ACS Publications. Most Trusted. Most Cited. Most Read
A Taste for New Psychoactive Substances: Wastewater Analysis Study of 10 Countries

OR SEARCH CITATIONS

My Activity
Publications

Figure 1Loading Img
Download Hi-Res ImageDownload to MS-PowerPointCite This:Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 2022, 9, 1, 57-63
    Ecotoxicology and Public Health

    A Taste for New Psychoactive Substances: Wastewater Analysis Study of 10 Countries
    Click to copy article linkArticle link copied!

    • Richard Bade
      Richard Bade
      Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia
      More by Richard Bade
      Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2724-9183
    • Jason M. White
      Jason M. White
      Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia
      More by Jason M. White
    • Maulik Ghetia
      Maulik Ghetia
      Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia
      More by Maulik Ghetia
    • Santosh Adiraju
      Santosh Adiraju
      Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia
      More by Santosh Adiraju
    • Sangeet Adhikari
      Sangeet Adhikari
      School of Sustainable Engineering and Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
      Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave., Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
      More by Sangeet Adhikari
      Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2137-4939
    • Lubertus Bijlsma
      Lubertus Bijlsma
      Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda, Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
      More by Lubertus Bijlsma
      Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7005-8775
    • Tim Boogaerts
      Tim Boogaerts
      Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
      More by Tim Boogaerts
    • Daniel A. Burgard
      Daniel A. Burgard
      Department of Chemistry, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, Washington 98416, United States
      More by Daniel A. Burgard
      Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2727-9307
    • Sara Castiglioni
      Sara Castiglioni
      Department of Environmental Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
      More by Sara Castiglioni
      Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7313-8495
    • Alberto Celma
      Alberto Celma
      Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda, Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
      More by Alberto Celma
      Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9763-8737
    • Andrew Chappell
      Andrew Chappell
      Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited (ESR), Christchurch Science Centre: 27 Creyke Road, Ilam, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
      More by Andrew Chappell
    • Adrian Covaci
      Adrian Covaci
      Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
      More by Adrian Covaci
      Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0527-1136
    • Erin M. Driver
      Erin M. Driver
      Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave., Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
      More by Erin M. Driver
    • Rolf U. Halden
      Rolf U. Halden
      School of Sustainable Engineering and Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
      Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Ave., Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
      OneWaterOneHealth, Arizona State University Foundation, 1001 S. McAllister Avenue, Tempe, Arizona 85287-8101, United States
      More by Rolf U. Halden
      Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5232-7361
    • Felix Hernandez
      Felix Hernandez
      Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda, Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
      More by Felix Hernandez
      Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1268-3083
    • Heon-Jun Lee
      Heon-Jun Lee
      Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
      More by Heon-Jun Lee
    • Alexander L. N. van Nuijs
      Alexander L. N. van Nuijs
      Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
      More by Alexander L. N. van Nuijs
      Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9377-6160
    • Jeong-Eun Oh
      Jeong-Eun Oh
      Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
      More by Jeong-Eun Oh
      Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9530-1524
    • Marco A. Pineda Castro
      Marco A. Pineda Castro
      Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C5, Canada
      More by Marco A. Pineda Castro
    • Noelia Salgueiro-Gonzalez
      Noelia Salgueiro-Gonzalez
      Department of Environmental Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
      More by Noelia Salgueiro-Gonzalez
    • Bikram Subedi
      Bikram Subedi
      Department of Chemistry, Murray State University, Murray, Kentucky 42071-3300, United States
      More by Bikram Subedi
      Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7832-2585
    • Xue-Ting Shao
      Xue-Ting Shao
      College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No. 1 Linghai Road, Dalian 116026, P. R. China
      More by Xue-Ting Shao
    • Viviane Yargeau
      Viviane Yargeau
      Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C5, Canada
      More by Viviane Yargeau
    • Ettore Zuccato
      Ettore Zuccato
      Department of Environmental Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
      More by Ettore Zuccato
    • Cobus Gerber*
      Cobus Gerber
      Health and Biomedical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia
      *Email: [email protected]
      More by Cobus Gerber
    Other Access OptionsSupporting Information (1)

