ACS Publications. Most Trusted. Most Cited. Most Read
Enhanced Oxygen Evolution Reaction Performance of NiMoO4/Carbon Paper Electrocatalysts in Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis by Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Jet Treatment
More

OR SEARCH CITATIONS

My Activity
Publications

Figure 1Loading Img
Download Hi-Res ImageDownload to MS-PowerPointCite This:Langmuir 2024, 40, 46, 24675-24686
  • Open Access
Article

Enhanced Oxygen Evolution Reaction Performance of NiMoO4/Carbon Paper Electrocatalysts in Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis by Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Jet Treatment
Click to copy article linkArticle link copied!

  • Chen-Chen Chueh
    Chen-Chen Chueh
    Graduate School of Advanced Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106319, Taiwan
    More by Chen-Chen Chueh
  • Shuo-En Yu
    Shuo-En Yu
    Graduate School of Advanced Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106319, Taiwan
    More by Shuo-En Yu
  • Hsing-Chen Wu
    Hsing-Chen Wu
    Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106319, Taiwan
    More by Hsing-Chen Wu
  • Cheng-Che Hsu
    Cheng-Che Hsu
    Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106319, Taiwan
    More by Cheng-Che Hsu
    Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8366-3592
  • I-Chih Ni
    I-Chih Ni
    Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106319, Taiwan
    More by I-Chih Ni
  • Chih-I Wu
    Chih-I Wu
    Graduate School of Advanced Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106319, Taiwan
    Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106319, Taiwan
    More by Chih-I Wu
    Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3613-7511
  • I-Chun Cheng
    I-Chun Cheng
    Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106319, Taiwan
    More by I-Chun Cheng
    Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2209-3298
  • Jian-Zhang Chen*
    Jian-Zhang Chen
    Graduate School of Advanced Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106319, Taiwan
    Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106319, Taiwan
    Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106319, Taiwan
    *Email: [email protected]
    More by Jian-Zhang Chen
    Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1071-2234
Open PDFSupporting Information (1)

Langmuir

Cite this: Langmuir 2024, 40, 46, 24675–24686
Click to copy citationCitation copied!
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c03557
Published November 1, 2024

Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society. This publication is licensed under

CC-BY 4.0 .

Abstract

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!
High Resolution Image
Download MS PowerPoint Slide

NiMoO4 was grown on carbon paper (CP) by a hydrothermal method. A rapid and high-temperature atmospheric-pressure plasma jet (APPJ) process was used to generate more oxygen-deficient NiMoO4 on the CP surface to serve as an electrode material for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). After 60 s of APPJ treatment, the overpotential of the electrode at 100 mA/cm2 decreased to 790 mV and that at 10 mA/cm2 decreased to 368 mV. Additionally, the charge transfer resistance decreased from 2.8 to 1.2 Ω, indicating that APPJ treatment effectively reduced the electrode overpotential and impedance. The effect of NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-60 s on the anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE) system was also tested. At a system temperature of 70 °C and current density of 100 mA/cm2, the energy efficiency reached 95.1%, and the specific energy consumption decreased from 4.02 to 3.83 kWh/m3. These results demonstrate that the APPJ-treated NiMoO4/CP electrode can effectively enhance the OER performance in water electrolysis and improve the energy efficiency of the AEMWE system. This approach shows promise in replacing precious metal electrodes, thereby potentially reducing the cost and providing an environmentally friendly alternative.

This publication is licensed under

CC-BY 4.0 .
  • cc licence
  • by licence
Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society

Subjects

what are subjects

1. Introduction

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!
As global warming becomes an increasingly serious problem, studies are actively investigating ways to reduce carbon emissions. Hydrogen energy is considered an emerging energy source that can replace fossil fuels. (1,2) Hydrogen is categorized as gray, blue, or green hydrogen depending on its production method. (3,4) Among these, green hydrogen has the lowest carbon emissions, making it one of the cleanest and most promising hydrogen energy technologies. (5) Green hydrogen is produced by using biomass energy or renewable energy (such as wind, hydro, or solar) to generate electricity for performing water electrolysis. Water electrolysis primarily involves two reactions: the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at the anode and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at the cathode.
However, water electrolysis still has many challenges. Electrodes are typically made of precious metals such as ruthenium, platinum, and iridium as catalysts owing to their low overpotential. (6) However, these precious metals are expensive and scarce, thus limiting the development of large-scale hydrogen production facilities. For hydrogen to become a mainstream energy source, these issues must be addressed. As noted above, water electrolysis involves two main reactions: HER and OER. In the half-reaction of the OER, four electrons need to be transferred to drive the reaction. (7) Transition metal oxides have been found to reduce the reaction energy barrier and increase the electron transfer efficiency. (8,9) In recent years, transition metal oxides such as NiFe2O4, (10) NiCo2O4, (11,12) CoMoO4, (13) and NiMoO4 (14) have often been used as electrode materials for the OER. (15) In particular, the nanowire structure of NiMoO4 provides a larger reactive surface area. In an alkaline environment, Ni ions rapidly convert to NiOOH that promote the OER reaction rate. Additionally, MoO42– can enhance the OER performance by improving the adsorption of OOH* intermediates. (16,17)
In recent years, plasma processes have been applied in various research fields and commercial applications. A key feature of plasma processing is its ability to rapidly enhance the hydrophilicity of materials, (18) use ion bombardment to create pores and defects, (19) or use plasma reactions and high temperatures to perform rapid annealing. (20) Therefore, plasma processing is often considered an important process for improving the performance of energy devices such as supercapacitors and solar cells. (21,22) Plasma processing has been used to perform ammonia doping for increasing the number of active sites on the electrode materials used for water electrolysis, thereby enhancing the HER performance. (23) Alternatively, low-pressure plasma processing can be used to increase the number of oxygen vacancies in electrode materials, thereby improving the OER performance. (24,25) The atmospheric-pressure plasma jet (APPJ) process differs from the traditional furnace process, which is time-consuming. The advantage of the APPJ post-treatment is its rapid thermal processing ability with the effect of reactive plasma species. Furthermore, no vacuum system is required with APPJ. Additionally, the APPJ process can be applied to large-scale manufacturing. The energy consumption of ultrafast APPJ treatment is estimated to be one-fifth that of a conventional furnace. (26) Most recently, APPJ has been used for improving the performance of the electrodeposited NiFe electrocatalyst in anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE). (27)
The three main types of water electrolysis approaches are alkaline water electrolysis (AWE), proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE), (28) and AEMWE. (29) Among these, AWE is a mature technology that shows high stability and does not require precious metals as electrode materials. However, because no exchange membrane separates the cathode and anode reactions, the purity of the generated gases is not high and the operation current density is relatively low. Further, the bipolar pressure requires special control. (30) In PEMWE, a proton exchange membrane separates the cathode and anode reactions. The electrolyte is typically an acidic solution, and precious metals are used as electrode materials in the cathode. This results in a high energy efficiency and higher-purity hydrogen gas. The disadvantage is the high cost and scarcity of the precious metals needed for use as the electrocatalyst. Furthermore, owing to the use of acidic electrolytes, using other metals might cause severe corrosion. (31) AEMWE combines the advantages of AWE and PEMWE. (32) It uses an alkaline electrolyte, nonprecious materials as electrocatalysts, and an anion exchange membrane to separate the cathode and anode reactions. (33) This results in a higher current density and higher-purity hydrogen. Further, AEMWE is cost-effective and facilitates the development of large-scale hydrogen production systems. (34)
In this study, the transition metal oxide NiMoO4 was grown on carbon paper (CP) by using a hydrothermal method. A rapid APPJ treatment was then performed to modify the surface of the electrode material by creating surface pores and defects, thereby increasing the active surface area of the electrode to enhance the optical efficiency of the electrode to enhance the OER performance. The performance of the NiMoO4 electrocatalyst in an AEMWE system was evaluated.

2. Experimental Section

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

2.1. Chemicals and Materials

Sodium molybdate (Na2MoO4, 99%), nickel(II) nitrate (Ni (NO3)2·6H2O, 98%), potassium hydroxide (KOH, 85%), and deionized water were obtained from Thermo Scientific. All chemicals were used as obtained without any pretreatment. CP (thickness: 0.35 mm, CeTech, Taichung City, Taiwan) was cut into 5 × 5 cm2 pieces to serve as the porous transport layer substrate.

2.2. Electrocatalyst/Porous Transport Layer Preparation

2.2.1. Hydrothermal Synthesis of NiMoO4

A NiMoO4/CP composite material was synthesized by using a hydrothermal method. CP (thickness: 0.35 mm) was used as the substrate, and NiMoO4 was grown in situ on it by a hydrothermal method. The hydrothermal solution was prepared by dissolving 25 mmol of Ni (NO3)2·6H2O, 25 mmol of Na2MoO4, and 7 mmol of terephthalic acid (BDC) in 160 mL of deionized water. After stirring the solution for approximately 1 h, the CP was immersed in a Teflon autoclave containing the solution. The autoclave was then placed in an oven and heated to 160 °C for 16 h. After the hydrothermal reaction was completed, the CP sample with NiMoO4 was removed, washed with deionized water, and sonicated in an ultrasonic bath. Finally, the sample was dried in an oven at 60 °C for 30 min to obtain the NiMoO4/CP composite material. (35,36)

2.2.2. APPJ Surface Treatment of NiMoO4/CP

The NiMoO4/CP was treated using a nitrogen APPJ under ambient pressure (1 atm) at a flow rate of 47 slm. The plasma temperature at this flow rate was approximately 500 °C. The distance between the electrode and APPJ quartz tube was 1 mm. As shown in Figure S1, the samples were treated with the APPJ for 30, 60, and 90 s. (23,37) The resulting samples were respectively denoted as NiMoO4/CP-APPJ-30 s, NiMoO4/CP-APPJ-60 s, and NiMoO4/CP-APPJ-90 s; further, an untreated sample was denoted as NiMoO4/CP. Figure 1 shows the process flowchart for the electrode samples.

Figure 1

Figure 1. Hydrothermal method and APPJ process for producing NiMoO4/CP/APPJ.

High Resolution Image
Download MS PowerPoint Slide

2.2.3. Ru/CP/LPP-60 s Cathode Electrocatalyst Prepared by Hydrothermal Method and Low-Pressure Plasma Treatment

As in the growth of NiMoO4, CP was used as the cathode’s porous transport layer substrate. The solvothermal solution was prepared by using 5 mmol of RuCl3·3H2O, 80 mL of ethylene glycol, and 80 mL of deionized water. After stirring for 1 h, the CP was soaked in a Teflon autoclave containing the solution. The autoclave was then placed in the oven at 160 °C for 16 h. Subsequently, the Ru/CP was rinsed with deionized water, ultrasonicated, and heated in an oven at 60 °C for 30 min. Finally, it was processed by a low-pressure plasma for 60 s to improve its hydrophilicity. This sample, denoted as Ru/CP/LPP-60 s, was used as a cathode catalytic electrode in the AEMWE test. (25,38)

2.3. Materials Characterizations

Water contact angle analysis was performed using a goniometer (Sindatek, Model 100SB). The NiMoO4/CP was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM, JEOL JSM-7800F PRIME) and X-ray diffraction (XRD, Bruker D8 Discover). For XRD, we used a 2θ range of 5° – 75°. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Thermo Scientific K-Alpha) was used to analyze the bonding states of the elements in the sample.

2.4. Electrochemical Measurements

All electrochemical measurements were performed using an electrochemical workstation (PGSTAT204, Metrohm, Utrecht, The Netherlands) at room temperature. The experimental setup consisted of a Ag/AgCl electrode (3 M KCl) as the reference electrode, a Pt electrode as the counter electrode, and a 1 × 3 cm CP-based working electrode prepared in this study. The electrolyte was 1 M KOH (pH = 14). Potential conversion was performed to ensure an accurate data analysis. All potentials were converted to the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) scale. According to the Nernst equation ERHE = Eeap + Eref + 0.059 × pH, where Eref of the Ag/AgCl electrode was 0.197 V. (25,39) We performed linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) measurements at a scan rate of 5 mV/s. The electrochemical double-layer capacitance (Cdl) was determined using cyclic voltammetry (CV) at scan rates of 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 mV/s in a potential window of 0.825 V–1.025 V (vs RHE). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were conducted in a fixed frequency range of 10 kHz to 0.1 Hz.

2.5. AEMWE

A commercial electrolysis module system (Figure 2) was purchased from Dioxide Materials. The outermost material was a nickel plate (11 cm × 11 cm) with flow channels. The electrocatalyst area was 5 cm × 5 cm. The electrocatalyst and porous transport layers (Ru/CP and NiMoO4/CP) were placed on the two flow plates separated by an anion exchange membrane (Fumasep FAA-3–50). The anion exchange membrane was soaked in 1 M KOH for 24 h. We used 1 M KOH as the electrolyte, and a peristaltic pump was used to pump the KOH electrolyte into the nickel flow plate at a flow rate of 10 mL/min. A power supply (SPS-1230, GWInstek, New Taipei City, Taiwan) was used to supply the voltage and current, and a multimeter (15B, FLUKE, Everett, WA, USA) was used to measure the actual voltage of the module. For temperature control, we used a PID temperature controller (DTA4848 V1, Delta Electronics, Inc., Taipei City, Taiwan) to connect a heating plate (100 W, 110 V, approximately 10 cm × 10 cm) to the nickel plate. A K-type thermocouple was used to measure the temperature of the nickel flow plate. The system is shown in Figure S2. For safety and module protection, the maximum power supply voltage was controlled below 2 V.

Figure 2

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the AEMWE.

High Resolution Image
Download MS PowerPoint Slide

3. Results and Discussion

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!
Water contact angle measurement is a common method to assess the surface hydrophilicity of materials. Hydrophilicity is a crucial property for electrocatalytic materials, as it influences the interaction between the electrolyte and the catalyst surface. Enhanced hydrophilicity promotes intimate contact between the electrolyte and the catalyst, thereby facilitating bubble detachment and increasing the electrolyte-electrocatalyst reaction area and in turn improving the catalytic performance. (40) APPJ has been shown to be a good approach to improve hydrophilicity. (41) Figure 3 shows the water contact angles of CP, NiMoO4/CP, NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-30 s, NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-60 s, and NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-90 s. CP appeared hydrophobic, with a water contact angle of 123.8°; in all other samples, water droplets immediately penetrated the electrocatalyst/porous transport layer. After APPJ treatment, the electrocatalytic electrode remained hydrophilic; Therefore, the electrode and electrolyte still maintain good contact, and the bubble detachment rate remains satisfactory. As a result, the electrodes can efficiently electrolyze water to produce hydrogen or oxygen. (24) The surface morphology of CP, NiMoO4/CP, NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-30 s, NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-60 s, and NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-90 s was observed using SEM Figure 4(a) shows that the CP fibers themselves have pores. Figure 4(b) shows that after in situ hydrothermal growth, NiMoO4 nanorods with a length of approximately 3–5 μm are seen to be deposited on the CP. (42) Figures 4(c)–(e) show the NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-30 s, NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-60 s, and NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-90 s samples treated with APPJ for different durations. Defects produced by ion bombardment can be observed on the surface. These plasma-induced defects can create a larger active surface area, thereby enhancing the catalytic effect. (25,43) Figure S3 shows the SEM-EDS elemental mapping images of NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-60 s at 3000× magnification.

Figure 3

Figure 3. Water contact angle test: (a) CP, (b-1,2) NiMoO4/CP, (c-1,2) NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-30 s, (d-1,2) NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-60 s, and (e-1,2) NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-90 s.

High Resolution Image
Download MS PowerPoint Slide

Figure 4

Figure 4. SEM images with 100×, 1000×, 3000×, and 10 000× magnification: (a) CP, (b) NiMoO4/CP, (c) NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-30 s, (d) NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-60 s, and (e) NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-90 s.

High Resolution Image
Download MS PowerPoint Slide
Figure 5(a) shows the XRD patterns of CP, NiMoO4/CP, NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-30 s, NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-60 s, and NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-90 s. The crystal plane signals of NiMoO4/CP prepared by the hydrothermal method are not yet prominent. After APPJ treatment, stronger NiMoO4 peaks can be observed at 2θ values of 10°, 14°, 21°, 23°, 24°, 27°, 30°, 31°, 34°, and 53.4°. (44,45) This indicates that NiMoO4 was successfully grown on the CP surface by using the hydrothermal method. (17,46,47) The partially enlarged XRD patterns are shown in Figure 5(b). Moreover, under the effects of the high temperature and plasma in the rapid APPJ process, NiMoO4 crystals form more completely on the CP. Among the various samples, the sample treated with APPJ for 60 s shows the strongest signal. XPS measurement is an effective method for analyzing the bonding types and chemical configurations of materials in samples. Figures 6(a)–(e) show the XPS survey spectra of CP, NiMoO4/CP, NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-30 s, NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-60 s, and NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-90 s. Figures 6(c)–(d) indicate that the signals of Ni, Mo, and O are still present after APPJ treatment. Figures 7(a)–(b) show high-resolution XPS (HRXPS) of Ni 2p. The binding energies of 853.3 and 871.2 eV respectively correspond to Ni (II) 2p3/2 and Ni (II) 2p1/2, and those of 855.7 and 874.1 eV respectively correspond to Ni (III) 2p3/2 and Ni (III) 2p1/2. Additionally, the peaks at 859.6 and 878.2 eV are satellite peaks of Ni 2p3/2 and Ni 2p1/2 respectively. (48−50) Table S2 shows the area proportions of various configurations of Ni 2p. The results indicate that the proportion of the Ni2+ area increases with a longer APPJ treatment time. For NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-60s, the Ni2+ area accounts for 30.04%. Figure 8 shows the HRXPS of Mo 3d. The binding energies of 229.4 and 232.5 eV respectively correspond to Mo (IV) 3d5/2 and Mo (IV) 3d3/2, and those of 230.5, 234.1, 233.1, and 235.7 eV respectively correspond to Mo (V) 3d5/2, Mo (V) 3d3/2, Mo (VI) 3d5/2, and Mo (VI) 3d3/2. (11,51) Table S3 shows the area proportions of different valence states of Mo 3d in HRXPS. Mo6+ shows a maximum area proportion of 13.65% when the APPJ treatment time is 60 s. The HRXPS results of Ni 2p and Mo 3d together indicate that Ni and Mo form different types of oxides attached to the CP surface through in situ hydrothermal growth. After APPJ treatment, under the rapid processing and ion bombardment, the oxidation states of Ni2+ and Mo6+ increased, resulting in the synthesis of more NiMoO4 on the CP. (52,53) In addition, the samples treated with APPJ for 60 s showed the largest binding energy shifts in Ni 2p and Mo 3d, at negative 0.9 eV and positive 0.5 eV, respectively. This indicates that the 60 s of APPJ treatment resulted in the most significant changes in the metal valence states.

Figure 5

Figure 5. XRD patterns: (a) carbon paper, NiMoO4/CP, NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-30 s, NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-60 s, and NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-90 s. (b) NiMoO4/CP, NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-30 s, NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-60 s, and NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-90 s zoom-in XRD patterns.

High Resolution Image
Download MS PowerPoint Slide

Figure 6

Figure 6. Survey XPS spectra: (a) CP, (b) NiMoO4/CP, (c) NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-30 s, (d) NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-60 s, and (e) NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-90 s.

High Resolution Image
Download MS PowerPoint Slide

Figure 7

Figure 7. HRXPS spectra of Ni 2p: (a) NiMoO4/CP, (b) NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-30 s, (c) NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-60 s, and (d) NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-90 s.

High Resolution Image
Download MS PowerPoint Slide

Figure 8

Figure 8. HRXPS spectra of Mo 3d: (a) NiMoO4/CP, (b) NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-30 s, (c) NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-60 s, and (d) NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-90 s.

High Resolution Image
Download MS PowerPoint Slide
Figure 9 shows the HRXPS image of the O 1s. The binding energy of 530.4 eV corresponds to the M-O-M peak, indicating the lattice oxygen signal (labeled as O 1). Additionally, the peak at 531.3 eV corresponds to oxygen vacancies (labeled as O 2), and that at 533.5 eV corresponds to surface-adsorbed water (labeled as O 3). (50,54) Figure 9(b) shows that NiMoO4/CP treated with APPJ for 60 s has a higher proportion of oxygen vacancies. Table S3 shows the area proportions of the 1s HRXPS results. The proportion of oxygen vacancies increases by approximately 20% after APPJ treatment. The oxygen vacancies may be generated owing to ion bombardment from the plasma, and the creation of these oxygen vacancies helps to enhance the OER reaction, thus increasing the efficiency of water electrolysis. (13,37,55,56) Figure S4 and Table S5 show the HRXPS of C 1s and the area proportions of various bonds in HRXPS, respectively. The C═C peak is at 284.5 eV; metal carbide peak is at 282.5 eV; and C–C, C–O, and carbonyl group peaks are at 285.5, 286.3, and 288.1 eV, respectively. (49,57) The peaks of metal carbides can be observed in NiMoO4/CP grown in situ by the hydrothermal method. We speculate that BDC is formed by a combination of the oxidation states of Ni and Mo. After the high-temperature and rapid APPJ treatment, it is converted into amorphous carbon. Amorphous carbon can form a protective layer to enhance the stability of the electrode. (39) Overall, the XRD and XPS results indicate that different types of Ni and Mo oxides are grown in situ by the hydrothermal method. After the high-temperature and rapid APPJ processing and ion bombardment, more NiMoO4 is generated on the CP to improve the OER effect, and converting the organic ligand into a carbon protective layer increases the mechanical strength of the electrode and creates more oxygen defects to improve the efficiency of water electrolysis.

