to be no consensus regarding the level of complexity to be used in models. However, the available data deriving from exptl. studies is generally limited to the contamination profiles and a few parameters of the soil, as a result of which complex models (including colloid-facilitated transport for example) appear to be difficult to validate before using them for predictive evaluations.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhtFyhs77J&md5=b605ca4e15ba60c44c5d471439274f0e
    34. 34
      Luthy, R. G.; Sharvelle, S.; Dillon, P. Urban Stormwater to Enhance Water Supply. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019, 53, 5534,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05913
      [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar
      34
      Urban Stormwater to Enhance Water Supply
      Luthy, Richard G.; Sharvelle, Sybil; Dillon, Peter
      Environmental Science & Technology (2019), 53 (10), 5534-5542CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
      A review. The capture, treatment, and recharge of urban runoff can augment water supplies for water-scarce cities. This article describes trends in urban stormwater capture for potable water supply using examples from the U.S. and Australia. In water-limited climates, water supply potential exists for large scale stormwater harvesting and recharge, such as neighborhood-scale and larger projects. The beneficial use of urban stormwater to meet nonpotable water demands has been successfully demonstrated in the U.S. and internationally. However, in terms of potable water use in the U.S., the lack of a regulatory framework and uncertainty in treatment and water quality targets are barriers to wide-scale adoption of urban stormwater for recharge, which is not so evident in Australia. More data on urban stormwater quality, particularly with respect to pathogens and polar org. contaminants, are needed to better inform treatment requirements. New technologies hold promise for improved operation and treatment, but must be demonstrated in field trials. Stormwater treatment systems may be needed for large-scale recharge in highly urbanized areas where source control is challenging. The co-benefits of water supply, urban amenities, and pollution redn. are important for financing, public acceptance and implementation-but are rarely quantified.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXksVKlsbk%253D&md5=6a360897261f7cfa458d97dd24f169fd
    35. 35
      Center for Watershed Protection. National Pollutant Removal Performance Database, http://www.stormwaterok.net/CWP%20Documents/CWP-07%20Natl%20Pollutant%20Removal%20Perform%20Database.pdf (accessed September 20, 2018).
      Google Scholar
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    36. 36
      Homer, C.; Dewitz, J.; Yang, L.; Jin, S.; Danielson, P.; Xian, G.; Coulston, J. W.; Herold, N.; Wickham, J.; Megown, K. Completion of the 2011 National Land Cover Database for the Conterminous United States - Representing a Decade of Land Cover Change Information. Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sensing 2015, 81, 345– 354
      Google Scholar
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    37. 37
      Wilde, F. D., Radtke, D. B., Gibs, J., Iwatsubo, R. T., Eds. Processing of Water Samples (ver. 2.2). In U.S. Geological Survey Techniques for Water Resources Investigations, Book 9, Section A, Chapter A5; U.S. Geological Survey, 2002; p 166.
      Google Scholar
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    38. 38
      Furlong, E. T.; Kanagy, C. J.; Kanagy, L. K.; Coffey, L. J.; Burkhardt, M. R. Determination of Human-Use Pharmaceuticals in Filtered Water by Direct Aqueous Injection–High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry. In U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods; Book 5, Section B, Chapter B10, U.S. Geological Survey, 2014; DOI: 10.3133/tm5B10 .
      [Crossref], Google Scholar
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    39. 39
      Foreman, W. T.; Gray, J. L.; ReVello, R. C.; Lindley, C. E.; Losche, S. A.; Barber, L. B. Determination of Steroid Hormones and Related Compounds in Filtered and Unfiltered Water by Solid-Phase Extraction, Derivatization, and Gas Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry. In U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, Book 5, Chapter B9; U.S. Geological Survey, 2012; DOI: 10.3133/tm5B9 .
      [Crossref], Google Scholar
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    40. 40
      Zaugg, S. D.; Smith, S. G.; Schroeder, M. P.; Barber, L. B.; Burkhardt, M. R. Determination of Wastewater Compounds by Polystyrene-Divinylbenzene Solid-Phase Extraction and Capillary-Column Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. In U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, Book 5, Chapter B2; U.S. Geological Survey, 2006.
      Google Scholar
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    41. 41
      Hladik, M. L.; Smalling, K. L.; Kuivila, K. M. A Multi-Residue Method for the Analysis of Pesticides and Pesticide Degradates in Water Using HLB Solid-Phase Extraction and Gas Chromatography-Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2008, 80 (2), 139– 144,  DOI: 10.1007/s00128-007-9332-2
      [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
      41
      A Multi-residue Method for the Analysis of Pesticides and Pesticide Degradates in Water Using HLB Solid-phase Extraction and Gas Chromatography-Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry
      Hladik, Michelle L.; Smalling, Kelly L.; Kuivila, Kathryn M.
      Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (2008), 80 (2), 139-144CODEN: BECTA6; ISSN:0007-4861. (Springer)
      A method was developed for the anal. of >60 pesticides and degradates in water by HLB solid-phase extn. and gas-chromatog./mass spectrometry. Method recoveries and detection limits were detd. using 2 surface waters with different dissolved org. C (DOC) concns. In the lower DOC water, recoveries and detection limits were 80-108% and 1-12 ng/L, resp. In the higher DOC water, the detection limits were slightly higher (1-15 ng/L). Surface water samples from 4 sites were analyzed and 14 pesticides were detected with concns. 4-1200 ng/L.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD1cXivFWgu7Y%253D&md5=63ba5e7ee8905d86e64612131792f9ea
    42. 42
      Hladik, M. L.; Calhoun, D. Analysis of the Herbicide Diuron, Three Diuron Degradates, and Six Neonicotinoid Insecticides in Water—Method Details and Application to Two Georgia Streams. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012–5206; U.S. Geological Survey, 2012.
      [Crossref], Google Scholar
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    43. 43
      Fishman, M. J. Methods of Analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory; Determination of Inorganic and Organic Constituents in Water and Fluvial Sediments, Open-File Report 93-125, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993.
      [Crossref], Google Scholar
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    44. 44
      De Wild, J. F.; Olson, M. L.; Olund, S. D. Determination of Methyl Mercury by Aqueous Phase Ethylation, Followed by Gas Chromatographic Separation with Cold Vapor Atomic Fluorescene Detection, Open-File Report 01-445, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002.