    Environmental Science & Technology Letters

    Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 2022, 9, 1, 57–63
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00807
    Published December 8, 2021
    Copyright © 2021 American Chemical Society
    Request reuse permissions

    Abstract

    Click to copy section linkSection link copied!
    Abstract Image

    New psychoactive substances (NPS) are compounds designed to mimic both licit and illicit drugs, and these substances are being discovered each year through forensic toxicology, drug enforcement agencies, and health authorities. However, there is limited information surrounding their international popularity. In this work, influent wastewater samples (n = 144) were collected from 25 sites in 10 countries: Australia, Belgium, Canada, China, Fiji, Italy, New Zealand, Republic of Korea, Spain, and the United States over the 2020–2021 New Year period. All samples were extracted in the country of origin then shipped and analyzed centrally at the University of South Australia using validated liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry methods. This study focused on 28 NPS stimulants, with 11 detected. The emerging substances eutylone and 3-methylmethcathinone (3-MMC) were detected most frequently and with the highest mass loads, indicating international popularity. Interestingly, the “older” generation stimulants, para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA), methylone, and mephedrone, were also detected. From the sites monitored in this work, areas in New Zealand had the highest loads of NPS stimulant consumption. Results here show that wastewater analysis can elucidate the dynamic nature of the NPS market, providing near real-time information on changing consumption patterns whose information can be used to minimize public risk.

    Copyright © 2021 American Chemical Society

    Subjects

    what are subjects

    Read this article

    To access this article, please review the available access options below.

    Get instant access

    Purchase Access

    Read this article for 48 hours. Check out below using your ACS ID or as a guest.

    Recommended

    Access through Your Institution

    You may have access to this article through your institution.

    Your institution does not have access to this content. Add or change your institution or let them know you’d like them to include access.

    Supporting Information

    Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

    The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00807.

    • Population, sampling mode, and flow rates for all sites in this study (Table S1). Additional information on sample collection (Section S1). Limits of detection and quantification and recovery for all substances in the method (Table S2). Analytical precision for all compounds in the method (Table S3). Estimated excreted mass loads for all NPS found in this study (Tables S4–S14). Figure of estimated excreted mass loads for mephedrone and 3-MMC in the NZ sites (Figure S1). (PDF)

    Terms & Conditions

    Most electronic Supporting Information files are available without a subscription to ACS Web Editions. Such files may be downloaded by article for research use (if there is a public use license linked to the relevant article, that license may permit other uses). Permission may be obtained from ACS for other uses through requests via the RightsLink permission system: http://pubs.acs.org/page/copyright/permissions.html.

    Cited By

    Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

    This article is cited by 32 publications.