Figure 9

Figure 9. HRXPS spectra of O 1s: (a) NiMoO4/CP and (b) NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-60 s.

High Resolution Image
Download MS PowerPoint Slide
Electrochemical measurements and analysis were performed using LSV at a scan rate of 5 mV/s. The electrolyte used was 1 M KOH, and measurements were conducted by using a three-electrode method. The electrode performing OER needs to transfer four electrons and overcome the energy barrier. (58,59) Figure 10(a) and Table 1 show the LSV polarization curves and the overpotential at 100 mA/cm2, respectively. The results indicate that APPJ-treated NiMoO4/CP samples all exhibit lower overpotentials, with the 60 s APPJ treatment resulting in the lowest value of 790 mV. Additionally, a distinct oxidation peak appears at 1.4 V (vs RHE) owing to the conversion of surface Ni2+ to Ni3+ resulting in the formation of nickel (oxy)hydroxide (NOOH). (35,60) Figure 10(b) shows the Tafel slope values under APPJ processing at different speeds per second. The lower the Tafel slope, the lower is the voltage required to generate current. (61) NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-60s shows the lowest Tafel slope value of 109.1 mV/dec The LSV and Tafel slope results are consistent with the material analysis ones. The transition metal oxide NiMoO4 improves the OER effect. (62) The generation of more NiMoO4 and oxygen defects under the APPJ treatment also contributes to the OER effect.

Figure 10

Figure 10. Electrochemical characterization measurement results: (a) LSV polarization curves and (b) Tafel slope plots. (c) EDLC of different electrodes. (d) Nyquist plots at an overpotential of 350 mV versus RHE.

High Resolution Image
Download MS PowerPoint Slide
Table 1. Electrochemical Measurement Parameters for Each Electrocatalyst
ElectrocatalystOverpotential (mV) @100 mA/cm2Tafel slope (mV/dec)Rct(Ω)2Cdl(mF/cm2)
CP-378.229.7-
NiMoO4/CP879195.32.82.54
NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-30 s810138.41.92.24
NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-60 s790109.11.22.67
NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-90 s836148.82.42.27
The electrochemical surface area can be used to evaluate the surface characteristics of the electrode. The electric double layer capacitance (EDLC) is proportional to the electrochemical active surface area. (63) Figure 10(c) shows that NiMoO4/CP, NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-30s, NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-60s, and NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-90s were measured in the non-Faradaic zone at different scanning rates. (64) The calculated EDLC in Table 1, indicates that, compared to the NiMoO4 grown by the hydrothermal method, the NiMoO4 treated with APPJ for 60 s has the largest EDLC. Therefore, the APPJ-treated sample has a larger electrochemically active surface area. Additionally, for the EIS measurement, we measured the Nyquist plot data under an overpotential of 350 mV and used an appropriate equivalent circuit to fit the charge transfer impedance. In Figure 10(d), two semicircles can be observed. The first semicircle is related to the porous structure of the electrode itself, representing the Rf value produced when the electrolyte fills the pores. The second semicircle represents the charge transfer impedance between the electrode and the electrolyte. (65−67) Among these, the NiMoO4/CP treated with APPJ for 60 s has the lowest charge transfer impedance of 1.9 Ω, which is significantly lower than the charge transfer impedance of 2.8 Ω for the in situ grown NiMoO4/CP. The results of the EDLC and EIS measurements show that after APPJ treatment, NiMoO4/CP has a larger electrochemically active surface area owing to plasma ion bombardment, while simultaneously reducing the charge transfer impedance between the electrolyte and the electrode. (25,37) Stability is one of the important indicators for the OER. It is crucial for the electrode to maintain the same catalytic effect over a long period. Figure S5 shows the chronopotential test of NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-60 s for 24 h at 10 mA/cm2. The results demonstrate its stability and show that under constant current, the electrode maintains a stable overpotential of approximately 330 mV. Figure S6 shows a comparison of the LSV polarization curves of NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-60 s before and after the 24 h stability measurement. At a current density of 100 mA/cm2, the overpotential increases by approximately 2%. Additionally, some articles mention that the nanosheet structure of NiMoO4, grown in situ via hydrothermal methods exhibits increasingly better catalytic properties after undergoing cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry tests. (68) Other studies suggest that when NiMoO4 is used as a catalytic electrode, FT-IR and XPS analyses reveal that, during the OER process, molybdenum facilitates the formation of more nickel into NiOOH, which then disappears from the surface. This structural change supports prolonged reactions during the overall OER process. (69) Long-term stability and durability of NiMoO4 are critical issues for practical electrocatalyst application. This will require further in-depth investigation for APPJ-processed NiMoO4 in the future. The OER electrocatalyst performance in alkaline solution is compared with those in literatures, as shown in Table S1.
The electrode made from NiMoO4/CP by rapid APPJ processing contributes to improved OER performance; therefore, it was applied in an AEMWE system for a more practical application. In the AEMWE system, we used NiMoO4/CP and NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-60 s as the anodes for the OER and Ru/CP/LPP-60 s as the cathode for the HER. Measurements were taken at power supply voltages below 2 V, and voltage–current curves were recorded at room temperature, 40 °C, 50 °C, 60 °C, and 70 °C. The hydrogen production rate at fixed current densities was measured using the water displacement method, and the efficiency was calculated. Figure 11 shows the cell voltage–current curves at different temperatures, and Figure S7 shows the applied voltage–current curves at different temperatures. As the temperature increases, the current at the same voltage increases. Additionally, Figure 12 and Figure S8 show that after 60 s of APPJ treatment, NiMoO4/CP exhibits increased current at the same voltage. Table 2 shows the hydrogen production rates and calculated efficiency of the electrodes at different current densities and temperatures. The energy efficiency (38) is used to evaluate how much of the input electrical power can be converted into hydrogen energy, expressed as thermal energy. I is the current applied to the electrodes, Vps is the voltage input from the power supply, and PH2 is the volume of hydrogen gas produced per minute in milliliters, and each milliliter of hydrogen gas can produce 11.7 J of energy.

Figure 11

Figure 11. Cell voltage and current density curves in the AEMWE at different temperature: (a) NiMoO4/CP(+)|Ru/CP/LPP-60 s(−) and (b) NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-60 s (+)|Ru/CP/LPP-60 s(−).

High Resolution Image
Download MS PowerPoint Slide

Figure 12

Figure 12. Comparison of different anode electrocatalysts in AEMWE: (a) room temperature and (b) 70 °C.

High Resolution Image
Download MS PowerPoint Slide
Table 2. Efficiency of AEMWE at Different Current Densities and Temperatures
ElectrocatalystsTemperatureVapplyVcellCurrent densityH2 production rate (experimental)Specific energy consumptionSpecific energy consumptionEnergy efficiency η
Unit°CVVmA/cm2mL/minKWh/m3KWh/kg%
NiMoO4/CP(+)| Ru/CP/LPP-60 s(−)RT1.931.88100204.024580.8
701.681.63100203.539.292.8
1.821.72200374.0945.979.3
1.931.79300574.2347.476.8
NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-60s(+)| Ru/CP/LPP-60 s(−)RT1.841.8100203.8342.9384.8
701.641.6100203.4138.2695.1
1.781.720037444.981.1
1.871.77300574.145.9279.3
1.981.79400754.4449.2873.9
Accordingly, we calculated the energy efficiency as follows: (70)
η=EH2Q=PH211.7J1Vps
Table 2 shows the energy conversion efficiency at different temperatures and current densities. At a system temperature of 70 °C and a current density of 100 mA/cm2, the energy efficiency reaches 95.1%. The power loss does not include the thermal energy, as we hope to replace it with industrial waste heat or biomass-generated heat to improve the efficiency of hydrogen production through water electrolysis. Table 2 also shows the specific energy consumption per cubic meter or per kilogram of hydrogen; it decreases from 4.02 to 3.83 kWh/m3. These results demonstrate that NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-60s exhibits better OER performance in AEMWE, simultaneously improving the efficiency of hydrogen production through water electrolysis and achieving the effect of low-energy hydrogen production.

Conclusion

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!
NiMoO4 was grown on CP by a hydrothermal method. APPJ was then used for rapid surface processing to generate more oxygen-deficient NiMoO4 on the CP through plasma and ion bombardment. This enhanced the OER performance at the electrode. At 100 mA/cm2, both the overpotential and the Tafel slope decreased. Furthermore, the charge transfer resistance decreased while the EDLC increased, indicating lower electrode surface impedance and a larger ECSA. In AEMWE testing, the sample treated with APPJ for 60 s exhibited a higher current density at the same voltage. At a system temperature of 70 °C and a current density of 100 mA/cm2, the energy efficiency reached 95.1%. The specific energy consumption per kilogram of hydrogen produced decreased from 4.02 to 3.83 kWh/m3 after 60 s of APPJ treatment on NiMoO4/CP. These results demonstrate that APPJ-processed NiMoO4/CP offers excellent OER performance, thereby improving the water electrolysis efficiency in AEMWE systems. Consequently, it shows great potential to replace precious metal electrodes in large-scale water electrolysis systems.

Supporting Information

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c03557.

  • Comparison of different OER electrocatalyst, APPJ temperature, SEM-EDS mapping images, ratio of different oxidation state, HRXPS spectra, LSV curve after stability test, electrochemical characteristics of the cathode material (Ru on CP) used in AEMWE, and comparative data of NiMoO4/CP and NiMoO4/CP-APPJ-60 s used in AEMWE at different operation temperatures (PDF)

Terms & Conditions

Most electronic Supporting Information files are available without a subscription to ACS Web Editions. Such files may be downloaded by article for research use (if there is a public use license linked to the relevant article, that license may permit other uses). Permission may be obtained from ACS for other uses through requests via the RightsLink permission system: http://pubs.acs.org/page/copyright/permissions.html.

Author Information

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!
  • Corresponding Author
    • Jian-Zhang Chen - Graduate School of Advanced Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106319, Taiwan;  Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106319, Taiwan;  Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106319, Taiwan;  Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1071-2234;  Email: [email protected]
  • Authors
    • Chen-Chen Chueh - Graduate School of Advanced Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106319, Taiwan
    • Shuo-En Yu - Graduate School of Advanced Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106319, Taiwan
    • Hsing-Chen Wu - Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106319, Taiwan
    • Cheng-Che Hsu - Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106319, Taiwan;  Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8366-3592
    • I-Chih Ni - Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106319, Taiwan
    • Chih-I Wu - Graduate School of Advanced Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106319, Taiwan;  Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106319, Taiwan;  Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3613-7511
    • I-Chun Cheng - Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106319, Taiwan;  Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2209-3298
  • Notes
    The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Acknowledgments

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

This work was financially supported by the “Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology” from The Featured Area Research Center Program within the framework of the Higher Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education (MOE) in Taiwan (113L9006). The authors gratefully acknowledge the funding support from the National Science and Technology Council in Taiwan (NSTC 111-2221-E-002-088-MY3, NSTC 113-2218-E-002-026, and NSTC 113-2640-E-002-004).

References

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

This article references 70 other publications.

