Improving Pesticide Uptake Modeling into Potatoes: Considering Tuber Growth Dynamics

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This article references 43 other publications.

1. 1

   Leong, W. H.; Teh, S. Y.; Hossain, M. M.; Nadarajaw, T.; Zabidi-Hussin, Z.; Chin, S. Y.; Lai, K. S.; Lim, S. H. E. Application, Monitoring and Adverse Effects in Pesticide Use: The Importance of Reinforcement of Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs). J. Environ. Manage. 2020, 260, 109987,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109987

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   Application, monitoring and adverse effects in pesticide use: The importance of reinforcement of Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs)

   Leong, Wye-Hong; Teh, Shu-Yi; Hossain, Mohammad Moshaddeque; Nadarajaw, Thiyagar; Zabidi-Hussin, Zabidi; Chin, Swee-Yee; Lai, Kok-Song; Lim, Swee-Hua Erin

   Journal of Environmental Management (2020), 260 (), 109987CODEN: JEVMAW; ISSN:0301-4797. (Elsevier Ltd.)

   This review intends to integrate the relevant information that is related to pesticide applications in food commodities and will cover three main sections. The first section encompasses some of the guidelines that have been implemented on management of pesticide application worldwide, such as the establishment of a value called Maximum Residue Level (MRL) through the application of Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) into daily agricultural activities. A brief overview of the methods adopted in quantification of these trace residues in different food samples will also be covered. Briefly, pesticide anal. is usually performed in two stages: sample prepn. and anal. instrumentation. Some of the prepn. methods such as QuEChERs still remain as the technique of choice for most of the anal. scientists. In terms of the instrumentation such as the gas chromatog.-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) and high performance-liq. chromatog. (HPLC), these are still widely used, in spite of new inventions that are more sustainable and efficient such as the capillary electrophoresis (CE). Finally, the third section emphasizes on how pesticides can affect our health significantly whereby different types of pesticides result in different adverse health implications, despite its application benefits in agriculture in controlling pests. To date, there are limited reviews on pesticide usage in many agricultural-based nations; for the purpose of this review, Malaysia is selected to better illustrate pesticide regulations and implementation of policies. Finally, the review aims to provide an insight on how implementation of GAP and food safety assurance are inter-related and with this established correlation, to identify further measures for improvement to enable reinforcement of optimized agricultural practices specifically in these countries.

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2. 2

   Foong, S. Y.; Ma, N. L.; Lam, S. S.; Peng, W.; Low, F.; Lee, B. H. K.; Alstrup, A. K. O.; Sonne, C. A Recent Global Review of Hazardous Chlorpyrifos Pesticide in Fruit and Vegetables: Prevalence, Remediation and Actions Needed. J. Hazard. Mater. 2020, 400, 123006,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123006

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   A recent global review of hazardous chlorpyrifos pesticide in fruit and vegetables: Prevalence, remediation and actions needed

   Foong, Shin Ying; Ma, Nyuk Ling; Lam, Su Shiung; Peng, Wanxi; Low, Felicia; Lee, Bernard H. K.; Alstrup, Aage K. O.; Sonne, Christian

   Journal of Hazardous Materials (2020), 400 (), 123006CODEN: JHMAD9; ISSN:0304-3894. (Elsevier B.V.)

   A review. Pollution with pesticides is a widespread global problem and biomonitoring of the environment and human populations is necessary to assess potential harmful biol. effects. One of the pesticides that are showing up in vegetables and fruit is chlorpyrifos (CPS). CPS is a nerve-poisoning organophosphorus insecticide, which is in up to 1/3 of all conventionally produced citrus fruits. Our review shows that CPS is a hazardous material that poses risks to human health and also pollutes the environment. There is numerous risk assessment of CPS reported, however, the assessment is easily affected by factors such as climate change, exposure period and CPS concn. Therefore, rigorous update of the hazardous level of CPS is needed to det. the threshold level safe for humans and animals. There is a need for remediation using for example photoreactive nanoparticle methods and microbial degeneration possessing high degrdn. efficiency (73-97%). In addn., stringent biomonitoring of food, environment and human exposure should occur to avoid exposure to chems. via citrus fruits and vegetables. This is necessary to assess health risks and socioeconomic impacts which also require collaboration between private and public sectors to facilitate the growth, sale and manufg. of biopesticides.

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3. 3

   Gentil, C.; Fantke, P.; Mottes, C.; Basset-Mens, C. Challenges and Ways Forward in Pesticide Emission and Toxicity Characterization Modeling for Tropical Conditions. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 2020, 25, 1290– 1306,  DOI: 10.1007/s11367-019-01685-9

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   Challenges and ways forward in pesticide emission and toxicity characterization modeling for tropical conditions

   Gentil, Celine; Fantke, Peter; Mottes, Charles; Basset-Mens, Claudine

   International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment (2020), 25 (7), 1290-1306CODEN: IJLCFF; ISSN:0948-3349. (Springer)

   Purpose: In tropical cropping systems, pesticides are extensively used to fight pests and ensure high crop yields. However, pesticide use also leads to environmental and health impacts. While pesticide emissions and impacts are influenced by farm management practices and environmental conditions, available Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) emission models and Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) toxicity characterization models are generally designed based on temperate conditions. There is, hence, a need for adapting LCI and LCIA models for evaluating pesticides under tropical conditions. To address this need, we aim to identify the characteristics that det. pesticide emissions and related impacts under tropical conditions, and to assess to what extent LCI and LCIA models need to be adapted to better account for these conditions. Methods: We investigated the state-of-knowledge with respect to characteristics that drive pesticide emission patterns, environmental fate, human and ecol. exposures, and toxicol. effects under tropical conditions. We then discuss the applicability of existing LCI and LCIA models to tropical regions as input for deriving specific recommendations for future modeling refinements. Results and discussion: Our results indicate that many pesticide-related environmental processes, such as degrdn. and volatilization, show higher kinetic rates under tropical conditions mainly due to higher temps., sunlight radiation, and microbial activity. Heavy and frequent rainfalls enhance leaching and runoff. Specific soil characteristics (e.g., low pH), crops, and cropping systems (e.g., mulching) are important drivers of distinct pesticide emission patterns under tropical conditions. Adapting LCI models to tropical conditions implies incorporating specific features of tropical cropping systems (e.g., intercropping, ground cover management), specific drift curves for tropical pesticide application techniques, and better addressing leaching processes. The validity domain of the discussed LCI and LCIA models could be systematically extended to tropical regions by considering tropical soil types, climate conditions, and crops, and adding active substances applied specifically under tropical conditions, including the consideration of late applications of pesticides before harvest and their effect on crop residues and subsequent human intake. Conclusions: Current LCI and LCIA models are not fully suitable for evaluating pesticide emissions and impacts for crops cultivated in tropical regions. Models should be adapted and parameterized to better account for various characteristics influencing emission and impact patterns under tropical conditions using best available data and knowledge. Further research is urgently required to improve our knowledge and data with respect to understanding and evaluating pesticide emission and impact processes under tropical conditions.

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4. 4

   Fantke, P.; Jolliet, O. Life Cycle Human Health Impacts of 875 Pesticides. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 2016, 21, 722– 733,  DOI: 10.1007/s11367-015-0910-y

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   Life cycle human health impacts of 875 pesticides

   Fantke, Peter; Jolliet, Olivier

   International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment (2016), 21 (5), 722-733CODEN: IJLCFF; ISSN:0948-3349. (Springer)

   Purpose: Residues in field crops grown and harvested for human consumption are the main contributor to overall human exposure toward agricultural pesticides for the general population. However, exposure from crop residues is currently not considered in life cycle assessment practice. We therefore present a consistent framework for characterizing human toxicol. impacts assocd. with pesticides applied to agricultural crops in the frame of life cycle impact assessment based on state-of-the-art data and methods. Methods: We combine a dynamic multicrop plant uptake model designed for evaluating human exposure to residues for a wide range of pesticide-crop combinations with latest findings of pesticide dissipation kinetics in crops and post-harvest food processing. Outcome is a set of intake fractions and characterization factors for 875 org. pesticides and six major food crops along with specific confidence intervals for each factor. Results and discussion: Intake fractions aggregating exposure via crop residues and exposure via fractions lost to air and soil for pesticides applied to agricultural crops vary between 10-8 and 10-1 kg intake per kg applied as a function of pesticide and crop. Intake fractions are typically highest for lettuce and tomato and lowest for potato due to differences in application times before crop harvest and soil as addnl. barrier for uptake into potato tubers. Uncertainty in intake fractions is mainly assocd. with dissipation dynamics in crops, where results demonstrate that using pesticide- and crop-specific data is crucial. Combined with the uncertainty in effect modeling, characterization factors per pesticide and crop show squared geometric mean std. deviations ranging from 38 to 15,560 over a variability range across pesticide-crop combinations of 10 orders of magnitude. Conclusions: Our framework is operational for use in current life cycle impact assessment models, is made available for USEtox, and closes an important gap in the assessment of human exposure to pesticides. For ready use in life cycle assessment studies, we present pesticide-crop combination-specific characterization factors normalized to pesticide mass applied and provide default data for application times and loss due to post-harvest food processing. When using our data, we emphasize the need to consult current pesticide regulation, since each pesticide is registered for use on certain crops only, which varies between countries.

