Toxicokinetics of Brominated Azo Dyes in the Early Life Stages of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Is Prone to Aromatic Substituent ChangesClick to copy article linkArticle link copied!
- Jiajun HanJiajun HanDepartment of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, CanadaMore by Jiajun Han
- Diwen YangDiwen YangDepartment of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, CanadaMore by Diwen Yang
- David Ross HallDavid Ross HallDepartment of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, CanadaSchool of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E8, CanadaMore by David Ross Hall
- Jiabao Liu
- Jianxian SunJianxian SunDepartment of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, CanadaMore by Jianxian Sun
- Wen GuWen GuDepartment of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, ChinaMore by Wen Gu
- Song TangSong TangDepartment of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, ChinaMore by Song Tang
- Hattan A. AlharbiHattan A. AlharbiDepartment of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaMore by Hattan A. Alharbi
- Paul. D. JonesPaul. D. JonesToxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, CanadaMore by Paul. D. Jones
- Henry M. KrauseHenry M. KrauseThe Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, CanadaDepartment of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, CanadaMore by Henry M. Krause
- Hui Peng*Hui Peng*Email: [email protected]Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, CanadaSchool of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E8, CanadaMore by Hui Peng
Abstract
Brominated azo dyes (BADs) have been identified as predominant indoor brominated pollutants in daycare dust; thus, their potential health risk to children is of concern. However, the toxicities of BADs remain elusive. In this study, the toxicokinetics of two predominant BADs, Disperse Blue 373 (DB373) and Disperse Violet 93 (DV93), and their suspect metabolite 2-bromo-4,6-dinitroaniline (BDNA) was investigated in embryos of zebrafish (Danio rerio). The bioconcentration factor of DV93 at 120 hpf is 6.2-fold lower than that of DB373. The nontarget analysis revealed distinct metabolism routes between DB373 and DV93 by reducing nitro groups to nitroso (DB373) or amine (DV93), despite their similar structures. NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and pyruvate dehydrogenase were predicted as the enzymes responsible for the reduction of DB373 and DV93 by correlating time courses of the metabolites and enzyme development. Further in vitro recombinant enzyme and in vivo inhibition results validated NQO1 as the enzyme specifically reducing DB373, but not DV93. Global proteome profiling revealed that the expression levels of proteins from the “apoptosis-induced DNA fragmentation” pathway were significantly upregulated by all three BADs, supporting the bioactivation of BADs to mutagenic aromatic amines. This study discovered the bioactivation of BADs via distinct eukaryotic enzymes, implying their potential health risks.
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