  1. 1
    Wang, Q.; Hisatomi, T.; Jia, Q.; Tokudome, H.; Zhong, M.; Wang, C.; Pan, Z.; Takata, T.; Nakabayashi, M.; Shibata, N.; Li, Y.; Sharp, I.; Kudo, A.; Yamada, T.; Domen, K. Scalable Water Splitting on Particulate Photocatalyst Sheets With a Solar-to-hydrogen Energy Conversion Efficiency Exceeding 1. Nat. Mater. 2016, 15 (6), 611– 615,  DOI: 10.1038/nmat4589
    Google Scholar
    1
    Scalable water splitting on particulate photocatalyst sheets with a solar-to-hydrogen energy conversion efficiency exceeding 1%
    Wang, Qian; Hisatomi, Takashi; Jia, Qingxin; Tokudome, Hiromasa; Zhong, Miao; Wang, Chizhong; Pan, Zhenhua; Takata, Tsuyoshi; Nakabayashi, Mamiko; Shibata, Naoya; Li, Yanbo; Sharp, Ian D.; Kudo, Akihiko; Yamada, Taro; Domen, Kazunari
    Nature Materials (2016), 15 (6), 611-615CODEN: NMAACR; ISSN:1476-1122. (Nature Publishing Group)
    Photocatalytic H2O splitting using particulate semiconductors is a potentially scalable and economically feasible technol. for converting solar energy into H. Z-scheme systems based on 2-step photoexcitation of a H evolution photocatalyst (HEP) and an O evolution photocatalyst (OEP) are suited to harvesting of sunlight because semiconductors with either H2O redn. or oxidn. activity can be applied to the H2O splitting reaction. However, it is challenging to achieve efficient transfer of electrons between HEP and OEP particles. Here, the authors present photocatalyst sheets based on La- and Rh-codoped SrTiO3 (SrTiO3:La, Rh; ref. ) and Mo-doped BiVO4 (BiVO4:Mo) powders embedded into a Au layer. Enhancement of the electron relay by annealing and suppression of undesirable reactions through surface modification allow pure H2O (pH 6.8) splitting with a solar-to-H energy conversion efficiency of 1.1% and an apparent quantum yield of over 30% at 419 nm. The photocatalyst sheet design enables efficient and scalable H2O splitting using particulate semiconductors.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XktVamsb4%253D&md5=f8f0b57c75ad424efc58155932f3e0cf
  2. 2
    Zainal, B. S.; Ker, P. J.; Mohamed, H.; Ong, H. C.; Fattah, I. M. R.; Rahman, S. M. A.; Nghiem, L. D.; Mahlia, T. M. I. Recent Advancement and Assessment of Green Hydrogen Production Technologies. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2024, 189, 113941  DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2023.113941
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  3. 3
    Yu, M.; Wang, K.; Vredenburg, H. Insights Into Low-Carbon Hydrogen Production Methods: Green, Blue and Aqua Hydrogen. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2021, 46 (41), 21261– 21273,  DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.04.016
    Google Scholar
    3
    Insights into low-carbon hydrogen production methods: Green, blue and aqua hydrogen
    Yu, Minli; Wang, Ke; Vredenburg, Harrie
    International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2021), 46 (41), 21261-21273CODEN: IJHEDX; ISSN:0360-3199. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    The primary aim of this study is to provide insights into different low-carbon hydrogen prodn. methods. Low-carbon hydrogen includes green hydrogen (hydrogen from renewable electricity), blue hydrogen (hydrogen from fossil fuels with CO2 emissions reduced by the use of Carbon Capture Use and Storage) and aqua hydrogen (hydrogen from fossil fuels via the new technol.). Green hydrogen is an expensive strategy compared to fossil-based hydrogen. Blue hydrogen has some attractive features, but the CCUS technol. is high cost and blue hydrogen is not inherently carbon free. Therefore, engineering scientists have been focusing on developing other low-cost and low-carbon hydrogen technol. A new economical technol. to ext. hydrogen from oil sands (natural bitumen) and oil fields with very low cost and without carbon emissions has been developed and commercialized in Western Canada. Aqua hydrogen is a term we have coined for prodn. of hydrogen from this new hydrogen prodn. technol. Aqua is a color halfway between green and blue and thus represents a form of hydrogen prodn. that does not emit CO2, like green hydrogen, yet is produced from fossil fuel energy, like blue hydrogen. Unlike CCUS, blue hydrogen, which is clearly compensatory with respect to carbon emissions as it captures, uses and stores produced CO2, the new prodn. method is transformative in that it does not emit CO2 in the first place. In order to promote the development of the low-carbon hydrogen economy, the current challenges, future directions and policy recommendations of low-carbon hydrogen prodn. methods including green hydrogen, blue hydrogen, and aqua hydrogen are investigated in the paper.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXpsFOjsbo%253D&md5=b7c4650350632dab667011fffab6065f
  4. 4
    Miller, H. A.; Bouzek, K.; Hnat, J.; Loos, S.; Bernäcker, C. I.; Weißgärber, T.; Röntzsch, L.; Meier-Haack, J. Green Hydrogen From Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis: A Review of Recent Developments in Critical Materials and Operating Conditions. Sustain. Energy Fuels 2020, 4 (5), 2114– 2133,  DOI: 10.1039/C9SE01240K
    Google Scholar
    4
    Green hydrogen from anion exchange membrane water electrolysis: a review of recent developments in critical materials and operating conditions
    Miller, Hamish Andrew; Bouzek, Karel; Hnat, Jaromir; Loos, Stefan; Bernacker, Christian Immanuel; Weissgarber, Thomas; Rontzsch, Lars; Meier-Haack, Jochen
    Sustainable Energy & Fuels (2020), 4 (5), 2114-2133CODEN: SEFUA7; ISSN:2398-4902. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
    A review. Hydrogen prodn. using water electrolyzers equipped with an anion exchange membrane (AEM), a pure water feed and cheap components such as platinum group metal-free catalysts and stainless steel bipolar plates (BPP) can challenge proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis systems as the state of the art. For this to happen the performance of the AEM electrolyzer must match the compact design, stability, H2 purity and high current densities of PEM systems. Current research aims at bringing AEM water electrolysis technol. to an advanced level in terms of electrolysis cell performance. Such technol. advances must be accompanied by demonstration of the cost advantages of AEM systems. The current state of the art in AEM water electrolysis is defined by sporadic reports in the academic literature mostly dealing with catalyst or membrane development. The development of this technol. requires a future roadmap for systematic development and commercialization of AEM systems and components. This will include basic and applied research, technol. development & integration, and testing at a lab. scale of small demonstration units (AEM electrolyzer shortstacks) that can be used to validate the technol. (from TRL 2-3 currently to TRL 4-5). This review paper gathers together recent important research in crit. materials development (catalysts, membranes and MEAs) and operating conditions (electrolyte compn., cell temp., performance achievements). The aim of this review is to identify the current level of materials development and where improvements are required in order to demonstrate the feasibility of the technol. Once the challenges of materials development are overcome, AEM water electrolysis can drive the future use of hydrogen as an energy storage vector on a large scale (GW) esp. in developing countries.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXktl2rsrc%253D&md5=981382d4a0dbf5efb5a61fc0d5e5a821
  5. 5
    Panchenko, V. A.; Daus, Y. V.; Kovalev, A. A.; Yudaev, I. V.; Litti, Y. V. Prospects for The Production of Green Hydrogen: Review of Countries With High Potential. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2023, 48 (12), 4551– 4571,  DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.10.084
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  6. 6
    Qin, Y.; Wang, Z.; Yu, W.; Sun, Y.; Wang, D.; Lai, J.; Guo, S.; Wang, L. High Valence M-Incorporated PdCu Nanoparticles (M = Ir, Rh, Ru) for Water Electrolysis in Alkaline Solution. Nano Lett. 2021, 21 (13), 5774– 5781,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01581
    Google Scholar
    6
    High Valence M-Incorporated PdCu Nanoparticles (M = Ir, Rh, Ru) for Water Electrolysis in Alkaline Solution
    Qin, Yingnan; Wang, Zuochao; Yu, Wenhao; Sun, Yingjun; Wang, Dan; Lai, Jianping; Guo, Shaojun; Wang, Lei
    Nano Letters (2021), 21 (13), 5774-5781CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)
    The high-valence metal catalysts show extraordinary talent in various electrochem. reactions. However, there is no facile method to synthesize high-valence noble metal-based materials. Herein, the authors synthesized the different high valence noble metal M-incorporated PdCu nanoparticles (M = Ir, Ru, Rh) by the assistant of Fe3+ and exhibit excellent performance for H2O electrolysis. In 0.1M KOH, the OER and HER mass activities of Ir16-PdCu/C were 50.5 and 16.5 times as much as PdCu/C, and achieved a c.d. of 10 mA cm-2 at 1.63 V when worked for overall H2O splitting. DFT calcn. revealed that the incorporating of high valence Ir could optimize the binding energy of the intermediate products, and promote the evolution of O and H. Ex situ XPS shows that the huge amt. of oxidized Ir (V) formed in OER could promote the formation of O-O bonds.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXhsVWrt7fL&md5=573ba87e98febc1cb6de26aadebdc8c4
  7. 7
    Zhang, K.; Zou, R. Advanced Transition Metal-Based OER Electrocatalysts: Current Status, Opportunities, and Challenges. Small 2021, 17 (37), e2100129  DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100129
    Google Scholar
    7
    Advanced Transition Metal-Based OER Electrocatalysts: Current Status, Opportunities, and Challenges
    Zhang, Kexin; Zou, Ruqiang
    Small (2021), 17 (37), 2100129CODEN: SMALBC; ISSN:1613-6810. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    A review. O evolution reaction (OER) is an important half-reaction involved in many electrochem. applications, such as H2O splitting and rechargeable metal-air batteries. However, the sluggish kinetics of its four-electron transfer process becomes a bottleneck to the performance enhancement. Thus, rational design of electrocatalysts for OER based on thorough understanding of mechanisms and structure-activity relation is of vital significance. This review begins with the introduction of OER mechanisms which include conventional adsorbate evolution mechanism and lattice-O-mediated mechanism. The reaction pathways and related intermediates are discussed in detail, and several descriptors which greatly assist in catalyst screen and optimization are summarized. Some important parameters suggested as measurement criteria for OER are also mentioned and discussed. Then, recent developments and breakthroughs in exptl. achievements on transition metal-based OER electrocatalysts are reviewed to reveal the novel design principles. Finally, some perspectives and future directions are proposed for further catalytic performance enhancement and deeper understanding of catalyst design. It is believed that iterative improvements based on the understanding of mechanisms and fundamental design principles are essential to realize the applications of efficient transition metal-based OER electrocatalysts for electrochem. energy storage and conversion technologies.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXhsVKmtb3L&md5=e4987ef77f6f3390b37abb2d0e77c278
  8. 8
    Yuan, S.; Duan, X.; Liu, J.; Ye, Y.; Lv, F.; Liu, T.; Wang, Q.; Zhang, X. Recent Progress on Transition Metal Oxides as Advanced Materials for Energy Conversion And Storage. Energy Storage Mater. 2021, 42, 317– 369,  DOI: 10.1016/j.ensm.2021.07.007
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  9. 9
    Sharan, H.; Madhavan, J.; Mariappan, G.; Kalai Selvan, R.; Mani, A. Unlocking the Electrocatalytic Behavior of Cu(2)MnS(2) Nanoflake-Anchored rGO for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction in an Alkaline Medium. Langmuir 2024, 40, 22230,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c02824
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  10. 10
    Yoon, K.-Y.; Lee, K.-B.; Jeong, J.; Kwak, M.-J.; Kim, D.; Roh, H. Y.; Lee, J.-H.; Choi, S. M.; Lee, H.; Yang, J. Improved Oxygen Evolution Reaction Kinetics with Titanium Incorporated Nickel Ferrite for Efficient Anion Exchange Membrane Electrolysis. ACS Catal. 2024, 14 (7), 4453– 4462,  DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c05761
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  11. 11
    Cheng, M.; Fan, H.; Song, Y.; Cui, Y.; Wang, R. Interconnected Hierarchical Nico(2)O(4) Microspheres as High-Performance Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors. Dalton Trans. 2017, 46 (28), 9201– 9209,  DOI: 10.1039/C7DT01289F
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  12. 12
    Zheng, J.; Peng, X.; Xu, Z.; Gong, J.; Wang, Z. Cationic Defect Engineering in Spinel NiCo2O4 for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution. ACS Catal. 2022, 12 (16), 10245– 10254,  DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01825
    Google Scholar
    12
    Cationic defect engineering in spinel cobalt nickel oxide for enhanced electrocatalytic oxygen evolution
    Zheng, Jingxuan; Peng, Xiangfeng; Xu, Zhao; Gong, Junbo; Wang, Zhao
    ACS Catalysis (2022), 12 (16), 10245-10254CODEN: ACCACS; ISSN:2155-5435. (American Chemical Society)
    Defect engineering is a promising method to solve the inherent low cond. and limited no. of reactive sites of metal oxides as electrocatalysts. High formation energy makes it challenging to controllably produce metal defects in metal oxides. In this study, abundant Co defects were preferentially produced on spinel NiCo2O4 by tuning the M-O bond length and interfering with ionization of the crystal surface. Theor. calcns. and expts. proved that Al doping elongated the Co-O bond and promoted ionization of Co under plasma treatment. Furthermore, Co ions in the crystal lattice were selectively taken away by adding NaOH to combine with surface-ionized metal ions, which facilitated the formation of cobalt defects. The Co defects induced electron delocalization, which effectively increased the carrier concn. and intrinsic cond. of the catalysts, thereby enhancing the intrinsic OER catalytic activity of NiCo2O4.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38XitVGmtrzF&md5=0a6b3d4ff0e4e81dfd1d4fca790013fe
  13. 13
    Jiang, H.; Cui, Z.; Xu, C.; Li, W. Humid Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jets Exposed Micro-Defects On Comoo(4) Nanosheets with Enhanced OER Performance. Chem. Commun. (Camb) 2019, 55 (64), 9432– 9435,  DOI: 10.1039/C9CC04493K
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  14. 14
    Zhu, J.; Qian, J.; Peng, X.; Xia, B.; Gao, D. Etching-Induced Surface Reconstruction of NiMoO4 for Oxygen Evolution Reaction. Nanomicro Lett. 2023, 15 (1), 30,  DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-01011-3
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  15. 15
    Bhat, M. A.; Majid, K. Metal-Organic Framework-Derived FeCo2S4/Co3O4 Heterostructure with Enhanced Electrocatalytic Performance for Oxygen Evolution and Hydrogen Evolution Reactions. Langmuir 2023, 39 (23), 8224– 8233,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00695
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  16. 16
    Liao, H.; Zhang, X.; Niu, S.; Tan, P.; Chen, K.; Liu, Y.; Wang, G.; Liu, M.; Pan, J. Dynamic Dissolution and Re-Adsorption of Molybdate Ion in Iron Incorporated Nickel-Molybdenum Oxyhydroxide for Promoting Oxygen Evolution Reaction. Appl. Catal., B 2022, 307, 121150  DOI: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2022.121150
    Google Scholar
    16
    Dynamic dissolution and re-adsorption of molybdate ion in iron incorporated nickel-molybdenum oxyhydroxide for promoting oxygen evolution reaction
    Liao, Hanxiao; Zhang, Xiaodong; Niu, Shuwen; Tan, Pengfei; Chen, Kejun; Liu, Yong; Wang, Gongming; Liu, Min; Pan, Jun
    Applied Catalysis, B: Environmental (2022), 307 (), 121150CODEN: ACBEE3; ISSN:0926-3373. (Elsevier B.V.)
    Transition metal-based pre-catalysts undergo drastic reconstruction to form the active catalysts during the alk. oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, the effect of escaped inactive ion from pre-catalysts themselves is usually ignored during reconstruction processes. Here, we investigate the effect of inactive MoO2-4 escaped from a pre-catalyst of Fe incorporated nickel-molybdenum oxyhydroxide (NiMo-Fe) on OER performance. The results of in-situ Raman and XPS reveal that MoO2-4 can be easily dissolved into KOH electrolyte and re-adsorbed on surface of catalyst during OER processes, which delivers a promoting effect on OER performance. The dissoln. of MoO2-4 is beneficial for increasing the reconstruction degree of NiMo-Fe to form the active phase of NiFeOOH. Theor. calcns. demonstrate that the re-adsorbed MoO2-4 is favorable for the adsorption of the OOH* intermediate, thus boosts the OER activity. As expected, the NiMo-Fe shows a superior electrocatalytic performance for OER, outperforming the pre-catalyst without Mo species. This finding enriches the knowledge of inactive-ion effect on alk. OER performance and offers a path for developing efficient electrocatalysts.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38XivVylsrg%253D&md5=00646143c534d09094f2aa34a3a15438
  17. 17
    Yang, S.; Tiwari, S. K.; Zhu, Z.; Cao, D.; He, H.; Chen, Y.; Thummavichai, K.; Wang, N.; Jiang, M.; Zhu, Y. In Situ Fabrication of Mn-Doped NiMoO(4) Rod-like Arrays as High Performance OER Electrocatalyst. Nanomater. 2023, 13 (5), 827,  DOI: 10.3390/nano13050827
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  18. 18
    Kim, M.; Kim, J.; Qin, L.; Mathew, S.; Han, Y.; Li, O. L. Gas-Liquid Interfacial Plasma Engineering Under Dilute Nitric Acid to Improve Hydrophilicity and OER Performance of Nickel Foam. Prog. Nat. Sci.: Mater. Int. 2022, 32 (5), 608– 616,  DOI: 10.1016/j.pnsc.2022.10.002
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  19. 19
    Rauscher, T.; Bernäcker, C. I.; Loos, S.; Vogt, M.; Kieback, B.; Röntzsch, L. Spark-Plasma-Sintered Porous Electrodes for Efficient Oxygen Evolution in Alkaline Water Electrolysis. Electrochim. Acta 2019, 317, 128– 138,  DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.05.102
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  20. 20
    Alers, G. B.; Fleming, R. M.; Wong, Y. H.; Dennis, B.; Pinczuk, A.; Redinbo, G.; Urdahl, R.; Ong, E.; Hasan, Z. Nitrogen Plasma Annealing for Low Temperature Ta2O5 Films. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1998, 72 (11), 1308– 1310,  DOI: 10.1063/1.120569
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  21. 21
    Chou, C.-Y.; Chang, H.; Liu, H.-W.; Yang, Y.-J.; Hsu, C.-C.; Cheng, I. C.; Chen, J.-Z. Atmospheric-Pressure-Plasma-Jet Processed Nanoporous Tio2photoanodes and Pt Counter-Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. RSC Adv. 2015, 5 (57), 45662– 45667,  DOI: 10.1039/C5RA05014F
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  22. 22
    Liu, H.-W.; Liang, S.-p.; Wu, T.-J.; Chang, H.; Kao, P.-K.; Hsu, C.-C.; Chen, J.-Z.; Chou, P.-T.; Cheng, I.-C. Rapid Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet Processed Reduced Graphene Oxide Counter Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6 (17), 15105– 15112,  DOI: 10.1021/am503217f
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  23. 23
    Wang, C.; Tian, Y.; Gu, Y.; Xue, K.-H.; Sun, H.; Miao, X.; Dai, L. Plasma-Induced Moieties Impart Super-Efficient Activity to Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysts. Nano Energy 2021, 85, 106030  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106030
    Google Scholar
    23
    Plasma-induced moieties impart super-efficient activity to hydrogen evolution electrocatalysts
    Wang, Chundong; Tian, Yifan; Gu, Yu; Xue, Kan-Hao; Sun, Huachuan; Miao, Xiangshui; Dai, Liming
    Nano Energy (2021), 85 (), 106030CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Having a high combustion value (1.4 × 108 J/kg) with an intrinsically green nature, hydrogen has been widely regarded as the next generation energy alternative to the conventional fossil fuels that have caused severe environmental issues assocd. with the rapidly increasing CO2 emissions, including global warming, sea level rising and species extinction. Thus, it is important to develop highly efficient and cost-effective catalysts for hydrogen generation. Herein, we fabricated a novel NiMoO4 catalyst on Ni foams, followed by NH3-plasma treatment to introduce NH2 functional groups, which were then transformed into -NH3 moieties during the HER process to afford a superb HER activity in alk. soln., approaching the theor. limit. The resultant NHxNiMoO4 HER catalyst was demonstrated to be super-active with a record high HER performance (η @ 10 mA cm-2 = 18 mV, Tafel slope = 28.3 mV/decade) and promising for sea-water splitting. The theor. studies suggest that NH3 moieties suffered from reorganization towards minimizing the energy barriers for both Volmer and Tafel/Heyrovsky steps. The plasma method may be extended to the design of novel catalysts for many other important chem. or electrochem. reactions.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXot1Gku7g%253D&md5=38c05f15b846428d13c19b4c5afa8f91
  24. 24
    Yu, S.-E.; Wang, Y.-C.; Tseng, C.-Y.; Cheng, I. C.; Chen, J.-Z. Characteristics Of Low-Pressure-Plasma-Processed Niru-Mofs/Nickel Foam for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. Phys. Scr. 2024, 99 (4), 045605  DOI: 10.1088/1402-4896/ad314a
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  25. 25
    Su, Y.-L.; Yu, S.-E.; Ni, I. C.; Wu, C.-I.; Chen, Y.-S.; Chuang, Y.-C.; Cheng, I. C.; Chen, J.-Z. Low-Pressure Plasma-Processed NiCo Metal–Organic Framework for Oxygen Evolution Reaction and Its Application in Alkaline Water Electrolysis Module. J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8 (1), 19,  DOI: 10.3390/jcs8010019
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  26. 26
    Chen, J.-Z.; Wang, C.; Hsu, C.-C.; Cheng, I. C. Ultrafast Synthesis of Carbon-Nanotube Counter Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Using An Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Jet. Carbon 2016, 98, 34– 40,  DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2015.10.078
    Google Scholar
    26
    Ultrafast synthesis of carbon-nanotube counter electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells using an atmospheric-pressure plasma jet
    Chen, Jian-Zhang; Wang, Ching; Hsu, Cheng-Che; Cheng, I.-Chun
    Carbon (2016), 98 (), 34-40CODEN: CRBNAH; ISSN:0008-6223. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    An ultrafast process is developed for synthesis of a carbon-nanotube film using an atm.-pressure plasma jet. The processing time is only 5 s. The synthesized material is then used as the counter electrode (CE) in a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). With these Pt-free CEs, the assembled DSSCs show efficiency comparable to those of cells with CEs made by a conventional furnace calcination process. The energy consumption is estd. to be 500 J/cm2, which is about one-fifth that of the CE by conventional furnace process. It is therefore an ecofriendly, cost- and time-saving process for fabricating energy devices.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhslyntbrF&md5=a27945bc016b381b37d7560f296cdf29
  27. 27
    Yu, S.-E.; Su, Y.-L.; Ni, I.-C.; Chuang, Y.-C.; Hsu, C.-C.; Wu, C.-I.; Chen, Y.-S.; Cheng, I.-C.; Chen, J.-Z. Direct Current Pulse Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet Treatment on Electrochemically Deposited NiFe/Carbon Paper and Its Potential Application in an Anion-Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzer. Langmuir 2024, 40 (29), 14978– 14989,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01169
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  28. 28
    Qiu, C.; Xu, Z.; Chen, F.-Y.; Wang, H. Anode Engineering for Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers. ACS Catal. 2024, 14 (2), 921– 954,  DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c05162
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  29. 29
    Furutani, Y.; Shimizu, Y.; Harada, J.; Muto, Y.; Yonezawa, A.; Iguchi, S.; Shida, N.; Atobe, M. Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Primary Alcohols at the Triple-Phase Boundary in an Anion-Exchange Membrane Reactor with Nickel, Cobalt, and Iron Catalysts. ACS Catal. 2024, 14 (11), 8922– 8929,  DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c01097
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  30. 30
    Chi, J.; Yu, H. Water Electrolysis Based on Renewable Energy for Hydrogen Production. Chin. J. Catal. 2018, 39 (3), 390– 394,  DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(17)62949-8
    Google Scholar
    30
    Water electrolysis based on renewable energy for hydrogen production
    Chi, Jun; Yu, Hongmei
    Chinese Journal of Catalysis (2018), 39 (3), 390-394CODEN: CJCHCI; ISSN:1872-2067. (Elsevier B.V.)
    As an energy storage medium, hydrogen has drawn the attention of research institutions and industry over the past decade, motivated in part by developments in renewable energy, which have led to unused surplus wind and photovoltaic power. Hydrogen prodn. from water electrolysis is a good option to make full use of the surplus renewable energy. Among various technologies for producing hydrogen, water electrolysis using electricity from renewable power sources shows great promise. To investigate the prospects of water electrolysis for hydrogen prodn., this review compares different water electrolysis processes, i.e., alk. water electrolysis, proton exchange membrane water electrolysis, solid oxide water electrolysis, and alk. anion exchange membrane water electrolysis. The ion transfer mechanisms, operating characteristics, energy consumption, and industrial products of different water electrolysis app. are introduced in this review. Prospects for new water electrolysis technologies are discussed.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhtVelsLfE&md5=ca0a342dcaef16e577b27af6690350b7
  31. 31
    Feng, Q.; Yuan, X. Z.; Liu, G.; Wei, B.; Zhang, Z.; Li, H.; Wang, H. A Review of Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis on Degradation Mechanisms and Mitigation Strategies. J. Power Sources 2017, 366, 33– 55,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.09.006
    Google Scholar
    31
    A review of proton exchange membrane water electrolysis on degradation mechanisms and mitigation strategies
    Feng, Qi; Yuan, Xiao-Zi; Liu, Gaoyang; Wei, Bing; Zhang, Zhen; Li, Hui; Wang, Haijiang
    Journal of Power Sources (2017), 366 (), 33-55CODEN: JPSODZ; ISSN:0378-7753. (Elsevier B.V.)
    Proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) is an advanced and effective soln. to the primary energy storage technologies. A better understanding of performance and durability of PEMWE is crit. for the engineers and researchers to further advance this technol. for its market penetration, and for the manufacturers of PEM water electrolyzers to implement quality control procedures for the prodn. line or on-site process monitoring/diagnosis. This paper reviews the published works on performance degrdns. and mitigation strategies for PEMWE. Sources of degrdn. for individual components are introduced. With degrdn. causes discussed and degrdn. mechanisms examd., the review emphasizes on feasible strategies to mitigate the components degrdn. To avoid lengthy real lifetime degrdn. tests and their high costs, the importance of accelerated stress tests and protocols is highlighted for various components. In the end, R&D directions are proposed to move the PEMWE technol. forward to become a key element in future energy scenarios.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhsVOqsrzK&md5=ae5aaaec211a6856f32d26c3c818b61f
  32. 32
    Guo, W.; Kim, J.; Kim, H.; Han, G. H.; Jang, H. W.; Kim, S. Y.; Ahn, S. H. Sandwich-Like Co (OH) X/Ag/Co (OH) 2 Nanosheet Composites for Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzer. J. Alloys Compd. 2021, 889, 161674  DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.161674
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  33. 33
    Jeon, S. S.; Lim, J.; Kang, P. W.; Lee, J. W.; Kang, G.; Lee, H. Design principles Of Nife-Layered Double Hydroxide Anode Catalysts for Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2021, 13 (31), 37179– 37186,  DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09606
    Google Scholar
    33
    Design Principles of NiFe-Layered Double Hydroxide Anode Catalysts for Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers
    Jeon, Sun Seo; Lim, Jinkyu; Kang, Phil Woong; Lee, Jae Won; Kang, Gihun; Lee, Hyunjoo
    ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2021), 13 (31), 37179-37186CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)
    Much effort has been devoted to developing electrocatalysts applicable to anion exchange membrane water electrolyzers (AEMWEs). Among many candidates for oxygen evolution reaction, NiFe-layered double hydroxide (LDH)-based electrocatalysts show the highest activity in an alk. medium. Unfortunately, the poor elec. cond. of NiFe-LDH limits its potential as an electrocatalyst, which was often solved by hybridization with conductive carbonaceous materials. However, we find that using carbonaceous materials for anodes has detrimental effects on the stability of AEMWEs at industrially relevant current densities. In this work, a facile monolayer structuring is suggested to overcome low elec. cond. and improve mass transport without using carbonaceous materials. The monolayer NiFe-LDH deposited on Ni foam showed much better AEMWE performance than conventional bulk NiFe-LDH due to better elec. cond. and higher hydrophilicity. A high energy conversion efficiency of 72.6% and outstanding stability at a c.d. of 1 A cm-2 over 50 h could be achieved without carbonaceous material. This work highlights elec. cond. and hydrophilicity of catalysts in membrane-electrode-assembly as key factors for high-performance AEMWEs.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXhsFWntL7L&md5=ddf7d80456278e903ae2b6b0b0dd4533
  34. 34
    Han, S.; Kim, S.; Kim, T. H.; Lee, J. Y.; Yoon, J. Optimizing the Synergistic Effect of Co and Fe for Efficient and Durable Oxygen Evolution under Alkaline Conditions. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2024, 16 (27), 35200– 35207,  DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c07058
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  35. 35
    Kim, S.; Min, K.; Kim, H.; Yoo, R.; Shim, S. E.; Lim, D.; Baeck, S.-H. Bimetallic-Metal Organic Framework-Derived Ni3S2/Mos2 Hollow Spheres as Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Highly Efficient and Stable Overall Water Splitting. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. 2022, 47 (13), 8165– 8176,  DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.12.208
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  36. 36
    Chen, P.; Hu, X. High-Efficiency Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis Employing Non-Noble Metal Catalysts. Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10 (39), 2002285  DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202002285
    Google Scholar
    36
    High-Efficiency Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis Employing Non-Noble Metal Catalysts
    Chen, Pengzuo; Hu, Xile
    Advanced Energy Materials (2020), 10 (39), 2002285CODEN: ADEMBC; ISSN:1614-6840. (Wiley-Blackwell)
    Alk. anion exchange membrane (AEM) water electrolysis is a promising technol. for producing hydrogen using renewable energies. However, current AEM electrolyzers still employ noble-metal-contg. electrocatalysts, or have significant overpotential loss, or both. Here non-noble-metal electrocatalysts for both the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions (HER and OER) are developed. Both catalysts are made of a same NiMo oxide. Judicious processing of these materials in a mixed NH3/H2 atmosphere results in a NiMo-NH3/H2 catalyst, which has superior activity in HER, delivering 500 mA cm-2 at an overpotential of 107 mV. Doping Fe ions into the NiMo-NH3/H2 catalyst yields an Fe-NiMo-NH3/H2 catalyst, which is highly active for the OER, delivering 500 mA cm-2 at an overpotential of 244 mV. These catalysts are integrated into an AEM electrolyzer, which delivers 1.0 A cm-2 at 1.57 V at 80 &°C in 1 M KOH. The energy conversion efficiency at this c.d. is as high as 75%. This work demonstrates high-efficiency AEM electrolysis using earth-abundant catalytic materials.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhslWns77K&md5=34b8a4b4e6019ac079057d7c5d40f883
  37. 37
    Zhang, B.; Shang, X.; Jiang, Z.; Song, C.; Maiyalagan, T.; Jiang, Z.-J. Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Jet-Induced Ultrafast Construction of an Ultrathin Nonstoichiometric Nickel Oxide Layer with Mixed Ni3+/Ni2+ Ions and Rich Oxygen Defects as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Evolution Reaction. Adv. Energy Mater. 2021, 4 (5), 5059– 5069,  DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.1c00623
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  38. 38
    Wang, Y. C.; Yu, S. E.; Su, Y. L.; Cheng, I. C.; Chuang, Y. C.; Chen, Y. S.; Chen, J. Z. NiFe(2)O(4) Material on Carbon Paper as an Electrocatalyst for Alkaline Water Electrolysis Module. Micromachines (Basel) 2024, 15 (1), 62,  DOI: 10.3390/mi15010062
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  39. 39
    Senthil Raja, D.; Cheng, C. C.; Ting, Y. C.; Lu, S. Y. NiMo-MOF-Derived Carbon-Armored Ni(4)Mo Alloy of an Interwoven Nanosheet Structure as an Outstanding pH-Universal Catalyst for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction at High Current Densities. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2023, 15 (16), 20130– 20140,  DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01061
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  40. 40
    Tseng, C.-H.; Hsin, J.-C.; Tsai, J.-H.; Chen, J.-Z. Dielectric-Barrier-Discharge Jet Treated Flexible Supercapacitors with Carbon Cloth Current Collectors of Long-Lasting Hydrophilicity. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2020, 167 (11), 116511  DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/aba4e5
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  41. 41
    Gotoh, K.; Yasukawa, A. Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Modification of Polyester Fabric for Improvement of Textile-Specific Properties. Text. Res. J. 2011, 81 (4), 368– 378,  DOI: 10.1177/0040517510387207
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  42. 42
    Li, Z.; Sun, M.; Li, Y.; Liu, Z.; Zhang, D.; Liu, Y.; He, X.; Sun, M. J. NiMOF-Derived MoSe2/NiSe Hollow Nanoflower Structures as Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Medium. Langmuir 2024, 40 (41), 21514– 21523,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c02398
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  43. 43
    Tao, L.; Duan, X.; Wang, C.; Duan, X.; Wang, S. Plasma-Engineered Mos2 Thin-Film as An Efficient Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. Chem. Commun. (Camb) 2015, 51 (35), 7470– 7473,  DOI: 10.1039/C5CC01981H