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5. 5

   Fantke, P.; Friedrich, R.; Jolliet, O. Health Impact and Damage Cost Assessment of Pesticides in Europe. Environ. Int. 2012, 49, 9– 17,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.08.001

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   Health impact and damage cost assessment of pesticides in Europe

   Fantke, Peter; Friedrich, Rainer; Jolliet, Olivier

   Environment International (2012), 49 (), 9-17CODEN: ENVIDV; ISSN:0160-4120. (Elsevier Ltd.)

   Health impacts from pesticide use, a continuous concern to the European population, requires const. evaluation of European pesticide policies; however, health impacts have never been quantified for specific crops which contribute differently to overall human exposure nor have individual substances which exhibit distinct environmental behavior and toxicity. This work quantified health impacts and related damage costs from exposure to 133 pesticides applied in 24 European countries in 2003, comprising nearly 50% of the total pesticide mass applied that year. Only 13 substances applied to 3 crop classes (grapes/vines, fruit trees, vegetables) contributed to 90% of overall health impacts of ∼2000 disability-adjusted life years in Europe/yr corresponding to annual damage costs of 78 million Euro. Considering uncertainties along the full impact pathway, mainly attributable to non-cancer dose-response relationships and treated crop residues, an av. burden of lifetime lost/person of 2.6 h (95% confidence interval, 22 s to 45.3 days) or costs/person over a lifetime of 12 Euro (95% confidence interval, 0.03-5142 Euro), resp. In total, 33 of the 133 assessed substances accounting for 20% of health impacts in 2003 are banned from the European market according to current legislation. The main limitation in assessing human health impacts from pesticides is related to the lack of systematic application data for all used substances. Since health impacts can be substantially affected the choice of pesticides, the need for more information concerning substance application is evident.

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6. 6

   Hamilton, D.; Ambrus, Á.; Dieterle, R.; Felsot, A.; Harris, C.; Petersen, B.; Racke, K.; Wong, S. S.; Gonzalez, R.; Tanaka, K.; Earl, M.; Roberts, G.; Bhula, R. Pesticide Residues in Food—Acute Dietary Exposure. Pest Manage. Sci. 2004, 60, 311– 339,  DOI: 10.1002/ps.865

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   Pesticide residues in food - acute dietary exposure

   Hamilton, Denis; Ambrus, Arpad; Dieterle, Roland; Felsot, Allan; Harris, Caroline; Petersen, Barbara; Racke, Ken; Wong, Sue-Sun; Gonzalez, Roberto; Tanaka, Keiji; Earl, Mike; Roberts, Graham; Bhula, Raj

   Pest Management Science (2004), 60 (4), 311-339CODEN: PMSCFC; ISSN:1526-498X. (John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

   A review. Consumer risk assessment is a crucial step in the regulatory approval of pesticide use on food crops. Recently, an addnl. hurdle has been added to the formal consumer risk assessment process with the introduction of short-term intake or exposure assessment and a comparable short-term toxicity ref., the acute ref. dose. Exposure to residues during one meal or over one day is important for short-term or acute intake. Exposure in the short term can be substantially higher than av. because the consumption of a food on a single occasion can be very large compared with typical long-term or mean consumption and the food may have a much larger residue than av. Furthermore, the residue level in a single unit of a fruit or vegetable may be higher by a factor (defined as the variability factor, which we have shown to be typically ×3 for the 97.5th percentile unit) than the av. residue in the lot. Available marketplace data and supervised residue trial data are examd. in an investigation of the variability of residues in units of fruit and vegetables. A method is described for estg. the 97.5th percentile value from sets of unit residue data. Variability appears to be generally independent of the pesticide, the crop, crop unit size and the residue level. The deposition of pesticide on the individual unit during application is probably the most significant factor. The diets used in the calcns. ideally come from individual and household surveys with enough consumers of each specific food to det. large portion sizes. The diets should distinguish the different forms of a food consumed, eg canned, frozen or fresh, because the residue levels assocd. with the different forms may be quite different. Dietary intakes may be calcd. by a deterministic method or a probabilistic method. In the deterministic method the intake is estd. with the assumptions of large portion consumption of a "high residue" food (high residue in the sense that the pesticide was used at the highest recommended label rate, the crop was harvested at the smallest interval after treatment and the residue in the edible portion was the highest found in any of the supervised trials in line with these use conditions). The deterministic calcn. also includes a variability factor for those foods consumed as units (eg apples, carrots) to allow for the elevated residue in some single units which may not be seen in composited samples. In the probabilistic method the distribution of dietary consumption and the distribution of possible residues are combined in repeated probabilistic calcns. to yield a distribution of possible residue intakes. Addnl. information such as percentage commodity treated and combination of residues from multiple commodities may be incorporated into probabilistic calcns. The IUPAC Advisory Committee on Crop Protection Chem. has made 11 recommendations relating to acute dietary exposure.

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   Mansour, S. A. Pesticide Exposure—Egyptian Scene. Toxicology 2004, 198, 91– 115,  DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2004.01.036

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   Pesticide exposure-Egyptian scene

   Mansour, Sameeh A.

   Toxicology (2004), 198 (1-3), 91-115CODEN: TXCYAC; ISSN:0300-483X. (Elsevier Ireland Ltd.)

   A review. Pesticides have contributed to dramatic increases in crop yields and in the quantity and variety of the diet. Also, they have helped to limit the spread of certain diseases. But pesticides have harmful effects; they can cause injury to human health as well as to the environment. The range of these adverse health effects includes acute and persistent injury to the nervous system, lung damage, injury to the reproductive organs, dysfunction of the immune and endocrine systems, birth defects, and cancer. Problems assocd. with pesticide hazards to man and the environment are not confined to the developing countries. Developed nations have already suffered these problems, and still facing some problems in certain locations. For many reasons, the severity of pesticide hazards is much pronounced in Third World Countries. A no. of long persistent organochlorines and highly toxic organophosphates, which were banned or severely restricted, are still marketed and used in many developing countries. The misuse of pesticides by concerned individuals, in addn. to lack of or weak national controlling plans are behind the outbreak of adverse effects in developing countries. Since about 25 yr, the use of DDT and many other organochlorine pesticides in Egyptian agriculture was banned. However, these long persistent compds. are still detectable in many different types of environmental samples (e.g., water, fish, sediment, vegetables, fruits, milk, foodstuffs, etc.). Large no. of compds. known as "extremely hazardous", "highly hazardous", "probable human carcinogenic", and "possible human carcinogenic", are listed among the pesticides registered and recommended for use in Egypt during the season of 2001/2002. The present article deals with: trends and patterns of pesticide use, impact of pesticides on human health, factors contributing to pesticide risks, environmental impacts of pesticides, and bioaccumulation of pesticide residues in food; giving special concern to the situation in Egypt.

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8. 8

   Trapp, S.; Matthies, M. Generic One-Compartment Model for Uptake of Organic Chemicals by Foliar Vegetation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1995, 29, 2333– 2338,  DOI: 10.1021/es00009a027

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   Generic One-Compartment Model for Uptake of Organic Chemicals by Foliar Vegetation

   Trapp, Stefan; Matthies, Michael

   Environmental Science and Technology (1995), 29 (9), 2333-8CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

   A differential mass-balance equation for the uptake of org. chems. into the aerial plant compartment from soil and air is derived. Processes considered are uptake from soil, gaseous deposition, volatilization from leaves, transformation and degrdn., and growth. An anal. soln. is developed. Chem. data needed are KOW, KAW, and reaction rate consts. Const. av. values for environmental parameters are assumed. Plant properties are typical for grass and green fodder. Calcns. for 2,3,7,8-TCDD, and the comparison to a recently tested numerical four-compartment model shows the applicability of the mass-balance approach. The equation could be incorporated into existing multimedia and soil transport models and may be useful for the hazard assessment of contaminated soils.

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   Li, Z. A New Pseudo-Partition Coefficient Based on a Weather-Adjusted Multicomponent Model for Mushroom Uptake of Pesticides from Soil. Environ. Pollut. 2020, 256, 113372,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113372

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   A new pseudo-partition coefficient based on a weather-adjusted multicomponent model for mushroom uptake of pesticides from soil

   Li, Zijian

   Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2020), 256 (), 113372CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)

   In this study, a weather-based multicomponent model was developed based on the unique biostructures and metabolic processes of mushrooms to evaluate their uptake of pesticides from soils, and the effects of temp. and relative humidity on the bioaccumulation of pesticides in mushrooms was comprehensively quantified. Addnl., a new pseudo-partition coeff. between mushrooms and soils was introduced to assess the impacts of different physiochem. properties on the pesticide uptake process. The results indicate that, in general, the pseudo-partition coeff. increases as the relative humidity increases for both the air and soil according to Ficks law of gas diffusion and the spatial competition of mols., resp. Meanwhile, the effect of temp. on the pesticide bioaccumulation process is more complex. For some pesticides (e.g., ethoprophos), the pseudo-partition coeff. of the air-deposition component had a max. value at a certain temp. that was caused by the ratio of the soil-air internal transfer energy and degrdn. activation energy of the pesticide. It was also concluded that for relatively low-volatility pesticides, transpiration dominated the bioaccumulation process; this was mainly detd. from the pesticide water soly. For nonbiodegradable pesticides (e.g., lindane), the computed coeff. values were relatively low due to their insoly. in water, which inhibits bioaccumulation in mushrooms and is one of the main reasons for their long-term persistence in soils.

