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Exploring the Efficacy of Nile Red in Microplastic Quantification: A Costaining Approach
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    Exploring the Efficacy of Nile Red in Microplastic Quantification: A Costaining Approach
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    • Thomas Stanton*
      Thomas Stanton
      School of Geography, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD Nottingham, United Kingdom
      Food, Water, Waste Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD Nottingham, United Kingdom
      *E-mail: [email protected]
    • Matthew Johnson
      Matthew Johnson
      School of Geography, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD Nottingham, United Kingdom
    • Paul Nathanail
      Paul Nathanail
      Land Quality Management Ltd, University of Nottingham Innovation Park, NG7 2TU Nottingham, United Kingdom
    • Rachel L. Gomes
      Rachel L. Gomes
      Food, Water, Waste Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD Nottingham, United Kingdom
    • Teresa Needham
      Teresa Needham
      School of Geography, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD Nottingham, United Kingdom
    • Amanda Burson
      Amanda Burson
      School of Geography, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD Nottingham, United Kingdom
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    Environmental Science & Technology Letters

    Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 2019, 6, 10, 606–611
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00499
    Published September 19, 2019
    Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society

    Abstract

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    The presence of microplastic particles (<5 mm) in the environment has generated considerable concern across public, political, and scientific platforms. However, the diversity of microplastics that persist in the environment poses complex analytical challenges for our understanding of their prevalence. The use of the dye Nile red to quantify microplastics is increasingly common. However, its use in microplastic analysis rarely accounts for its affinity with the breadth of particles that occur in environmental samples. Here, we examine Nile red’s ability to stain a variety of microplastic particles and common natural and anthropogenic particles found in environmental samples. To better constrain microplastic estimates using Nile red, we test the coapplication of a second stain that binds to biological material, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). We test the potential inflation of microplastic estimates using Nile red alone by applying this costaining approach to samples of drinking water and freshwater. The use of Nile red dye alone resulted in a maximum 100% overestimation of microplastic particles. These findings are of particular significance for the public dissemination of findings from an emotive field of study.

    Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society

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    The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00499.

    • Two figures (illustrating the counting technique used and the variety of particles stained by Nile red and DAPI in environmental samples) and four tables (information about the known particles used, particle counts and results of statistical tests for river water and drinking water samples, autofluorescence of drinking water container materials, and autofluorescence of drinking water controls samples). (PDF)

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    Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 2019, 6, 10, 606–611
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00499
    Published September 19, 2019
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