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  44. 44
    Durr, R. N.; Maltoni, P.; Tian, H.; Jousselme, B.; Hammarstrom, L.; Edvinsson, T. From Nimoo(4) to Gamma-Niooh: Detecting The Active Catalyst Phase By Time Resolved In Situ And Operando Raman Spectroscopy. ACS Nano 2021, 15 (8), 13504– 13515,  DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c04126
    Google Scholar
    44
    From NiMoO4 to γ-NiOOH: Detecting the Active Catalyst Phase by Time Resolved in Situ and Operando Raman Spectroscopy
    Durr, Robin N.; Maltoni, Pierfrancesco; Tian, Haining; Jousselme, Bruno; Hammarstroem, Leif; Edvinsson, Tomas
    ACS Nano (2021), 15 (8), 13504-13515CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)
    Water electrolysis powered by renewable energies is a promising technol. to produce sustainable fossil free fuels. The development and evaluation of effective catalysts are here imperative; however, due to the inclusion of elements with different redox properties and reactivity, these materials undergo dynamical changes and phase transformations during the reaction conditions. NiMoO4 is currently investigated among other metal oxides as a promising noble metal free catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction. Here we show that at applied bias, NiMoO4.H2O transforms into γ-NiOOH. Time resolved operando Raman spectroscopy is utilized to follow the potential dependent phase transformation and is collaborated with elemental anal. of the electrolyte, confirming that molybdenum leaches out from the as-synthesized NiMoO4.H2O. Molybdenum leaching increases the surface coverage of exposed nickel sites, and this in combination with the formation of γ-NiOOH enlarges the amt. of active sites of the catalyst, leading to high current densities. Addnl., we discovered different NiMoO4 nanostructures, nanoflowers, and nanorods, for which the relative ratio can be influenced by the heating ramp during the synthesis. With selective molybdenum etching we were able to assign the varying X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern as well as Raman vibrations unambiguously to the two nanostructures, which were revealed to exhibit different stabilities in alk. media by time-resolved in situ and operando Raman spectroscopy. We advocate that a similar approach can beneficially be applied to many other catalysts, unveiling their structural integrity, characterize the dynamic surface reformulation, and resolve any ambiguities in interpretations of the active catalyst phase.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXhslyhsLvK&md5=1ea297d44d38270cb0dba2afdb1c7f2e
  45. 45
    Thiagarajan, K.; Bavani, T.; Arunachalam, P.; Lee, S. J.; Theerthagiri, J.; Madhavan, J.; Pollet, B. G.; Choi, M. Y. Nanofiber NiMoO(4)/g-C(3)N(4) Composite Electrode Materials for Redox Supercapacitor Applications. Nanomater. 2020, 10 (2), 392,  DOI: 10.3390/nano10020392
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  46. 46
    Yang, M.; Yang, H.; Wang, F.; Niu, Y.; Li, P. Synergistic Effects Boosting Hydrogen Evolution Performance of Transition Metal Oxides At Ultralow Ru Loading Levels. RSC Adv. 2023, 13 (19), 13263– 13268,  DOI: 10.1039/D3RA01501G
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  47. 47
    Zhuang, S.; Tong, S.; Wang, H.; Xiong, H.; Gong, Y.; Tang, Y.; Liu, J.; Chen, Y.; Wan, P. The P/Nife Doped Nimoo4Micro-Pillars Arrays for Highly Active And Durable Hydrogen/Oxygen Evolution Reaction Towards Overall Water Splitting. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. 2019, 44 (45), 24546– 24558,  DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.07.138
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  48. 48
    Li, Y.; Gao, Y.; Yang, S.; Wu, C.; Tan, Y. Anion-Modulated Nickel-Based Nanoheterostructures as High Performance Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. J.Mater. Chem. 2020, 8 (24), 12013– 12027,  DOI: 10.1039/D0TA03513K
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  49. 49
    Yu, C.; Liu, Z.; Han, X.; Huang, H.; Zhao, C.; Yang, J.; Qiu, J. Nico-Layered Double Hydroxides Vertically Assembled on Carbon Fiber Papers as Binder-Free High-Active Electrocatalysts for Water Oxidation. Carbon 2016, 110, 1– 7,  DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2016.08.020
    Google Scholar
    49
    NiCo-layered double hydroxides vertically assembled on carbon fiber papers as binder-free high-active electrocatalysts for water oxidation
    Yu, Chang; Liu, Zhibin; Han, Xiaotong; Huang, Huawei; Zhao, Changtai; Yang, Juan; Qiu, Jieshan
    Carbon (2016), 110 (), 1-7CODEN: CRBNAH; ISSN:0008-6223. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Building nanocomposite architectures made of carbon materials and layered double hydroxides (LDHs) materials as high-efficiency and low-cost catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is one of potential strategies for sustainable and clean water splitting. Nevertheless, conventional powder samples, mixed with polymer binders and immobilized on a matrix, suffer from the limited sp. surface area and poor cond. Herein, a carbon fiber paper (CFP)-assisted strategy is presented to mediate vertical in situ growth and assembly of NiCo-LDH nanoplates, and their catalytic activities as binder-free high-active electrocatalysts for water oxidn. were investigated. The CFP is capable of modulating the assembly of NiCo-LDH nanoplates, yielding the vertically oriented nanoarrays on CFP. The as-made hybrids indicate a dramatically increased catalytic activity and long-term stability towards OER in comparison to that of micro-sized LDHs spheres derived from the self-assembly of LDHs nanoplates. A relatively low overpotential of 307 mV is achieved at 10 mA cm-2 and a low Tafel slope of 64 mV dec-1 is delivered in basic medium. The vertically oriented LDHs nanoarrays featuring large sp. surface areas, open structure and rich active sites, together with the highly conductive CFP substrate are synergistically responsible for the enhanced electrochem. performance.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhsV2jtrjE&md5=fbe9fc5e135598145963f80622f108da
  50. 50
    Zhao, X.; Meng, J.; Yan, Z.; Cheng, F.; Chen, J. Nanostructured Nimoo4 As Active Electrocatalyst For Oxygen Evolution. Chin. Chem. Lett. 2019, 30 (2), 319– 323,  DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2018.03.035
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  51. 51
    Zhang, L.; Wu, L.; Li, J.; Lei, J. Electrodeposition of Amorphous Molybdenum Sulfide Thin Film For Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. BMC Chem. 2019, 13 (1), 88,  DOI: 10.1186/s13065-019-0600-0
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  52. 52
    Liu, T.; Chai, H.; Jia, D.; Su, Y.; Wang, T.; Zhou, W. Rapid Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Mesoporous Nimoo4 Nanorod/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composites for High-Performance Supercapacitors. Electrochim. Acta 2015, 180, 998– 1006,  DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.07.175
    Google Scholar
    52
    Rapid microwave-assisted synthesis of mesoporous NiMoO4 nanorod/reduced graphene oxide composites for high-performance supercapacitors
    Liu, Ting; Chai, Hui; Jia, Dianzeng; Su, Ying; Wang, Tao; Zhou, Wanyong
    Electrochimica Acta (2015), 180 (), 998-1006CODEN: ELCAAV; ISSN:0013-4686. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    Mesoporous NiMoO4 nanorods grown on the surface of reduced graphene oxide composites (NiMoO4-rGO) were synthesized via a simple, rapidly, and environment-friendly microwave-solvothermal method. The structure and morphol. of the composites were characterized by x-ray diffraction, Raman spectra, SEM, and TEM. The NiMoO4-rGO composite exhibited high performance as an electrode material for supercapacitors. At a c.d. of 1 A g-1, the specific capacitance reached 1274 F g-1, which is higher than that of pure NiMoO4 (800 F g-1). NiMoO4-rGO can retain ∼81.1% of its initial capacitance after 1000 charge/discharge cycles. Remarkably, NiMoO4-rGO composites can be applied in asym. supercapacitors with ultrahigh energy d. of 30.3 Wh kg-1 at a power d. of 187 W kg-1. The enhanced electrochem. performance of NiMoO4-rGO is mainly ascribed to the mesoporous-NiMoO4 nanorods with large sp. surface area, as well as high coupling with conductive rGO.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhsFajtbnK&md5=89f3ecd150058d6fa88a55ca2c37f73f
  53. 53
    Guo, D.; Luo, Y.; Yu, X.; Li, Q.; Wang, T. High Performance Nimoo4 Nanowires Supported on Carbon Cloth as Advanced Electrodes for Symmetric Supercapacitors. Nano Energy 2014, 8, 174– 182,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2014.06.002
    Google Scholar
    53
    High performance NiMoO4 nanowires supported on carbon cloth as advanced electrodes for symmetric supercapacitors
    Guo, Di; Luo, Yazi; Yu, Xinzhi; Li, Qiuhong; Wang, Taihong
    Nano Energy (2014), 8 (), 174-182CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    NiMoO4 nanowires (NWs) grown radially on carbon cloth with good electrochem. properties have been synthesized by a cost effective hydrothermal procedure. The NiMoO4 NWs supported on carbon cloth was directly used as integrated electrodes for electrochem. capacitors. The NiMoO4 NWs yielded high-capacitance performance with a high specific capacitance of 1.27 F cm-2 (1587 F g-1) at a charge and discharge c.d. of 5 mA cm-2 and 0.76 F cm-2 (951 F g-1) at 30 mA cm-2 with a good cycling ability (76.9% of the initial specific capacitance remains after 4000 cycles). An aq. sym. supercapacitor device with a max. voltage of 1.7 V has been fabricated, delivering both high energy d. (70.7 Wh kg-1) and power d. (16,000 W kg-1 at 14.1 Wh kg-1). These results show that the NiMoO4 nanowires with large surface area, combined with the flexible carbon cloth substrate can offer great promise for large-scale supercapacitor applications.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhtlOmu7zN&md5=f42dc735a78d8b3cc1e995c6a1ad459e
  54. 54
    Jain, S.; Shah, J.; Negi, N. S.; Sharma, C.; Kotnala, R. K. Significance of Interface Barrier at Electrode of Hematite Hydroelectric Cell for Generating Ecopower by Water Splitting. Int. J. Energy Res. 2019, 43 (9), 4743– 4755,  DOI: 10.1002/er.4613
    Google Scholar
    54
    Significance of interface barrier at electrode of hematite hydroelectric cell for generating ecopower by water splitting
    Jain, Shipra; Shah, Jyoti; Negi, Nainjeet Singh; Sharma, Chhemendra; Kotnala, Ravinder Kumar
    International Journal of Energy Research (2019), 43 (9), 4743-4755CODEN: IJERDN; ISSN:0363-907X. (John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
    Summary : Recent increase in energy demand and assocd. environmental degrdn. concern has triggered more research towards alternative green energy sources. Eco-friendly energy in facile way has been generated from abundantly available iron oxides using only few microliters of water without any external energy source. Hydroelec. cell (HEC) compatible to environment benign, low cost oxygen-deficient mesoporous hematite nanoparticles has been used for splitting water mols. spontaneously to generate green electricity. Hematite nanoparticles have been synthesized by copptn. method. Chemidissociated hydroxyl group presence on hematite surface has been confirmed by IR spectroscopy (IR) and XPS. Surface oxygen vacancies in nanostructured hematite have been identified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), XPS, and photoluminescence (PL) measurement. Hematite-based HEC delivers 30 mA current with 0.92 V emf using approx. 500μL water. Maximum off-load output power 27.6 mW delivered by 4.84 cm2 area hematite-based HEC is 3.52 times higher than reported 7.84 mW power generated by Li-magnesium ferrite HEC. Electrochem. of HEC in different irreversible polarization loss regions has been estd. by applying empirical modeling on V-I polarization curve revealing the reaction and charge transport mechanism of cell. Tafel slope 22.7 mV has been calcd. by modeling of activation polarization overvoltage region of 0.11 V. Low activation polarization indicated easy charge/ion diffusion and faster reaction kinetics of Ag/Zn electrode owing to lesser energy barrier at interface. Dissocd. H3O+ ions diffuse through surface via proton hopping, while OH- ions migrate through interconnected defective crystallite boundaries resulting into high output cell current.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhsVamtbzF&md5=8584a7ab46ed7f96d30fe7c0b323dd2e
  55. 55
    Karmakar, A.; Karthick, K.; Sankar, S. S.; Kumaravel, S.; Ragunath, M.; Kundu, S. Oxygen Vacancy Enriched Nimoo 4 Nanorods via Microwave Heating: A Promising Highly Stable Electrocatalyst for Total Water Splitting. J.Mater. Chem. 2021, 9 (19), 11691– 11704,  DOI: 10.1039/D1TA02165F
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  56. 56
    Ghosh, D.; Pradhan, D. Effect of Cooperative Redox Property and Oxygen Vacancies on Bifunctional OER and HER Activities of Solvothermally Synthesized CeO2/CuO Composites. Langmuir 2023, 39 (9), 3358– 3370,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03242
    Google Scholar
    56
    Effect of Cooperative Redox Property and Oxygen Vacancies on Bifunctional OER and HER Activities of Solvothermally Synthesized CeO2/CuO Composites
    Ghosh, Debanjali; Pradhan, Debabrata
    Langmuir (2023), 39 (9), 3358-3370CODEN: LANGD5; ISSN:0743-7463. (American Chemical Society)
    Herein, we report the synthesis of the CeO2/CuO composite as a bifunctional oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalyst in a basic medium. The electrocatalyst with an optimum 1:1 CeO2/CuO shows low OER and HER overpotentials of 410 and 245 mV, resp. The Tafel slopes of 60.2 and 108.4 mV/dec are measured for OER and HER, resp. More importantly, the 1:1 CeO2/CuO composite electrocatalyst requires only a 1.61 V cell voltage to split water to achieve 10 mA/cm2 in a two-electrode cell. The role of oxygen vacancies and the cooperative redox activity at the interface of the CeO2 and CuO phases is explained in the light of Raman and XPS studies, which play the detg. factor for the enhanced bifunctional activity of the 1:1 CeO2/CuO composite. This work provides guidance for the optimization and design of a low-cost alternative electrocatalyst to replace the expensive noble-metal-based electrocatalyst for overall water splitting.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3sXjslyrsL8%253D&md5=3bf1acb24fa45a4243b88c22f0da6b70
  57. 57
    Wang, D.; Wang, J.; Luo, X.; Wu, Z.; Ye, L. In Situ Preparation of Mo2C Nanoparticles Embedded in Ketjenblack Carbon as Highly Efficient Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2018, 6 (1), 983– 990,  DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03317
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  58. 58
    Gopalakrishnan, M.; Mohamad, A. A.; Nguyen, M. T.; Yonezawa, T.; Qin, J.; Thamyongkit, P.; Somwangthanaroj, A.; Kheawhom, S. Recent Advances in Oxygen Electrocatalysts Based on Tunable Structural Polymers. Mater. Today Chem. 2022, 23, 100632  DOI: 10.1016/j.mtchem.2021.100632
    Google Scholar
    58
    Recent advances in oxygen electrocatalysts based on tunable structural polymers
    Gopalakrishnan, M.; Mohamad, A. A.; Nguyen, M. T.; Yonezawa, T.; Qin, J.; Thamyongkit, P.; Somwangthanaroj, A.; Kheawhom, S.
    Materials Today Chemistry (2022), 23 (), 100632CODEN: MTCAD8; ISSN:2468-5194. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    A review. Due to their high energy d., great safety and eco-friendliness, zinc-air batteries (ZABs) attract much attention. During the process of charging and discharging, the two key processes viz. oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen redn. reaction (ORR) limit their efficiency. In general, the noble metal-based electrocatalysts (ORR: platinum (Pt); OER: iridium (IV) oxide [IrO2] and ruthenium oxide [RuO2]) have long been used. Nonetheless, these noble metal electrocatalysts also have their limitations owing to high cost and poor stability. As alternatives, polymers are found to be most promising on account of their tunable structure, uniform network, high surface morphol. and strong durability. Polymers are capable catalysts. In this review, recent advances as well as insight into the architecture of covalent org. polymers (COPs), metal coordination polymers (MCPs) and pyrolysis-free polymers (PFPs) are duly outlined.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38XmtVaitrg%253D&md5=34b85668ad41e459cec2b9f5a431b472
  59. 59
    Sivanantham, A.; Shanmugam, S. Nickel Selenide Supported on Nickel Foam as An Efficient and Durable Non-Precious Electrocatalyst for The Alkaline Water Electrolysis. Appl. Catal., B 2017, 203, 485– 493,  DOI: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.10.050
    Google Scholar
    59
    Nickel selenide supported on nickel foam as an efficient and durable non-precious electrocatalyst for the alkaline water electrolysis
    Sivanantham, Arumugam; Shanmugam, Sangaraju
    Applied Catalysis, B: Environmental (2017), 203 (), 485-493CODEN: ACBEE3; ISSN:0926-3373. (Elsevier B.V.)
    Herein, we describe an in-situ hybridization of Nickel Selenide (Ni3Se2) with a Nickel Foam (NF) current collector as an efficient, ultra-durable electrode for the continuous alk. water electrolysis. Earth abundant, cost effective, non-precious self-made Ni3Se2/NF electrode delivers an oxygen evolution reaction (OER) overpotential value of 315 mV at a c.d. of 100 mA cm-2 (vs. a reversible hydrogen electrode) in aq. electrolyte of 1 M KOH. On a static c.d. of 100 mA cm-2, Ni3Se2/NF electrode shows a good OER stability over 285 h with very small potential loss of 5.5% in alk. electrolyte. Accordingly, the alk. water electrolyzer constructed with Ni3Se2/NF (anode) and NiCo2S4/NF (cathode), it requires 1.58 V to deliver 10 mA cm-2 c.d., with 500 h continuous operation in 1 M KOH. In addn., we demonstrate that the light-driven water splitting using solar panel, it can be a promising approach to facilitate true independence from electricity in H2 fuel economy. Overall, this methodol. is one of the appropriate energy efficient ways to reduce the cost of water splitting devices, as it may simplify the diverse process and equipment.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhslCru7zP&md5=b1380b9df2c9ff11bc241bf376686c43
  60. 60
    Masa, J.; Sinev, I.; Mistry, H.; Ventosa, E.; de la Mata, M.; Arbiol, J.; Muhler, M.; Roldan Cuenya, B.; Schuhmann, W. Ultrathin High Surface Area Nickel Boride (NixB) Nanosheets as Highly Efficient Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Evolution. Adv. Energy Mater. 2017, 7 (17), 1700381  DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201700381
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  61. 61
    Suen, N. T.; Hung, S. F.; Quan, Q.; Zhang, N.; Xu, Y. J.; Chen, H. M. Electrocatalysis for The Oxygen Evolution Reaction: Recent Development and Future Perspectives. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2017, 46 (2), 337– 365,  DOI: 10.1039/C6CS00328A
    Google Scholar
    61
    Electrocatalysis for the oxygen evolution reaction: recent development and future perspectives
    Suen, Nian-Tzu; Hung, Sung-Fu; Quan, Quan; Zhang, Nan; Xu, Yi-Jun; Chen, Hao Ming
    Chemical Society Reviews (2017), 46 (2), 337-365CODEN: CSRVBR; ISSN:0306-0012. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
    There is still an ongoing effort to search for sustainable, clean and highly efficient energy generation to satisfy the energy needs of modern society. Among various advanced technologies, electrocatalysis for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) plays a key role and numerous new electrocatalysts have been developed to improve the efficiency of gas evolution. Along the way, enormous effort has been devoted to finding high-performance electrocatalysts, which has also stimulated the invention of new techniques to investigate the properties of materials or the fundamental mechanism of the OER. This accumulated knowledge not only establishes the foundation of the mechanism of the OER, but also points out the important criteria for a good electrocatalyst based on a variety of studies. Even though it may be difficult to include all cases, the aim of this review is to inspect the current progress and offer a comprehensive insight toward the OER. This review begins with examg. the theor. principles of electrode kinetics and some measurement criteria for achieving a fair evaluation among the catalysts. The second part of this review acquaints some materials for performing OER activity, in which the metal oxide materials build the basis of OER mechanism while non-oxide materials exhibit greatly promising performance toward overall water-splitting. Attention of this review is also paid to in situ approaches to electrocatalytic behavior during OER, and this information is crucial and can provide efficient strategies to design perfect electrocatalysts for OER. Finally, the OER mechanism from the perspective of both recent exptl. and theor. investigations is discussed, as well as probable strategies for improving OER performance with regards to future developments.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXpslKksQ%253D%253D&md5=3439b70760b2146baf20bddfa0447207
  62. 62
    Zhang, K.; Zou, R. Advanced Transition Metal-Based OER Electrocatalysts: Current Status, Opportunities, and Challenges. Small 2021, 17 (37), 2100129  DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100129
    Google Scholar
    62
    Advanced Transition Metal-Based OER Electrocatalysts: Current Status, Opportunities, and Challenges
    Zhang, Kexin; Zou, Ruqiang
    Small (2021), 17 (37), 2100129CODEN: SMALBC; ISSN:1613-6810. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
    A review. O evolution reaction (OER) is an important half-reaction involved in many electrochem. applications, such as H2O splitting and rechargeable metal-air batteries. However, the sluggish kinetics of its four-electron transfer process becomes a bottleneck to the performance enhancement. Thus, rational design of electrocatalysts for OER based on thorough understanding of mechanisms and structure-activity relation is of vital significance. This review begins with the introduction of OER mechanisms which include conventional adsorbate evolution mechanism and lattice-O-mediated mechanism. The reaction pathways and related intermediates are discussed in detail, and several descriptors which greatly assist in catalyst screen and optimization are summarized. Some important parameters suggested as measurement criteria for OER are also mentioned and discussed. Then, recent developments and breakthroughs in exptl. achievements on transition metal-based OER electrocatalysts are reviewed to reveal the novel design principles. Finally, some perspectives and future directions are proposed for further catalytic performance enhancement and deeper understanding of catalyst design. It is believed that iterative improvements based on the understanding of mechanisms and fundamental design principles are essential to realize the applications of efficient transition metal-based OER electrocatalysts for electrochem. energy storage and conversion technologies.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXhsVKmtb3L&md5=e4987ef77f6f3390b37abb2d0e77c278
  63. 63
    Chen, H.; Qiao, S.; Yang, J.; Du, X. Nimo/Nico2o4 as Synergy Catalyst Supported on Nickel Foam for Efficient Overall Water Splitting. J. Mol. Catal. 2022, 518, 112086  DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.112086
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  64. 64
    Rajput, A.; Adak, M. K.; Chakraborty, B. Intrinsic Lability of NiMoO(4) to Excel the Oxygen Evolution Reaction. Inorg. Chem. 2022, 61 (29), 11189– 11206,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01167
    Google Scholar
    64
    Intrinsic lability of molybdenum nickel oxide to excel oxygen evolution reaction
    Rajput, Anubha; Adak, Mrinal Kanti; Chakraborty, Biswarup
    Inorganic Chemistry (2022), 61 (29), 11189-11206CODEN: INOCAJ; ISSN:0020-1669. (American Chemical Society)
    Nickel-based bimetallic oxides such as NiMoO4 and NiWO4, when deposited on the electrode substrate, show remarkable activity toward the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The stability of such nanostructures is nevertheless speculative, and catalytically active species have been less explored. Herein, NiMoO4 nanorods and NiWO4 nanoparticles are prepd. via a solvothermal route and deposited on nickel foam (NF) (NiMoO4/NF and NiWO4/NF). After ensuring the chem. and structural integrity of the catalysts on electrodes, an OER study has been performed in the alk. medium. After a few cyclic voltammetry (CV) cycles within the potential window of 1.0-1.9 V (vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE)), ex situ Raman anal. of the electrodes infers the formation of NiO(OH)ED (ED: electrochem. derived) from NiMoO4 precatalyst, while NiWO4 remains stable. A controlled study, stirring of NiMoO4/NF in 1 M KOH without applied potential, confirms that NiMoO4 hydrolyzes to the isolable NiO, which under a potential bias converts into NiO(OH)ED. Perhaps the more ionic character of the Ni-O-Mo bond in the NiMoO4 compared to the Ni-O-W bond in NiWO4 causes the transformation of NiMoO4 into NiO(OH)ED. A comparison of the OER performance of electrochem. derived NiO(OH)ED, NiWO4, ex-situ-prepd. Ni(OH)2, and NiO(OH) confirmed that in-situ-prepd. NiO(OH)ED remained superior with a substantial potential of 238 (±6) mV at 20 mA cm-2. The notable electrochem. performance of NiO(OH)ED can be attributed to its low Tafel slope value (26 mV dec-1), high double-layer capacitance (Cdl, 1.21 mF cm-2), and a low charge-transfer resistance (Rct, 1.76 Ω). The NiO(OH)ED/NF can further be fabricated as a durable OER anode to deliver a high c.d. of 25-100 mA cm-2. Post-characterization of the anode proves the structural integrity of NiO(OH)ED even after 12 h of chronoamperometry at 1.595 V (vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE)). The NiO(OH)ED/NF can be a compatible anode to construct an overall water splitting (OWS) electrolyzer that can operate at a cell potential of 1.64 V to reach a c.d. of 10 mA cm-2. Similar to that on NF, NiMoO4 deposited on iron foam (IF) and carbon cloth (CC) also electrochem. converts into NiO(OH) to perform a similar OER activity. This work understandably demonstrates monoclinic NiMoO4 to be an inherently unstable electro(pre)catalyst, and its structural evolution to polycryst. NiO(OH)ED succeeding the NiO phase is intrinsic to its superior activity.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38Xhslyms7bJ&md5=5db91ac0ee3e89acbf384da26e7dcfdf
  65. 65
    Alobaid, A.; Wang, C.; Adomaitis, R. A. Mechanism and Kinetics of HER and OER on NiFe LDH Films in an Alkaline Electrolyte. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2018, 165 (15), J3395– J3404,  DOI: 10.1149/2.0481815jes
    Google Scholar
    65
    Mechanism and kinetics of HER and OER on NiFe LDH films in an alkaline electrolyte
    Alobaid, Aisha; Wang, Chunsheng; Adomaitis, Raymond A.
    Journal of the Electrochemical Society (2018), 165 (15), J3395-J3404CODEN: JESOAN; ISSN:0013-4651. (Electrochemical Society)
    The mechanism and kinetics of hydrogen evolution (HER) and oxygen evolution (OER) reactions on nickel iron layered double hydroxide (NiFe LDH) in a basic electrolyte are investigated. The deposited film reported an overpotential of 247 and 245 mV at 10 mA/cm2 toward the HER and OER, resp. A least squares procedure was performed to fit a theor. c.d. model with exptl. linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) results, and the chem. reaction rate consts. for the OER and HER steps were identified. Electrochem. impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were taken at different potentials, and the resulting kinetic model demonstrates a good agreement between theor. calcd. faradaic resistance and exptl. EIS results. The HER results indicated the Heyrovsky step as rate controlling, with a dependence of reaction mechanism on potential. At low potential, the mechanism begins with a Volmer step, followed by parallel Tafel and Heyrovsky steps. At higher potential, the mechanism becomes consecutive combination of the Volmer and Heyrovsky steps. The OER data point to the formation of the adsorbed peroxide as rate controlling. The HER and OER kinetic data were combined into a model capable of predicting the electrolysis cell current-potential characteristics, which can be used for process design and optimization.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXmvFOjurs%253D&md5=559ad4cfae25a10b0cc650bd49a87058
  66. 66
    Yin, X.; Sun, G.; Song, A.; Wang, L.; Wang, Y.; Dong, H.; Shao, G. A Novel Structure of Ni-(Mos 2 /GO) Composite Coatings Deposited on Ni Foam under Supergravity Field As Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Catalysts In Alkaline Solution. Electrochim. Acta 2017, 249, 52– 63,  DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.08.010
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  67. 67
    Zheng, X.; Yang, Z.; Wu, J.; Jin, C.; Tian, J.-H.; Yang, R. Phosphorus and Cobalt Co-Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Reactions. RSC Adv. 2016, 6 (69), 64155– 64164,  DOI: 10.1039/C6RA12438K
    Google Scholar
    67
    Phosphorus and cobalt co-doped reduced graphene oxide bifunctional electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and evolution reactions
    Zheng, Xiangjun; Yang, Zhenrong; Wu, Jiao; Jin, Chao; Tian, Jing-Hua; Yang, Ruizhi
    RSC Advances (2016), 6 (69), 64155-64164CODEN: RSCACL; ISSN:2046-2069. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
    Phosphorus (P) and cobalt (Co) co-doped reduced graphene oxide (P-Co-rGO) has been developed and studied through a facile electrostatic assembly followed by a pyrolysis process. The prepd. P-Co-rGO catalyst shows a great enhancement in the electrocatalytic activity and stability towards the oxygen redn. reaction (ORR) in alk. soln., characterized with a pos. onset potential of 0.89 V (vs. RHE), a neg. shifting of only about 12.8 mV of the half-wave potential and the closest diffusion limiting c.d. (-5.5 mA cm-2) as compared to those of the com. Pt/C (20 wt%). More interestingly, the prepd. P-Co-rGO also exhibits excellent catalytic activity and stability for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), with a low potential of 1.62 V (vs. RHE) at the c.d. of 10 mA cm-2 and a max. c.d. of almost 30 mA cm-2 at 1.66 V (vs. RHE). Specifically, the prepd. P-Co-rGO shows much higher activity and stability than the mono-doped reduced graphene oxide either with P or Co, resp. This could be ascribed to the modification of the charge and spin densities and the edge and defect effects of the rGO after the co-doping of P and Co, thus resulting in a remarkable enhancement of the electrocatalytic properties for both the ORR and OER.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhtVOntLvO&md5=2ac3a4009b3807c4d97237f9adca6530
  68. 68
    Wang, H.; Wang, Z.; Feng, Z.; Qiu, J.; Lei, X.; Wang, B.; Guo, R. Application Progress of Nimoo4 Electrocatalyst in Basic Oxygen Evolution Reaction. Catal. Sci. Technol. 2024, 14 (3), 533– 554,  DOI: 10.1039/D3CY01514A
    Google Scholar
    There is no corresponding record for this reference.
  69. 69
    Xiao, Z.; Wang, J.; Liu, C.; Wang, B.; Zhang, Q.; Xu, Z.; Sarwar, M. T.; Tang, A.; Yang, H. In-Situ Surface Structural Reconstruction of NiMoO4 for Efficient Overall Water Splitting. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2022, 602, 154314  DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2022.154314
    Google Scholar
    69
    In-situ surface structural reconstruction of NiMoO4 for efficient overall water splitting
    Xiao, Zehao; Wang, Jie; Liu, Canhui; Wang, Bowen; Zhang, Qiang; Xu, Zonglin; Sarwar, Muhammad Tariq; Tang, Aidong; Yang, Huaming
    Applied Surface Science (2022), 602 (), 154314CODEN: ASUSEE; ISSN:0169-4332. (Elsevier B.V.)
    NiMoO4 is generally considered as stable substrates rather than participating in the catalysis of overall water splitting. However, when NiMoO4 based catalysts applied in alk. oxidn./redn. conditions, the in-situ formed surface oxide hydroxides/hydroxyls will further simultaneously enhance oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) via such especial surface structural reconstruction. Here self-supported NiMoO4 is constructed by one-step hydrothermal for OER, followed by vapor deposition method, hierarchical catalyst consisting of monocryst. P-NiMoOx nanorods decorated by CoP-Co2P nanoparticles (denoted as CoPx/P-NiMoOx) is designed for HER. During OER, surface NiMoO4 in-situ transforms into highly active NiOOH. The reconstructed NiOOH/NiMoO4 exhibits outstanding OER performance (overpotentials of 207 and 266 mV at 10 and 100 mA·cm-2). As HER proceeds, electro-redn. promotes dissoln. of molybdenum, meanwhile, hydroxyls from dissocd. H2O mols. coupled with exposed nickel sites form amorphous hydroxyls layers at surface dissoln. sites. The reconstructed amorphous-hydroxyls/CoPx/P-NiMoOx catalyst possesses highly efficient HER activity (overpotentials of 9 and 67 mV at 10 and 100 mA·cm-2). Addnl., the integrating water splitting system requires only 1.55 V to reach 100 mA·cm-2 with excellent stability.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38XhvFCksb7M&md5=67ecc5821ae91fb813ab526df56c4247
  70. 70
    Dawood, F.; Anda, M.; Shafiullah, G. M. Hydrogen Production for Energy: An Overview. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. 2020, 45 (7), 3847– 3869,  DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.12.059
    Google Scholar
    70
    Hydrogen production for energy: An overview
    Dawood, Furat; Anda, Martin; Shafiullah, G. M.
    International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2020), 45 (7), 3847-3869CODEN: IJHEDX; ISSN:0360-3199. (Elsevier Ltd.)
    A review. Power to hydrogen is a promising soln. for storing variable Renewable Energy (RE) to achieve a 100% renewable and sustainable hydrogen economy. The hydrogen-based energy system (energy to hydrogen to energy) comprises four main stages; prodn., storage, safety and utilization. The hydrogen-based energy system is presented as four corners (stages) of a square shaped integrated whole to demonstrate the interconnection and interdependency of these main stages. The hydrogen prodn. pathway and specific technol. selection are dependent on the type of energy and feedstock available as well as the end-use purity required. Hence, purifn. technologies are included in the prodn. pathways for system integration, energy storage, utilization or RE export. Hydrogen prodn. pathways and assocd. technologies are reviewed in this paper for their interconnection and interdependence on the other corners of the hydrogen square. Despite hydrogen being zero-carbon-emission energy at the end-use point, it depends on the cleanness of the prodn. pathway and the energy used to produce it. Thus, the guarantee of hydrogen origin is essential to consider hydrogen as clean energy. An innovative model is introduced as a hydrogen cleanness index coding for further investigation and development.
    >> More from SciFinder ®
    https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhtlCguw%253D%253D&md5=4b2659f86f8258101eadb88ea50d1d6d