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10. 10

    Li, Z. Spatiotemporal Pattern Models for Bioaccumulation of Pesticides in Common Herbaceous and Woody Plants. J. Environ. Manage. 2020, 276, 111334,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111334

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    Spatiotemporal pattern models for bioaccumulation of pesticides in common herbaceous and woody plants

    Li, Zijian

    Journal of Environmental Management (2020), 276 (), 111334CODEN: JEVMAW; ISSN:0301-4797. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    Pesticides are widely used in agriculture, but they can bioaccumulate in plants, entering the food chain and potentially threaten human health. Thus, this study explored the spatiotemporal patterns of pesticide bioaccumulation in plants from soil using a spatiotemporal model. Air temp. (TAir) and relative humidity (RHAir) were selected as the principal spatiotemporal indicators to characterize the seasonal and geog. variation of the pesticide bioaccumulation factors (BAFs; i.e., the pesticide concn. ratio of plant to soil) of the leaves of common plants. The simulation results indicate that hot and dry climates typically increase the pesticide BAFs by enhancing the transpiration rate of plants. For example, the annual av. BAF of alachlor was 5.75 in Arizona, while the BAFs in states with cold and humid weather, such as Maine, were below 2.00. Addnl., the monthly av. BAF of alachlor during hot seasons can be double that of other seasons in the same region. For some pesticides, the simulated BAF intervals were consistent with those reported in the literature, whereas for others, the results were inconsistent. The major reasons for these inconsistencies include differences in the pesticide application scenarios, the distribution of pesticides in different compartments, and insufficient field data for some pesticides. We also applied the simulated BAFs of pesticide in plant leaves to address the seasonal and geog. health risks of herbivores, which could help regulate pesticide stds. in ecol. soils.

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11. 11

    Juraske, R.; Antón, A.; Castells, F.; Huijbregts, M. A. J. Human Intake Fractions of Pesticides via Greenhouse Tomato Consumption: Comparing Model Estimates with Measurements for Captan. Chemosphere 2007, 67, 1102– 1107,  DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.11.047

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    Human intake fractions of pesticides via greenhouse tomato consumption: Comparing model estimates with measurements for Captan

    Juraske, R.; Anton, A.; Castells, F.; Huijbregts, M. A. J.

    Chemosphere (2007), 67 (6), 1102-1107CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN:0045-6535. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    Human intake due to pesticide residues in food commodities can be much higher than those related to water consumption and air inhalation, stressing the importance to correctly est. pesticide uptake into plants and predict subsequent intake by humans. The authors calcd. the human intake fraction of captan via tomato consumption taking into account the time between pesticide application and harvest, the time between harvest and consumption, the absorption of spray deposit on plant surfaces, transfer properties through the cuticle, degrdn. inside the plant, and loss due to food processing. Human population intake fractions due to ingestion were calcd. for complete, washed, and peeled tomatoes. The calcd. intake fractions were compared with measurements derived from an exptl. setup in a Mediterranean greenhouse. The fraction of captan applied in the greenhouse as plant treatment that eventually is ingested by the human population is on av. 10-2-10-5, depending on the time between pesticide application and ingestion of tomatoes and the processing step considered. Model and exptl. derived intake fractions deviated less than a factor of 2 for complete and washed tomatoes and a factor of 3 for peeled tomatoes. Intake fractions due to air inhalation and consumption of drinking water are expected to be significantly lower (5-9 orders of magnitude) than those induced by the intake of tomatoes in this case study.

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12. 12

    Trapp, S.; Cammarano, A.; Capri, E.; Reichenberg, F.; Mayer, P. Diffusion of PAH in Potato and Carrot Slices and Application for a Potato Model. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 3103– 3108,  DOI: 10.1021/es062418o

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    Diffusion of PAH in potato and carrot slices and application for a potato model

    Trapp, Stefan; Cammarano, Anita; Capri, Ettore; Reichenberg, Fredrik; Mayer, Philipp

    Environmental Science & Technology (2007), 41 (9), 3103-3108CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

    A method for quantifying the effect of medium compn. on the diffusive mass transfer of hydrophobic org. chems. through thin layers was applied to plant tissue. The method employs two silicone disks, one serving as source and one as sink for a series of PAHs diffusing through thin layers of water, potato tissue, and carrot tissue. Naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, and fluoranthene served as model substances. Their transfer from source to sink disk was measured by HPLC to det. a velocity rate const. proportional to the diffusive cond. The diffusive flux through the plant tissue was modeled using Fick's first law of diffusion. Both the exptl. results and the model suggest that mass transfer through plant tissue occurs predominantly through pore water and that, therefore, the mass transfer ratio between plant tissue and water is independent of the hydrophobicity of the chem. The findings of this study provide a convenient method to est. the diffusion of nonvolatile org. chems. through various plant materials. The application to a radial diffusion model suggests that "growth diln." renders the concn. of highly hydrophobic chems. in potatoes below their equil. partitioning level. This is in agreement with field results for the bioconcn. of PAHs in potatoes.

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13. 13

    Juraske, R.; Mosquera Vivas, C. S.; Erazo Velásquez, A.; García Santos, G.; Berdugo Moreno, M. B.; Diaz Gomez, J.; Binder, C. R.; Hellweg, S.; Guerrero Dallos, J. A. Pesticide Uptake in Potatoes: Model and Field Experiments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 651– 657,  DOI: 10.1021/es102907v

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    Pesticide Uptake in Potatoes: Model and Field Experiments

    Juraske, Ronnie; Mosquera Vivas, Carmen S.; Erazo Velasquez, Alexander; Garcia Santos, Glenda; Berdugo Moreno, Monica B.; Diaz Gomez, Jaime; Binder, Claudia R.; Hellweg, Stefanie; Guerrero Dallos, Jairo A.

    Environmental Science & Technology (2011), 45 (2), 651-657CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

    A dynamic model for uptake of pesticides in potatoes is presented and evaluated with measurements performed within a field trial in the region of Boyaca, Colombia. The model takes into account the time between pesticide applications and harvest, the time between harvest and consumption, the amt. of spray deposition on soil surface, mobility and degrdn. of pesticide in soil, diffusive uptake and persistence due to crop growth and metab. in plant material, and loss due to food processing. Food processing steps included were cleaning, washing, storing, and cooking. Pesticide concns. were measured periodically in soil and potato samples from the beginning of tuber formation until harvest. The model was able to predict the magnitude and temporal profile of the exptl. derived pesticide concns. well, with all measurements falling within the 90% confidence interval. The fraction of chlorpyrifos applied on the field during plant cultivation that eventually is ingested by the consumer is on av. 10-4-10-7, depending on the time between pesticide application and ingestion and the processing step considered.

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14. 14

    Fantke, P.; Charles, R.; de Alencastro, L. F.; Friedrich, R.; Jolliet, O. Plant Uptake of Pesticides and Human Health: Dynamic Modeling of Residues in Wheat and Ingestion Intake. Chemosphere 2011, 85, 1639– 1647,  DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.08.030

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    14

    Plant uptake of pesticides and human health: Dynamic modeling of residues in wheat and ingestion intake

    Fantke, Peter; Charles, Raphael; de Alencastro, Luiz Felippe; Friedrich, Rainer; Jolliet, Olivier

    Chemosphere (2011), 85 (10), 1639-1647CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN:0045-6535. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    Human intake of pesticide residues from consumption of processed food plays an important role for evaluating current agricultural practice. We take advantage of latest developments in crop-specific plant uptake modeling and propose an innovative dynamic model to est. pesticide residues in the wheat-environment system, dynamiCROP. We used this model to analyze uptake and translocation of pesticides in wheat after foliar spray application and subsequent intake fractions by humans. Based on the evolution of residues in edible parts of harvested wheat we predict that between 22 mg and 2.1 g per kg applied pesticide are taken in by humans via consumption of processed wheat products. Model results were compared with exptl. derived concns. in wheat ears and with estd. intake via inhalation and ingestion caused by indirect emissions, i.e. the amt. lost to the environment during pesticide application. Modeled and measured concns. in wheat fitted very well and deviate from less than a factor 1.5 for chlorothalonil to a max. factor 3 for tebuconazole. Main aspects influencing pesticide fate behavior are degrdn. half-life in plant and time between pesticide application and crop harvest, leading to variations in harvest fraction of at least three orders of magnitude. Food processing may further reduce residues by approx. 63%. Intake fractions from residues in sprayed wheat were up to four orders of magnitude higher than intake fractions estd. from indirect emissions, thereby demonstrating the importance of exposure from consumption of food crops after direct pesticide treatment.