    1. Xue-Ting Shao, Zhen-Fang Gong, Yan-Song Wang, Han Liu, Jian-Guo Lin, Wei Pei, Ming-Xing Guo, De-Gao Wang. Identification of Poppy Straws as a Special Source of Morphine in Chinese Municipal Wastewater. ACS ES&T Water 2024, 4 (4) , 1325-1334. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.3c00466
    2. Huanbo Wang, Tingting Huo, Hongli Tao, Hao Yang. Monitoring the dynamics of ketamine analogues use in China through wastewater analysis: The emergence of 2-FDCNEK and 2-MDCK. Science of The Total Environment 2024, 957 , 177674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177674
    3. Dhayaalini Nadarajan, Jake O'Brien, Sarah Cresswell, Ben Kele, Jochen Mueller, Richard Bade. Application of design of experiment for quantification of 71 new psychoactive substances in influent wastewater. Analytica Chimica Acta 2024, 1321 , 343036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2024.343036
    4. Shuo Chen, Richard Bade, Ben Tscharke, Wayne Hall, Phong Thai, Chang He, Fahad Ahmed, Qiuda Zheng, Phil M. Choi, Jake W. O’Brien, Jochen F. Mueller. Assessing daily patterns in stimulant use during the COVID-19 pandemic in Melbourne, Australia using wastewater analysis. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2024, 476 , 135130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135130
    5. Ivan M. Langa, Ana Rita Lado Ribeiro, Nuno Ratola, Virgínia M.F. Gonçalves, Maria Elizabeth Tiritan, Cláudia Ribeiro. Amphetamine-like substances and synthetic cathinones in Portuguese wastewater influents: Enantiomeric profiling and role of suspended particulate matter. Forensic Science International 2024, 361 , 112128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112128
    6. Wen-Jun Shi, Xiao-Bing Long, Lei Xin, Chang-Er Chen, Guang-Guo Ying. Predicting the new psychoactive substance activity of antitussives and evaluating their ecotoxicity to fish. Science of The Total Environment 2024, 932 , 172872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172872
    7. Uyeong Kim, Wonjin Sim, Hye Jin Cha, Jeong-Eun Oh. Development of a simultaneous multi component analytical method for 37 new psychoactive substances in wastewater using LC MS/MS. Environmental Engineering Research 2024, 29 (3) , 230491-0. https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2023.491
    8. Richard Bade, Denice van Herwerden, Nikolaos Rousis, Sangeet Adhikari, Darren Allen, Christine Baduel, Lubertus Bijlsma, Tim Boogaerts, Dan Burgard, Andrew Chappell, Erin M. Driver, Fernando Fabriz Sodre, Despo Fatta-Kassinos, Emma Gracia-Lor, Elisa Gracia-Marín, Rolf U. Halden, Ester Heath, Emma Jaunay, Alex Krotulski, Foon Yin Lai, Arndís Sue Ching Löve, Jake W. O’Brien, Jeong-Eun Oh, Daniel Pasin, Marco Pineda Castro, Magda Psichoudaki, Noelia Salgueiro-Gonzalez, Cezar Silvino Gomes, Bikram Subedi, Kevin V. Thomas, Nikolaos Thomaidis, Degao Wang, Viviane Yargeau, Saer Samanipour, Jochen Mueller. Workflow to facilitate the detection of new psychoactive substances and drugs of abuse in influent urban wastewater. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2024, 469 , 133955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133955
    9. Noelia Salgueiro-Gonzalez, Frederic Béen, Lubertus Bijlsma, Tim Boogaerts, Adrian Covaci, Jose Antonio Baz-Lomba, Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern, João Matias, Christoph Ort, Igor Bodík, Ester Heath, Katarzyna Styszko, Erik Emke, Félix Hernández, Alexander L.N. van Nuijs, Sara Castiglioni. Influent wastewater analysis to investigate emerging trends of new psychoactive substances use in Europe. Water Research 2024, 254 , 121390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.121390
    10. Xiaolong Hou, Jifen Wang, Ying Zhang, Yufan Zhang, Jianyang Shangguan, Ge Qin, Boxu Chen, Zhenjun Jia, Duo qi Xu. Exploring the topic structure and abuse trends of new psychoactive Substance since the 21st century from a bibliometric perspective. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal 2024, 32 (4) , 101991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2024.101991
    11. Mackay Price, Ben Tscharke, Andrew Chappell, Melanie Kah, Katarzyna Sila-Nowicka, Helen Morris, Daniel Ward, Sam Trowsdale. Testing methods to estimate population size for wastewater treatment plants using census data: Implications for wastewater-based epidemiology. Science of The Total Environment 2024, 922 , 170974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170974