Cited By

Click to copy section linkSection link copied!

This article has not yet been cited by other publications.

Download PDF
Go to Langmuir
Get e-Alerts
Get e-Alerts

Langmuir

Cite this: Langmuir 2024, 40, 46, 24675–24686
Click to copy citationCitation copied!
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c03557
Published November 1, 2024

Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society. This publication is licensed under

CC-BY 4.0 .

Article Views

879

Altmetric

-

Citations

-
Learn about these metrics

Article Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.

Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.

The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated.

  • Abstract

    High Resolution Image
    Download MS PowerPoint Slide

    Figure 1

    Figure 1. Hydrothermal method and APPJ process for producing NiMoO4/CP/APPJ.

    High Resolution Image
    Download MS PowerPoint Slide

    Figure 2

    Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the AEMWE.

    High Resolution Image
    Download MS PowerPoint Slide

    Figure 3

    Figure 3. Water contact angle test: (a) CP, (b-1,2) NiMoO4/CP, (c-1,2) NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-30 s, (d-1,2) NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-60 s, and (e-1,2) NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-90 s.

    High Resolution Image
    Download MS PowerPoint Slide

    Figure 4

    Figure 4. SEM images with 100×, 1000×, 3000×, and 10 000× magnification: (a) CP, (b) NiMoO4/CP, (c) NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-30 s, (d) NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-60 s, and (e) NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-90 s.

    High Resolution Image
    Download MS PowerPoint Slide

    Figure 5

    Figure 5. XRD patterns: (a) carbon paper, NiMoO4/CP, NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-30 s, NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-60 s, and NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-90 s. (b) NiMoO4/CP, NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-30 s, NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-60 s, and NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-90 s zoom-in XRD patterns.

    High Resolution Image
    Download MS PowerPoint Slide

    Figure 6

    Figure 6. Survey XPS spectra: (a) CP, (b) NiMoO4/CP, (c) NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-30 s, (d) NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-60 s, and (e) NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-90 s.

    High Resolution Image
    Download MS PowerPoint Slide

    Figure 7

    Figure 7. HRXPS spectra of Ni 2p: (a) NiMoO4/CP, (b) NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-30 s, (c) NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-60 s, and (d) NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-90 s.

    High Resolution Image
    Download MS PowerPoint Slide

    Figure 8

    Figure 8. HRXPS spectra of Mo 3d: (a) NiMoO4/CP, (b) NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-30 s, (c) NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-60 s, and (d) NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-90 s.

    High Resolution Image
    Download MS PowerPoint Slide

    Figure 9

    Figure 9. HRXPS spectra of O 1s: (a) NiMoO4/CP and (b) NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-60 s.

    High Resolution Image
    Download MS PowerPoint Slide

    Figure 10

    Figure 10. Electrochemical characterization measurement results: (a) LSV polarization curves and (b) Tafel slope plots. (c) EDLC of different electrodes. (d) Nyquist plots at an overpotential of 350 mV versus RHE.

    High Resolution Image
    Download MS PowerPoint Slide

    Figure 11

    Figure 11. Cell voltage and current density curves in the AEMWE at different temperature: (a) NiMoO4/CP(+)|Ru/CP/LPP-60 s(−) and (b) NiMoO4/CP/APPJ-60 s (+)|Ru/CP/LPP-60 s(−).

    High Resolution Image
    Download MS PowerPoint Slide

    Figure 12

    Figure 12. Comparison of different anode electrocatalysts in AEMWE: (a) room temperature and (b) 70 °C.

    High Resolution Image
    Download MS PowerPoint Slide

  • References

    This article references 70 other publications.