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15. 15

    Fantke, P.; Wieland, P.; Wannaz, C.; Friedrich, R.; Jolliet, O. Dynamics of Pesticide Uptake into Plants: From System Functioning to Parsimonious Modeling. Environ. Model. Softw. 2013, 40, 316– 324,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envsoft.2012.09.016

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16. 16

    Gentil, C.; Basset-Mens, C.; Manteaux, S.; Mottes, C.; Maillard, E.; Biard, Y.; Fantke, P. Coupling Pesticide Emission and Toxicity Characterization Models for LCA: Application to Open-Field Tomato Production in Martinique. J. Cleaner Prod. 2020, 277, 124099,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124099

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    16

    Coupling pesticide emission and toxicity characterization models for LCA: Application to open-field tomato production in Martinique

    Gentil, Celine; Basset-Mens, Claudine; Manteaux, Sarah; Mottes, Charles; Maillard, Emmanuel; Biard, Yannick; Fantke, Peter

    Journal of Cleaner Production (2020), 277 (), 124099CODEN: JCROE8; ISSN:0959-6526. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    The environmental evaluation of fruits and vegetables in life cycle assessment (LCA) requires a proper estn. of pesticide emissions and assocd. (eco-)toxicity impacts. In response, we developed an approach to consistently combine state-of-the-art emission inventory and impact assessment models for assessing human toxicity and freshwater ecotoxicity impacts from pesticide applications, and tested our approach in an LCA case study on pesticides applied to an open-field tomato produced in Martinique (French West Indies). Our results show that impact scores vary over several orders of magnitude, mainly as function of differences in pesticide properties and application time in relation to crop growth stage. Overall, impacts related to pesticide field emissions leading to exposure to pesticide residues in crop harvest are a main contributor to LCA performance results for tomato produced in Martinique, with fertilizer and packaging manufg. as other dominating aspects. While the proposed approach is applicable to refine currently LCA methods for assessing pesticides, large uncertainties remain. These are mostly related to the parametrization of impact factors for tropical species. Based on our findings, we recommend using initial emission distribution fractions in combination with steady-state characterization factors for environmental emissions and with time-dependent characterization factors for pesticide residues in crop harvest in LCA, while further improving the use of secondary emission fractions to allow for better consideration of local field, soil and climate characteristics.

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17. 17

    Pang, N.; Fan, X.; Fantke, P.; Zhao, S.; Hu, J. Dynamics and Dietary Risk Assessment of Thiamethoxam in Wheat, Lettuce and Tomato Using Field Experiments and Computational Simulation. Environ. Pollut. 2020, 256, 113285,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113285

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    17

    Dynamics and dietary risk assessment of thiamethoxam in wheat, lettuce and tomato using field experiments and computational simulation

    Pang, Nannan; Fan, Xueqi; Fantke, Peter; Zhao, Shengming; Hu, Jiye

    Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2020), 256 (), 113285CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    Thiamethoxam is a widely used pesticide applied to different field crops. To inform risk assessment for this pesticide across relevant crops, we usually rely on field trials, which require time, costs and energy. For providing reliable data across crops and reduce exptl. efforts, field trials should be complemented with dynamic modeling. In the present work, we hence focused on combining field trials with dynamic modeling to simulate mass evolutions of the pesticide-plant-system for thiamethoxam applied to wheat, lettuce and tomato as three major food crops. Field trials were conducted with QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) liq. chromatog.-mass spectrometry, which gave consistent max. residue concns. for thiamethoxam in wheat, lettuce and tomato. We used these residues to evaluate the related dietary risk of humans consuming these food crops. Our results indicated that thiamethoxam did not provide any unacceptable dietary risk for humans across these three food crops, which is in line with findings from previous studies. Results for the studied crops could be extrapolated to other crops and with that, our study constitutes a cost- and time-efficient way of providing reliable input for risk assessment of pesticides across crops, which is relevant for both practitioners and regulators.

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18. 18

    Feng, X.; Wang, K.; Pan, L.; Xu, T.; Zhang, H.; Fantke, P. Measured and Modeled Residue Dynamics of Famoxadone and Oxathiapiprolin in Tomato Fields. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2018, 66, 8489– 8495,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02056

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    18

    Measured and Modeled Residue Dynamics of Famoxadone and Oxathiapiprolin in Tomato Fields

    Feng, Xiaoxiao; Wang, Kai; Pan, Lixiang; Xu, Tianheng; Zhang, Hongyan; Fantke, Peter

    Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (2018), 66 (32), 8489-8495CODEN: JAFCAU; ISSN:0021-8561. (American Chemical Society)

    A reliable anal. method for the simultaneous detn. of famoxadone and oxathiapiprolin dissipation kinetics as well as the metabolites of oxathiapiprolin (IN-E8S72 and IN-WR791) in tomato and soil was developed. We studied the dissipation of famoxadone and oxathiapiprolin in tomatoes grown using different kinetic curves in the area of Beijing in 2015 and 2016. Our results show that the most suitable model for two fungicides in 2015 and 2016 was first-order kinetic and second-order kinetic with the half-lives of 3.4 to 5.2 and 2.4 to 3.0 days, resp. In addn., we applied the dynamic plant uptake model dynamiCROP and combined it with results from the field expts. to investigate the uptake and translocation of famoxadone and oxathiapiprolin in the soil-tomato environment. Modeled and measured results of two years fitted well with R2 values ranging from 0.8072 to 0.9221. The fractions of famoxadone and oxathiapiprolin applied during tomato cultivation that are eventually ingested by humans via residues in crop harvest were finally evaluated and found to be in the range of one part per thousand, that is one gram intake per kg applied.

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19. 19

    Wijesinha-Bettoni, R.; Mouillé, B. The Contribution of Potatoes to Global Food Security, Nutrition and Healthy Diets. Am. J. Potato Res. 2019, 96, 139– 149,  DOI: 10.1007/s12230-018-09697-1

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20. 20

    Narenderan, S. T.; Meyyanathan, S. N. Sample Treatment and Determination of Pesticide Residues in Potato Matrices: A Review. Potato Res. 2019, 62, 47– 67,  DOI: 10.1007/s11540-018-9396-x

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    20

    Sample Treatment and Determination of Pesticide Residues in Potato Matrices: a Review

    Narenderan, S. T.; Meyyanathan, S. N.

    Potato Research (2019), 62 (1), 47-67CODEN: PORHBW; ISSN:0014-3065. (Springer)

    This review presents an outline of anal. methods for the anal. of pesticide residues in potato, the world's most important root and tuber crop. Pesticides are toxic substances that are used to kill unwanted pests and prevent them from attacking crops. Due to rapid urbanization and an ever-increasing population, overuse of these pesticides is likely to happen in developing countries. The conventional anal. methods such as gas chromatog. and liq. chromatog. coupled with various detectors are found to be the most widely used techniques. However, in this review, we summarize and explain the various isolation and clean-up procedures for the detn. of pesticides in potatoes.

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21. 21

    Nzediegwu, C.; Prasher, S.; Elsayed, E.; Dhiman, J.; Mawof, A.; Patel, R. Effect of Biochar on Heavy Metal Accumulation in Potatoes from Wastewater Irrigation. J. Environ. Manage. 2019, 232, 153– 164,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.013

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    21

    Effect of biochar on heavy metal accumulation in potatoes from wastewater irrigation

    Nzediegwu, Christopher; Prasher, Shiv; Elsayed, Eman; Dhiman, Jaskaran; Mawof, Ali; Patel, Ramanbhai

    Journal of Environmental Management (2019), 232 (), 153-164CODEN: JEVMAW; ISSN:0301-4797. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    In many developing countries water scarcity has led to the use of wastewater, often untreated, to irrigate a range of crops, including tuber crops such as potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.). Untreated wastewater contains a wide range of contaminants, including heavy metals, which can find their way into the edible part of the crop, thereby posing a risk to human health. An expt. was undertaken to elucidate the fate and transport of six water-borne heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn), applied through irrigation water to a potato (cv. Russet Burbank) crop grown on sandy soil, having either received no biochar amendment or having top 0.10 m of soil amended with 1% (wt./wt.) plantain peel biochar. A non-amended control, irrigated with tap water, along with the two contaminated water treatments were replicated three times in a completely randomized design carried out on nine outdoor PVC lysimeters of 1.0 m height and 0.45 m diam. The potatoes were planted, irrigated at 10-day intervals, and leachate then collected. Soil samples collected two days after each irrigation showed that all heavy metals accumulated in the surface soil; Fe, Pb and Zn were detected at 0.1 m depth, while only Fe was detected at 0.3 m depth. Heavy metals were not detected in the leachate. Tested individually, all portions of the potato plant (tuber flesh, peel, leaf, stem and root) bore heavy metals. Biochar-amended soil significantly reduced only Cd and Zn concns. in tuber flesh (69% and 33%, resp.) and peel compared to the non-amended wastewater control (p < 0.05). Heavy metal concns. were significantly lower in the tuber flesh than in the peel, suggesting that when consuming potatoes grown under wastewater irrigation, the peel poses a higher health risk than the flesh.