      Google Scholar
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    45. 45
      Masoner, J. R.; Kolpin, D. W.; Furlong, E. T.; Cozzarelli, I. M.; Gray, J. L.; Schwab, E. A. Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Fresh Leachate from Landfills in the Conterminous United States. Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts 2014, 16 (10), 2335– 2354,  DOI: 10.1039/C4EM00124A
      [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
      45
      Contaminants of emerging concern in fresh leachate from landfills in the conterminous United States
      Masoner, Jason R.; Kolpin, Dana W.; Furlong, Edward T.; Cozzarelli, Isabelle M.; Gray, James L.; Schwab, Eric A.
      Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts (2014), 16 (10), 2335-2354CODEN: ESPICZ; ISSN:2050-7895. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
      To better understand the compn. of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in landfill leachate, fresh leachate from 19 landfills was sampled across the United States during 2011. The sampled network included 12 municipal and 7 private landfills with varying landfill waste compns., geog. and climatic settings, ages of waste, waste loads, and leachate prodn. A total of 129 out of 202 CECs were detected during this study, including 62 prescription pharmaceuticals, 23 industrial chems., 18 nonprescription pharmaceuticals, 16 household chems., 6 steroid hormones, and 4 plant/animal sterols. CECs were detected in every leachate sample, with the total no. of detected CECs in samples ranging from 6 to 82 (median = 31). Bisphenol A (BPA), cotinine, and N,N-diethyltoluamide (DEET) were the most frequently detected CECs, being found in 95% of the leachate samples, followed by lidocaine (89%) and camphor (84%). Other frequently detected CECs included benzophenone, naphthalene, and amphetamine, each detected in 79% of the leachate samples. CEC concns. spanned six orders of magnitude, ranging from ng L-1 to mg L-1. Industrial and household chems. were measured in the greatest concns., composing more than 82% of the total measured CEC concns. Maximum concns. for three household and industrial chems., para-cresol (7 020 000 ng L-1), BPA (6 380 000 ng L-1), and phenol (1 550 000 ng L-1), were the largest measured, with these CECs composing 70% of the total measured CEC concns. Nonprescription pharmaceuticals represented 12%, plant/animal sterols 4%, prescription pharmaceuticals 1%, and steroid hormones <1% of the total measured CEC concns. Leachate from landfills in areas receiving greater amts. of pptn. had greater frequencies of CEC detections and concns. in leachate than landfills receiving less pptn.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhtlClu7vJ&md5=12861f999d8565a1325a18fb3245de16
    46. 46
      Barber, L. B.; Paschke, S. S.; Battaglin, W. A.; Douville, C.; Fitzgerald, K. C.; Keefe, S. H.; Roth, D. A.; Vajda, A. M. Effects of an Extreme Flood on Trace Elements in River Water—From Urban Stream to Major River Basin. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51, 10344,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01767
      [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar
      46
      Effects of an Extreme Flood on Trace Elements in River Water-From Urban Stream to Major River Basin
      Barber, Larry B.; Paschke, Suzanne S.; Battaglin, William A.; Douville, Chris; Fitzgerald, Kevin C.; Keefe, Steffanie H.; Roth, David A.; Vajda, Alan M.
      Environmental Science & Technology (2017), 51 (18), 10344-10356CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
      Major floods adversely affect water quality through surface runoff, groundwater discharge, and damage to municipal water infrastructure. Despite their importance, it can be difficult to assess the effects of floods on streamwater chem. because of challenges collecting samples and the absence of baseline data. This study documents water quality during the Sept. 2013 extreme flood in the South Platte River, Colorado, USA. Weekly time-series water samples were collected from 3 urban source waters (municipal tap water, streamwater, and wastewater treatment facility effluent) under normal-flow and flood conditions. In addn., water samples were collected during the flood at 5 locations along the South Platte River and from 7 tributaries along the Colorado Front Range. Samples were analyzed for 54 major and trace elements. Specific chem. tracers, representing different natural and anthropogenic sources and geochem. behaviors, were used to compare streamwater compn. before and during the flood. The results differentiate hydrol. processes that affected water quality: (1) in the upper watershed, runoff dild. most dissolved constituents, (2) in the urban corridor and lower watershed, runoff mobilized sol. constituents accumulated on the landscape and contributed to stream loading, and (3) flood-induced groundwater discharge mobilized sol. constituents stored in the vadose zone.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhsVWmtb3I&md5=797345a2fea898d6c38c61d54b8c4a52
    47. 47
      U.S. EPA. Method 1631: Mercury in Water by Oxidation, Purge and Trap, and Cold Vapor Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry, Document 821-R-96-012, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2002.
      Google Scholar
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    48. 48
      Révész, K.; Coplen, T. B. Determination of the d(18O/16O) of Water: RSIL Lab Code 489. In Methods of the Reston Stable Isotope Laboratory, Book 10, Section C, Chapter 2, U.S. Geological Survey; 2008; p 28.
      Google Scholar
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    49. 49
      Révész, K.; Coplen, T. B. Determination of the δ(2H/1H) of Water: RSIL Lab Code 1574. In Methods of the Reston Stable Isotope Laboratory, Book 10, Section C, Chapter 2, U.S. Geological Survey, 2008; p 27.
      Google Scholar
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    50. 50
      Jaeschke, J. B.; Cozzarelli, I. M.; Masoner, J. R.; Fleger, K. L. Geochemical Composition of Urban Stormwater Runoff Within the Conterminous United States from Samples Collected in 2016–2017 , U.S. Geological Survey data release, 2018; DOI: 10.5066/P9Q7MD9J .
      Google Scholar
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    51. 51
      Keefe, S. H.; Barber, L. B.; Roth, D. A.; Masoner, J. R.; Bradley, P. M.; Kolpin, D. W. Survey of Major and Trace Elements in Stormwater Runoff from across the United States, 2016 to 2017 , U.S. Geological Survey data release, 2018; DOI: 10.5066/P90YU8VB .