    1. 1
      Wang, Q.; Hisatomi, T.; Jia, Q.; Tokudome, H.; Zhong, M.; Wang, C.; Pan, Z.; Takata, T.; Nakabayashi, M.; Shibata, N.; Li, Y.; Sharp, I.; Kudo, A.; Yamada, T.; Domen, K. Scalable Water Splitting on Particulate Photocatalyst Sheets With a Solar-to-hydrogen Energy Conversion Efficiency Exceeding 1. Nat. Mater. 2016, 15 (6), 611– 615,  DOI: 10.1038/nmat4589
      1
      Scalable water splitting on particulate photocatalyst sheets with a solar-to-hydrogen energy conversion efficiency exceeding 1%
      Wang, Qian; Hisatomi, Takashi; Jia, Qingxin; Tokudome, Hiromasa; Zhong, Miao; Wang, Chizhong; Pan, Zhenhua; Takata, Tsuyoshi; Nakabayashi, Mamiko; Shibata, Naoya; Li, Yanbo; Sharp, Ian D.; Kudo, Akihiko; Yamada, Taro; Domen, Kazunari
      Nature Materials (2016), 15 (6), 611-615CODEN: NMAACR; ISSN:1476-1122. (Nature Publishing Group)
      Photocatalytic H2O splitting using particulate semiconductors is a potentially scalable and economically feasible technol. for converting solar energy into H. Z-scheme systems based on 2-step photoexcitation of a H evolution photocatalyst (HEP) and an O evolution photocatalyst (OEP) are suited to harvesting of sunlight because semiconductors with either H2O redn. or oxidn. activity can be applied to the H2O splitting reaction. However, it is challenging to achieve efficient transfer of electrons between HEP and OEP particles. Here, the authors present photocatalyst sheets based on La- and Rh-codoped SrTiO3 (SrTiO3:La, Rh; ref. ) and Mo-doped BiVO4 (BiVO4:Mo) powders embedded into a Au layer. Enhancement of the electron relay by annealing and suppression of undesirable reactions through surface modification allow pure H2O (pH 6.8) splitting with a solar-to-H energy conversion efficiency of 1.1% and an apparent quantum yield of over 30% at 419 nm. The photocatalyst sheet design enables efficient and scalable H2O splitting using particulate semiconductors.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XktVamsb4%253D&md5=f8f0b57c75ad424efc58155932f3e0cf
    2. 2
      Zainal, B. S.; Ker, P. J.; Mohamed, H.; Ong, H. C.; Fattah, I. M. R.; Rahman, S. M. A.; Nghiem, L. D.; Mahlia, T. M. I. Recent Advancement and Assessment of Green Hydrogen Production Technologies. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2024, 189, 113941  DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2023.113941
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    3. 3
      Yu, M.; Wang, K.; Vredenburg, H. Insights Into Low-Carbon Hydrogen Production Methods: Green, Blue and Aqua Hydrogen. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2021, 46 (41), 21261– 21273,  DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.04.016
      3
      Insights into low-carbon hydrogen production methods: Green, blue and aqua hydrogen
      Yu, Minli; Wang, Ke; Vredenburg, Harrie
      International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2021), 46 (41), 21261-21273CODEN: IJHEDX; ISSN:0360-3199. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      The primary aim of this study is to provide insights into different low-carbon hydrogen prodn. methods. Low-carbon hydrogen includes green hydrogen (hydrogen from renewable electricity), blue hydrogen (hydrogen from fossil fuels with CO2 emissions reduced by the use of Carbon Capture Use and Storage) and aqua hydrogen (hydrogen from fossil fuels via the new technol.). Green hydrogen is an expensive strategy compared to fossil-based hydrogen. Blue hydrogen has some attractive features, but the CCUS technol. is high cost and blue hydrogen is not inherently carbon free. Therefore, engineering scientists have been focusing on developing other low-cost and low-carbon hydrogen technol. A new economical technol. to ext. hydrogen from oil sands (natural bitumen) and oil fields with very low cost and without carbon emissions has been developed and commercialized in Western Canada. Aqua hydrogen is a term we have coined for prodn. of hydrogen from this new hydrogen prodn. technol. Aqua is a color halfway between green and blue and thus represents a form of hydrogen prodn. that does not emit CO2, like green hydrogen, yet is produced from fossil fuel energy, like blue hydrogen. Unlike CCUS, blue hydrogen, which is clearly compensatory with respect to carbon emissions as it captures, uses and stores produced CO2, the new prodn. method is transformative in that it does not emit CO2 in the first place. In order to promote the development of the low-carbon hydrogen economy, the current challenges, future directions and policy recommendations of low-carbon hydrogen prodn. methods including green hydrogen, blue hydrogen, and aqua hydrogen are investigated in the paper.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXpsFOjsbo%253D&md5=b7c4650350632dab667011fffab6065f
    4. 4
      Miller, H. A.; Bouzek, K.; Hnat, J.; Loos, S.; Bernäcker, C. I.; Weißgärber, T.; Röntzsch, L.; Meier-Haack, J. Green Hydrogen From Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis: A Review of Recent Developments in Critical Materials and Operating Conditions. Sustain. Energy Fuels 2020, 4 (5), 2114– 2133,  DOI: 10.1039/C9SE01240K
      4
      Green hydrogen from anion exchange membrane water electrolysis: a review of recent developments in critical materials and operating conditions
      Miller, Hamish Andrew; Bouzek, Karel; Hnat, Jaromir; Loos, Stefan; Bernacker, Christian Immanuel; Weissgarber, Thomas; Rontzsch, Lars; Meier-Haack, Jochen
      Sustainable Energy & Fuels (2020), 4 (5), 2114-2133CODEN: SEFUA7; ISSN:2398-4902. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
      A review. Hydrogen prodn. using water electrolyzers equipped with an anion exchange membrane (AEM), a pure water feed and cheap components such as platinum group metal-free catalysts and stainless steel bipolar plates (BPP) can challenge proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis systems as the state of the art. For this to happen the performance of the AEM electrolyzer must match the compact design, stability, H2 purity and high current densities of PEM systems. Current research aims at bringing AEM water electrolysis technol. to an advanced level in terms of electrolysis cell performance. Such technol. advances must be accompanied by demonstration of the cost advantages of AEM systems. The current state of the art in AEM water electrolysis is defined by sporadic reports in the academic literature mostly dealing with catalyst or membrane development. The development of this technol. requires a future roadmap for systematic development and commercialization of AEM systems and components. This will include basic and applied research, technol. development & integration, and testing at a lab. scale of small demonstration units (AEM electrolyzer shortstacks) that can be used to validate the technol. (from TRL 2-3 currently to TRL 4-5). This review paper gathers together recent important research in crit. materials development (catalysts, membranes and MEAs) and operating conditions (electrolyte compn., cell temp., performance achievements). The aim of this review is to identify the current level of materials development and where improvements are required in order to demonstrate the feasibility of the technol. Once the challenges of materials development are overcome, AEM water electrolysis can drive the future use of hydrogen as an energy storage vector on a large scale (GW) esp. in developing countries.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXktl2rsrc%253D&md5=981382d4a0dbf5efb5a61fc0d5e5a821
    5. 5
      Panchenko, V. A.; Daus, Y. V.; Kovalev, A. A.; Yudaev, I. V.; Litti, Y. V. Prospects for The Production of Green Hydrogen: Review of Countries With High Potential. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2023, 48 (12), 4551– 4571,  DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.10.084
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    6. 6
      Qin, Y.; Wang, Z.; Yu, W.; Sun, Y.; Wang, D.; Lai, J.; Guo, S.; Wang, L. High Valence M-Incorporated PdCu Nanoparticles (M = Ir, Rh, Ru) for Water Electrolysis in Alkaline Solution. Nano Lett. 2021, 21 (13), 5774– 5781,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01581
      6
      High Valence M-Incorporated PdCu Nanoparticles (M = Ir, Rh, Ru) for Water Electrolysis in Alkaline Solution
      Qin, Yingnan; Wang, Zuochao; Yu, Wenhao; Sun, Yingjun; Wang, Dan; Lai, Jianping; Guo, Shaojun; Wang, Lei
      Nano Letters (2021), 21 (13), 5774-5781CODEN: NALEFD; ISSN:1530-6984. (American Chemical Society)
      The high-valence metal catalysts show extraordinary talent in various electrochem. reactions. However, there is no facile method to synthesize high-valence noble metal-based materials. Herein, the authors synthesized the different high valence noble metal M-incorporated PdCu nanoparticles (M = Ir, Ru, Rh) by the assistant of Fe3+ and exhibit excellent performance for H2O electrolysis. In 0.1M KOH, the OER and HER mass activities of Ir16-PdCu/C were 50.5 and 16.5 times as much as PdCu/C, and achieved a c.d. of 10 mA cm-2 at 1.63 V when worked for overall H2O splitting. DFT calcn. revealed that the incorporating of high valence Ir could optimize the binding energy of the intermediate products, and promote the evolution of O and H. Ex situ XPS shows that the huge amt. of oxidized Ir (V) formed in OER could promote the formation of O-O bonds.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXhsVWrt7fL&md5=573ba87e98febc1cb6de26aadebdc8c4
    7. 7
      Zhang, K.; Zou, R. Advanced Transition Metal-Based OER Electrocatalysts: Current Status, Opportunities, and Challenges. Small 2021, 17 (37), e2100129  DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100129
      7
      Advanced Transition Metal-Based OER Electrocatalysts: Current Status, Opportunities, and Challenges
      Zhang, Kexin; Zou, Ruqiang
      Small (2021), 17 (37), 2100129CODEN: SMALBC; ISSN:1613-6810. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      A review. O evolution reaction (OER) is an important half-reaction involved in many electrochem. applications, such as H2O splitting and rechargeable metal-air batteries. However, the sluggish kinetics of its four-electron transfer process becomes a bottleneck to the performance enhancement. Thus, rational design of electrocatalysts for OER based on thorough understanding of mechanisms and structure-activity relation is of vital significance. This review begins with the introduction of OER mechanisms which include conventional adsorbate evolution mechanism and lattice-O-mediated mechanism. The reaction pathways and related intermediates are discussed in detail, and several descriptors which greatly assist in catalyst screen and optimization are summarized. Some important parameters suggested as measurement criteria for OER are also mentioned and discussed. Then, recent developments and breakthroughs in exptl. achievements on transition metal-based OER electrocatalysts are reviewed to reveal the novel design principles. Finally, some perspectives and future directions are proposed for further catalytic performance enhancement and deeper understanding of catalyst design. It is believed that iterative improvements based on the understanding of mechanisms and fundamental design principles are essential to realize the applications of efficient transition metal-based OER electrocatalysts for electrochem. energy storage and conversion technologies.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXhsVKmtb3L&md5=e4987ef77f6f3390b37abb2d0e77c278
    8. 8
      Yuan, S.; Duan, X.; Liu, J.; Ye, Y.; Lv, F.; Liu, T.; Wang, Q.; Zhang, X. Recent Progress on Transition Metal Oxides as Advanced Materials for Energy Conversion And Storage. Energy Storage Mater. 2021, 42, 317– 369,  DOI: 10.1016/j.ensm.2021.07.007
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    9. 9
      Sharan, H.; Madhavan, J.; Mariappan, G.; Kalai Selvan, R.; Mani, A. Unlocking the Electrocatalytic Behavior of Cu(2)MnS(2) Nanoflake-Anchored rGO for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction in an Alkaline Medium. Langmuir 2024, 40, 22230,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c02824
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    10. 10
      Yoon, K.-Y.; Lee, K.-B.; Jeong, J.; Kwak, M.-J.; Kim, D.; Roh, H. Y.; Lee, J.-H.; Choi, S. M.; Lee, H.; Yang, J. Improved Oxygen Evolution Reaction Kinetics with Titanium Incorporated Nickel Ferrite for Efficient Anion Exchange Membrane Electrolysis. ACS Catal. 2024, 14 (7), 4453– 4462,  DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c05761
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    11. 11
      Cheng, M.; Fan, H.; Song, Y.; Cui, Y.; Wang, R. Interconnected Hierarchical Nico(2)O(4) Microspheres as High-Performance Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors. Dalton Trans. 2017, 46 (28), 9201– 9209,  DOI: 10.1039/C7DT01289F
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    12. 12
      Zheng, J.; Peng, X.; Xu, Z.; Gong, J.; Wang, Z. Cationic Defect Engineering in Spinel NiCo2O4 for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution. ACS Catal. 2022, 12 (16), 10245– 10254,  DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01825
      12
      Cationic defect engineering in spinel cobalt nickel oxide for enhanced electrocatalytic oxygen evolution
      Zheng, Jingxuan; Peng, Xiangfeng; Xu, Zhao; Gong, Junbo; Wang, Zhao
      ACS Catalysis (2022), 12 (16), 10245-10254CODEN: ACCACS; ISSN:2155-5435. (American Chemical Society)
      Defect engineering is a promising method to solve the inherent low cond. and limited no. of reactive sites of metal oxides as electrocatalysts. High formation energy makes it challenging to controllably produce metal defects in metal oxides. In this study, abundant Co defects were preferentially produced on spinel NiCo2O4 by tuning the M-O bond length and interfering with ionization of the crystal surface. Theor. calcns. and expts. proved that Al doping elongated the Co-O bond and promoted ionization of Co under plasma treatment. Furthermore, Co ions in the crystal lattice were selectively taken away by adding NaOH to combine with surface-ionized metal ions, which facilitated the formation of cobalt defects. The Co defects induced electron delocalization, which effectively increased the carrier concn. and intrinsic cond. of the catalysts, thereby enhancing the intrinsic OER catalytic activity of NiCo2O4.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38XitVGmtrzF&md5=0a6b3d4ff0e4e81dfd1d4fca790013fe
    13. 13
      Jiang, H.; Cui, Z.; Xu, C.; Li, W. Humid Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jets Exposed Micro-Defects On Comoo(4) Nanosheets with Enhanced OER Performance. Chem. Commun. (Camb) 2019, 55 (64), 9432– 9435,  DOI: 10.1039/C9CC04493K
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    14. 14
      Zhu, J.; Qian, J.; Peng, X.; Xia, B.; Gao, D. Etching-Induced Surface Reconstruction of NiMoO4 for Oxygen Evolution Reaction. Nanomicro Lett. 2023, 15 (1), 30,  DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-01011-3
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    15. 15
      Bhat, M. A.; Majid, K. Metal-Organic Framework-Derived FeCo2S4/Co3O4 Heterostructure with Enhanced Electrocatalytic Performance for Oxygen Evolution and Hydrogen Evolution Reactions. Langmuir 2023, 39 (23), 8224– 8233,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00695
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    16. 16
      Liao, H.; Zhang, X.; Niu, S.; Tan, P.; Chen, K.; Liu, Y.; Wang, G.; Liu, M.; Pan, J. Dynamic Dissolution and Re-Adsorption of Molybdate Ion in Iron Incorporated Nickel-Molybdenum Oxyhydroxide for Promoting Oxygen Evolution Reaction. Appl. Catal., B 2022, 307, 121150  DOI: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2022.121150
      16
      Dynamic dissolution and re-adsorption of molybdate ion in iron incorporated nickel-molybdenum oxyhydroxide for promoting oxygen evolution reaction
      Liao, Hanxiao; Zhang, Xiaodong; Niu, Shuwen; Tan, Pengfei; Chen, Kejun; Liu, Yong; Wang, Gongming; Liu, Min; Pan, Jun
      Applied Catalysis, B: Environmental (2022), 307 (), 121150CODEN: ACBEE3; ISSN:0926-3373. (Elsevier B.V.)
      Transition metal-based pre-catalysts undergo drastic reconstruction to form the active catalysts during the alk. oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, the effect of escaped inactive ion from pre-catalysts themselves is usually ignored during reconstruction processes. Here, we investigate the effect of inactive MoO2-4 escaped from a pre-catalyst of Fe incorporated nickel-molybdenum oxyhydroxide (NiMo-Fe) on OER performance. The results of in-situ Raman and XPS reveal that MoO2-4 can be easily dissolved into KOH electrolyte and re-adsorbed on surface of catalyst during OER processes, which delivers a promoting effect on OER performance. The dissoln. of MoO2-4 is beneficial for increasing the reconstruction degree of NiMo-Fe to form the active phase of NiFeOOH. Theor. calcns. demonstrate that the re-adsorbed MoO2-4 is favorable for the adsorption of the OOH* intermediate, thus boosts the OER activity. As expected, the NiMo-Fe shows a superior electrocatalytic performance for OER, outperforming the pre-catalyst without Mo species. This finding enriches the knowledge of inactive-ion effect on alk. OER performance and offers a path for developing efficient electrocatalysts.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38XivVylsrg%253D&md5=00646143c534d09094f2aa34a3a15438
    17. 17
      Yang, S.; Tiwari, S. K.; Zhu, Z.; Cao, D.; He, H.; Chen, Y.; Thummavichai, K.; Wang, N.; Jiang, M.; Zhu, Y. In Situ Fabrication of Mn-Doped NiMoO(4) Rod-like Arrays as High Performance OER Electrocatalyst. Nanomater. 2023, 13 (5), 827,  DOI: 10.3390/nano13050827
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    18. 18
      Kim, M.; Kim, J.; Qin, L.; Mathew, S.; Han, Y.; Li, O. L. Gas-Liquid Interfacial Plasma Engineering Under Dilute Nitric Acid to Improve Hydrophilicity and OER Performance of Nickel Foam. Prog. Nat. Sci.: Mater. Int. 2022, 32 (5), 608– 616,  DOI: 10.1016/j.pnsc.2022.10.002
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    19. 19
      Rauscher, T.; Bernäcker, C. I.; Loos, S.; Vogt, M.; Kieback, B.; Röntzsch, L. Spark-Plasma-Sintered Porous Electrodes for Efficient Oxygen Evolution in Alkaline Water Electrolysis. Electrochim. Acta 2019, 317, 128– 138,  DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.05.102
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    20. 20
      Alers, G. B.; Fleming, R. M.; Wong, Y. H.; Dennis, B.; Pinczuk, A.; Redinbo, G.; Urdahl, R.; Ong, E.; Hasan, Z. Nitrogen Plasma Annealing for Low Temperature Ta2O5 Films. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1998, 72 (11), 1308– 1310,  DOI: 10.1063/1.120569
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    21. 21
      Chou, C.-Y.; Chang, H.; Liu, H.-W.; Yang, Y.-J.; Hsu, C.-C.; Cheng, I. C.; Chen, J.-Z. Atmospheric-Pressure-Plasma-Jet Processed Nanoporous Tio2photoanodes and Pt Counter-Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. RSC Adv. 2015, 5 (57), 45662– 45667,  DOI: 10.1039/C5RA05014F
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    22. 22
      Liu, H.-W.; Liang, S.-p.; Wu, T.-J.; Chang, H.; Kao, P.-K.; Hsu, C.-C.; Chen, J.-Z.; Chou, P.-T.; Cheng, I.-C. Rapid Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet Processed Reduced Graphene Oxide Counter Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6 (17), 15105– 15112,  DOI: 10.1021/am503217f
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    23. 23
      Wang, C.; Tian, Y.; Gu, Y.; Xue, K.-H.; Sun, H.; Miao, X.; Dai, L. Plasma-Induced Moieties Impart Super-Efficient Activity to Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysts. Nano Energy 2021, 85, 106030  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106030
      23
      Plasma-induced moieties impart super-efficient activity to hydrogen evolution electrocatalysts
      Wang, Chundong; Tian, Yifan; Gu, Yu; Xue, Kan-Hao; Sun, Huachuan; Miao, Xiangshui; Dai, Liming
      Nano Energy (2021), 85 (), 106030CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Having a high combustion value (1.4 × 108 J/kg) with an intrinsically green nature, hydrogen has been widely regarded as the next generation energy alternative to the conventional fossil fuels that have caused severe environmental issues assocd. with the rapidly increasing CO2 emissions, including global warming, sea level rising and species extinction. Thus, it is important to develop highly efficient and cost-effective catalysts for hydrogen generation. Herein, we fabricated a novel NiMoO4 catalyst on Ni foams, followed by NH3-plasma treatment to introduce NH2 functional groups, which were then transformed into -NH3 moieties during the HER process to afford a superb HER activity in alk. soln., approaching the theor. limit. The resultant NHxNiMoO4 HER catalyst was demonstrated to be super-active with a record high HER performance (η @ 10 mA cm-2 = 18 mV, Tafel slope = 28.3 mV/decade) and promising for sea-water splitting. The theor. studies suggest that NH3 moieties suffered from reorganization towards minimizing the energy barriers for both Volmer and Tafel/Heyrovsky steps. The plasma method may be extended to the design of novel catalysts for many other important chem. or electrochem. reactions.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXot1Gku7g%253D&md5=38c05f15b846428d13c19b4c5afa8f91
    24. 24
      Yu, S.-E.; Wang, Y.-C.; Tseng, C.-Y.; Cheng, I. C.; Chen, J.-Z. Characteristics Of Low-Pressure-Plasma-Processed Niru-Mofs/Nickel Foam for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. Phys. Scr. 2024, 99 (4), 045605  DOI: 10.1088/1402-4896/ad314a
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    25. 25
      Su, Y.-L.; Yu, S.-E.; Ni, I. C.; Wu, C.-I.; Chen, Y.-S.; Chuang, Y.-C.; Cheng, I. C.; Chen, J.-Z. Low-Pressure Plasma-Processed NiCo Metal–Organic Framework for Oxygen Evolution Reaction and Its Application in Alkaline Water Electrolysis Module. J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8 (1), 19,  DOI: 10.3390/jcs8010019
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    26. 26
      Chen, J.-Z.; Wang, C.; Hsu, C.-C.; Cheng, I. C. Ultrafast Synthesis of Carbon-Nanotube Counter Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Using An Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Jet. Carbon 2016, 98, 34– 40,  DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2015.10.078
      26
      Ultrafast synthesis of carbon-nanotube counter electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells using an atmospheric-pressure plasma jet
      Chen, Jian-Zhang; Wang, Ching; Hsu, Cheng-Che; Cheng, I.-Chun
      Carbon (2016), 98 (), 34-40CODEN: CRBNAH; ISSN:0008-6223. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      An ultrafast process is developed for synthesis of a carbon-nanotube film using an atm.-pressure plasma jet. The processing time is only 5 s. The synthesized material is then used as the counter electrode (CE) in a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). With these Pt-free CEs, the assembled DSSCs show efficiency comparable to those of cells with CEs made by a conventional furnace calcination process. The energy consumption is estd. to be 500 J/cm2, which is about one-fifth that of the CE by conventional furnace process. It is therefore an ecofriendly, cost- and time-saving process for fabricating energy devices.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhslyntbrF&md5=a27945bc016b381b37d7560f296cdf29
    27. 27
      Yu, S.-E.; Su, Y.-L.; Ni, I.-C.; Chuang, Y.-C.; Hsu, C.-C.; Wu, C.-I.; Chen, Y.-S.; Cheng, I.-C.; Chen, J.-Z. Direct Current Pulse Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet Treatment on Electrochemically Deposited NiFe/Carbon Paper and Its Potential Application in an Anion-Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzer. Langmuir 2024, 40 (29), 14978– 14989,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01169