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22. 22

    Hwang, J. I.; Zimmerman, A. R.; Kim, J. E. Bioconcentration Factor-Based Management of Soil Pesticide Residues: Endosulfan Uptake by Carrot and Potato Plants. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 627, 514– 522,  DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.208

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    22

    Bioconcentration factor-based management of soil pesticide residues: Endosulfan uptake by carrot and potato plants

    Hwang, Jeong-In; Zimmerman, Andrew R.; Kim, Jang-Eok

    Science of the Total Environment (2018), 627 (), 514-522CODEN: STENDL; ISSN:0048-9697. (Elsevier B.V.)

    Uptake characteristics of endosulfan (ED), including α-, β-isomers and sulfate-metabolites, from the soils by carrot and potato plants were investigated to establish a method that may be used to calc. recommended permissible soil contaminant concns. (Cs, permissible) at time of planting so that max. residue level (MRL) stds. are not exceeded. The residues of ED were analyzed in soils treated with ED at concns. of either 2 or 10 mg kg soil-1 and in the plants (carrots and potatoes) grown in such soils for 60-90 d. Presence of plants increased ED dissipation rates in soils in patterns that were best fit to a double-exponential decay model (R2 of 0.84-0.99). The ED uptake extent varied with type of crop, ED isomer, plant growth duration, and plant compartments. However, ED concns. in all edible parts of crops eventually exceeded their max. residue limits. Total ED bioconcn. factor (BCF), the ratio of soil ED concn. at planting time to that in edible part of each crop at harvest day, was found to decrease with time due to decreasing soil ED concn. and increasing plant biomass in a pattern that followed a first order kinetic model. Using this model, the Cs, permissible values, specific to the soils used in this study, were calcd. to be 0.32 and 0.19 mg kg soil-1 for carrots and potatoes, resp. The results and methods developed in this study may be utilized as a prediction tool to ensure crop safety from pesticide residues.

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23. 23

    Paraíba, L. C.; Kataguiri, K. Model Approach for Estimating Potato Pesticide Bioconcentration Factor. Chemosphere 2008, 73, 1247– 1252,  DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.07.026

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    23

    Model approach for estimating potato pesticide bioconcentration factor

    Paraiba, Lourival Costa; Kataguiri, Karen

    Chemosphere (2008), 73 (8), 1247-1252CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN:0045-6535. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    We presented a model that ests. the bioconcn. factor (BCF) of pesticides in potatoes supposing that the pesticide in the soil soln. is absorbed by the potato by passive diffusion, following Fick's second law. The pesticides in the model are nonionic org. substances, traditionally used in potato crops that degrade in the soil according to a first-order kinetic equation. This presents an expression that relates BCF with the pesticide elimination rate by the potato, with the pesticide accumulation rate within the potato, with the rate of growth of the potato and with the pesticide degrdn. rate in the soil. BCF was estd. supposing steady state equil. of the quotient between the pesticide concn. in the potato and the pesticide concn. in the soil soln. It is suggested that a neg. correlation exists between the pesticide BCF and the soil sorption partition coeff. The model was built based on the work of Trapp et al., in which an expression to calc. the diffusivity of persistent org. substances in potatoes is presented. The model consists in adding to the expression of Trapp et al., the hypothesis that the pesticide degrades in the soil. The value of BCF suggests which pesticides should be monitored in potatoes.

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24. 24

    Fantke, P.; Wieland, P.; Juraske, R.; Shaddick, G.; Itoiz, E. S.; Friedrich, R.; Jolliet, O. Parameterization Models for Pesticide Exposure via Crop Consumption. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 12864– 12872,  DOI: 10.1021/es301509u

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    24

    Parameterization Models for Pesticide Exposure via Crop Consumption

    Fantke, Peter; Wieland, Peter; Juraske, Ronnie; Shaddick, Gavin; Itoiz, Eva Sevigne; Friedrich, Rainer; Jolliet, Olivier

    Environmental Science & Technology (2012), 46 (23), 12864-12872CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

    An approach to est. human exposure to pesticides by consumption of 6 important food crops, which can be used to extend multi-media models applied in health risk and life cycle impact assessments, is presented. The variation of model output (pesticide residue/kg applied) as a function of model input variables (substance, crop, environmental properties), including their possible correlations using matrix algebra, was assessed. Five key parameters responsible for 80-93% of pesticide residue variation (time between application and crop harvest; degrdn. half-lives in crops and on crop surfaces; overall soil residence time; substance mol. wt.) were identified. Partition coeffs. also play an important role for fruit trees and tomato (Kow), potato (Koc), and lettuce (Kaw, Kow). Focusing on these parameters, crop-specific models were developed by parameterizing a complex fate and exposure assessment framework. Thus, parametric models reflect framework physicochem. mechanisms and predict pesticide residues in harvest using linear combinations of crop, crop surface, and soil compartments. Parametric model results correspond well with complex framework results for 1540 substance/crop combinations, with total deviations between a factor 4 (potato) and a factor 66 (lettuce). Predicted residues also correspond well with exptl. data previously used to evaluate the complex framework. Pesticide mass in harvest can finally be combined with redn. factors accounting for food processing to est. human exposure from crop consumption. All parametric models are easily implemented into existing assessment frameworks.

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25. 25

    Fantke, P.; Arnot, J. A.; Doucette, W. J. Improving Plant Bioaccumulation Science through Consistent Reporting of Experimental Data. J. Environ. Manage. 2016, 181, 374– 384,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.06.065

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    25

    Improving plant bioaccumulation science through consistent reporting of experimental data

    Fantke Peter; Arnot Jon A; Doucette William J

    Journal of environmental management (2016), 181 (), 374-384 ISSN:.

    Experimental data and models for plant bioaccumulation of organic contaminants play a crucial role for assessing the potential human and ecological risks associated with chemical use. Plants are receptor organisms and direct or indirect vectors for chemical exposures to all other organisms. As new experimental data are generated they are used to improve our understanding of plant-chemical interactions that in turn allows for the development of better scientific knowledge and conceptual and predictive models. The interrelationship between experimental data and model development is an ongoing, never-ending process needed to advance our ability to provide reliable quality information that can be used in various contexts including regulatory risk assessment. However, relatively few standard experimental protocols for generating plant bioaccumulation data are currently available and because of inconsistent data collection and reporting requirements, the information generated is often less useful than it could be for direct applications in chemical assessments and for model development and refinement. We review existing testing guidelines, common data reporting practices, and provide recommendations for revising testing guidelines and reporting requirements to improve bioaccumulation knowledge and models. This analysis provides a list of experimental parameters that will help to develop high quality datasets and support modeling tools for assessing bioaccumulation of organic chemicals in plants and ultimately addressing uncertainty in ecological and human health risk assessments.

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26. 26

    Doucette, W. J.; Shunthirasingham, C.; Dettenmaier, E. M.; Zaleski, R. T.; Fantke, P.; Arnot, J. A. A Review of Measured Bioaccumulation Data on Terrestrial Plants for Organic Chemicals: Metrics, Variability, and the Need for Standardized Measurement Protocols. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2018, 37, 21– 33,  DOI: 10.1002/etc.3992

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    26

    A review of measured bioaccumulation data on terrestrial plants for organic chemicals: Metrics, variability, and the need for standardized measurement protocols

    Doucette, William J.; Shunthirasingham, Chubashini; Dettenmaier, Erik M.; Zaleski, Rosemary T.; Fantke, Peter; Arnot, Jon A.

    Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (2018), 37 (1), 21-33CODEN: ETOCDK; ISSN:0730-7268. (Wiley-Blackwell)

    A review. Quantifying the transfer of org. chems. from the environment into terrestrial plants is essential for assessing human and ecol. risks, using plants as environmental contamination biomonitors, and predicting phytoremediation effectiveness. Exptl. data describing chem. uptake by plants are often expressed as ratios of chem. concns. in the plant compartments of interest (e.g., leaves, shoots, roots, xylem sap) to those in the exposure medium (e.g., soil, soil porewater, hydroponic soln., air). These ratios are generally referred to as "bioconcn. factors" but have also been named for the specific plant compartment sampled, such as "root concn. factors," "leaf concn. factors," or "transpiration stream (xylem sap) concns. factors." the authors reviewed over 350 articles to develop a database with 7049 entries of measured bioaccumulation data for 310 org. chems. and 112 terrestrial plant species. Various exptl. approaches have been used; therefore, interstudy comparisons and data-quality evaluations are difficult. Key exposure and plant growth conditions were often missing, and units were often unclear or not reported. The lack of comparable high-confidence data also limits model evaluation and development. Std. test protocols or, at a min., std. reporting guidelines for the measurement of plant uptake data are recommended to generate comparable, high-quality data that will improve mechanistic understanding of org. chem. uptake by plants. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;9999:1-13. © 2017 SETAC.