      Google Scholar
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    52. 52
      Bojes, H. K.; Pope, P. G. Characterization of EPA’s 16 Priority Pollutant Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Tank Bottom Solids and Associated Contaminated Soils at Oil Exploration and Production Sites in Texas. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2007, 47 (3), 288– 295,  DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2006.11.007
      [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
      52
      Characterization of EPA's 16 priority pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in tank bottom solids and associated contaminated soils at oil exploration and production sites in Texas
      Bojes, Heidi K.; Pope, Peter G.
      Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology (2007), 47 (3), 288-295CODEN: RTOPDW; ISSN:0273-2300. (Elsevier B.V.)
      The purpose of this study was to det. the concn. and types of polycyclic arom. hydrocarbons (PAHs), a group of environmentally toxic and persistent chems., at contaminated oil exploration and prodn. (E&P) sites located in environmentally sensitive and geog. distinct areas throughout Texas. Samples of tank bottom solids, the oily sediment that collects at the bottom of the tanks, were collected from inactive crude oil storage tanks at E&P sites and hydrocarbon contaminated soil samples were collected from the area surrounding each tank that was sampled. All samples were analyzed for the 16 PAH priority pollutant listed by US EPA and for total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH). The results demonstrate that overall av. PAH concns. were significantly higher in tank bottom solids than in contaminated soils. Total PAH concns. decreased predictably with diminishing hydrocarbon concns.; but the percent fraction of carcinogenic PAHs per total measured PAH content increased from approx. 12% in tank bottom solids to about 46% in the contaminated soils. These results suggest that the PAH content found in tank bottom solids cannot reliably be used to predict the PAH content in assocd. contaminated soil. Comparison of PAHs to conservative risk-based screening levels for direct exposure to soil and leaching from soil to groundwater indicate that PAHs are not likely to exceed default risk-based thresholds in soils contg. TPH of 1% (10,000 mg/kg) or less. These results show that the magnitude of TPH concn. may be a useful indicator of potential risk from PAHs in crude oil-contaminated soils. The results also provide credibility to the 1% (10,000 mg/kg) TPH cleanup level, used in Texas as a default management level at E&P sites located in non-sensitive areas, with respect to PAH toxicity.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD2sXjtFGqtLY%253D&md5=3b9b981c32b6abe9233a40be7a84dec8
    53. 53
      Lyons, B. P.; Pascoe, C. K.; McFadzen, I. R. B. Phototoxicity of Pyrene and Benzo[a]Pyrene to Embryo-Larval Stages of the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea Gigas. Mar. Environ. Res. 2002, 54 (3), 627– 631,  DOI: 10.1016/S0141-1136(02)00124-1
      [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
      53
      Phototoxicity of pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene to embryo-larval stages of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas
      Lyons, B. P.; Pascoe, C. K.; McFadzen, I. R. B.
      Marine Environmental Research (2002), 54 (3-5), 627-631CODEN: MERSDW; ISSN:0141-1136. (Elsevier Science Ltd.)
      There is a growing body of evidence to suggest that certain polycyclic arom. hydrocarbons (PAHs) pose a greater hazard to aquatic organisms than previously demonstrated, due to their potential to cause photo-induced toxicity when exposed to UV radiation. The consequences of photo-induced toxicity are reported here for embryo-larval stages of the Pacific oyster, C. gigas, following exposure to pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene. During lab. investigations, significant increases in toxicity were obsd. in the presence of environmentally attainable levels of UV radiation, compared with embryos exposed to PAH alone, at levels previously deemed to have little acute biol. effect. The phototoxicity of pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene completely inhibited the development to the D-shell larval stage when embryos were simultaneously exposed to 5 μg L-1 PAH and UV light (UVB = 6.3 ± 0.1 μW/cm2 and UVA = 456.2 ± 55 μW/cm2). A linear relation was also demonstrated for benzo[a]pyrene phototoxicity with decreasing UV light intensity.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD38Xmsl2ntrw%253D&md5=a8884876c5e45919d99c514321b5cd48
    54. 54
      Douben, P. E. T. PAHs: An Ecotoxicological Perspective; John Wiley & Sons Ltd.: West Suxxex, England, 2003.
      [Crossref], Google Scholar
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    55. 55
      Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicological Profile for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp.asp?id=122&tid=25 (accessed April 14, 2019).
      Google Scholar
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    56. 56
      van Brummelen, T. C.; van Hattum, A. G. M.; Crommentuijn, T.; Kalf, D. F. Bioavailability and Ecotoxicity of PAHs. In The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 3, Part J: PAHs and Related Compounds; Springer-Verlag, 1998; pp 203– 263.
      Google Scholar
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    57. 57
      Ireland, D. S.; Burton, G. A., Jr.; Hess, G. G. In Situ Toxicity Evaluations of Turbidity and Photoinduction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1996, 15 (4), 574– 581,  DOI: 10.1002/etc.5620150424
      [Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar
      57
      In situ toxicity evaluations of turbidity and photoinduction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
      Ireland, D. Scott; Burton, G. Allen, Jr.; Hess, George G.
      Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (1996), 15 (4), 574-81CODEN: ETOCDK; ISSN:0730-7268. (SETAC Press)
      Polycyclic arom. hydrocarbons (PAHs) are prevalent pollutants in the aquatic environment that can cause a wide range of toxic effects. Earlier studies have shown that toxicity of PAHs can be enhanced by UV radiation. In situ and lab. exposures with Ceriodaphnia dubia were used to evaluate photoinduced toxicity of PAHs in wet-weather runoff and in turbid conditions. Exposure to UV increased the toxicity of PAH-contaminated sediment to C. dubia. Toxicity was removed when UV wavelengths did not penetrate the water column to the exposed organisms. A significant correlation was obsd. between in situ C. dubia survival and turbidity when organisms were exposed to sunlight. Storm water runoff samples exhibited an increase in chronic toxicity (reprodn.) to C. dubia when exposed to UV wavelengths as compared to C. dubia not exposed to UV wavelengths. Toxicity was reduced significantly in the presence of UV radiation when the org. fraction of storm water runoff was removed. The PAHs are bound to the sediment and resuspended into the water column once the sediment is disturbed (e.g., during a storm). The in situ and lab. results showed that photoinduced toxicity occurred frequently during low flow conditions and wet weather runoff and was reduced in turbid conditions.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADyaK28XitVClsbo%253D&md5=b1bccca3adbfe28c07f9afee62d31de2
    58. 58
      Diamond, S. A.; Milroy, N. J.; Mattson, V. R.; Heinis, L. J.; Mount, D. R. Photoactivated Toxicity in Amphipods Collected from Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Sites. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2003, 22, 2752– 2760
      [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
      58
      Photoactivated toxicity in amphipods collected from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated sites
      Diamond, Stephen A.; Milroy, Nicholas J.; Mattson, Vincent R.; Heinis, Larry J.; Mount, David R.
      Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (2003), 22 (11), 2752-2760CODEN: ETOCDK; ISSN:0730-7268. (SETAC Press)
      To document risk, amphipods (Gammarus spp.) were collected from 2 polycyclic arom. hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated sites in the lower St. Louis River and Duluth Harbor, USA (Hog Island and USX) as well as a ref. site (Chipmunk Cove) and were exposed in 2 sep., replicate tests to controlled intensities of solar radiation for 3 days. Contaminated site organisms died significantly faster compared to control site organisms. In all tests, mortality was strongly related to UV-A (320-400 nm) dose. UV-B (280-320 nm) radiation did not increase mortality. To compare susceptibility among populations, regressions of arcsine-transformed, proportionate mortality vs. UV dose were completed for each, and the slopes were statistically compared. Response slopes for the 2 contaminated site populations were both significantly greater than the ref. site population (p =0.0001 for test 1 and 0.0002 for test 2). These results indicate that organisms residing in PAH-contaminated environments can accumulate PAH concns. sufficient to be at risk for photoactivated toxicity. Although amphipods are not typically at risk of PAH-photoactivated toxicity because they are largely protected from exposure to sunlight, they are representative surrogates for species that may be similarly protected at some life stages (and thus able to accumulate significant PAH tissue concns.) but not at others.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD3sXotFOgsLk%253D&md5=a99666343eefa253712f95f873c7a70b
    59. 59
      Douben, P. E. T. Assessing Risks from Photoactivated Toxicity of PAHs to Aquatic Organisms. In PAHs: Ecotoxicological Perspective; Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, 2003; pp 275– 296.
      [Crossref], Google Scholar
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    60. 60
      Bryer, P. J.; Elliott, J. N.; Willingham, E. J. The Effects of Coal Tar Based Pavement Sealer on Amphibian Development and Metamorphosis. Ecotoxicology 2006, 15, 241– 247,  DOI: 10.1007/s10646-005-0055-z
      [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
      60
      The effects of coal tar based pavement sealer on amphibian development and metamorphosis
      Bryer Pamela J; Elliott Jan N; Willingham Emily J
      Ecotoxicology (London, England) (2006), 15 (3), 241-7 ISSN:0963-9292.
      Coal tar based pavement sealers are applied regularly to parking lots and contain significant levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Recently a connection between elevated levels of PAHs in streams and storm water runoff from parking lots has been identified. We tested the hypothesis that coal tar based pavement sealers could alter the survival, growth, and development of amphibians using a model species, Xenopus laevis. Ten fertilized individuals were placed singly into containers containing one of four treatment groups: control, low, medium, and high (respective nominal concentrations 0, 3, 30, and 300 ppm TPAH). All of the individuals in the high exposure group died by the sixth day of exposure. By day 14 there were significant patterns of stunted growth (p<0.0001) and slower development (p=0.006) in the medium and high exposure groups relative to the control and low treatment groups. When the experiment ended on day 52 the control and low-dose individuals had achieved more advanced developmental stages than the medium group (p=0.0007). These data indicate that these commonly used coal tar based pavement sealers may potentially affect the amphibian taxa living in areas that receive storm water runoff.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A280%3ADC%252BD28zitlSqsQ%253D%253D&md5=9f391d5406a754db25006b7d98e836a4
    61. 61
      Bommarito, T.; Sparling, D. W.; Halbrook, R. S. Toxicity of Coal-Tar Pavement Sealants and Ultraviolet Radiation to Ambystoma Maculatum. Ecotoxicology 2010, 19, 1147– 1156,  DOI: 10.1007/s10646-010-0498-8
      [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
      61
      Toxicity of coal-tar pavement sealants and ultraviolet radiation to Ambystoma Maculatum
      Bommarito, Thomas; Sparling, Donald W.; Halbrook, Richard S.
      Ecotoxicology (2010), 19 (6), 1147-1156CODEN: ECOTEL; ISSN:0963-9292. (Springer)
      Polycyclic arom. hydrocarbons (PAHs) can affect amphibians in lethal and many sublethal ways. There are many natural and anthropogenic sources of PAHs in aquatic environments. One potentially significant source is run off from surfaces of parking lots and roads that are protected with coal tar sealants. Coal tar is 50% or more PAH by wet wt. and is used in emulsions to treat these surfaces. Break down of sealants can result in contamination of nearby waters. The toxicity of PAHs can be greatly altered by simultaneous exposure to UV radiation. This study exposes larvae of the spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) to det. if coal tar sealant can have neg. effects on aquatic amphibians and if coal tar toxicity is influenced by UV radiation. Spotted salamanders were exposed to 0, 60, 280 and 1500 mg coal tar sealant/kg sediment for 28 days. Half of the animals were exposed to conventional fluorescent lighting only and half were exposed to fluorescent lighting plus UV radiation. No significant mortality occurred during the expt. Exposure to sealants resulted in slower rates of growth, and diminished ability to swim in a dose-dependent fashion. Exposure to UV radiation affected the frequencies of leukocytes and increased the incidence of micronucleated erythrocytes. There was an interactive effect of sealant and radiation on swimming behavior. We conclude that coal-tar sealant and UV radiation increased sublethal effects in salamanders, and may be a risk to salamanders under field conditions.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3cXosl2jtLY%253D&md5=619d89f095673dc94bf75c61123d6dda
    62. 62
      Jiang, J.; Wu, S.; Wang, Y.; An, X.; Cai, L.; Zhao, X.; Wu, C. Carbendazim Has the Potential to Induce Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis, Immunotoxicity and Endocrine Disruption during Zebrafish Larvae Development. Toxicol. In Vitro 2015, 29 (7), 1473– 1481,  DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.06.003
      [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
      62
      Carbendazim has the potential to induce oxidative stress, apoptosis, immunotoxicity and endocrine disruption during zebrafish larvae development
      Jiang, Jinhua; Wu, Shenggan; Wang, Yanhua; An, Xuehua; Cai, Leiming; Zhao, Xueping; Wu, Changxing