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    28. 28
      Qiu, C.; Xu, Z.; Chen, F.-Y.; Wang, H. Anode Engineering for Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers. ACS Catal. 2024, 14 (2), 921– 954,  DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c05162
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    29. 29
      Furutani, Y.; Shimizu, Y.; Harada, J.; Muto, Y.; Yonezawa, A.; Iguchi, S.; Shida, N.; Atobe, M. Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Primary Alcohols at the Triple-Phase Boundary in an Anion-Exchange Membrane Reactor with Nickel, Cobalt, and Iron Catalysts. ACS Catal. 2024, 14 (11), 8922– 8929,  DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c01097
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    30. 30
      Chi, J.; Yu, H. Water Electrolysis Based on Renewable Energy for Hydrogen Production. Chin. J. Catal. 2018, 39 (3), 390– 394,  DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(17)62949-8
      30
      Water electrolysis based on renewable energy for hydrogen production
      Chi, Jun; Yu, Hongmei
      Chinese Journal of Catalysis (2018), 39 (3), 390-394CODEN: CJCHCI; ISSN:1872-2067. (Elsevier B.V.)
      As an energy storage medium, hydrogen has drawn the attention of research institutions and industry over the past decade, motivated in part by developments in renewable energy, which have led to unused surplus wind and photovoltaic power. Hydrogen prodn. from water electrolysis is a good option to make full use of the surplus renewable energy. Among various technologies for producing hydrogen, water electrolysis using electricity from renewable power sources shows great promise. To investigate the prospects of water electrolysis for hydrogen prodn., this review compares different water electrolysis processes, i.e., alk. water electrolysis, proton exchange membrane water electrolysis, solid oxide water electrolysis, and alk. anion exchange membrane water electrolysis. The ion transfer mechanisms, operating characteristics, energy consumption, and industrial products of different water electrolysis app. are introduced in this review. Prospects for new water electrolysis technologies are discussed.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1cXhtVelsLfE&md5=ca0a342dcaef16e577b27af6690350b7
    31. 31
      Feng, Q.; Yuan, X. Z.; Liu, G.; Wei, B.; Zhang, Z.; Li, H.; Wang, H. A Review of Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis on Degradation Mechanisms and Mitigation Strategies. J. Power Sources 2017, 366, 33– 55,  DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.09.006
      31
      A review of proton exchange membrane water electrolysis on degradation mechanisms and mitigation strategies
      Feng, Qi; Yuan, Xiao-Zi; Liu, Gaoyang; Wei, Bing; Zhang, Zhen; Li, Hui; Wang, Haijiang
      Journal of Power Sources (2017), 366 (), 33-55CODEN: JPSODZ; ISSN:0378-7753. (Elsevier B.V.)
      Proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) is an advanced and effective soln. to the primary energy storage technologies. A better understanding of performance and durability of PEMWE is crit. for the engineers and researchers to further advance this technol. for its market penetration, and for the manufacturers of PEM water electrolyzers to implement quality control procedures for the prodn. line or on-site process monitoring/diagnosis. This paper reviews the published works on performance degrdns. and mitigation strategies for PEMWE. Sources of degrdn. for individual components are introduced. With degrdn. causes discussed and degrdn. mechanisms examd., the review emphasizes on feasible strategies to mitigate the components degrdn. To avoid lengthy real lifetime degrdn. tests and their high costs, the importance of accelerated stress tests and protocols is highlighted for various components. In the end, R&D directions are proposed to move the PEMWE technol. forward to become a key element in future energy scenarios.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXhsVOqsrzK&md5=ae5aaaec211a6856f32d26c3c818b61f
    32. 32
      Guo, W.; Kim, J.; Kim, H.; Han, G. H.; Jang, H. W.; Kim, S. Y.; Ahn, S. H. Sandwich-Like Co (OH) X/Ag/Co (OH) 2 Nanosheet Composites for Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzer. J. Alloys Compd. 2021, 889, 161674  DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.161674
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    33. 33
      Jeon, S. S.; Lim, J.; Kang, P. W.; Lee, J. W.; Kang, G.; Lee, H. Design principles Of Nife-Layered Double Hydroxide Anode Catalysts for Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2021, 13 (31), 37179– 37186,  DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09606
      33
      Design Principles of NiFe-Layered Double Hydroxide Anode Catalysts for Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers
      Jeon, Sun Seo; Lim, Jinkyu; Kang, Phil Woong; Lee, Jae Won; Kang, Gihun; Lee, Hyunjoo
      ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2021), 13 (31), 37179-37186CODEN: AAMICK; ISSN:1944-8244. (American Chemical Society)
      Much effort has been devoted to developing electrocatalysts applicable to anion exchange membrane water electrolyzers (AEMWEs). Among many candidates for oxygen evolution reaction, NiFe-layered double hydroxide (LDH)-based electrocatalysts show the highest activity in an alk. medium. Unfortunately, the poor elec. cond. of NiFe-LDH limits its potential as an electrocatalyst, which was often solved by hybridization with conductive carbonaceous materials. However, we find that using carbonaceous materials for anodes has detrimental effects on the stability of AEMWEs at industrially relevant current densities. In this work, a facile monolayer structuring is suggested to overcome low elec. cond. and improve mass transport without using carbonaceous materials. The monolayer NiFe-LDH deposited on Ni foam showed much better AEMWE performance than conventional bulk NiFe-LDH due to better elec. cond. and higher hydrophilicity. A high energy conversion efficiency of 72.6% and outstanding stability at a c.d. of 1 A cm-2 over 50 h could be achieved without carbonaceous material. This work highlights elec. cond. and hydrophilicity of catalysts in membrane-electrode-assembly as key factors for high-performance AEMWEs.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXhsFWntL7L&md5=ddf7d80456278e903ae2b6b0b0dd4533
    34. 34
      Han, S.; Kim, S.; Kim, T. H.; Lee, J. Y.; Yoon, J. Optimizing the Synergistic Effect of Co and Fe for Efficient and Durable Oxygen Evolution under Alkaline Conditions. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2024, 16 (27), 35200– 35207,  DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c07058
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    35. 35
      Kim, S.; Min, K.; Kim, H.; Yoo, R.; Shim, S. E.; Lim, D.; Baeck, S.-H. Bimetallic-Metal Organic Framework-Derived Ni3S2/Mos2 Hollow Spheres as Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Highly Efficient and Stable Overall Water Splitting. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. 2022, 47 (13), 8165– 8176,  DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.12.208
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    36. 36
      Chen, P.; Hu, X. High-Efficiency Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis Employing Non-Noble Metal Catalysts. Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10 (39), 2002285  DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202002285
      36
      High-Efficiency Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis Employing Non-Noble Metal Catalysts
      Chen, Pengzuo; Hu, Xile
      Advanced Energy Materials (2020), 10 (39), 2002285CODEN: ADEMBC; ISSN:1614-6840. (Wiley-Blackwell)
      Alk. anion exchange membrane (AEM) water electrolysis is a promising technol. for producing hydrogen using renewable energies. However, current AEM electrolyzers still employ noble-metal-contg. electrocatalysts, or have significant overpotential loss, or both. Here non-noble-metal electrocatalysts for both the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions (HER and OER) are developed. Both catalysts are made of a same NiMo oxide. Judicious processing of these materials in a mixed NH3/H2 atmosphere results in a NiMo-NH3/H2 catalyst, which has superior activity in HER, delivering 500 mA cm-2 at an overpotential of 107 mV. Doping Fe ions into the NiMo-NH3/H2 catalyst yields an Fe-NiMo-NH3/H2 catalyst, which is highly active for the OER, delivering 500 mA cm-2 at an overpotential of 244 mV. These catalysts are integrated into an AEM electrolyzer, which delivers 1.0 A cm-2 at 1.57 V at 80 &°C in 1 M KOH. The energy conversion efficiency at this c.d. is as high as 75%. This work demonstrates high-efficiency AEM electrolysis using earth-abundant catalytic materials.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhslWns77K&md5=34b8a4b4e6019ac079057d7c5d40f883
    37. 37
      Zhang, B.; Shang, X.; Jiang, Z.; Song, C.; Maiyalagan, T.; Jiang, Z.-J. Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Jet-Induced Ultrafast Construction of an Ultrathin Nonstoichiometric Nickel Oxide Layer with Mixed Ni3+/Ni2+ Ions and Rich Oxygen Defects as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Evolution Reaction. Adv. Energy Mater. 2021, 4 (5), 5059– 5069,  DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.1c00623
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    38. 38
      Wang, Y. C.; Yu, S. E.; Su, Y. L.; Cheng, I. C.; Chuang, Y. C.; Chen, Y. S.; Chen, J. Z. NiFe(2)O(4) Material on Carbon Paper as an Electrocatalyst for Alkaline Water Electrolysis Module. Micromachines (Basel) 2024, 15 (1), 62,  DOI: 10.3390/mi15010062
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    39. 39
      Senthil Raja, D.; Cheng, C. C.; Ting, Y. C.; Lu, S. Y. NiMo-MOF-Derived Carbon-Armored Ni(4)Mo Alloy of an Interwoven Nanosheet Structure as an Outstanding pH-Universal Catalyst for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction at High Current Densities. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2023, 15 (16), 20130– 20140,  DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01061
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    40. 40
      Tseng, C.-H.; Hsin, J.-C.; Tsai, J.-H.; Chen, J.-Z. Dielectric-Barrier-Discharge Jet Treated Flexible Supercapacitors with Carbon Cloth Current Collectors of Long-Lasting Hydrophilicity. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2020, 167 (11), 116511  DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/aba4e5
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    41. 41
      Gotoh, K.; Yasukawa, A. Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Modification of Polyester Fabric for Improvement of Textile-Specific Properties. Text. Res. J. 2011, 81 (4), 368– 378,  DOI: 10.1177/0040517510387207
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    42. 42
      Li, Z.; Sun, M.; Li, Y.; Liu, Z.; Zhang, D.; Liu, Y.; He, X.; Sun, M. J. NiMOF-Derived MoSe2/NiSe Hollow Nanoflower Structures as Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Medium. Langmuir 2024, 40 (41), 21514– 21523,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c02398
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    43. 43
      Tao, L.; Duan, X.; Wang, C.; Duan, X.; Wang, S. Plasma-Engineered Mos2 Thin-Film as An Efficient Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. Chem. Commun. (Camb) 2015, 51 (35), 7470– 7473,  DOI: 10.1039/C5CC01981H
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    44. 44
      Durr, R. N.; Maltoni, P.; Tian, H.; Jousselme, B.; Hammarstrom, L.; Edvinsson, T. From Nimoo(4) to Gamma-Niooh: Detecting The Active Catalyst Phase By Time Resolved In Situ And Operando Raman Spectroscopy. ACS Nano 2021, 15 (8), 13504– 13515,  DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c04126
      44
      From NiMoO4 to γ-NiOOH: Detecting the Active Catalyst Phase by Time Resolved in Situ and Operando Raman Spectroscopy
      Durr, Robin N.; Maltoni, Pierfrancesco; Tian, Haining; Jousselme, Bruno; Hammarstroem, Leif; Edvinsson, Tomas
      ACS Nano (2021), 15 (8), 13504-13515CODEN: ANCAC3; ISSN:1936-0851. (American Chemical Society)
      Water electrolysis powered by renewable energies is a promising technol. to produce sustainable fossil free fuels. The development and evaluation of effective catalysts are here imperative; however, due to the inclusion of elements with different redox properties and reactivity, these materials undergo dynamical changes and phase transformations during the reaction conditions. NiMoO4 is currently investigated among other metal oxides as a promising noble metal free catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction. Here we show that at applied bias, NiMoO4.H2O transforms into γ-NiOOH. Time resolved operando Raman spectroscopy is utilized to follow the potential dependent phase transformation and is collaborated with elemental anal. of the electrolyte, confirming that molybdenum leaches out from the as-synthesized NiMoO4.H2O. Molybdenum leaching increases the surface coverage of exposed nickel sites, and this in combination with the formation of γ-NiOOH enlarges the amt. of active sites of the catalyst, leading to high current densities. Addnl., we discovered different NiMoO4 nanostructures, nanoflowers, and nanorods, for which the relative ratio can be influenced by the heating ramp during the synthesis. With selective molybdenum etching we were able to assign the varying X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern as well as Raman vibrations unambiguously to the two nanostructures, which were revealed to exhibit different stabilities in alk. media by time-resolved in situ and operando Raman spectroscopy. We advocate that a similar approach can beneficially be applied to many other catalysts, unveiling their structural integrity, characterize the dynamic surface reformulation, and resolve any ambiguities in interpretations of the active catalyst phase.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXhslyhsLvK&md5=1ea297d44d38270cb0dba2afdb1c7f2e
    45. 45
      Thiagarajan, K.; Bavani, T.; Arunachalam, P.; Lee, S. J.; Theerthagiri, J.; Madhavan, J.; Pollet, B. G.; Choi, M. Y. Nanofiber NiMoO(4)/g-C(3)N(4) Composite Electrode Materials for Redox Supercapacitor Applications. Nanomater. 2020, 10 (2), 392,  DOI: 10.3390/nano10020392
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    46. 46
      Yang, M.; Yang, H.; Wang, F.; Niu, Y.; Li, P. Synergistic Effects Boosting Hydrogen Evolution Performance of Transition Metal Oxides At Ultralow Ru Loading Levels. RSC Adv. 2023, 13 (19), 13263– 13268,  DOI: 10.1039/D3RA01501G
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    47. 47
      Zhuang, S.; Tong, S.; Wang, H.; Xiong, H.; Gong, Y.; Tang, Y.; Liu, J.; Chen, Y.; Wan, P. The P/Nife Doped Nimoo4Micro-Pillars Arrays for Highly Active And Durable Hydrogen/Oxygen Evolution Reaction Towards Overall Water Splitting. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. 2019, 44 (45), 24546– 24558,  DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.07.138
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    48. 48
      Li, Y.; Gao, Y.; Yang, S.; Wu, C.; Tan, Y. Anion-Modulated Nickel-Based Nanoheterostructures as High Performance Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. J.Mater. Chem. 2020, 8 (24), 12013– 12027,  DOI: 10.1039/D0TA03513K
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    49. 49
      Yu, C.; Liu, Z.; Han, X.; Huang, H.; Zhao, C.; Yang, J.; Qiu, J. Nico-Layered Double Hydroxides Vertically Assembled on Carbon Fiber Papers as Binder-Free High-Active Electrocatalysts for Water Oxidation. Carbon 2016, 110, 1– 7,  DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2016.08.020
      49
      NiCo-layered double hydroxides vertically assembled on carbon fiber papers as binder-free high-active electrocatalysts for water oxidation
      Yu, Chang; Liu, Zhibin; Han, Xiaotong; Huang, Huawei; Zhao, Changtai; Yang, Juan; Qiu, Jieshan
      Carbon (2016), 110 (), 1-7CODEN: CRBNAH; ISSN:0008-6223. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Building nanocomposite architectures made of carbon materials and layered double hydroxides (LDHs) materials as high-efficiency and low-cost catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is one of potential strategies for sustainable and clean water splitting. Nevertheless, conventional powder samples, mixed with polymer binders and immobilized on a matrix, suffer from the limited sp. surface area and poor cond. Herein, a carbon fiber paper (CFP)-assisted strategy is presented to mediate vertical in situ growth and assembly of NiCo-LDH nanoplates, and their catalytic activities as binder-free high-active electrocatalysts for water oxidn. were investigated. The CFP is capable of modulating the assembly of NiCo-LDH nanoplates, yielding the vertically oriented nanoarrays on CFP. The as-made hybrids indicate a dramatically increased catalytic activity and long-term stability towards OER in comparison to that of micro-sized LDHs spheres derived from the self-assembly of LDHs nanoplates. A relatively low overpotential of 307 mV is achieved at 10 mA cm-2 and a low Tafel slope of 64 mV dec-1 is delivered in basic medium. The vertically oriented LDHs nanoarrays featuring large sp. surface areas, open structure and rich active sites, together with the highly conductive CFP substrate are synergistically responsible for the enhanced electrochem. performance.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhsV2jtrjE&md5=fbe9fc5e135598145963f80622f108da
    50. 50
      Zhao, X.; Meng, J.; Yan, Z.; Cheng, F.; Chen, J. Nanostructured Nimoo4 As Active Electrocatalyst For Oxygen Evolution. Chin. Chem. Lett. 2019, 30 (2), 319– 323,  DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2018.03.035
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    51. 51
      Zhang, L.; Wu, L.; Li, J.; Lei, J. Electrodeposition of Amorphous Molybdenum Sulfide Thin Film For Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. BMC Chem. 2019, 13 (1), 88,  DOI: 10.1186/s13065-019-0600-0
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    52. 52
      Liu, T.; Chai, H.; Jia, D.; Su, Y.; Wang, T.; Zhou, W. Rapid Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Mesoporous Nimoo4 Nanorod/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composites for High-Performance Supercapacitors. Electrochim. Acta 2015, 180, 998– 1006,  DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.07.175
      52
      Rapid microwave-assisted synthesis of mesoporous NiMoO4 nanorod/reduced graphene oxide composites for high-performance supercapacitors
      Liu, Ting; Chai, Hui; Jia, Dianzeng; Su, Ying; Wang, Tao; Zhou, Wanyong
      Electrochimica Acta (2015), 180 (), 998-1006CODEN: ELCAAV; ISSN:0013-4686. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      Mesoporous NiMoO4 nanorods grown on the surface of reduced graphene oxide composites (NiMoO4-rGO) were synthesized via a simple, rapidly, and environment-friendly microwave-solvothermal method. The structure and morphol. of the composites were characterized by x-ray diffraction, Raman spectra, SEM, and TEM. The NiMoO4-rGO composite exhibited high performance as an electrode material for supercapacitors. At a c.d. of 1 A g-1, the specific capacitance reached 1274 F g-1, which is higher than that of pure NiMoO4 (800 F g-1). NiMoO4-rGO can retain ∼81.1% of its initial capacitance after 1000 charge/discharge cycles. Remarkably, NiMoO4-rGO composites can be applied in asym. supercapacitors with ultrahigh energy d. of 30.3 Wh kg-1 at a power d. of 187 W kg-1. The enhanced electrochem. performance of NiMoO4-rGO is mainly ascribed to the mesoporous-NiMoO4 nanorods with large sp. surface area, as well as high coupling with conductive rGO.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2MXhsFajtbnK&md5=89f3ecd150058d6fa88a55ca2c37f73f
    53. 53
      Guo, D.; Luo, Y.; Yu, X.; Li, Q.; Wang, T. High Performance Nimoo4 Nanowires Supported on Carbon Cloth as Advanced Electrodes for Symmetric Supercapacitors. Nano Energy 2014, 8, 174– 182,  DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2014.06.002
      53
      High performance NiMoO4 nanowires supported on carbon cloth as advanced electrodes for symmetric supercapacitors
      Guo, Di; Luo, Yazi; Yu, Xinzhi; Li, Qiuhong; Wang, Taihong
      Nano Energy (2014), 8 (), 174-182CODEN: NEANCA; ISSN:2211-2855. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      NiMoO4 nanowires (NWs) grown radially on carbon cloth with good electrochem. properties have been synthesized by a cost effective hydrothermal procedure. The NiMoO4 NWs supported on carbon cloth was directly used as integrated electrodes for electrochem. capacitors. The NiMoO4 NWs yielded high-capacitance performance with a high specific capacitance of 1.27 F cm-2 (1587 F g-1) at a charge and discharge c.d. of 5 mA cm-2 and 0.76 F cm-2 (951 F g-1) at 30 mA cm-2 with a good cycling ability (76.9% of the initial specific capacitance remains after 4000 cycles). An aq. sym. supercapacitor device with a max. voltage of 1.7 V has been fabricated, delivering both high energy d. (70.7 Wh kg-1) and power d. (16,000 W kg-1 at 14.1 Wh kg-1). These results show that the NiMoO4 nanowires with large surface area, combined with the flexible carbon cloth substrate can offer great promise for large-scale supercapacitor applications.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2cXhtlOmu7zN&md5=f42dc735a78d8b3cc1e995c6a1ad459e
    54. 54
      Jain, S.; Shah, J.; Negi, N. S.; Sharma, C.; Kotnala, R. K. Significance of Interface Barrier at Electrode of Hematite Hydroelectric Cell for Generating Ecopower by Water Splitting. Int. J. Energy Res. 2019, 43 (9), 4743– 4755,  DOI: 10.1002/er.4613
      54
      Significance of interface barrier at electrode of hematite hydroelectric cell for generating ecopower by water splitting
      Jain, Shipra; Shah, Jyoti; Negi, Nainjeet Singh; Sharma, Chhemendra; Kotnala, Ravinder Kumar
      International Journal of Energy Research (2019), 43 (9), 4743-4755CODEN: IJERDN; ISSN:0363-907X. (John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
      Summary : Recent increase in energy demand and assocd. environmental degrdn. concern has triggered more research towards alternative green energy sources. Eco-friendly energy in facile way has been generated from abundantly available iron oxides using only few microliters of water without any external energy source. Hydroelec. cell (HEC) compatible to environment benign, low cost oxygen-deficient mesoporous hematite nanoparticles has been used for splitting water mols. spontaneously to generate green electricity. Hematite nanoparticles have been synthesized by copptn. method. Chemidissociated hydroxyl group presence on hematite surface has been confirmed by IR spectroscopy (IR) and XPS. Surface oxygen vacancies in nanostructured hematite have been identified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), XPS, and photoluminescence (PL) measurement. Hematite-based HEC delivers 30 mA current with 0.92 V emf using approx. 500μL water. Maximum off-load output power 27.6 mW delivered by 4.84 cm2 area hematite-based HEC is 3.52 times higher than reported 7.84 mW power generated by Li-magnesium ferrite HEC. Electrochem. of HEC in different irreversible polarization loss regions has been estd. by applying empirical modeling on V-I polarization curve revealing the reaction and charge transport mechanism of cell. Tafel slope 22.7 mV has been calcd. by modeling of activation polarization overvoltage region of 0.11 V. Low activation polarization indicated easy charge/ion diffusion and faster reaction kinetics of Ag/Zn electrode owing to lesser energy barrier at interface. Dissocd. H3O+ ions diffuse through surface via proton hopping, while OH- ions migrate through interconnected defective crystallite boundaries resulting into high output cell current.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXhsVamtbzF&md5=8584a7ab46ed7f96d30fe7c0b323dd2e