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27. 27

    Satchivi, N. M.; Stoller, E. W.; Wax, L. M.; Briskin, D. P. A Nonlinear Dynamic Simulation Model for Xenobiotic Transport and Whole Plant Allocation Following Foliar Application I. Conceptual Foundation for Model Development. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 2000, 68, 67– 84,  DOI: 10.1006/pest.2000.2501

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    27

    A nonlinear dynamic simulation model for xenobiotic transport and whole plant allocation following foliar application. I. Conceptual foundation for model development

    Satchivi, Norbert M.; Stoller, Edward W.; Wax, Loyd M.; Briskin, Donald P.

    Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology (2000), 68 (2), 67-84CODEN: PCBPBS; ISSN:0048-3575. (Academic Press)

    A dynamic, nonlinear simulation model (ERMESSE) was developed for whole plant transport and allocation of foliar-applied xenobiotics. This model integrates xenobiotic physicochem. parameters (octanol/water partition coeff., molar volume, and acid dissocn. const.) with plant anatomical, physiol., and biochem. characteristics (e.g., xylem/phloem connections; membrane permeability; apoplast, symplast, and vascular sap pH). The processes governing foliar-applied xenobiotic transport and allocation are discussed and math. relationships are developed to describe these processes. Xenobiotic movement from the leaf surface involves transfer through the cuticle, movement into the leaf mesophyll symplast, phloem loading, long-distance transport in the phloem, phloem unloading to sink regions, and potential xylem/phloem exchange. Because of the xylem/phloem exchange both basipetal and acropetal movement can occur. Moreover, xenobiotic metab. and water translocation through the soil-plant-atm. continuum are also considered. The model assumes that metab. leads to inactivation. The math. relationships developed in this paper form the physiol. basis to develop the computer simulation model for prediction of xenobiotic allocation patterns in plants. (c) 2000 Academic Press.

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28. 28

    Jacobsen, R. E.; Fantke, P.; Trapp, S. Analysing Half-Lives for Pesticide Dissipation in Plants. SAR QSAR Environ. Res. 2015, 26, 325– 342,  DOI: 10.1080/1062936X.2015.1034772

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    28

    Analysing half-lives for pesticide dissipation in plants

    Jacobsen, R. E.; Fantke, P.; Trapp, S.

    SAR and QSAR in Environmental Research (2015), 26 (4), 325-342CODEN: SQERED; ISSN:1026-776X. (Taylor & Francis Ltd.)

    Overall dissipation of pesticides from plants is frequently measured, but the contribution of individual loss processes is largely unknown. We use a pesticide fate model for the quantification of dissipation by processes other than degrdn. The model was parameterised using field studies. Scenarios were established for Copenhagen/Denmark and Shanghai/PR China, and calibrated with measured results. The simulated dissipation rates of 42 pesticides were then compared with measured overall dissipation from field studies using tomato and wheat. The difference between measured overall dissipation and calcd. dissipation by non-degradative processes should ideally be contributable to degrdn. in plants. In 11% of the cases, calcd. dissipation was above the measured dissipation. For the remaining cases, the non-explained dissipation ranged from 30% to 83%, depending on crop type, plant part and scenario. Accordingly, degrdn. is the most relevant dissipation process for these 42 pesticides, followed by growth diln. Volatilisation was less relevant, which can be explained by the design of plant protection agents. Uptake of active compd. from soil into plants leads to a neg. dissipation process (i.e. a gain) that is difficult to quantify because it depends largely on interception, pptn. and plant stage. This process is particularly relevant for sol. compds.

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29. 29

    Rein, A.; Legind, C. N.; Trapp, S. New Concepts for Dynamic Plant Uptake Models. SAR QSAR Environ. Res. 2011, 22, 191– 215,  DOI: 10.1080/1062936X.2010.548829

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    29

    New concepts for dynamic plant uptake models

    Rein, A.; Legind, C. N.; Trapp, S.

    SAR and QSAR in Environmental Research (2011), 22 (1-2), 191-215CODEN: SQERED; ISSN:1062-936X. (Taylor & Francis Ltd.)

    Models for the prediction of chem. uptake into plants are widely applied tools for human and wildlife exposure assessment, pesticide design and for environmental biotechnol. such as phytoremediation. Steady-state considerations are often applied, because they are simple and have a small data need. However, often the emission pattern is non-steady. Examples are pesticide spraying, or the application of manure and sewage sludge on agricultural fields. In these scenarios, steady-state solns. are not valid, and dynamic simulation is required. We compared different approaches for dynamic modeling of plant uptake in order to identify relevant processes and timescales of processes in the soil-plant-air system. Based on the outcome, a new model concept for plant uptake models was developed, approximating logistic growth and coupling transpiration to growing plant mass. The underlying system of differential equations was solved anal. for the inhomogenous case, i.e. for const. input. By superposition of the results of n periods, changes in emission and input data between periods are considered. This combination allows to mimic most input functions that are relevant in practice. The model was set up, parameterized and tested for uptake into growing crops. The outcome was compared with a numerical soln., to verify the math. structure.

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30. 30

    Fantke, P.; Gillespie, B. W.; Juraske, R.; Jolliet, O. Estimating Half-Lives for Pesticide Dissipation from Plants. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48, 8588– 8602,  DOI: 10.1021/es500434p

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    30

    Estimating Half-Lives for Pesticide Dissipation from Plants

    Fantke, Peter; Gillespie, Brenda W.; Juraske, Ronnie; Jolliet, Olivier

    Environmental Science & Technology (2014), 48 (15), 8588-8602CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

    Pesticide risk and impact assessment models critically rely on and are sensitive to information describing dissipation from plants. Despite recent progress, exptl. data are not available for all relevant pesticide/plant combinations; currently no model predicting plant dissipation accounts for the effect of substance properties, plant characteristics, temp., and study conditions. This work proposed models to est. pesticide dissipation half-lives from plants and provided recommendations for how to use the results. Based on fitting exptl. dissipation data with reported av. air temps., a 14.25 kJ/mol reaction activation energy and a 1.22 temp. coeff. Q10 were estd. to correct dissipation from plants for the effect of temp. A set of dissipation half-lives were calcd. for 333 substances applied at 20° under field conditions. Half-lives ranged from 0.2 days for pyrethrins to 31 days for dalapon. Parameter ests. are provided to correct for specific plant species, temps., and study conditions. A predictive regression model was proposed for pesticides without available measured dissipation data to est. half-lives based on substance properties at the chem. substance class level. Estd. half-lives are designed to be applied in risk and impact assessment models to directly describe dissipation or as first proxy to describe degrdn.

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    Fantke, P.; Juraske, R. Variability of Pesticide Dissipation Half-Lives in Plants. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 3548– 3562,  DOI: 10.1021/es303525x

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    Variability of pesticide dissipation half-lives in plants

    Fantke, Peter; Juraske, Ronnie

    Environmental Science & Technology (2013), 47 (8), 3548-3562CODEN: ESTHAG; ISSN:0013-936X. (American Chemical Society)

    A review. Information on dissipation kinetics of pesticides in food crops and other plants is a key aspect in current risk and impact assessment practice. This is because human exposure to pesticides is predominantly caused by residues in agricultural crops grown for human and animal consumption. However, modeling dissipation of pesticides in plants is highly uncertain and therefore strongly relies on exptl. data. Unfortunately, available information on pesticide dissipation in plants from exptl. studies only covers a small fraction of possible combinations of substances authorized for use on food and fodder crops. Addnl., aspects and processes influencing dissipation kinetics are still not fully understood. Therefore, we systematically reviewed 811 scientific literature sources providing 4513 dissipation half-lives of 346 pesticides measured in 183 plant species. We focused on the variability across substances, plant species and harvested plant components and finally discuss different substance, plant and environmental aspects influencing pesticide dissipation. Measured half-lives in harvested plant materials range from around 1 h for pyrethrins in leaves of tomato and pepper fruit to 918 days for pyriproxyfen in pepper fruits under cold storage conditions. Ninety-five percent of all half-lives fall within the range between 0.6 and 29 days. Our results emphasize that future expts. are required to analyze pesticide-plant species combinations that have so far not been covered and that are relevant for human exposure. In addn., prediction models would help to assess all possible pesticide-plant species combinations in the context of comparative studies. The combination of both would finally reduce uncertainty and improve assumptions in current risk and impact assessment practice.