      Toxicology In Vitro (2015), 29 (7), 1473-1481CODEN: TIVIEQ; ISSN:0887-2333. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Increasing evidence have suggested deleterious effects of carbendazim on reprodn., apoptosis, immunotoxicity and endocrine disruption in mice and rats, however, the developmental toxicity of carbendazim to aquatic organisms remains obscure. In the present study, the authors utilized zebrafish as an environmental monitoring model to characterize the effects of carbendazim on expression of genes related to oxidative stress, apoptosis, immunotoxicity and endocrine disruption during larval development. Different trends in gene expression were obsd. upon exposing the larvae to 4, 20, 100, and 500 μg/L carbendazim for 4 and 8 d. The mRNA levels of catalase, glutathione peroxidase and manganese superoxide dismutase (CAT, GPX, and Mn/SOD) were up-regulated after exposure to different concns. of carbendazim for 4 or 8 d. The up-regulation of p53, Apaf1, Cas8 and the down-regulation of Bcl2, Mdm2, Cas3 in the apoptosis pathway, as well as the increased expression of cytokines and chemokines, including CXCL-C1C, CCL1, IL-1b, IFN, IL-8, and TNFα, suggested carbendazim might trigger apoptosis and immune response during zebrafish larval development. In addn., the alteration of mRNA expression of VTG, ERα, ERβ1, ERβ2, TRα, TRβ, Dio1, and Dio2 indicated the potential of carbendazim to induce endocrine disruption in zebrafish larvae. These data suggested that carbendazim could simultaneously induce multiple responses during zebrafish larval development, and bidirectional interactions among oxidative stress, apoptosis pathway, immune and endocrine systems might be present.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhtVSqsL%252FE&md5=ce9657b89385a703e613f14dcd3f981d
    63. 63
      Weston, D. P.; Chen, D.; Lydy, M. J. Stormwater-Related Transport of the Insecticides Bifenthrin, Fipronil, Imidacloprid, and Chlorpyrifos into a Tidal Wetland, San Francisco Bay, California. Sci. Total Environ. 2015, 527–528, 18– 25,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.095
      [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
      63
      Stormwater-related transport of the insecticides bifenthrin, fipronil, imidacloprid, and chlorpyrifos into a tidal wetland, San Francisco Bay, California
      Weston, Donald P.; Chen, Da; Lydy, Michael J.
      Science of the Total Environment (2015), 527-528 (), 18-25CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)
      Suisun Marsh, northern San Francisco Bay, is the largest brackish marsh in California providing crit. habitat for many fish species. Storm runoff enters the marsh through many creeks which drain agricultural uplands and urban areas of Fairfield and Suisun City. Five creeks, sampled throughout a major storm event in Feb. 2014, were analyzed for representatives of several major insecticide classes. Concns. were greatest in creeks with urban influence, though sampling was done outside of the primary agricultural pesticide use season. Urban creek water reached max. concns. of 9.9 ng/L bifenthrin, 27.4 ng/L fipronil, 11.9 ng/L fipronil sulfone, 1462 ng/L imidacloprid, and 4.0 ng/L chlorpyrifos. Water were tested for toxicity to Hyalella azteca and Chironomus dilutus; several samples caused mortality while 70% of urban creek samples caused paralysis of one or both species. Toxic unit anal. indicated bifenthrin was likely responsible for effects to H. azteca; fipronil and its sulfone degradate were responsible for effects to C. dilutus. Results demonstrated the potential for co-occurrence of multiple insecticides in urban runoff, each with the potential for toxicity to particular species, and the value of toxicity monitoring using multiple species. In Suisun Marsh channels farther downstream, insecticide concns. and toxicity diminished as creek water mixed with brackish estuary water from San Francisco Bay; only fipronil and its degradates remained measurable at 1-10 ng/L. These concns. are not known to present a risk based on existing data, but toxicity data for estuarine and marine invertebrates, particularly for fipronil degradates, are extremely limited.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXotVKitr8%253D&md5=9229a40447cf9c57198c8dd57e594e89
    64. 64
      Hladik, M. L.; Kolpin, D. W. First National-Scale Reconnaissance of Neonicotinoid Insecticides in Streams across the USA. Environ. Chem. 2016, 13 (1), 12– 20,  DOI: 10.1071/EN15061
      [Crossref], [CAS], Google Scholar
      64
      First national-scale reconnaissance of neonicotinoid insecticides in streams across the USA
      Hladik, Michelle L.; Kolpin, Dana W.
      Environmental Chemistry (2016), 13 (1), 12-20CODEN: ECNHAA; ISSN:1449-8979. (CSIRO Publishing)
      Environmental context Neonicotinoids are under increased scrutiny because they have been implicated in pollinator declines and, more recently, as potential aquatic toxicants. Nevertheless, there is currently little information on concns. of multiple neonicotinoids in surface water. This paper presents a summary of concns. of six neonicotinoids in streams from across the United States in both urban and agricultural areas. These environmental data are important in detg. the potential risk of neonicotinoids to non-target aquatic and terrestrial organisms. To better understand the fate and transport of neonicotinoid insecticides, water samples were collected from streams across the United States. In a nationwide study, at least one neonicotinoid was detected in 53% of the samples collected, with imidacloprid detected most frequently (37%), followed by clothianidin (24%), thiamethoxam (21%), dinotefuran (13%), acetamiprid (3%) and thiacloprid (0%). Clothianidin and thiamethoxam concns. were pos. related to the percentage of the land use in cultivated crop prodn. and imidacloprid concns. were pos. related to the percentage of urban area within the basin. Addnl. sampling was also conducted in targeted research areas to complement these national-scale results, including detg.: (1) neonicotinoid concns. during elevated flow conditions in an intensely agricultural region; (2) temporal patterns of neonicotinoids in heavily urbanised basins; (3) neonicotinoid concns. in agricultural basins in a nationally important ecosystem; and (4) instream transport of neonicotinoids near a wastewater treatment plant. Across all study areas, at least one neonicotinoid was detected in 63% of the 48 streams sampled.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XitVeitA%253D%253D&md5=22439de7b68d032d46e390aaeccc6d66
    65. 65
      United States Environmental Protection Agency. Aquatic Life Benchmarks and Ecological Risk Assessments for Registered Pesticides, https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-science-and-assessing-pesticide-risks/aquatic-life-benchmarks-and-ecological-risk (accessed April 9, 2019).
