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    Stress Engineering: The Response of Phase Change Materials to Mechanical Stimuli
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    • Mahdi Javanbakht*
      Mahdi Javanbakht
      Department of Mechanical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 8415683111, Iran
      *Email: [email protected]. Phone: 3133915214.
      More by Mahdi Javanbakht
    • Sajjad Mohebbi
      Sajjad Mohebbi
      Department of Mechanical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 8415683111, Iran
      More by Sajjad Mohebbi
    • Hamed Attariani*
      Hamed Attariani
      Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45431, United States
      *Email: [email protected]. Phone: (937) 775-8320, Fax: (419) 586-0320.
      More by Hamed Attariani
      Orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4777-5116
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    ACS Applied Electronic Materials

    Cite this: ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. 2023, 5, 6, 3521–3530
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    https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaelm.3c00605
    Published June 7, 2023
    Copyright © 2023 American Chemical Society
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    Abstract

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    The phase transition (PT) in phase change materials (PCMs) can be triggered by external stimuli, e.g., light or heat, resulting in a drastic change in their physical properties, such as electrical resistivity. Due to this rapid PT, PCMs are promising candidates for various applications, including reconfigurable electronics, photonics, sensors, and memory devices. Here, a coupled phase-field model was developed to investigate the effect of mechanical stress as an overlooked factor on the PT of germanium–antimony–tellurium. The results suggest that mean compressive stress promotes crystal growth, while tensile stress hinders crystallization. Moreover, stress alters the shape of spherical nuclei and promotes the anisotropic growth. Finally, mushroom-shaped grains can be formed in the high-temperature regime due to the heterogeneous stress distribution around interacting nuclei. These findings suggest a pathway for tailoring microstructure and tuning/controlling crystallization time via mechanical stresses.

    Copyright © 2023 American Chemical Society

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    Supporting Information

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    The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsaelm.3c00605.

    • In-depth analysis of mesh dependency, comparison with the existing analytical solution, and effect of PBC on results (PDF)

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    This article is cited by 8 publications.

    1. Mahdi Javanbakht, Mohsen Vahedi, Hamed Attariani, Mohammad Mashayekhi. Phase field simulation of low-temperature, pressure-induced amorphization in Ge2Sb2Te5. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 2025, 653 , 123441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2025.123441
    2. Mahdi Javanbakht, Sajjad Mohebbi, Hamed Attariani. Surface induced crystallization/amorphization of phase change materials. Nanotechnology 2025, 36 (11) , 115701. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ada568
    3. Johannes Huurman, Kunal Mondal, Oscar Martinez. An Overview of Emerging Nuclear Sensor Technologies: Challenges, Advancements and Applications. Applied Sciences 2025, 15 (5) , 2338. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15052338
    4. Durgesh Banswar, Jay Krishna Anand, Syed A. Bukhari, Sonika Singh, Rahul Prajesh, Hemant Kumar, S. K. Makineni, Ankur Goswami. Electric field-assisted resonance frequency tuning in free standing nanomechanical devices for application in multistate switching using a phase change material. Nanoscale Horizons 2025, 10 (3) , 549-560. https://doi.org/10.1039/D4NH00463A
    5. Ebrahim Ebrahimi, Hamed Attariani. Effect of stress and irradiation fluence on latent track formation in swift heavy ion irradiation: A case study on TiO2. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 2025, 226 , 112278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2024.112278
    6. Liqi Zhu, Qiyu Cai, Xiaoxi He, Ling Liu, Tianshu Lai, Mushui Zhang, Zixin Wang. A New Multi-Parameter Measurement System for Analyzing Phase Change Dynamics in Phase Change Thin Film Materials. 2024, 123-130. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMSP64464.2024.10866302
    7. Ahmadreza Taheri Goki, Mahdi Javanbakht. Size-dependent melting of gold nanotube: Phase field model and simulations and thermodynamic analytical solution. Materials Today Communications 2024, 40 , 109641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2024.109641
    8. Mahdi Javanbakht, Hamed Attariani. Coupled mechano-electro-thermal model to predict phase transition in phase change materials. Computational Materials Science 2024, 233 , 112696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2023.112696
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    ACS Applied Electronic Materials

    Cite this: ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. 2023, 5, 6, 3521–3530
    Click to copy citationCitation copied!
    https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaelm.3c00605
    Published June 7, 2023
    Copyright © 2023 American Chemical Society
    Request reuse permissions

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