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    Stuart, I. A.; Ansell, R. O.; MacLachlan, J.; Bather, P. A. Surface Partitioning Studies of N-Methylcarbamate-Treated Post-Harvest Crops Using SFE-HPLC-Postcolumn Reaction-Fluorescence. Analyst 1999, 124, 275– 280,  DOI: 10.1039/a808013e

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    Surface partitioning studies of N-methylcarbamate-treated post-harvest crops using SFE-HPLC-postcolumn reaction-fluorescence

    Stuart, Iain A.; Ansell, Ray O.; MacLachlan, John; Bather, Peter A.

    Analyst (Cambridge, United Kingdom) (1999), 124 (3), 275-280CODEN: ANALAO; ISSN:0003-2654. (Royal Society of Chemistry)

    The partitioning characteristics of selected carbamate insecticides (carbaryl, aldicarb, bendiocarb and pirimicarb) on five fruit and vegetable types were investigated. Post-harvest samples were surface-satd. with a methanolic-aq. mixed carbamate spiking soln. for a no. of time periods. Samples were taken at 3, 7, 10 and 14 d, extd. using supercrit. CO2 at pressure = 300 atm modified with 10% DMSO. Exts. were analyzed by HPLC-postcolumn reaction-fluorescence detection at λex = 330 nm and λem = 450 nm for N-methylcarbamates and at λex = 315 nm and λem = 380 nm for pirimicarb. The relative partitioning of each insecticide between sample skin and flesh was investigated. This included the detn. of both half-life and normalized matrix metabolic rate studies with respect to each carbamate. Multilinear regression (MLR) was applied to a no. of insecticide and matrix-based variables to develop regression models for carbamate partitioning for each matrix type studied. Exptl. derived carbamate half-lives ranged from 3.6 d (carbaryl in pear flesh) to 8.0 d (bendiocarb in banana skin). Detns. of normalized metabolic rates were based on calcg. the time period from the point of sampling through to the point where carbamate concn. was reduced to 5% of its initial value. These values ranged from 16.2 d (bendiocarb in potato skin) to 34.7 d (bendiocarb in banana skin). Although no practicable MLR partitioning models were obtained, it was found that the models created indicated that carbamate soly. in water (and hence log P) and the no. of days in contact with the spiking soln. were the most important parameters in model construction.

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    Roy, S.; Alam, S.; Chowdhury, A. Dissipation of Curzate (Cymoxanil 8% + Mancozeb 64%) in Potato Tuber and Cropped Soil. Pestic. Res. J. 2010, 22, 5– 9

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    Dissipation of Curzate (cymoxanil 8% + mancozeb 64%) in potato tuber and cropped soil

    Roy, Sankhajit; Alam, S.; Chowdhury, Ashim

    Pesticide Research Journal (2010), 22 (1), 5-9CODEN: PRJEB4; ISSN:0970-6763. (Society of Pesticide Science India)

    The dissipation of the fungicide Curzate M-8 which is a mixt. of cymoxanil(8%) and mancozeb (64%) was studied using potato variety Kufri Chandramukhi. The crop was sprayed four times @ 1080 and 2160 g a.i. ha-1 at an interval of 10 days starting from the first appearance of late blight symptoms. The residue estn. was done by carbon disulfide evolution method for mancozeb and HPLC for cymoxanil. The cumulative residues of mancozeb in/or on potato tuber and cropped soil sampled 2 h after last spray ranged from 17.90-20.80 and 4.03-9.00 mg g-1, resp. whereas in case of cymoxanil cumulative residues were in the range of 0.16- 0.36 and 0.019-0.12 mg g-1, resp. The calcd. half-life values were found to be 0.68-0.71 and 0.75-0.79 days for mancozeb and 1.08-1.30 and 0.75-2.15 days for cymoxanil in/on potato tuber and cropped soil, resp. The residue was below detn. limit at harvest in both tuber and soil.

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    Qin, D.; Xu, Y.; Huang, Y.; Sun, Y.; He, L. Residue Dynamics of Mancozeb and Its Metabolite Ethylenethiourea in Potato and Soil. Agrochemicals 2008, 27, 305– 309

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35. 35

    Aktar, M. W.; Paramasivam, M.; Sengnpta, D. Persistence and Dissipation of Propineb-A Dithiocarbamate Fungicide in Potato under East-Indian Climatic Conditions. Kasetsart J. - Nat. Sci. 2009, 43, 50– 55

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    35

    Persistence and dissipation of propineb-A dithiocarbamate fungicide in potato under east-Indian climatic conditions

    Aktar, Md. Wasim; Paramasivam, M.; Sengupta, Dwaipayan

    Kasetsart Journal: Natural Science (2009), 43 (1), 50-55CODEN: KJNSEQ ISSN:. (Kasetsart University)

    A two season study (Season-I: Oct., 2005 Jan., 2006 and Season-II: Oct., 2006 Jan., 2007) on the persistence of propineb (Propineb 70% WP) was undertaken with potatoes at two different locations having two different types of soil: new alluvial and old alluvial, resp. Two dosage rates were applied: 2.5 and 5.0 kg ai ha-1 twice with a 15-day interval. More than 94% of the initial residues of propineb in the potato tubers dissipated within 15 days after application irresp. of dose, season and location. The residue was detectable up to 20 days after the last application of the fungicide. Assuming first order kinetics, the half-life values varied from 2.59 to 3.48 days. A safe waiting period of 10 days is recommended for potatoes.

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36. 36

    Lewis, K. A.; Tzilivakis, J.; Warner, D. J.; Green, A. An International Database for Pesticide Risk Assessments and Management. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. 2016, 22, 1050– 1064,  DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242

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    36

    An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management

    Lewis, Kathleen A.; Tzilivakis, John; Warner, Douglas J.; Green, Andrew

    Human and Ecological Risk Assessment (2016), 22 (4), 1050-1064CODEN: HERAFR; ISSN:1080-7039. (Taylor & Francis, Inc.)

    Despite a changing world in terms of data sharing, availability, and transparency, there are still major resource issues assocd. with collating datasets that will satisfy the requirements of comprehensive pesticide risk assessments, esp. those undertaken at a regional or national scale. In 1996, a long-term project was initiated to begin collating and formatting pesticide data to eventually create a free-to-all repository of data that would provide a comprehensive transparent, harmonized, and managed extensive dataset for all types of pesticide risk assessments. Over the last 20 years, this database has been keeping pace with improving risk assessments, their assocd. data requirements, and the needs and expectations of database end users. In 2007, the Pesticide Properties DataBase (PPDB) was launched as a free-to-access website. Currently, the PPDB holds data for almost 2300 pesticide active substances and over 700 metabolites. For each substance around 300 parameters are stored, covering human health, environmental quality, and biodiversity risk assessments. With the approach of the twentieth anniversary of the database, this article seeks to elucidate the current data model, data sources, its validation, and quality control processes and describes a no. of existing risk assessment applications that depend upon it.

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37. 37

    Das, S.; Hageman, K. J.; Taylor, M.; Michelsen-Heath, S.; Stewart, I. Fate of the Organophosphate Insecticide, Chlorpyrifos, in Leaves, Soil, and Air Following Application. Chemosphere 2020, 243, 125194,  DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125194

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    Fate of the organophosphate insecticide, chlorpyrifos, in leaves, soil, and air following application

    Das, Supta; Hageman, Kimberly J.; Taylor, Madeleine; Michelsen-Heath, Sue; Stewart, Ian

    Chemosphere (2020), 243 (), 125194CODEN: CMSHAF; ISSN:0045-6535. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    A field study was conducted to further our understanding about the fate and transport of the organophosphate insecticide, chlorpyrifos, and its degrdn. product, chlorpyrifos oxon. Leaf, soil and air sampling was conducted for 21 days after chlorpyrifos application to a field of purple tansy (Phacelia tanacetifolia). Air samples were collected using a high-vol. air sampler (HVAS) and seven battery-operated medium-vol. active air samplers placed around the field and on a 500-m transect extending away from the field. Chlorpyrifos was detected every day of the sampling period in all matrixes, with concns. decreasing rapidly after application. Chlorpyrifos oxon was only detected in air samples collected with the HVAS during the first three days after application. Wind direction played a significant role in controlling the measured air concns. in near-field samples. The SCREEN3 model and chlorpyrifos' Characteristic Travel Distance (CTD) were used to predict modelled chlorpyrifos concns. in air along the transect. The concn. trend predicted by the SCREEN3 model was similar to that of measured concns. whereas CTD-modelled concns. decreased at a significantly slower rate, indicating that downwind chlorpyrifos concns. in air were primarily controlled by air dispersion. The SCREEN3-predicted chlorpyrifos concns. were >5 times higher than measured concns., indicating that simple approaches for calcg. accurate pesticide volatilization fluxes from agricultural fields are still needed. Finally, we found that measured concns. in air on Days 0-2 at locations up to 500 m from the field were at levels considered concerning for human health.

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    Li, Z. A Coupled ODE-Diffusion Modeling Framework for Removing Organic Contaminants in Crops Using a Simple Household Method. Environ. Pollut. 2020, 265, 115071,  DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115071

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    38

    A coupled ODE-diffusion modeling framework for removing organic contaminants in crops using a simple household method

    Li, Zijian

    Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) (2020), 265 (Part_B), 115071CODEN: ENPOEK; ISSN:0269-7491. (Elsevier Ltd.)