      Google Scholar
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    66. 66
      Gerecke, A. C.; Scharer, M.; Singer, H. P.; Muller, S. R.; Schwarzenbach, R. P.; Sagesser, M.; Ochsenbein, U.; Popow, G. Sources of Pesticides in Surface Waters in Switzerland: Pesticide Load through Waste Water Treatment Plants––Current Situation and Reduction Potential. Chemosphere 2002, 48, 307– 315,  DOI: 10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00080-2
      [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
      66
      Sources of pesticides in surface waters in Switzerland: pesticide load through waste water treatment plants--current situation and reduction potential
      Gerecke, Andreas C.; Scharer, Michael; Singer, Heinz P.; Muller, Stephan R.; Schwarzenbach, Rene P.; Sagesser, Martin; Ochsenbein, Ueli; Popow, Gabriel
      Chemosphere (2002), 48 (3), 307-315CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN:0045-6535. (Elsevier Science Ltd.)
      Pesticide concns. in Swiss rivers and lakes frequently exceed the Swiss quality goal of 0.1 μg/L for surface water. Concns. of pesticides (e.g., atrazine, diuron, mecoprop) were continuously measured in wastewater treatment effluent and in 2 rivers for 4 mo. Measurements showed that in the Lake Greifensee catchment, farmers who did not perfectly comply with good agricultural practice caused at least 14% of the measured agricultural herbicide load in surface water. Pesticides used for addnl. purposes in urban areas, i.e. material protection, conservation, etc., entered surface water ≤75% through wastewater treatment plant discharges.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BD38XktVCnt7w%253D&md5=2f25d1b666e5192bd797e8f03f4b8a4c
    67. 67
      Rasmussen, J. J.; Wiberg-Larsen, P.; Baattrup-Pedersen, A.; Cedergreen, N.; McKnight, U. S.; Kreuger, J.; Jacobsen, D.; Kristensen, E. A.; Friberg, N. The Legacy of Pesticide Pollution: An Overlooked Factor in Current Risk Assessments of Freshwater Systems. Water Res. 2015, 84, 25– 32,  DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.07.021
      [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
      67
      The legacy of pesticide pollution: An overlooked factor in current risk assessments of freshwater systems
      Rasmussen, Jes J.; Wiberg-Larsen, Peter; Baattrup-Pedersen, Annette; Cedergreen, Nina; McKnight, Ursula S.; Kreuger, Jenny; Jacobsen, Dean; Kristensen, Esben A.; Friberg, Nikolai
      Water Research (2015), 84 (), 25-32CODEN: WATRAG; ISSN:0043-1354. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      We revealed a history of legacy pesticides in water and sediment samples from 19 small streams across an agricultural landscape. Dominant legacy compds. included organochlorine pesticides, such as DDT and lindane, the organophosphate chlorpyrifos and triazine herbicides such as terbutylazine and simazine which have long been banned in the EU. The highest concns. of legacy pesticides were found in streams draining catchments with a large proportion of arable farmland suggesting that they originated from past agricultural applications. The sum of toxic units (SumTUD.magna) based on storm water samples from agriculturally impacted streams was significantly higher when legacy pesticides were included compared to when they were omitted. Legacy pesticides did not significantly change the predicted toxicity of water samples to algae or fish. However, pesticide concns. in bed sediment and suspended sediment samples exceeded safety thresholds in 50% of the samples and the av. contribution of legacy pesticides to the SumTUC.riparius was >90%. Our results suggest that legacy pesticides can be highly significant contributors to the current toxic exposure of stream biota, esp. macroinvertebrate communities, and that those communities were primarily exposed to legacy pesticides via the sediment. Addnl., our results suggest that neglecting legacy pesticides in the risk assessment of pesticides in streams may severely underestimate the risk of ecol. effects.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhsFSkt73J&md5=9379e2a8a3bf9e95448ea95b99660096
    68. 68
      Sidhu, J. P. S.; Ahmed, W.; Gernjak, W.; Aryal, R.; McCarthy, D.; Palmer, A.; Kolotelo, P.; Toze, S. Sewage Pollution in Urban Stormwater Runoff as Evident from the Widespread Presence of Multiple Microbial and Chemical Source Tracking Markers. Sci. Total Environ. 2013, 463–464, 488– 496,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.020
      [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
      68
      Sewage pollution in urban stormwater runoff as evident from the widespread presence of multiple microbial and chemical source tracking markers
      Sidhu, J. P. S.; Ahmed, W.; Gernjak, W.; Aryal, R.; McCarthy, D.; Palmer, A.; Kolotelo, P.; Toze, S.
      Science of the Total Environment (2013), 463-464 (), 488-496CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)
      The concurrence of urban stormwater runoff pollution by human sewage in 6 urban catchments across Australia was assessed using both microbial source tracking (MST) and chem. source tracking (CST) markers. Out of 23 stormwater samples, human adenovirus (HAv), human polyomavirus (HPv) and the sewage-assocd. markers; Methanobrevibacter smithii nifH and Bacteroides HF183 were detected in 91, 56, 43 and 96% of samples, resp. Similarly, CST markers paracetamol (87%), salicylic acid (78%) acesulfame (96%) and caffeine (91%) were frequently detected. Twenty one samples (91%) were pos. for 6-8 sewage related MST and CST markers and remaining 2 samples were pos. for 5 and 4 markers, resp. A very good consensus (>91%) obsd. between the concurrence of the HF183, HAv, acesulfame and caffeine suggests good predictability of the presence of HAv in samples pos. for one of the 3 markers. High prevalence of HAv (91%) also suggests that other enteric viruses may also be present in the stormwater samples which may pose significant health risks. This study underscores the benefits of employing a set of MST and CST markers which could include monitoring for HF183, adenovirus, caffeine and paracetamol to accurately detect human sewage contamination along with credible information on the presence of human enteric viruses, which could be used for more reliable public health risk assessments. Based on the results, it is recommended that some degree of treatment of captured stormwater would be required if it were to be used for non-potable purposes.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3sXhtl2qt77M&md5=65dea63310daa986bdb949bebf765e0a
    69. 69
      Oosterhuis, M.; Sacher, F.; ter Laak, T. L. Prediction of Concentration Levels of Metformin and Other High Consumption Pharmaceuticals in Wastewater and Regional Surface Water Based on Sales Data. Sci. Total Environ. 2013, 442, 380– 388,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.046
      [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
      69
      Prediction of concentration levels of metformin and other high consumption pharmaceuticals in wastewater and regional surface water based on sales data
      Oosterhuis, Mathijs; Sacher, Frank; ter Laak, Thomas L.