    12. Richard Bade, Julia Huchthausen, Carolin Huber, Pradeep Dewapriya, Benjamin J. Tscharke, Rory Verhagen, Cheneal Puljevic, Beate I. Escher, Jake W. O'Brien. Improving wastewater-based epidemiology for new psychoactive substance surveillance by combining a high-throughput in vitro metabolism assay and LC−HRMS metabolite identification. Water Research 2024, 253 , 121297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.121297
    13. Hongyu Ning, Yilei Fan, Hao Chen, Huijun Liu, Zhongping Huang, Xing Ke, Yu Xu, Yuanbin She. Preparation of mixed-mode weak cation exchange magnetic solid-phase extraction sorbent and its application in the extraction of 21 illicit drugs from wastewater. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2024, 464 , 133007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133007
    14. Xue-Ting Shao, Yan-Song Wang, Yue-Tong Zhao, Jian-Guo Lin, Wei Pei, Ming-Xing Guo, De-Gao Wang. Taste traces: Capsaicin and sweeteners as anthropogenic markers in municipal wastewater. Science of The Total Environment 2024, 912 , 169194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169194
    15. Ariana Pérez-Pereira, João S. Carrola, Cláudia Ribeiro, Maria E. Tiritan. Fundamentals of chirality: Enantioselective behavior and ecotoxicity of environmental chiral pollutants. 2024https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.coac.2024.11.007
    16. Xue-Ting Shao, Yan-Song Wang, Zhen-Fang Gong, Yan-Ying Li, Dong-Qin Tan, Jian-Guo Lin, Wei Pei, De-Gao Wang. Surveillance of COVID-19 and influenza A(H1N1) prevalence in China via medicine-based wastewater biomarkers. Water Research 2023, 247 , 120783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2023.120783
    17. Asli Atasoy Aydin, İsmail Ethem Gören, Evsen Yavuz Guzel, Nebile Daglioglu. Method development, validation, and application for simultaneous determination of 56 new psychoactive substances in surface water by LC-MS/MS. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2023, 30 (36) , 85920-85929. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28495-9
    18. Nikolaos Rousis, Richard Bade, Iván Romero-Sánchez, Jochen F. Mueller, Nikolaos S. Thomaidis, Kevin V. Thomas, Emma Gracia-Lor. Festivals following the easing of COVID-19 restrictions: Prevalence of new psychoactive substances and illicit drugs. Environment International 2023, 178 , 108075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2023.108075
    19. Heon-Jun Lee, Jeong-Eun Oh. Target and suspect screening of (new) psychoactive substances in South Korean wastewater by LC-HRMS. Science of The Total Environment 2023, 875 , 162613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162613
    20. Richard Bade, Nikolaos Rousis, Sangeet Adhikari, Christine Baduel, Lubertus Bijlsma, Erasmia Bizani, Tim Boogaerts, Daniel A. Burgard, Sara Castiglioni, Andrew Chappell, Adrian Covaci, Erin M. Driver, Fernando Fabriz Sodre, Despo Fatta-Kassinos, Aikaterini Galani, Cobus Gerber, Emma Gracia-Lor, Elisa Gracia-Marín, Rolf U. Halden, Ester Heath, Felix Hernandez, Emma Jaunay, Foon Yin Lai, Heon-Jun Lee, Maria Laimou-Geraniou, Jeong-Eun Oh, Kristin Olafsdottir, Kaitlyn Phung, Marco Pineda Castro, Magda Psichoudaki, Xueting Shao, Noelia Salgueiro-Gonzalez, Rafael Silva Feitosa, Cezar Silvino Gomes, Bikram Subedi, Arndís Sue Ching Löve, Nikolaos Thomaidis, Diana Tran, Alexander van Nuijs, Taja Verovšek, Degao Wang, Jason M. White, Viviane Yargeau, Ettore Zuccato, Jochen F. Mueller. Three years of wastewater surveillance for new psychoactive substances from 16 countries. Water Research X 2023, 19 , 100179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wroa.2023.100179
    21. Asli Atasoy-Aydin, İsmail Ethem Gören, Evsen Yavuz-Guzel, Nebile Daglioglu. Method development, validation, and application for simultaneous determination of 56 new psychoactive substances in surface water by LC-MS/MS. 2023https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2638358/v1
    22. Ondina Ribeiro, Cláudia Ribeiro, Luís Félix, Isabel Gaivão, João Soares Carrola. Effects of acute metaphedrone exposure on the development, behaviour, and DNA integrity of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2023, 30 (17) , 49567-49576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25233-z