    55. 55
      Karmakar, A.; Karthick, K.; Sankar, S. S.; Kumaravel, S.; Ragunath, M.; Kundu, S. Oxygen Vacancy Enriched Nimoo 4 Nanorods via Microwave Heating: A Promising Highly Stable Electrocatalyst for Total Water Splitting. J.Mater. Chem. 2021, 9 (19), 11691– 11704,  DOI: 10.1039/D1TA02165F
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    56. 56
      Ghosh, D.; Pradhan, D. Effect of Cooperative Redox Property and Oxygen Vacancies on Bifunctional OER and HER Activities of Solvothermally Synthesized CeO2/CuO Composites. Langmuir 2023, 39 (9), 3358– 3370,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03242
      56
      Effect of Cooperative Redox Property and Oxygen Vacancies on Bifunctional OER and HER Activities of Solvothermally Synthesized CeO2/CuO Composites
      Ghosh, Debanjali; Pradhan, Debabrata
      Langmuir (2023), 39 (9), 3358-3370CODEN: LANGD5; ISSN:0743-7463. (American Chemical Society)
      Herein, we report the synthesis of the CeO2/CuO composite as a bifunctional oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalyst in a basic medium. The electrocatalyst with an optimum 1:1 CeO2/CuO shows low OER and HER overpotentials of 410 and 245 mV, resp. The Tafel slopes of 60.2 and 108.4 mV/dec are measured for OER and HER, resp. More importantly, the 1:1 CeO2/CuO composite electrocatalyst requires only a 1.61 V cell voltage to split water to achieve 10 mA/cm2 in a two-electrode cell. The role of oxygen vacancies and the cooperative redox activity at the interface of the CeO2 and CuO phases is explained in the light of Raman and XPS studies, which play the detg. factor for the enhanced bifunctional activity of the 1:1 CeO2/CuO composite. This work provides guidance for the optimization and design of a low-cost alternative electrocatalyst to replace the expensive noble-metal-based electrocatalyst for overall water splitting.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3sXjslyrsL8%253D&md5=3bf1acb24fa45a4243b88c22f0da6b70
    57. 57
      Wang, D.; Wang, J.; Luo, X.; Wu, Z.; Ye, L. In Situ Preparation of Mo2C Nanoparticles Embedded in Ketjenblack Carbon as Highly Efficient Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2018, 6 (1), 983– 990,  DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03317
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    58. 58
      Gopalakrishnan, M.; Mohamad, A. A.; Nguyen, M. T.; Yonezawa, T.; Qin, J.; Thamyongkit, P.; Somwangthanaroj, A.; Kheawhom, S. Recent Advances in Oxygen Electrocatalysts Based on Tunable Structural Polymers. Mater. Today Chem. 2022, 23, 100632  DOI: 10.1016/j.mtchem.2021.100632
      58
      Recent advances in oxygen electrocatalysts based on tunable structural polymers
      Gopalakrishnan, M.; Mohamad, A. A.; Nguyen, M. T.; Yonezawa, T.; Qin, J.; Thamyongkit, P.; Somwangthanaroj, A.; Kheawhom, S.
      Materials Today Chemistry (2022), 23 (), 100632CODEN: MTCAD8; ISSN:2468-5194. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      A review. Due to their high energy d., great safety and eco-friendliness, zinc-air batteries (ZABs) attract much attention. During the process of charging and discharging, the two key processes viz. oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen redn. reaction (ORR) limit their efficiency. In general, the noble metal-based electrocatalysts (ORR: platinum (Pt); OER: iridium (IV) oxide [IrO2] and ruthenium oxide [RuO2]) have long been used. Nonetheless, these noble metal electrocatalysts also have their limitations owing to high cost and poor stability. As alternatives, polymers are found to be most promising on account of their tunable structure, uniform network, high surface morphol. and strong durability. Polymers are capable catalysts. In this review, recent advances as well as insight into the architecture of covalent org. polymers (COPs), metal coordination polymers (MCPs) and pyrolysis-free polymers (PFPs) are duly outlined.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38XmtVaitrg%253D&md5=34b85668ad41e459cec2b9f5a431b472
    59. 59
      Sivanantham, A.; Shanmugam, S. Nickel Selenide Supported on Nickel Foam as An Efficient and Durable Non-Precious Electrocatalyst for The Alkaline Water Electrolysis. Appl. Catal., B 2017, 203, 485– 493,  DOI: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.10.050
      59
      Nickel selenide supported on nickel foam as an efficient and durable non-precious electrocatalyst for the alkaline water electrolysis
      Sivanantham, Arumugam; Shanmugam, Sangaraju
      Applied Catalysis, B: Environmental (2017), 203 (), 485-493CODEN: ACBEE3; ISSN:0926-3373. (Elsevier B.V.)
      Herein, we describe an in-situ hybridization of Nickel Selenide (Ni3Se2) with a Nickel Foam (NF) current collector as an efficient, ultra-durable electrode for the continuous alk. water electrolysis. Earth abundant, cost effective, non-precious self-made Ni3Se2/NF electrode delivers an oxygen evolution reaction (OER) overpotential value of 315 mV at a c.d. of 100 mA cm-2 (vs. a reversible hydrogen electrode) in aq. electrolyte of 1 M KOH. On a static c.d. of 100 mA cm-2, Ni3Se2/NF electrode shows a good OER stability over 285 h with very small potential loss of 5.5% in alk. electrolyte. Accordingly, the alk. water electrolyzer constructed with Ni3Se2/NF (anode) and NiCo2S4/NF (cathode), it requires 1.58 V to deliver 10 mA cm-2 c.d., with 500 h continuous operation in 1 M KOH. In addn., we demonstrate that the light-driven water splitting using solar panel, it can be a promising approach to facilitate true independence from electricity in H2 fuel economy. Overall, this methodol. is one of the appropriate energy efficient ways to reduce the cost of water splitting devices, as it may simplify the diverse process and equipment.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhslCru7zP&md5=b1380b9df2c9ff11bc241bf376686c43
    60. 60
      Masa, J.; Sinev, I.; Mistry, H.; Ventosa, E.; de la Mata, M.; Arbiol, J.; Muhler, M.; Roldan Cuenya, B.; Schuhmann, W. Ultrathin High Surface Area Nickel Boride (NixB) Nanosheets as Highly Efficient Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Evolution. Adv. Energy Mater. 2017, 7 (17), 1700381  DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201700381
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    61. 61
      Suen, N. T.; Hung, S. F.; Quan, Q.; Zhang, N.; Xu, Y. J.; Chen, H. M. Electrocatalysis for The Oxygen Evolution Reaction: Recent Development and Future Perspectives. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2017, 46 (2), 337– 365,  DOI: 10.1039/C6CS00328A
      61
      Electrocatalysis for the oxygen evolution reaction: recent development and future perspectives
      Suen, Nian-Tzu; Hung, Sung-Fu; Quan, Quan; Zhang, Nan; Xu, Yi-Jun; Chen, Hao Ming
      Chemical Society Reviews (2017), 46 (2), 337-365CODEN: CSRVBR; ISSN:0306-0012. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
      There is still an ongoing effort to search for sustainable, clean and highly efficient energy generation to satisfy the energy needs of modern society. Among various advanced technologies, electrocatalysis for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) plays a key role and numerous new electrocatalysts have been developed to improve the efficiency of gas evolution. Along the way, enormous effort has been devoted to finding high-performance electrocatalysts, which has also stimulated the invention of new techniques to investigate the properties of materials or the fundamental mechanism of the OER. This accumulated knowledge not only establishes the foundation of the mechanism of the OER, but also points out the important criteria for a good electrocatalyst based on a variety of studies. Even though it may be difficult to include all cases, the aim of this review is to inspect the current progress and offer a comprehensive insight toward the OER. This review begins with examg. the theor. principles of electrode kinetics and some measurement criteria for achieving a fair evaluation among the catalysts. The second part of this review acquaints some materials for performing OER activity, in which the metal oxide materials build the basis of OER mechanism while non-oxide materials exhibit greatly promising performance toward overall water-splitting. Attention of this review is also paid to in situ approaches to electrocatalytic behavior during OER, and this information is crucial and can provide efficient strategies to design perfect electrocatalysts for OER. Finally, the OER mechanism from the perspective of both recent exptl. and theor. investigations is discussed, as well as probable strategies for improving OER performance with regards to future developments.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC2sXpslKksQ%253D%253D&md5=3439b70760b2146baf20bddfa0447207
    62. 62
      Zhang, K.; Zou, R. Advanced Transition Metal-Based OER Electrocatalysts: Current Status, Opportunities, and Challenges. Small 2021, 17 (37), 2100129  DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100129
      62
      Advanced Transition Metal-Based OER Electrocatalysts: Current Status, Opportunities, and Challenges
      Zhang, Kexin; Zou, Ruqiang
      Small (2021), 17 (37), 2100129CODEN: SMALBC; ISSN:1613-6810. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA)
      A review. O evolution reaction (OER) is an important half-reaction involved in many electrochem. applications, such as H2O splitting and rechargeable metal-air batteries. However, the sluggish kinetics of its four-electron transfer process becomes a bottleneck to the performance enhancement. Thus, rational design of electrocatalysts for OER based on thorough understanding of mechanisms and structure-activity relation is of vital significance. This review begins with the introduction of OER mechanisms which include conventional adsorbate evolution mechanism and lattice-O-mediated mechanism. The reaction pathways and related intermediates are discussed in detail, and several descriptors which greatly assist in catalyst screen and optimization are summarized. Some important parameters suggested as measurement criteria for OER are also mentioned and discussed. Then, recent developments and breakthroughs in exptl. achievements on transition metal-based OER electrocatalysts are reviewed to reveal the novel design principles. Finally, some perspectives and future directions are proposed for further catalytic performance enhancement and deeper understanding of catalyst design. It is believed that iterative improvements based on the understanding of mechanisms and fundamental design principles are essential to realize the applications of efficient transition metal-based OER electrocatalysts for electrochem. energy storage and conversion technologies.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3MXhsVKmtb3L&md5=e4987ef77f6f3390b37abb2d0e77c278
    63. 63
      Chen, H.; Qiao, S.; Yang, J.; Du, X. Nimo/Nico2o4 as Synergy Catalyst Supported on Nickel Foam for Efficient Overall Water Splitting. J. Mol. Catal. 2022, 518, 112086  DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.112086
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    64. 64
      Rajput, A.; Adak, M. K.; Chakraborty, B. Intrinsic Lability of NiMoO(4) to Excel the Oxygen Evolution Reaction. Inorg. Chem. 2022, 61 (29), 11189– 11206,  DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01167
      64
      Intrinsic lability of molybdenum nickel oxide to excel oxygen evolution reaction
      Rajput, Anubha; Adak, Mrinal Kanti; Chakraborty, Biswarup
      Inorganic Chemistry (2022), 61 (29), 11189-11206CODEN: INOCAJ; ISSN:0020-1669. (American Chemical Society)
      Nickel-based bimetallic oxides such as NiMoO4 and NiWO4, when deposited on the electrode substrate, show remarkable activity toward the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The stability of such nanostructures is nevertheless speculative, and catalytically active species have been less explored. Herein, NiMoO4 nanorods and NiWO4 nanoparticles are prepd. via a solvothermal route and deposited on nickel foam (NF) (NiMoO4/NF and NiWO4/NF). After ensuring the chem. and structural integrity of the catalysts on electrodes, an OER study has been performed in the alk. medium. After a few cyclic voltammetry (CV) cycles within the potential window of 1.0-1.9 V (vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE)), ex situ Raman anal. of the electrodes infers the formation of NiO(OH)ED (ED: electrochem. derived) from NiMoO4 precatalyst, while NiWO4 remains stable. A controlled study, stirring of NiMoO4/NF in 1 M KOH without applied potential, confirms that NiMoO4 hydrolyzes to the isolable NiO, which under a potential bias converts into NiO(OH)ED. Perhaps the more ionic character of the Ni-O-Mo bond in the NiMoO4 compared to the Ni-O-W bond in NiWO4 causes the transformation of NiMoO4 into NiO(OH)ED. A comparison of the OER performance of electrochem. derived NiO(OH)ED, NiWO4, ex-situ-prepd. Ni(OH)2, and NiO(OH) confirmed that in-situ-prepd. NiO(OH)ED remained superior with a substantial potential of 238 (±6) mV at 20 mA cm-2. The notable electrochem. performance of NiO(OH)ED can be attributed to its low Tafel slope value (26 mV dec-1), high double-layer capacitance (Cdl, 1.21 mF cm-2), and a low charge-transfer resistance (Rct, 1.76 Ω). The NiO(OH)ED/NF can further be fabricated as a durable OER anode to deliver a high c.d. of 25-100 mA cm-2. Post-characterization of the anode proves the structural integrity of NiO(OH)ED even after 12 h of chronoamperometry at 1.595 V (vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE)). The NiO(OH)ED/NF can be a compatible anode to construct an overall water splitting (OWS) electrolyzer that can operate at a cell potential of 1.64 V to reach a c.d. of 10 mA cm-2. Similar to that on NF, NiMoO4 deposited on iron foam (IF) and carbon cloth (CC) also electrochem. converts into NiO(OH) to perform a similar OER activity. This work understandably demonstrates monoclinic NiMoO4 to be an inherently unstable electro(pre)catalyst, and its structural evolution to polycryst. NiO(OH)ED succeeding the NiO phase is intrinsic to its superior activity.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38Xhslyms7bJ&md5=5db91ac0ee3e89acbf384da26e7dcfdf
    65. 65
      Alobaid, A.; Wang, C.; Adomaitis, R. A. Mechanism and Kinetics of HER and OER on NiFe LDH Films in an Alkaline Electrolyte. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2018, 165 (15), J3395– J3404,  DOI: 10.1149/2.0481815jes
      65
      Mechanism and kinetics of HER and OER on NiFe LDH films in an alkaline electrolyte
      Alobaid, Aisha; Wang, Chunsheng; Adomaitis, Raymond A.
      Journal of the Electrochemical Society (2018), 165 (15), J3395-J3404CODEN: JESOAN; ISSN:0013-4651. (Electrochemical Society)
      The mechanism and kinetics of hydrogen evolution (HER) and oxygen evolution (OER) reactions on nickel iron layered double hydroxide (NiFe LDH) in a basic electrolyte are investigated. The deposited film reported an overpotential of 247 and 245 mV at 10 mA/cm2 toward the HER and OER, resp. A least squares procedure was performed to fit a theor. c.d. model with exptl. linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) results, and the chem. reaction rate consts. for the OER and HER steps were identified. Electrochem. impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were taken at different potentials, and the resulting kinetic model demonstrates a good agreement between theor. calcd. faradaic resistance and exptl. EIS results. The HER results indicated the Heyrovsky step as rate controlling, with a dependence of reaction mechanism on potential. At low potential, the mechanism begins with a Volmer step, followed by parallel Tafel and Heyrovsky steps. At higher potential, the mechanism becomes consecutive combination of the Volmer and Heyrovsky steps. The OER data point to the formation of the adsorbed peroxide as rate controlling. The HER and OER kinetic data were combined into a model capable of predicting the electrolysis cell current-potential characteristics, which can be used for process design and optimization.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC1MXmvFOjurs%253D&md5=559ad4cfae25a10b0cc650bd49a87058
    66. 66
      Yin, X.; Sun, G.; Song, A.; Wang, L.; Wang, Y.; Dong, H.; Shao, G. A Novel Structure of Ni-(Mos 2 /GO) Composite Coatings Deposited on Ni Foam under Supergravity Field As Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Catalysts In Alkaline Solution. Electrochim. Acta 2017, 249, 52– 63,  DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.08.010
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    67. 67
      Zheng, X.; Yang, Z.; Wu, J.; Jin, C.; Tian, J.-H.; Yang, R. Phosphorus and Cobalt Co-Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Reactions. RSC Adv. 2016, 6 (69), 64155– 64164,  DOI: 10.1039/C6RA12438K
      67
      Phosphorus and cobalt co-doped reduced graphene oxide bifunctional electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and evolution reactions
      Zheng, Xiangjun; Yang, Zhenrong; Wu, Jiao; Jin, Chao; Tian, Jing-Hua; Yang, Ruizhi
      RSC Advances (2016), 6 (69), 64155-64164CODEN: RSCACL; ISSN:2046-2069. (Royal Society of Chemistry)
      Phosphorus (P) and cobalt (Co) co-doped reduced graphene oxide (P-Co-rGO) has been developed and studied through a facile electrostatic assembly followed by a pyrolysis process. The prepd. P-Co-rGO catalyst shows a great enhancement in the electrocatalytic activity and stability towards the oxygen redn. reaction (ORR) in alk. soln., characterized with a pos. onset potential of 0.89 V (vs. RHE), a neg. shifting of only about 12.8 mV of the half-wave potential and the closest diffusion limiting c.d. (-5.5 mA cm-2) as compared to those of the com. Pt/C (20 wt%). More interestingly, the prepd. P-Co-rGO also exhibits excellent catalytic activity and stability for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), with a low potential of 1.62 V (vs. RHE) at the c.d. of 10 mA cm-2 and a max. c.d. of almost 30 mA cm-2 at 1.66 V (vs. RHE). Specifically, the prepd. P-Co-rGO shows much higher activity and stability than the mono-doped reduced graphene oxide either with P or Co, resp. This could be ascribed to the modification of the charge and spin densities and the edge and defect effects of the rGO after the co-doping of P and Co, thus resulting in a remarkable enhancement of the electrocatalytic properties for both the ORR and OER.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BC28XhtVOntLvO&md5=2ac3a4009b3807c4d97237f9adca6530
    68. 68
      Wang, H.; Wang, Z.; Feng, Z.; Qiu, J.; Lei, X.; Wang, B.; Guo, R. Application Progress of Nimoo4 Electrocatalyst in Basic Oxygen Evolution Reaction. Catal. Sci. Technol. 2024, 14 (3), 533– 554,  DOI: 10.1039/D3CY01514A
      There is no corresponding record for this reference.
    69. 69
      Xiao, Z.; Wang, J.; Liu, C.; Wang, B.; Zhang, Q.; Xu, Z.; Sarwar, M. T.; Tang, A.; Yang, H. In-Situ Surface Structural Reconstruction of NiMoO4 for Efficient Overall Water Splitting. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2022, 602, 154314  DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2022.154314
      69
      In-situ surface structural reconstruction of NiMoO4 for efficient overall water splitting
      Xiao, Zehao; Wang, Jie; Liu, Canhui; Wang, Bowen; Zhang, Qiang; Xu, Zonglin; Sarwar, Muhammad Tariq; Tang, Aidong; Yang, Huaming
      Applied Surface Science (2022), 602 (), 154314CODEN: ASUSEE; ISSN:0169-4332. (Elsevier B.V.)
      NiMoO4 is generally considered as stable substrates rather than participating in the catalysis of overall water splitting. However, when NiMoO4 based catalysts applied in alk. oxidn./redn. conditions, the in-situ formed surface oxide hydroxides/hydroxyls will further simultaneously enhance oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) via such especial surface structural reconstruction. Here self-supported NiMoO4 is constructed by one-step hydrothermal for OER, followed by vapor deposition method, hierarchical catalyst consisting of monocryst. P-NiMoOx nanorods decorated by CoP-Co2P nanoparticles (denoted as CoPx/P-NiMoOx) is designed for HER. During OER, surface NiMoO4 in-situ transforms into highly active NiOOH. The reconstructed NiOOH/NiMoO4 exhibits outstanding OER performance (overpotentials of 207 and 266 mV at 10 and 100 mA·cm-2). As HER proceeds, electro-redn. promotes dissoln. of molybdenum, meanwhile, hydroxyls from dissocd. H2O mols. coupled with exposed nickel sites form amorphous hydroxyls layers at surface dissoln. sites. The reconstructed amorphous-hydroxyls/CoPx/P-NiMoOx catalyst possesses highly efficient HER activity (overpotentials of 9 and 67 mV at 10 and 100 mA·cm-2). Addnl., the integrating water splitting system requires only 1.55 V to reach 100 mA·cm-2 with excellent stability.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB38XhvFCksb7M&md5=67ecc5821ae91fb813ab526df56c4247
    70. 70
      Dawood, F.; Anda, M.; Shafiullah, G. M. Hydrogen Production for Energy: An Overview. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. 2020, 45 (7), 3847– 3869,  DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.12.059
      70
      Hydrogen production for energy: An overview
      Dawood, Furat; Anda, Martin; Shafiullah, G. M.
      International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2020), 45 (7), 3847-3869CODEN: IJHEDX; ISSN:0360-3199. (Elsevier Ltd.)
      A review. Power to hydrogen is a promising soln. for storing variable Renewable Energy (RE) to achieve a 100% renewable and sustainable hydrogen economy. The hydrogen-based energy system (energy to hydrogen to energy) comprises four main stages; prodn., storage, safety and utilization. The hydrogen-based energy system is presented as four corners (stages) of a square shaped integrated whole to demonstrate the interconnection and interdependency of these main stages. The hydrogen prodn. pathway and specific technol. selection are dependent on the type of energy and feedstock available as well as the end-use purity required. Hence, purifn. technologies are included in the prodn. pathways for system integration, energy storage, utilization or RE export. Hydrogen prodn. pathways and assocd. technologies are reviewed in this paper for their interconnection and interdependence on the other corners of the hydrogen square. Despite hydrogen being zero-carbon-emission energy at the end-use point, it depends on the cleanness of the prodn. pathway and the energy used to produce it. Thus, the guarantee of hydrogen origin is essential to consider hydrogen as clean energy. An innovative model is introduced as a hydrogen cleanness index coding for further investigation and development.
      >> More from SciFinder ®
      https://chemport.cas.org/services/resolver?origin=ACS&resolution=options&coi=1%3ACAS%3A528%3ADC%252BB3cXhtlCguw%253D%253D&md5=4b2659f86f8258101eadb88ea50d1d6d

  • Supporting Information

    Supporting Information

    The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c03557.

    • Comparison of different OER electrocatalyst, APPJ temperature, SEM-EDS mapping images, ratio of different oxidation state, HRXPS spectra, LSV curve after stability test, electrochemical characteristics of the cathode material (Ru on CP) used in AEMWE, and comparative data of NiMoO4/CP and NiMoO4/CP-APPJ-60 s used in AEMWE at different operation temperatures (PDF)


    Terms & Conditions

    Most electronic Supporting Information files are available without a subscription to ACS Web Editions. Such files may be downloaded by article for research use (if there is a public use license linked to the relevant article, that license may permit other uses). Permission may be obtained from ACS for other uses through requests via the RightsLink permission system: http://pubs.acs.org/page/copyright/permissions.html.