      Science of the Total Environment (2013), 442 (), 380-388CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)
      Data concerning local consumption of pharmaceuticals were used to assess their occurrence in and surface water emissions from treated wastewater in 2 small Dutch water catchments. Predicted emissions of 9 high consumption pharmaceuticals (metformin, metoprolol, sotalol, losartan, valsartan, irbesartan, hydrochlorothiazide, diclofenac, carbamazepine) were compared to raw wastewater concns., wastewater treatment facility removal, and recovery in regional surface water. Results showed local consumption data can be very useful for select pharmaceuticals to monitor and to predict wastewater concns. Measured influent concns. were, on av. 78%, with a 31-138% range of predicted influent concns. Metformin was the pharmaceutical with the highest wastewater concn. (64-98 μg/L), but it was removed at >98% in treatment facilities. Guanylurea, a metformin biodegrdn. product, was detected wastewater effluent and surface water at 39-56 μg/L and 1.8-3.9 μg/L concns., resp. Treatment facility removal of the selected pharmaceuticals varied widely. For carbamazepine, hydrochlorothiazide, and sotalol, significant better removal was obsd. at higher temps. and longer hydraulic retention times; for metoprolol, significantly better removal was only obsd. at higher temps. Predicting environmental concns. from regional consumption data may be an alternative to monitoring pharmaceuticals in wastewater and surface water.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC38XhvVKlsbbI&md5=085092c1b27b3362d519e7e346df40f3
    70. 70
      Tisler, S.; Zwiener, C. Formation and Occurrence of Transformation Products of Metformin in Wastewater and Surface Water. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 628–629, 1121– 1129,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.105
      [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
      70
      Formation and occurrence of transformation products of metformin in wastewater and surface water
      Tisler, Selina; Zwiener, Christian
      Science of the Total Environment (2018), 628-629 (), 1121-1129CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)
      The aim of this work was to investigate the occurrence and fate of the antidiabetic metformin (MF) and its transformation products (TPs) in wastewater and surface water samples. New TPs of MF were approached by electrochem. degrdn. with a boron-doped-diamond electrode (at 1.5 V for 10 min). 2,4-Diamino-1,3,5-triazine (2,4-DAT), methylbiguanide (MBG), 2-amino-4-methylamino-1,3,5-triazine (2,4-AMT) and 4-amino-2-imino-1-methyl-1,2-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine (4,2,1-AIMT) were identified by hydrophilic interaction chromatog. (HILIC) with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOF-MS) and accurate mass fragmentation. However, the well-known transformation product guanyl urea (GU) could not be formed electrochem. In samples from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), 2,4-AMT and 2,4-DAT showed an increasing trend from influents to effluents, which implies formation of the TPs during WWT. MBG is also formed by hydrolysis of MF and therefore didn't show this trend in WWTPs. Compared to GU, the concns. of other TPs are generally three orders of magnitude lower. MBG and 2,4-DAT were also detected in surface water which was impacted by waste water, while 4,2,1-AIMT could not be detected in any sample. The concns. of MF were in an expected range for influent (14 to 95 μg/l), effluent (0.7 to 6.5 μg/l), surface water (up to 234 ng/l) and tap water (34 ng/l). GU concns., however, were in one of the two investigated WWTP much higher in the influent (between 158 μg/l and 2100 μg/l) than in the effluent (between 26 and 810 μg/l). This is a rather unexpected result which has not been reported yet. Obviously, GU has been already formed in parts of the sewer system from MF or from other biguanide compds. like antidiabetics or disinfection chems. Furthermore, lower concns. of GU in the effluents than in the influents indicate degrdn. processes of guanyl urea in the waste water treatment.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXjtVClurs%253D&md5=dab997040b6f91ef2565924870e91fdc
    71. 71
      Bradley, P. M.; Journey, C. A.; Button, D. T.; Carlisle, D. M.; Clark, J. M.; Mahler, B. J.; Nakagaki, N.; Qi, S. L.; Waite, I. R.; Vanmetre, P. C. Metformin and Other Pharmaceuticals Widespread in Wadeable Streams of the Southeastern United States. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 2016, 3, 243– 249,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00170
      [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar
      71
      Metformin and Other Pharmaceuticals Widespread in Wadeable Streams of the Southeastern United States
      Bradley, Paul M.; Journey, Celeste A.; Button, Daniel T.; Carlisle, Daren M.; Clark, Jimmy M.; Mahler, Barbara J.; Nakagaki, Naomi; Qi, Sharon L.; Waite, Ian R.; Van Metre, Peter C.
      Environmental Science & Technology Letters (2016), 3 (6), 243-249CODEN: ESTLCU; ISSN:2328-8930. (American Chemical Society)
      Pharmaceutical contaminants are growing aquatic-health concerns and largely attributed to wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) discharges. Five biweekly water samples from 59 small Piedmont (USA) streams were analyzed for 108 pharmaceuticals and degradates using high-performance liq. chromatog. and tandem mass spectrometry. The antidiabetic metformin was detected in 89% of samples and at 97% of sites. At least one pharmaceutical was detected at every site (median of 6, max. of 45), and several were detected at ≥10% of sites at concns. reported to affect multiple aquatic end points. Maximal cumulative (all detected compds.) concns. per site were 17-16000 ng/L. Watershed urbanization, water table depth, soil thickness, and WWTF metrics correlated significantly with instream pharmaceutical contamination. Comparable pharmaceutical concns. and detections at sites with and without permitted wastewater discharges demonstrate the importance of non-WWTF sources and the need for broad-scale mitigation. The results highlight a fundamental biochem. link between global human-health crises like diabetes and aquatic ecosystem health.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28Xos1Khs78%253D&md5=65379da2d20e7532f791e0f2f4480116
    72. 72
      Niemuth, N. J.; Klaper, R. D. Emerging Wastewater Contaminant Metformin Causes Intersex and Reduced Fecundity in Fish. Chemosphere 2015, 135, 38– 45,  DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.060
      [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
      72
      Emerging wastewater contaminant metformin causes intersex and reduced fecundity in fish
      Niemuth, Nicholas J.; Klaper, Rebecca D.