    Org. contaminants are frequently detected in fresh crops and can cause severe damage to human health. To help control this risk, we introduce a diffusion-based model framework for estg. the removal efficiency for org. contaminants in fresh crops using a simple water soaking method. The framework was developed based on the diffusion coeff. of the org. contaminants, and its application indicates that the removal factor (RF) for org. contaminants has an inverse-exponential relationship with log Kow (Kow is the octanol-water partition coeff.), which thermodynamically restricts the removal efficiency for chems. with large steady state log Kow. Addnl., the diffusion coeff. of the chem. in water affects the kinetic removal efficiency. For example, the RF simulated for glyphosate, which has a relatively high diffusion coeff., is 0.592 (61.9% of the steady state RF) after soaking for 1 h, while the RF of lindane is 0.224, which is only 25.0% of the steady state RF. However, if a refreshing method is applied, the RF of lindane can be significantly improved even if more potatoes are used in the water bowl, and this has been demonstrated theor. with the refreshing function. Model validation indicates that the macro properties of crops, e.g., the active area through which crop tissues interact with water, have a larger impact on the results than do the micro-properties of crops and the physiochem. properties of the org. contaminants.

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39. 39

    Trapp, S. Fruit Tree Model for Uptake of Organic Compounds from Soil and Air. SAR QSAR Environ. Res. 2007, 18, 367– 387,  DOI: 10.1080/10629360701303693

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    Fruit Tree model for uptake of organic compounds from soil and air

    Trapp, S.

    SAR and QSAR in Environmental Research (2007), 18 (3-4), 367-387CODEN: SQERED; ISSN:1062-936X. (Taylor & Francis Ltd.)

    The current European risk assessment for chems. considers only tap water, while in reality other beverages play an important role. A good part of beverages are made from fruits, for example apple juice and vine. A math. model was developed to predict uptake of neutral org. chems. from soil and air into fruits. The new fruit tree model considers eight compartments, i.e. two soil compartments, fine roots, thick roots, stem, leaves, fruits, and air. Chem. equil., advective transport in xylem and phloem, diffusive exchange to soil and air and growth diln. are the main processes. The parameterization is for a square-meter of an apple orchard. The model predicts that polar, non-volatile compds. will effectively be transported from soil to fruits, while lipophilic compds. will preferably accumulate from air into fruits. Results from various expts. show no disagreement with the model predictions.

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40. 40

    Rigueira, L. M. B.; Ribeiro, K. L.; de Queiroz, M. E. L. R.; Neves, A. A.; Zambolim, L.; Oliveira, R. M. Determination of Chlorpyrifos and Thiamethoxam in Potato Tuber (Solanum tuberosum L.) and Soil of Brazil Using Solid-Liquid Extraction with Low Temperature Partitioning (SLE/LTP). J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 2013, 24, 2042– 2049,  DOI: 10.5935/0103-5053.20130256

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    40

    Determination of chlorpyrifos and thiamethoxam in potato tuber (Solanum tuberosum L.) and soil of Brazil using solid-liquid extraction with low temperature partitioning (SLE/LTP)

    Rigueira, Leila M. B.; Ribeiro, Kamilla de L.; de Queiroz, Maria Eliana L. R.; Neves, Antonio A.; Zambolim, Laercio; Oliveira, Ricardo M.

    Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society (2013), 24 (12), 2042-2049CODEN: JOCSET; ISSN:0103-5053. (Sociedade Brasileira de Quimica)

    The main objective of this work was to evaluate the presence of residues of chlorpyrifos and thiamethoxam in potato and soil samples under different circumstances after optimization and validation of solid-liq. extn. and partitioning at low temp. technique. Recovery percentages between 93% and 105% were obtained for pesticides in the samples. The optimized and validated method was applied to potatoes from supermarkets and it was obtained chlorpyrifos residue at concns. of 0.67 mg kg-1. Potatoes grown in the field were treated with pesticide on different days and chlorpyrifos was the only residue detected. The potatoes grown in pots were treated with chlorpyrifos and thiamethoxam only at planting. After 91 days, it was obsd. the concn. of thiamethoxam in the potatoes higher than the tolerable MRL. The proposed method was efficient in the detn. of chlorpyrifos and thiamethoxam and it was concluded that the monitoring of pesticides in food must be performed periodically to ensure the product quality and the safety of consumer's health.

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41. 41

    Shakir, S. K.; Irfan, S.; Akhtar, B.; Rehman, S. ur; Daud, M. K.; Taimur, N.; Azizullah, A. Pesticide-Induced Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Responses in Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum) Seedlings. Ecotoxicology 2018, 27, 919– 935,  DOI: 10.1007/s10646-018-1916-6

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    Pesticide-induced oxidative stress and antioxidant responses in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seedlings

    Shakir, Shakirullah Khan; Irfan, Shahid; Akhtar, Basreen; ur Rehman, Shafiq; Daud, Muhammad Khan; Taimur, Nadia; Azizullah, Azizullah

    Ecotoxicology (2018), 27 (7), 919-935CODEN: ECOTEL; ISSN:0963-9292. (Springer)

    Excessive use of pesticides can adversely affect the growth of non-target host plants in different ways. Pesticide-induced stress can affect non-target plants through elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) responsible for detrimental effects on cell metab., biochem. and other physiol. activities. In response to oxidative stress, plant activates antioxidant defense system consisting of both enzymic and non-enzymic components. In the present investigation, three commonly used pesticides, emamectin benzoate, alpha-cypermethrin and imidacloprid, were assessed for causing oxidative stress in tomato. The oxidative damage induced by these pesticides at five different concns. i.e. 1/4X, 1/2X, recommended application dose (X), 2X and 4X in the root and shoot tissues of tomato plant/seedlings were evaluated. Following pesticide exposure for 35 days, cell viability, cell injury, total sol. sugar (TSS) and total sol. proteins (TSP) were measured. Antioxidant activities were estd. by measuring activity levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and proline. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels were analyzed as ROS, lipid peroxidn. was measured in term of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) as membrane damage caused by ROS was also assessed. Anal. of the data revealed that pesticides application at higher concns. significantly elevated ROS levels and caused membrane damage by the formation of TBARS, increased cell injury and reduced cell viability both in root and shoot tissues compared with non-treated plants. Moreover, a gradual decrease in the levels of TSS and TSP was obsd. in plants subjected to increasing doses of pesticides. To cope with pesticide-induced oxidative stress, a significant increase in levels of antioxidants was obsd. in the plants exposed to higher doses of pesticides. Shoot tissues responded more drastically by producing higher levels of antioxidants as compared to root tissues indicating the direct exposure of shoots to foliar application of pesticides. Taken together, these results strongly suggested that the application of pesticides above the recommended dose can provoke the state of oxidative stress and can cause oxidative damages in non-target host plants.

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    Michaud, D.; Nguyen-Quoc, B.; Bernier-Vadnais, N.; Faye, L.; Yelle, S. Cysteine Proteinase Forms in Sprouting Potato Tuber. Physiol. Plant. 1994, 90, 497– 503,  DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1994.tb08807.x

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    Cysteine proteinase forms in sprouting potato tuber

    Michaud, Dominique; Binh Nguyen Quoc; Bernier-Vadnais, Nathalie; Faye, Loic; Yelle, Serge

    Physiologia Plantarum (1994), 90 (3), 497-503CODEN: PHPLAI; ISSN:0031-9317.

    Transformation of plants with exogenous proteinase inhibitor genes represents an attractive strategy for the biol. control of insect pests. However, such a strategy necessitates a thorough characterization of endogenous proteinases, which represent potential target enzymes for the exogenous inhibitors produced. In the present study, changes in general endoproteolytic activity were monitored during sprouting of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Kennebec) tuber. Quant. data obtained using std. procedures showed that an increase in cysteine proteinase (EC 3.4.22) activity occurs during sprouting. This increased activity results from the gradual appearance of new cysteine proteinase forms, as demonstrated by the use of class-specific proteinase activity gels. While only one cysteine proteinase form was present during early sprouting, at least six new active forms of the same class were shown to appear gradually after the mature tuber was sown, suggesting the involvement of a complex cysteine proteolytic system in the last stages of tuber protein breakdown. Interestingly, oryzacystatins I and II, two cysteine proteinase inhibitors potentially useful for insect control, had no effect on any tuber proteinase detected. Similar results were obtained with leaf, stem and stolon proteinases. This apparent absence of direct interference supports the potential of oryzacystatin genes for prodn. of insect-tolerant transgenic potato plants.

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43. 43

    Eaton, T. E.; Azad, A. K.; Kabir, H.; Siddiq, A. B. Evaluation of Six Modern Varieties of Potatoes for Yield, Plant Growth Parameters and Resistance to Insects and Diseases. Agric. Sci. 2017, 8, 1315– 1326,  DOI: 10.4236/as.2017.811095

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