Evolution of the Solid–Electrolyte Interphase on Carbonaceous Anodes Visualized by Atomic-Resolution Cryogenic Electron Microscopy
- William HuangWilliam HuangDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United StatesMore by William Huang
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- Peter M. AttiaPeter M. AttiaDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United StatesMore by Peter M. Attia
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- Hansen WangHansen WangDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United StatesMore by Hansen Wang
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- Sara E. RenfrewSara E. RenfrewEnergy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United StatesDepartment of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United StatesMore by Sara E. Renfrew
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- Norman JinNorman JinDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United StatesMore by Norman Jin
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- Supratim DasSupratim DasDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United StatesMore by Supratim Das
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- Zewen ZhangZewen ZhangDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United StatesMore by Zewen Zhang
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- David T. BoyleDavid T. BoyleDepartment of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United StatesMore by David T. Boyle
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- Yuzhang LiYuzhang LiDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United StatesMore by Yuzhang Li
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- Martin Z. BazantMartin Z. BazantDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United StatesMore by Martin Z. Bazant
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- Bryan D. McCloskeyBryan D. McCloskeyEnergy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United StatesDepartment of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United StatesMore by Bryan D. McCloskey
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- William C. Chueh*William C. Chueh*E-mail: [email protected]Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United StatesStanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United StatesMore by William C. Chueh
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- Yi Cui*Yi Cui*E-mail: [email protected]Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United StatesStanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United StatesMore by Yi Cui
Abstract

The stability of modern lithium-ion batteries depends critically on an effective solid–electrolyte interphase (SEI), a passivation layer that forms on the carbonaceous negative electrode as a result of electrolyte reduction. However, a nanoscopic understanding of how the SEI evolves with battery aging remains limited due to the difficulty in characterizing the structural and chemical properties of this sensitive interphase. In this work, we image the SEI on carbon black negative electrodes using cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and track its evolution during cycling. We find that a thin, primarily amorphous SEI nucleates on the first cycle, which further evolves into one of two distinct SEI morphologies upon further cycling: (1) a compact SEI, with a high concentration of inorganic components that effectively passivates the negative electrode; and (2) an extended SEI spanning hundreds of nanometers. This extended SEI grows on particles that lack a compact SEI and consists primarily of alkyl carbonates. The diversity in observed SEI morphologies suggests that SEI growth is a highly heterogeneous process. The simultaneous emergence of these distinct SEI morphologies highlights the necessity of effective passivation by the SEI, as large-scale extended SEI growths negatively impact lithium-ion transport, contribute to capacity loss, and may accelerate battery failure.
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