      Chemosphere (2015), 135 (), 38-45CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN:0045-6535. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      The occurrence of intersex fish, where male reproductive tissues show evidence of feminization, have been found in freshwater systems around the world, indicating the potential for significant endocrine disruption across species in the ecosystem. Estrogens from birth control medications in wastewater treatment plant effluent have been cited as the likely cause, but research has shown that endocrine disruption is not solely predictable based on hormone receptor interactions. Many other non-hormone pharmaceuticals are found in effluent at concns. orders of magnitude higher than estrogens, yet there is little data indicating the impacts of these other medications. The widely prescribed anti-diabetic metformin is among the most abundant of pharmaceuticals found in effluent and is structurally dissimilar from hormones. However, we show here that exposing fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) to a concn. of metformin found in wastewater effluent causes the development of intersex gonads in males, reduced size of treated male fish, and redn. in fecundity for treated pairs. Our results demonstrate that metformin acts as an endocrine disruptor at environmentally relevant concns.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXmtV2qtr4%253D&md5=4e78ea35a47d46640c314b6bcbd9d808
    73. 73
      Bradley, P. M.; Barber, L. B.; Duris, J. W.; Foreman, W. T.; Furlong, E. T.; Hubbard, L. E.; Hutchinson, K. J.; Keefe, S. H.; Kolpin, D. W. Riverbank Fi Ltration Potential of Pharmaceuticals in a Wastewater-Impacted Stream. Environ. Pollut. 2014, 193, 173– 180,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.06.028
      [Crossref], [PubMed], [CAS], Google Scholar
      73
      Riverbank filtration potential of pharmaceuticals in a wastewater-impacted stream
      Bradley, Paul M.; Barber, Larry B.; Duris, Joseph W.; Foreman, William T.; Furlong, Edward T.; Hubbard, Laura E.; Hutchinson, Kasey J.; Keefe, Steffanie H.; Kolpin, Dana W.
      Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2014), 193 (), 173-180CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Pharmaceutical contamination of shallow groundwater is a substantial concern in effluent-dominated streams, due to high aq. mobility, designed bioactivity, and effluent-driven hydraulic gradients. In Oct. and Dec. 2012, effluent contributed approx. 99% and 71%, resp., to downstream flow in Fourmile Creek, Iowa, USA. Strong hydrol. connectivity was obsd. between surface-water and shallow-groundwater. Carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole, and immunol.-related compds. were detected in groundwater at greater than 0.02 μg L-1 at distances up to 6 m from the stream bank. Direct aq.-injection HPLC-MS/MS revealed 43% and 55% of 110 total pharmaceutical analytes in surface-water samples in Oct. and Dec., resp., with 16% and 6%, resp., detected in groundwater approx. 20 m from the stream bank. The results demonstrate the importance of effluent discharge as a driver of local hydrol. conditions in an effluent-impacted stream and thus as a fundamental control on surface-water to groundwater transport of effluent-derived pharmaceutical contaminants.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXht1ensbnK&md5=cf2e8e5b97d994acce2ae83d633f7ae6
    74. 74
      Underwood, J. C.; Harvey, R. W.; Metge, D. W.; Repert, D. A.; Baumgartner, L. K.; Smith, R. L.; Roane, T. M.; Barber, L. B. Effects of the Antimicrobial Sulfamethoxazole on Groundwater Bacterial Enrichment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45 (7), 3096– 3101,  DOI: 10.1021/es103605e
      [ACS Full Text ACS Full Text], [CAS], Google Scholar
      74
      Effects of the Antimicrobial Sulfamethoxazole on Groundwater Bacterial Enrichment
      Underwood, Jennifer C.; Harvey, Ronald W.; Metge, David W.; Repert, Deborah A.; Baumgartner, Laura K.; Smith, Richard L.; Roane, Timberly M.; Barber, Larry B.
      Environmental Science & Technology (2011), 45 (7), 3096-3101CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)
      The effects of trace (environmentally relevant) concns. of the antimicrobial agent sulfamethoxazole (SMX) on the growth, nitrate redn. activity, and bacterial compn. of an enrichment culture prepd. with groundwater from a pristine zone of a sandy drinking-water aquifer on Cape Cod, MA, were assessed by lab. incubations. When the enrichments were grown under heterotrophic denitrifying conditions and exposed to SMX, noticeable differences from the control (no SMX) were obsd. Exposure to SMX in concns. as low as 0.005μM delayed the initiation of cell growth by ≤1 day and decreased nitrate redn. potential (total amt. of nitrate reduced after 19 days) by 47% (p =0.02). Exposure to 1μM SMX, a concn. below those prescribed for clin. applications but higher than concns. typically detected in aq. environments, resulted in addnl. inhibitions: reduced growth rates (p =5 × 10-6), lower nitrate redn. rate potentials (p =0.01), and decreased overall representation of 16S rRNA gene sequences belonging to the genus Pseudomonas. The reduced abundance of Pseudomonas sequences in the libraries was replaced by sequences representing the genus Variovorax. Results of these growth and nitrate redn. expts. collectively suggest that subtherapeutic concns. of SMX altered the compn. of the enriched nitrate-reducing microcosms and inhibited nitrate redn. capabilities.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC3MXivVCgsLw%253D&md5=224995372196007b7252932683ab2cba
    75. 75
      Haack, S. K.; Metge, D. W.; Fogarty, L. R.; Meyer, M. T.; Barber, L. B.; Harvey, R. W.; LeBlanc, D. R.; Kolpin, D. W. Effects on Groundwater Microbial Communities of an Engineered 30-Day In Situ Exposure to the Antibiotic Sulfamethoxazole. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46 (14), 7478– 7486,  DOI: 10.1021/es3009776
      [