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    Targeted and Synergic Glioblastoma Treatment: Multifunctional Nanoparticles Delivering Verteporfin as Adjuvant Therapy for Temozolomide Chemotherapy
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    • Diogo S. Pellosi
      Diogo S. Pellosi
      Laboratory of Hybrid Materials, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema 04021-001, Brazil
      Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering, Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Department of Chemistry FFCLRP, São Paulo University, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
      More by Diogo S. Pellosi
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-6835-0600
    • Leonardo B. Paula
      Leonardo B. Paula
      Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering, Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Department of Chemistry FFCLRP, São Paulo University, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
      More by Leonardo B. Paula
      Orcidhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-5670-0642
    • Maryanne T. de Melo
      Maryanne T. de Melo
      Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering, Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Department of Chemistry FFCLRP, São Paulo University, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
      More by Maryanne T. de Melo
    • Antonio C. Tedesco*
      Antonio C. Tedesco
      Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering, Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Department of Chemistry FFCLRP, São Paulo University, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
      *E-mail: [email protected]
      More by Antonio C. Tedesco
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    Molecular Pharmaceutics

    Cite this: Mol. Pharmaceutics 2019, 16, 3, 1009–1024
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01001
    Published January 30, 2019
    Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    Despite advances in cancer therapies, glioblastoma multiforme treatment remains inefficient due to the brain–blood barrier (BBB) inhibitory activity and to the low temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapeutic selectivity. To improve therapeutic outcomes, in this work we propose two strategies, (i) photodynamic therapy (PDT) as adjuvant treatment and (ii) engineering of multifunctional theranostic/targeted nanoparticles (m-NPs) that integrate biotin as a targeting moiety with rhodamine-B as a theranostic agent in pluronic P85/F127 copolymers. These smart m-NPs can surmount the BBB and coencapsulate multiple cargoes under optimized conditions. Overall, the present study conducts a rational m-NP design, characterization, and optimizes the formulation conditions. Confocal microscopy studies on T98-G, U87-MG, and U343 glioblastoma cells and on NIH-3T3 normal fibroblast cells show that the m-NPs and the encapsulated drugs are selectively taken up by tumor cells presenting a broad intracellular distribution. The formulations display no toxicity in the absence of light and are not toxic to healthy cells, but they exert a robust synergic action in cancer cells in the case of concomitant PDT/TMZ treatment, especially at low TMZ concentrations and higher light doses, as demonstrated by nonlinear dose–effect curves based on the Chou–Talalay method. The results evidenced different mechanisms of action related to the disjoint cell cycle phases at the optimal PDT/TMZ ratio. This effect favors synergism between the PDT and the chemotherapy with TMZ, enhances the antiproliferative effect, and overcomes cross-resistance mechanisms. These results point out that m-NP-based PDT adjuvant therapy is a promising strategy to improve TMZ-based glioblastoma multiforme treatments.

    Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society

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    The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01001.

    • CMC, CMT, and HABA/Avidin test procedure and rhodaminated 1H NMR and complementary information about m-NP characterization of m-NPs, stability of temozolomide against hydrolization, and formulation biological activity (PDF)

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    Molecular Pharmaceutics

    Cite this: Mol. Pharmaceutics 2019, 16, 3, 1009–1024
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01001
    Published January 30, 2019
    Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society
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