    23. Ariana Pérez-Pereira, Ana Rita Carvalho, João Soares Carrola, Maria Elizabeth Tiritan, Cláudia Ribeiro. Integrated Approach for Synthetic Cathinone Drug Prioritization and Risk Assessment: In Silico Approach and Sub-Chronic Studies in Daphnia magna and Tetrahymena thermophila. Molecules 2023, 28 (7) , 2899. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28072899
    24. Richard Bade, Dhayaalini Nadarajan, Cobus Gerber. The complexities associated with the detection of new psychoactive substances in wastewater. 2023, 169-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-19172-5.00003-2
    25. Sangeet Adhikari, Rahul Kumar, Erin M. Driver, Devin A. Bowes, Keng Tiong Ng, Juan Eduardo Sosa-Hernandez, Mariel Araceli Oyervides-Muñoz, Elda M. Melchor-Martínez, Manuel Martínez-Ruiz, Karina G. Coronado-Apodaca, Ted Smith, Aruni Bhatnagar, Brian J. Piper, Kenneth L. McCall, Roberto Parra-Saldivar, Leon P. Barron, Rolf U. Halden. Occurrence of Z-drugs, benzodiazepines, and ketamine in wastewater in the United States and Mexico during the Covid-19 pandemic. Science of The Total Environment 2023, 857 , 159351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159351
    26. Richard Bade, Geoff Eaglesham, Katja M. Shimko, Jochen Mueller. Quantification of new psychoactive substances in Australian wastewater utilising direct injection liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2023, 251 , 123767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123767
    27. Noelia Salgueiro-González, Ettore Zuccato, Sara Castiglioni. Nationwide investigation on the use of new psychoactive substances in Italy through urban wastewater analysis. Science of The Total Environment 2022, 843 , 156982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156982
    28. Nikolaos I. Rousis, Zhe Li, Richard Bade, Michael S. McLachlan, Jochen F. Mueller, Jake W. O'Brien, Saer Samanipour, Benjamin J. Tscharke, Nikolaos S. Thomaidis, Kevin V. Thomas. Socioeconomic status and public health in Australia: A wastewater-based study. Environment International 2022, 167 , 107436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107436
    29. Bradley S. Simpson, Emma L. Jaunay, Maulik Ghetia, Lynn Nguyen, Richard Bade, Jason M. White, Cobus Gerber. Methcathinone in wastewater: Drug of choice, or artefact?. Science of The Total Environment 2022, 836 , 155696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155696
    30. Erin M. Driver, Devin A. Bowes, Rolf U. Halden, Otakuye Conroy-Ben. Implementing wastewater monitoring on American Indian reservations to assess community health indicators. Science of The Total Environment 2022, 823 , 153882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153882
    31. Sangeet Adhikari, Rolf U. Halden. Opportunities and limits of wastewater-based epidemiology for tracking global health and attainment of UN sustainable development goals. Environment International 2022, 163 , 107217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107217
    32. Lucy Webb, Xin Shi, Christine Goodair, Survjit Cheeta. Trends in Mortality From Novel Psychoactive Substances as “Legal Highs”: Gender Differences in Manner of Death and Implications for Risk Differences for Women. Frontiers in Psychiatry 2022, 13 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.890840
    33. Hayley N. Manke, Katharine H. Nelson, Shihui Huang, Jacob M. Bailey, Sara K. Bowman, Robert A. Jones, Sydney E. Cerveny, Kenner C. Rice, Anthony L. Riley. Methylone Pre-Exposure Differentially Impacts the Aversive Effects of MDPV and MDMA in Male and Female Sprague-Dawley Rats: Implications for Abuse Vulnerability. SSRN Electronic Journal 2022, 151 https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4123465
    Download PDF
    Go to Environmental Science & Technology Letters
    Get e-Alerts
    Get e-Alerts

    Environmental Science & Technology Letters

    Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 2022, 9, 1, 57–63
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00807
    Published December 8, 2021
    Copyright © 2021 American Chemical Society
    Request reuse permissions

    Article Views

    2393

    Altmetric

    -

    Citations

    32
    Learn about these metrics

    Article Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.

    Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.

    The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated.