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Indoor Illumination of Terpenes and Bleach Emissions Leads to Particle Formation and Growth

Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019, 53, 20, 11792–11800
Publication Date (Web):October 2, 2019
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b04261
Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    Application of chlorine bleach solution (major component sodium hypochlorite, NaOCl) in indoor environments leads to the emission of gaseous hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and chlorine (Cl2), both of which are strong oxidants. In contrast to the outdoor atmosphere, where mixing ratios of HOCl and Cl2 tend to be low (10s–100s of ppt), indoor HOCl and Cl2 can reach high levels during cleaning activities (100s of ppb or higher). HOCl and Cl2 may react with unsaturated organic compounds on indoor surfaces and in indoor air. In this study, we studied the reaction of limonene, one of the most common indoor volatile organic compounds (VOCs) arising from use of cleaning products, fragrance, and air fresheners, with HOCl and Cl2 in an environmental chamber. A dark reaction was observed between limonene and HOCl/Cl2 leading to gas-phase reaction products that were investigated using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS). With subsequent exposure to indoor fluorescent lights or diffuse sunlight through a nearby window, a substantial mass loading of secondary particles were formed with an averaged mass yield of 40% relative to the amount of limonene consumed. Aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS) measurements indicate a large contribution of particulate chlorine species. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) analysis of filter-collected particles indicates the formation of high molecular weight products. This is the first study of the oxidation of limonene with HOCl and Cl2, and it illustrates the potential for particle formation to occur with indoor lighting during the use of common cleaning products.

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    The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04261.

    • Summaries of all experiments, light intensity measurements, estimated photolysis rates for HOCl and Cl2, data for experiments at different mixing ratios of limonene and HOCl/Cl2, an experiment under window sunlight, reactions with α-pinene, control experiments, additional PTR-MS data, AMS peak fitting examples (PDF)

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