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High-Pressure Polymerization of Phenol toward Degree-4 Carbon Nanothread

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    High-Pressure Polymerization of Phenol toward Degree-4 Carbon Nanothread
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    • Xin Yang
      Xin Yang
      Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
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    • Guangwei Che
      Guangwei Che
      Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
      More by Guangwei Che
    • Yajie Wang
      Yajie Wang
      Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
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    • Peijie Zhang
      Peijie Zhang
      Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
      More by Peijie Zhang
      Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6355-5482
    • Xingyu Tang
      Xingyu Tang
      Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
      More by Xingyu Tang
    • Puyi Lang
      Puyi Lang
      Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
      More by Puyi Lang
    • Dexiang Gao
      Dexiang Gao
      Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
      More by Dexiang Gao
    • Xuan Wang
      Xuan Wang
      Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
      More by Xuan Wang
      Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6647-9542
    • Yida Wang
      Yida Wang
      Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
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    • Takanori Hattori
      Takanori Hattori
      J-PARC Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
      More by Takanori Hattori
    • Jun Abe
      Jun Abe
      Neutron Science and Technology Center, Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society (CROSS), Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
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    • Aijiao Guan
      Aijiao Guan
      Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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    • Junfeng Xiang
      Junfeng Xiang
      Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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    • Qian Li
      Qian Li
      Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
      More by Qian Li
      Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3366-3858
    • Xiaohuan Lin
      Xiaohuan Lin
      Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
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    • Xiao Dong
      Xiao Dong
      Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
      More by Xiao Dong
      Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4533-1914
    • Ho-kwang Mao
      Ho-kwang Mao
      Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
      Shanghai Key Laboratory MFree, Shanghai Advanced Research in Physical Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
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    • Haiyan Zheng
      Haiyan Zheng
      Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
      More by Haiyan Zheng
      Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4727-5912
    • Kuo Li*
      Kuo Li
      Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
      *[email protected]
      More by Kuo Li
      Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4859-6099
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    Nano Letters

    Cite this: Nano Lett. 2025, 25, 3, 1028–1035
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c04895
    Published January 10, 2025
    Copyright © 2025 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    Saturated sp3-carbon nanothreads (CNTh) have garnered significant interest due to their predicted high Young’s modulus and thermal conductivity. While the incorporation of heteroatoms into the central ring has been shown to influence the formation of CNTh and yield chemically homogeneous products, the impact of pendant groups on the polymerization process remains underexplored. In this study, we investigate the pressure-induced polymerization of phenol, revealing two phase transitions occurring below 0.5 and 4 GPa. Above 20 GPa, phenol polymerizes into degree-4 CNThs featuring hydroxyl and carbonyl groups. Hydrogen transfer of hydroxyl groups was found to hinder the formation of degree-6 nanothreads. Our findings highlight the crucial role of the hydroxyl group in halting further intracolumn polymerization and offer valuable insights for future mechanism research and nanomaterial synthesis.

    Copyright © 2025 American Chemical Society

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    Supporting Information

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    The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c04895.

    • Additional data of the in situ Raman, IR, and UV–vis spectra as well as the in situ XRD data of phenol; Rietveld refinement result of phenol-D6 under high pressure; SEM, XRD pattern, and XPS spectra of PE-30; candidate degree-4 nanothread models and their predicted NMR shifts, as well as calculated PDF data compared with experimental results; assignments of vibration modes of phenol Phase II; lattice parameters of phenol at 1 and 4 GPa; atomic coordinates of phenol at 1 and 4 GPa; observed relative percentages of survey scan and C 1s, O 1s from XPS and fitted results of DP 13C ssNMR (PDF)

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    Nano Letters

    Cite this: Nano Lett. 2025, 25, 3, 1028–1035
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c04895
    Published January 10, 2025
    Copyright © 2025 American Chemical Society
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