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Microfluidic Droplet Cluster with Distributed Evaporation Rates as a Model for Bioaerosols

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    Microfluidic Droplet Cluster with Distributed Evaporation Rates as a Model for Bioaerosols
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    Langmuir

    Cite this: Langmuir 2022, 38, 15, 4567–4577
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c03273
    Published April 8, 2022
    Copyright © 2022 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    Aerosols and microdroplets are known to act as carriers for pathogens or vessels for chemical reactions. The natural occurrence of evaporation of these droplets has implications for the viability of pathogens or chemical processes. For example, it is important to understand how pathogens survive extreme physiochemical conditions such as confinement and osmotic stress induced by evaporation of aerosol droplets. Previously, larger evaporating droplets were proposed as model systems as the processes in the tiny aerosol droplets are difficult to image. In this context, we propose the concept of evaporation of capillary-clustered aqueous microdroplets dispersed in a thin oil layer. The configuration produces spatially segregated evaporation rates. It allows comparing the consequences of evaporation and its rate for processes occurring in droplets. As a proof of concept, we study the consequences of evaporation and its rate using Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Bacillus subtilis as model organisms. Our experiments indicate that the rate of evaporation of microdroplets is an important parameter in deciding the viability of contained microorganisms. With slow evaporation, E. coli could mitigate the osmotic stress by K+ ion uptake. Our method may also be applicable to other evaporating droplet systems, for example, microdroplet chemistry to understand the implications of evaporation rates.

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    Supporting Information

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    The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c03273.

    • Droplet tracking in the cluster, Hamaker constant calculation, ptkrA-GFP expression under 10 mM KCl and 600 mM NaCl over time, ptkrA-GFP expression under 15 mM KCl and 500 mM NaCl over time, salt crystal formation inside the microdroplets, effect of higher concentration of PI on the cells, PI staining of encapsulated B. subtilis with time, coalescence of droplets on a flat substrate, oligos used for cloning, and concentration range of NaCl and PI (PDF)

    • Evaporation of a 0.5 μL emulsion drop containing water microdroplets of initial radius about 50 μm. The video is played 25 times faster than the actual recording speed (AVI)

    • Evaporation of a 0.5 μL emulsion drop containing water microdroplets. The microdroplets contained fluorescing tris(2,2’-bipyridine) ruthenium (II) hexafluorophosphate. The video is played 10 times faster than the actual recording speed (AVI)

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    This article is cited by 12 publications.

    1. Alexander A. Fedorets, Leonid A. Dombrovsky, Edward Bormashenko, Mark Frenkel, Michael Nosonovsky. Inverse Phase Transition in Droplet Clusters Levitating over the Locally Heated Water Layer. Langmuir 2024, 40 (33) , 17331-17336. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01419
    2. Alexander A. Fedorets, Eduard E. Kolmakov, Leonid A. Dombrovsky, Michael Nosonovsky. Inversion of Stabilized Large Droplet Clusters. Langmuir 2024, 40 (19) , 9993-9998. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00138
    3. Weipeng Zhang, Jun Yang, George K. Knopf. Numerical Simulation of Solvent Evaporation in a Reactive Silver Ink Droplet Deposited on a Heated Substrate. ACS Omega 2023, 8 (42) , 38991-39003. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c03539
    4. Alexander A. Fedorets, Leonid A. Dombrovsky, Ekaterina V. Skorb, Michael Nosonovsky. Induced merger of droplets containing various solutions in a levitating microdroplet cluster. Journal of Molecular Liquids 2025, 428 , 127520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2025.127520
    5. Emily Antoinette Kraus, Bharath Prithiviraj, Mark Hernandez, . Advancing transcriptomic profiling of airborne bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2025, 91 (5) https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.00148-25
    6. Trisha Greenhalgh, C. Raina MacIntyre, Michael G. Baker, Shovon Bhattacharjee, Abrar A. Chughtai, David Fisman, Mohana Kunasekaran, Amanda Kvalsvig, Deborah Lupton, Matt Oliver, Essa Tawfiq, Mark Ungrin, Joe Vipond, , Linsey Marr. Masks and respirators for prevention of respiratory infections: a state of the science review. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2024, 37 (2) https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00124-23
    7. Mukesh Kumar, Maheshwar Gopu, Senthan Pugalneelam Parameswaran, Prerak Joshi, Dileep Mampallil. Evaporative phase separation in polymer microdroplets with confinement and internal flow. JCIS Open 2024, 13 , 100101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jciso.2023.100101
    8. Weipeng Zhang, Jun Yang, George K. Knopf. Morphology of Silver Particles and Films Arising from Particle‐Free Silver Ink Droplet Evaporation. Advanced Materials Interfaces 2024, 11 (1) https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.202300448
    9. Wonhyung Lee, Youngjae Nam, Joonwon Kim. High-throughput fabrication of monodisperse spherical supraparticles through a reliable thin oil film and rapid water diffusion. Analytical Methods 2023, 15 (34) , 4252-4259. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3AY00994G
    10. N. A. Ivanova, D. S. Klyuev. Self-sustaining levitation of droplets above a liquid pool. Applied Physics Letters 2023, 123 (3) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0152920
    11. Anusuya Pal, Amalesh Gope, Anupam Sengupta. Drying of bio-colloidal sessile droplets: Advances, applications, and perspectives. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 2023, 314 , 102870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2023.102870
    12. Maheshwar Gopu, Dileep Mampallil. Distributed evaporation of water-in-oil emulsion drops on solid surfaces. Physics of Fluids 2022, 34 (10) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0107471
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    Langmuir

    Cite this: Langmuir 2022, 38, 15, 4567–4577
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c03273
    Published April 8, 2022
    Copyright © 2022 American Chemical Society
    Request reuse permissions

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